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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Peperiksaan Pertengahan 2 Semester 1
Sidang Akademik 2016/2017

14 Disember 2016

ERT253 – Electrical and Electronics Technology

[Teknologi Elektrik dan Elektronik]
Masa: 1 jam 30 minit

Please make sure that this question paper has FOUR (4) printed pages including this
front page before you start the examination.
[Sila pastikan kertas soalan ini mengandungi EMPAT (4) muka surat yang bercetak termasuk muka
hadapan sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.]

This question paper has TWO (2) questions. Answer ALL questions. Each question
contributes 20 marks.
[Kertas soalan ini mengandungi DUA (2) soalan. Jawab semua soalan. Markah bagi tiap-tiap soalan
adalah 20 markah.]

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Answer all questions.

[Jawab semua soalan]

Question 1
[Soalan 1]

a) Discuss TWO (2) important factors for carrying out the scientific measurement.
[Bincangkan DUA (2) faktor penting bagi menjalankan pengukuran secara saintifik.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)

1. Measurement of systems parameters information.

2. Control of a certain process information.
3. Testing of materials, maintenance of standards and specifications of products.
4. Verification of physical phenomena / scientific theories.
5. Quality control in industries.

b) Differentiate a passive and an active instruments.

[Bezakan instrumentasi pasif dan aktif.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

c) A voltmeter showed a reading of 95.7 V and the percentage relative error of the
measured voltage is 2.6%. Calculate the true value of the measured voltage.
[Voltmeter menunjukkan bacaan 95.7 V dan peratus ralat relatif bagi nilai voltan yang telah diukur ialah
2.6 %. Kirakan nilai sebenar voltan yang telah diukur.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

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d) Thermocouples are active transducers uses to measure temperature. Explain on the

theory on how thermocouples measure the temperature.
[Pengganding suhu adalah transduser aktif yang digunakan untuk mengukur suhu. Terangkan teori
bagaimana pengganding suhu berfungsi mengukur suhu.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)
Thermocouples are active transducers requiring no power supply.

A thermocouple is a junction of two dissimilar materials used for measurement of

temperature.

It consists of a pair of dissimilar conducting wires joined at two junctions. One junction
is maintained at a reference temperature while the other junction is placed at the
unknown temperature.

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The higher the temperature at the junction, the greater the voltage produced by that
junction.

The relationship between voltage and temperature is constants as a linear line.

e) You have been appointed as a biosystems engineer at Agroktek Sdn. Bhd. Your first
assignment is to design an energy harvesting (electric) system to generate an average
power of 200 W to the sensors equipped on heavy agricultural machines.
[Anda telah dilantik sebagai jurutera biosistem di Agrotek Sdn. Bhd. Tugasan pertama anda adalah untuk
merakabentuk suatu sistem penuaian tenaga (elektrik) bagi menghasilkan purata kuasa sebanyak 200 W
kepada sensor-sensor yang dilengkapkan pada jentera berat pertanian.]

(i) Propose ONE (1) transducer that can be used to harvest energy (electric) from heavy
agricultural machines.
[Cadangkan SATU (1) transduser yang boleh digunakan bagi menuai tenaga (elektrik) daripada
jentera berat pertanian.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

Piezoelectric transducer

(ii) Discuss in details how the selected transducer in Q1.e(i) can be exploited to harvest
the energy from heavy agricultural machines.
[Bincangkan dengan terperinci bagaimana transduser yang dicadangkan dalam Q1.e(i) boleh
diekploitasi bagi menuai tenaga (elektrik) daripada jentera berat pertanian.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

Piezoelectric transducer can be hooked / attached to the heavy agricultural

machines. The vibration from the machines can be converted to electricity by
using piezoelectric transducer. It is because A piezoelectric material generates a
voltage when deformed (change in shape is greatly exaggerated).

f) List FOUR (4) renewable sources of energy for electricity generation.

[Senaraikan EMPAT (4) sumber tenaga boleh baharu yang digunakan bagi menghasilkan tenaga
elektrik.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

1. Biomass
2. Biogas
3. Solar
4. Mini Hydro
5. Wind Power Plant
6. Tidal Power Plant

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g) A 350 km long, 550 kV line carrying 1250 MW of electricity power. The total
resistance of the power line is 0.068 /km. Calculate the power loss from this power
line.
[550 kV talian penhantaran voltan tinggi sepanjang 350 km mengangkut 1250 MW kuasa elektrik.
Jumlah ritangan bagi talian tersebut ialah 0.068 /km. Kirakan jumlah kuasa yang hilang dari talian
kuasa tersebut.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

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Question 2
[Soalan 2]

a) Convert the binary number 110110 into decimal number, and decimal number 129 into
binary number.
[Tukar nombor binari 10110 kepada nombor desimal, dan nombor desimal 156 kepada nombor binari.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)

110110  54

129  10000001

b) Given function F as A + B· (A + C) + B· (B + C’).

[Diberi fungsi F seperti A + B· (A + C) + B· (B + C’).]

(i) Sketch a logic circuit diagram from function F using NOT, AND and OR
gates only.
[Lakar satu rajah litar lojik bagi fungsi F dengan menggunakan get TIDAK, DAN dan ATAU.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

(ii) Simplify the function F using Boolean Algebra.

[Ringkaskan fungsi F dengan menngunakan Algebra Boolean.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

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c) Basic ring oscillator is designed using odd numbers of inverting (NOT) logic gates tied
together in a ring. The propagation delay of the inverting (NOT) logic gate is 52.1 ns.
Design a ring oscillator with a frequency oscillation of 2.4 MHz with the aid of logic
circuit diagram.
[Pengayun cincin umum direka dengan menggunakan beberapa get lojik penyongsang (TIDAK) berangka
ganjil yang diikat dalam bentuk cincin. Lengah perambatan untuk get lojik penyongsang ialah 52.1 ns.
Rekacipta satu pengayun cincin yang mempunyai frekuensi ayunan 2.4 MHz dengan bantuan rajah litar
lojik.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)

The number of NOT gates required from the calculation is 4 (even). According to the
theories, only odd numbers of inverting (NOT) logic gates are tied together in a ring to

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produce a ring oscillator. The output at the last stage gest inverted as odd numbers of
stages are used and this output is feedback to the first stage. Output of the last stages
keeps on changing after each cycle and this results in oscillations. Each inverter has
intrinsic propagation delay. Therefore, 3 stages (NOT gates) will be proposed.



d) Define the term integrated circuit.

[Definisikan terma litar bersepadu.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

An integrated circuit (IC) is a complete electronic circuit in which both the active and
passive components are fabricated on a tiny single chip of silicon.

e) Differentiate TWO (2) advantages and disadvantages of the integrated circuits.

[Bezakan DUA (2) kelebihan dan kekurangan litar bersepadu.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)

Advantages of IC

•Small physical size

•Very small weight

•Reduced cost

•High reliability

•Increase response time and speed

•Low power consumption

•Easy replacement

•High yield

Disadvantages of IC

•Coils or inductors cannot be fabricated.

•ICs function at low voltage

•Handle limited amount of power

•They are quite delicate and cannot withstand excessive heat or rough handling.

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f) Analyze a potential reason for the end of Moore’s Law in the development of
semiconductor manufacturing technologies.
[Analisiskan penyebab Moore’s Law akan berakhir dalam pembangunan teknologi pembuatan separa
konduktor.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)

Moore’s Law will be ended in future due to the number of transistors we can get into one
space is limited, because transistor size is getting down to things that are approaching the
size of an atom (limitation of technologies).

-ooOoo-

APPENDIX I

USEFUL FORMULA

Commutative Law A+B=B+A A.B = B.A

Associative Law A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C A . (B . C) = (A . B) . C
Distributive Law A.(B + C) = AB + AC A + (B . C) = (A + B) . (A + C)
Null Elements A+1=1 A.0=0
Identity A+0=A A.1=A
Idempotence A+A=A A.A=A
Complement A + A' = 1 A . A' = 0
Involution A'' = A
Absorption (Covering) A + AB = A A . (A + B) = A
Simplification A + A'B = A + B A . (A' + B) = A . B
DeMorgan's Rule (A + B)' = A'.B' (A . B)' = A' + B'
Logic Adjacency (Combining) AB + AB' = A (A + B) . (A + B') = A
Consensus AB + BC + A'C = AB + A'C (A + B) . (B + C) . (A' + C) = (A + B) . (A' + C)

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