NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS

International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]

ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SMALL SCALE WATER
TURBINE BY USING RPRT FOR ENERGY HARVESTING
MRS. URMILA S. ZOPE
Engineering sciences and allied engineering department, Professor (Mechanical) at Bharti Vidyapeeth’s college of Engg for
Women, (BVCOEW), Pune-43, India, Email- ums3333zope@gmail.com

MRS. DIKSHA P. CHOPADE

Engineering sciences and allied engineering department, Professor (Electrical) at Bharti Vidyapeeth’s college of Engg for
Women, (BVCOEW), Pune-43, India,Email- dikshachopade@gmail.com

MRS. PRATIBHA M. KARANDIKAR

Mechanical engineering department, PREC Loni, Tal Rahata, Dist- Ahmednagar, Ahmendnagar, India,
Email- pkarandikar04@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
Natural resources like river, stream, A. 2D DIAGRAMS OF ALL DESIGNED PARTS:
waterfall can be used for the generation of power. In
this the horizontal axis impulse turbine is designed
in which water jet is impulsed which strikes
tangentially on the integrated vanes or rotor.
Turbine designing is for small applicatiom, where
limited power is generated which can be uitilised for
lighting a power bulb or for battery charging.
Working on this topic resulted into design &
manufacture of the small scale low cost & low weight
turbine, for which rapid prototype manufacturing
technique is used and suggested. Turbine
manufactured by RP technique is not suitable for
commercial use but for small applications in remote
aresa where reach of electrification grid is
impossible.
KEYWORDS: RP, Energy harvesting, Design &
manufacture, turbine design. Turbine assembly drawing

I.INTRODUCTION:
Small scale watere turbine which are also
known as microhydro power turbine. micro hydro
turbines are developed from last centuries back. Means
the use of natural water source for the power generation
is a old technilogy exist. In this work, new design of
turbine alongwieth new and low cost, low weight
manufacturing technique is introduced. Also anlysis of
the turbine vane is done.

II.DESIGN FOR THE TURBINE PROTOTYPE:

Very initial consideration for the microhydro
turbine is limited space availability ranging from 1 to 5
feet for installing that designed turbine. Accordingly
limitations are kept to the sizes of the turbine parts. Rotor1 (Diameter 135)

44 | P a g e
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017

Rotor2 (diameter 175)

Rotor3 (Diameter 235)

shaft

Insert
Stand2

III.PARTS GEOMETRIES WITH DIMENSIONS:

1) Vanes (integrated) circular subtended angle is kept
1200 with height 32mm & depth 10 to 12mm.
2) Rotor-135mm, 175mm and 225mm diameter.
3) 𝐷𝑝 =
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠)𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
150, 200 𝑎𝑛𝑑 250𝑚𝑚
4) No of blades-08.
5) Insert, which is fitted into rotor, through which shaft
Ring is passing, dimension is

45 | P a g e
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
∅45 × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 45. Where:
6) Bearings –two types Q discharge [m3/s]
a. Ball bearing-NO 1205-Inner Diameter 25, outer Hn gross head [m]
diameter-52, width 12mm. ηh hydraulic efficiency [-]
b. Cylinderical roller bearing no-16005, Inner diameter ρ water density [kg/m3]
25, outer diametere 47, width 08mm. g gravitational acceleration [m/s2]
7) Flow velocity 𝑉𝑓 = 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
8) N rotational speed of the rotor= limit 150 to
430rpm.
9) Net head 𝐻𝑛 = 1 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑜 5 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡. FOR FURTHER CALCULATION:
10) Gravitational accleration g=9.81m/sec2 Following are the known values
11) 𝑄 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = ρ = 1000kg /m3
𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 0.0176 3 , 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 0.1472 3.
𝑚
g = 9.81m/ s2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
12) 𝑅𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 45𝑚𝑚
Consider, 𝜂ℎ = 0.85%
13) 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒
2𝜋𝑁
14) 𝜔 = 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟=
60 3. Calculation of turbine efficiency (ηt)
15) 𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 38.6 × √𝐻𝑛 /𝐷𝑟 The maximum turbine efficiency can be calculated as:
16) 𝑉𝐹 = 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟. [26]
17) 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 − 120° 1
𝜂 = × 𝐶 2× (1 + 𝜓) × cos 2(∝)
2
IV.DESIGN STEPS: where, Ψ- blade roughness coefficient (0.98)
(from design of high efficiency cross flow turbine for (4)
hydropower plant by Bilal Nasir) From above equation, its clear that for maximum turbine
A) The design procedure of the cross-flow turbine efficiency, the attack angle (α) should be kept as small as
involves the following steps: possible .
1. Preparing the site data 4. Calculation of the turbine speed (N):
This involves the calculations and measuring the net The correlation between specific speed (𝑁𝑠) and net
head of the hydro-power plant and its water flow rate. head 𝐻𝑛 is
given for the cross-flow turbine as following,
513.25
a. Calculation of the net head (Hn): 𝑁𝑠 = 𝐻𝑛0.505
Hn = Hg − Hf (m) (5)
(1)
Where, Also the specific speed in terms of turbine power in Kw,
Hg = the gross head which was the vertical distance turbine speed in (r.p.m) and net head in (m) is given as ,
between water surface level at the intake and at the [9]
turbine. This distance can be measured by modern √𝑃𝑡
𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁 ×
electronic digital levels. 𝐻𝑛 1.25

Hf = total head losses due to the open channel, trash (6)

rack, intake, penstock and gate or value. These losses From above equations (5) and (6) , the turbine speed
can be
were approximately equal to 10% of gross head.
b. Calculation of the water flow rate (Q): calculated as:
The water flow rate can be calculated by measuring river 𝑁 = 513.25 × 𝐻𝑛0.745 /√𝑃𝑡(rpm)
or stream flow velocity (Vr) and river cross-sectional (7)
area (Ar), 5. Calculation of runner outer diameter (𝑫𝒐 )
then: At maximum efficiency, the tangential velocity of the
𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟 × 𝐴𝑟 (𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐) runner
(2) Outer periphery is given as [26]
1
2. Calculation of turbine power (Pt) 𝑉𝑡𝑟 = 2 × ∁ × (√2 × 𝑔 × 𝐻𝑛 )(cos ∝)
The electrical power of the turbine in Watt can be (8)
calculated as: Also as we know,
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄 × 𝐻𝑛 × 𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝜂ℎ (𝑊)
(3)
46 | P a g e
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
𝐷𝑜
𝑉𝑡𝑟 = 𝑊 × = 2𝜋𝑁𝐷𝑜 /120 As we know, 𝐷𝑜 = 40 × √𝐻𝑛 /𝑁
2
(9) Putting above value in equation ------ (17)
By comparing eq. (8) & (9) the runner outer diameter 𝐿 = 𝑄 × 𝑁/(50 × 𝐻𝑛 )
can be calculated as : (19)
√𝐻𝑛 By putting above value of ‘L’ into equation of Jet
𝐷𝑜 = 40 × (𝑚)
𝑁 thickness (tj),
(10) 𝐴𝑗
6. Calculation of blade spacing (𝑺𝒃 ): 𝑡𝑗 =
𝐿
The thickness of jet entrance 𝑡𝑗𝑒 measured at right angles We obtain,
to √𝐻𝑛
𝑡𝑗 = 11.7 ×
the tangential velocity of runner is given as [26] 𝑁

𝑡𝑗𝑒 = 𝑘 × 𝐷𝑜 (20)
(𝑚)
From eq. of Do,----- (10)
(11)
√𝐻𝑛 𝐷𝑜
Where K = constant = 0.087 = , so putting in equation------- (20)
𝑁 40
The tangential blade spacing (Sb) is given as[26] 𝐷𝑜
𝑡𝑗𝑒 𝑡𝑗 = 11.7 ×
𝑆𝑏 = =𝑘×
𝐷𝑜
40
sin 𝛽1 sin 𝛽1
𝑡𝑗 = 0.29 × 𝐷𝑜 (m)
(12) (21)
Where , ᵝ1- blade inlet angle =30°, when Attack angle 11. Calculation of the distance between water jet and
α = 16° the center
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑆𝑏 = 0.174 × 𝐷𝑜 of runner shaft (y1)
(13) y1 = 0.116 × Do (Imperical relation)
(22)
7. Calculation of the radial rim width (α): 12. Calculation the distance between water jet and
It is the difference between the outer radius (ro) and the inner
inner radius (ri) of the turbine runner, and it is also periphery of runner (y2) [26]
equal to the blade spacing and can be given as: y2 = 0.05 × Do
𝛼 = 0.174 × 𝐷𝑜 (23)
(14) 13. Calculation of inner diameter of the runner (Di)
8. Calculation of the runner blade number (n) [26]
The number of the runner blades can be determined as : Di = Do − 2 ∝
𝑛 = 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑜 /𝑆𝑏 (24)
(15) 14. Calculation of the radius blade curvature (rc) [26]
𝑟𝑐 = 0.163 × 𝐷𝑜
9. Calculation of the water jet thickness (tj) (25)
It is also defined as nozzle width and can be calculated as 15. Calculation of the blade inlet and exit angles
, (β1andβ2) [26]
𝐴𝑗
𝑡𝑗 = The blade inlet angle can be calculated as ,
𝐿 tan 𝛽1 = 2 × tan 𝛼
Where, Aj = Jet area.
The blade exit angle 𝛽2 =900 for perfect radial flow, but
As, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑗 × 𝑉𝑗
𝑄
it must be equal to 𝛽1 at maximum efficiency.
Therefore, 𝑡𝑗 = 𝑉𝑗 (26)
𝐿

𝑄/[𝐶 × (√2 × 𝑔 × 𝐻𝑛 ) × 𝐿]=0.233 × 𝑄/(𝐿 × √𝐻𝑛 )

V.APPROACH FOR DESIGNING:
(16)
Idea of designing integrated vanes/blade on
rotor having some thickness, & shape is somewhat
10. Calculation of runner length (L):
semicircular whose subtended angle is kept 1200 , is
The runner length in (m) can be calculated as:
came from the concept of banki water turbine. The
From reference [26]
difference between banki water turbine design & the
𝐿 × 𝐷𝑜 = 0.81 × 𝑄 ⁄√𝐻𝑛 (it is in metric units)
turbine designed in this paper is that,bucket which
(17)
having specific dimensions are mounted on the rotor by
𝐿 × 𝐷𝑜 = 210 × 𝑄/√𝐻𝑛 (it is in british units) nuts and bolts while turbine discussed here having
(18) integrated vanes on the rotor this design may reduce the
47 | P a g e
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
overall cost of the design & manufacture. The tangential 3). 𝐹𝑖 = 1000 × 0.0010667 × (2)2
water flow falling on the vanes causes the vanes to rotate 𝐹𝑖 = 4.2668𝑁
& ultimately rotates the rotor, & to the keyed shaft. The 3). 𝐹𝑖 = 1000 × 0.0010667 × (2.5)2
shaft on which rotor is mounted is supported in stand by 𝐹𝑖 = 6.6668𝑁
means of ball bearing in the stand. 4). 𝐹𝑖 = 1000 × 0.0010667 × (3)2
For deciding geometry profile of the vane the 𝐹𝑖 = 9.6𝑁
referance is taken from paper ‘Design & manufacture of From above explained designed procedure,
micro zero head turbine for power genreation which was As circumferance of rotor is 2𝜋𝑅 = 2 × 𝜋 × 75 =
published in 2011’. 471.23𝑚𝑚
A thought behind designing semicircular vane is that And blade spacing is 𝑆𝑏 = 0.174 × 𝐷𝑜
when water strikes tangentially & go downwards to 𝑆𝑏 = 0.174 × 150
enter into next vane, maximum mass of water should 𝑆𝑏 = 26.1
enter cause the rotation of rotor to fulfill the purpose. So, no of blades will be
471.23
= 18.05 ≈ 18 𝑛𝑜𝑠.
26.1
The thickness of vane is decided from strength to
But we are taking minimum numbers of blades i.e. 08.
thickness ratio.
By referring number of papers, the relationship of
VI.CALCULATIONS:
applied force of water can be given as-
Approach to design this turbine is starts from
𝐹𝑖 = 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑉 × (𝑉 − 𝑢)
space availability accordingly maximum size is decided
Where, 𝐹𝑖 = Impact force (initial force)
for the turbine. For this some parameters are assumed-
ρ = water density.
𝜌𝑤 = water density 1000kg/m3
V= Free stream/waterfall velocity.
g= gravitational acceleration 9.81m/s2
A=Designed vane area.
𝐻𝑛 =Net head assumed 0.5m & 1m.
u=tangential velocity of vane.
𝜂ℎ =hydraulic efficiency is assumed 80%≈0.8
It is to be decided to kept 8 numbers of vanes on
𝐷𝑅 =Rotor diameter=135mm
the rotor whose outer diameter is 135mm, & hence
𝐷𝑝 = Rotor pitch diameter=150mm
angle between two blades is maintained is 450, water
𝑉𝑓 =Flow velocity=1m/s; 1.5m/s; and 2m/s.
falling some perticular heightis tangential to the
backsurface of the vane, means initially the velocity of As we know, P=𝜌𝑤 × 𝑔 × 𝐻𝑛 × 𝜂ℎ × 𝑄
the blade is assumed to be zero, it means u=0. But, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑉𝑓 )
So, ′ 𝐹𝑖 ′ ′= initial force of water can be calculated as- I- For flow velocity 𝑉𝑓 =1m/s.
𝜋
𝐹𝑖 = 𝜌 × 𝐴 × 𝑉 × (𝑉 − 0) (initially u=0) 𝑄1 = (𝐷𝑝2 ) × 𝑉𝑓
2 4
𝐹𝑖 = 𝜌 × 𝐴𝑉 𝜋
As water enters into second vane, entered 𝑄1 = (0.152 ) × 1
4
mass of water not sufficient to rotate vanes, so again its 𝑄1 = 0.0176𝑚3 /𝑠
initial velocity u is considered as zero. But angle between II-For flow velocity𝑉𝑓 =1.5m/s
two consecutive vanes kept is 450, denoted by ‘α’. One 𝜋
𝑄2 = (𝐷𝑝2 ) × 𝑉𝑓
important thing is that flow of water on the blade is kept 4
𝜋
tangential to rotate the rotor in one direction only. So 𝑄2 = (𝐷𝑝2 ) × 1.5
angle between the waterflow & the back surface of a 4
𝑄2 = 0.0265𝑚3 /𝑠
vane is considered as α1 which may be 0 to 50.
III-For flow velocity 𝑉𝑓 = 2m/s
𝜋
𝑄 𝑄3 = (𝐷𝑝2 ) × 𝑉𝑓
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 4
360 𝜋
120 𝑄3 = (𝐷𝑝2 ) × 2
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 32 4
360 𝑄3 = 0.0353𝑚3 /𝑠
Area=10.667mm2 Case I- For Net head 1 feet means 0.3m.
i.e= Area=0.0010667m2 𝑃1 = 𝜌𝑤 × 𝑔 × 𝐻𝑛 × 𝜂ℎ × 𝑄1
From above equation: 𝐹𝑖 = 𝜌 × 𝐴𝑉 2 P1=1000 × 9.81 × 0.3 × 0.8 × 0.0176
Take value of 𝑽𝒇 = 𝟏, 𝟏. 𝟓, 𝟐, 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝟑𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄 P1=41.43 watt
1). 𝐹𝑖 = 1000 × 0.0010667 × (1)2 ∅2 = ∅∅ × ∅ × ∅∅ × ∅ℎ × ∅2
𝐹𝑖 = 1.0667𝑁 ∅2 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.3 × 0.8 × 0.0265
2). 𝐹𝑖 = 1000 × 0.0010667 × (1.5)2 P2=62.39 watt
𝐹𝑖 = 2.4𝑁
48 | P a g e
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
∅3 = ∅∅ × ∅ × ∅∅ × ∅ℎ × ∅ 3 without using expensive tooling. Fortus 3D system is
∅3 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.3 × 0.8 × 0.0353 streamline process from design through manufacturing,
P3=83.11 watt reducing costs and eliminating traditional barriers along
Case II- For Net head 0.5m. the way.
∅1 = ∅∅ × ∅ × ∅∅ × ∅ℎ × ∅ 1
P1=1000 × 9.81 × 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.0176 IX.SOFTWARE USED IN FDM:
P1= 69.06 watt Insight software: Insight software prepares 3D digital
∅2 = ∅∅ × ∅ × ∅∅ × ∅ℎ × ∅ 2 parts files (o/p as and .STL file) to be manufactured on a
fortus system by automatically slicing and generating
∅2 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.0265
support structure and material extrusion path in a single
P2= 103.986 watt
push of button. If necessary user can override insights
∅3 = ∅∅ × ∅ × ∅∅ × ∅ℎ × ∅ 3
defaults to manually edit parameters that control the
∅3 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.0353 look, strength and precision of parts as well as the time
P3= 138.51 watt throughput, expenses and efficiency of the FDM process.
Control center software: It is a software that
communicates between the user workstations and fortus
VII.MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURING: system, managing jobs and monitoring the production
Selection of material: for the designed parts, as FDM status of fortus system. It provides control to maximize
RP technology is finalized to manufacture those parts so efficiency, throughput and utilization while minimizing
ABSM30-thermoplastic material is decided, to use this response time. This software is included with Insight
material having following properties: ABS M30 software.
(acryolonitrile butadine sterene M30) is 25 to 70 percent
stronger than standard ABS (acryolonitrile butadine
sterene).
Greater tensile, impact, and flexural strength than
standard Stratasys ABS.
Layer bonding is significantly stronger for a more
durable part than standard Stratasys ABS.
Versatile Material: Good for form, fit and functional
applications.
ABS M30 parts are stronger, smoother and have better
feature details.
Tensile strength=36Mpa.
Tensile elongation =4%
Flexural stress=61Mpa
Izod impact=139J/m
Heat deflection=960
Unique properties= Variety of colour options.
Density of material=(at 200C or 680F ) >1
g/cm3(>8.345lbs/gal)
Young’s modulus of Modulus of elasticity= 1.4 -3.1(109
N/m2 OR GPA)

VIII.FORTUS SYSTEM OF FDM RP TECHNIQUE:

Fortus 3D production system offer unparalleded
versatility and capability to turn CAD files into real parts,
which are tough enough to be used as advanced
X. Flowchart for manufacturing of pico hydro turbine
conceptual models, functional prototyping,
manufacturing tools and end use-parts. Variety of
products can be produce just by loading different files
XI.THEORY OF DESIGN:
and materials, which is not possible by traditional
Under this topic actual design of vertical flow
machining processes. Fortus system can produce a real
waterwheel turbine is discussed. Uptill now work on
end use thermoplastic parts directly form CAD files
designing and manufacturing of metallic water turbine
49 | P a g e
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
for various purposes was done. So accordingly various
head ranges turbines like high head, medium head, low XII.TABULAR PRESENTATION OF ALL ANALYZED
head, micro head and pico head were designed, PARAMETERS FOR ALL THREE CASES:
manufactured and was used for different applications. Similarly, case three in which rotor size is 225mm and
Aim of project is to design and to manufacture the rotor pitch diameter is 250mm also vane size is different
turbine which can be efficiently used which having low having thickness 4mm, height is 50mm.Accordingly
design and manufacture cost also should be light in results obtained are presented in tabular form as
weight. By keeping this concept in mind, different parts follows:-
of turbine are started to design. Initially primary
conceptual drawing is completed. Sizes of parts are
limited by space availability, and as type of hydro power
is initially decided, which fixes range of power
generation. After completing these basic things, next step
was to it into 3D parts by using any 3D software. For 3D
modeling of these parts Pro-e-wildfire software was
used. Now for minimizing weight as well as cost
advanced additive manufacturing technology was
decided to use namely-Rapid prototyping. What is this
RP technology and its different techniques it was
explained in earlier chapter. By studying FDM RP
technique is finalized. All 3D parts model are shown in
appendix-I.
In a design rotor and shaft sizes are more
important, by theoretical calculations there is a change
in power generation by changing the rotor size, so to
what was those changes we taken three different size of
rotor-135mm, 175mm, and 225mm. as a case study.
So accordingly RP machine enquiry was done, but cost of
machine is few lacs which was not affordable, so decided
to write a proposal regarding purchasing of machine. As
this process may take few months so it was decided to
manufacture all these parts from supplier initially to
clear idea about quality and the usefulness of the
product manufacture by this RP technique. For this
approached to “Design-tech Pvt Ltd Company”, based in XIII. Advantages & Disadvantages of Microturbine-
pune (supplier of RP machines). According to need of Advantages:
technique all 3D models of parts are converted into .STP  Especially in mountainous areas where Grid
file, which was further used as an input to RP-Fortus Connection is expensive and unreliable micro
360mc (FDM machine). Important thing of this technique hydro turbine is used.
is that raw material used for manufacturing these parts  Micro turbines are few moving parts, compact
was thermoplastic, which makes parts light in weight, systems, good efficiency.
also life period is more than metallic part as they are free  Micro turbines can operate continuously or On-
from corrosion, which reduces the life of parts. The demand and be either grid connected or stand alone.
peoples given estimation of manufacturing cost of those Not like the big hydro plants that use dams and
parts which is nearly 1.5lacs. Initially by including all create giant lakes behind the dams, micro-hydro
cost parameters manufacturing cost goes very high. But plants only divert a small fraction of the stream and
after few years cost of product becomes very less. The they don’t need a water storage pool.
parts coming through the machine are end user parts.  In rare cases where the site is close to grid lines, part
Before actually manufacturing these parts it was of the produced power can be sold back to the
necessary to anlyze the very important part of turbine utility, and the grid serves as backup.
that is rotor, vanes integrated on outer periphery of  The micro hydro plant requires low maintenance.
rotor. So analysis of vane for checking stress strength at  Microhydro systems produce no pollution
the given condition was checked in ansys14.5 software.
50 | P a g e

International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
DISADVANTAGES:
 As the power demand increases the size of the plant
cannot be easily expandable.
 During the summer season there will be less flow
and therefore less power output. Advanced planning
and research will be needed to ensure adequate
energy requirements.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
I am very thankful to Prof. P. S. Pingle who was my
project guide, he helped me in all ways from starting to
the submission of work, also thankful to Mechanical
Engineering Department peoples for time to time help.
Also thanks to my cologues who helped me in all ways.
REFERENCES:
1) Mohammad Durali, MIT Cambridge ,” Design of small
water turbine for farms & small communities”, 1976.
2) O. D. Thapar, Small / Mini hydro power technology,
research & Education (state of art), Alternate hydro
energy center W.R.D.T.C University of
Roorkee,(Unesco regional meeting, Colombo) May-
1983
3) Alastair Gill, ESD, Neston Paul Mosley, Department
of Economics and David J. Fulford, Energy Group,
Department of Engineering, “Community Micro-
Hydro in LDCs: Adoption, Management and Poverty
Impact” , July-1999.
4) J. L. Gordon, P Engg, “Turbine selection for small low
head hydro developments”, July 2003.
5) Phommachanh, Junichi Kurukowa, Choi Nakijama,
“Development of positive micro hydro turbine”, 2006.
6) Miyoshi Nakijima, Shishnu University, “Performance
of savonius turbine for environmentally friendly
hydraulic turbine”, Dec’2007.
7) Abhijit Date, RMIT University, “Low head simple
reaction water turbine”, April 2009.
8) Toshihiko Ikedo, Jio, Kenji Tassuno, Shisnu
University, “Performance of nano hydraulic turbine
utilizing waterfall” ,July-2009.
9) Fred Coll ,Andres Hernandez, Nicholas
Mohammed,“Design of a Micro-Hydro Turbine Test
Rig” ,2009.
10) Interim report prepared by Applegate Group, Inc,
“Exploring the viability of the low head hydro in
colarado’s existing irrigation infrastructure”
,Sep’2010.
11) Canyon hydro, “Guide to hydropower-an intorduction
to hydropower concept & planning”
12) Dr. R.P. Sani, IIT Roorki, “Small hydropower
generations”, May-2011.
51 | P a g e
NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
13) Research article-by-Kailash Golecha, Eldho, & S. V.
Prabhu, “Study on the interaction between two
hydrokinetic savonius turbines”, Nov-2011.
14) Ali Arslan, LizwanKhalid, Nassan & Manarvi, Hitech
University, taxila, “Design & manufacture of micro
zero head turbine for power generation”
15) Abhijit Date, AliakabarAkbarzadeh, RMIT university,
“Design analysis and the investigation of low head
simple reaction water turbine”
16) Bryan Patrick-Ho-Yan, “Design of the low head pico
hydro turbine for rural electrification in cameroon”,
April-2012.
17) Bilal Abdullah Nasir, “Design of high efficiency cross
flow turbine for hydropower plant”, Feb-2013.
18) Sudhir Mali, J.T. Kshirsagar& Y.S. Rana, KBL pune, “
Kirloskar brothers in small hydro”.
19) Bilal Abdullah Nasir, IJEAT, “Design of micro
hydroelectric power station”, June-2013.
20) Cha-8, “ Microhydro energy resource”.
21) FatmaAyancik, UmutAradag, EceOzkaya,
“Hydroturbine runner design & manufacturing”.
22) Loice Gudukeya, Ignatio Madanhir, “Efficiency
improment of pelton wheel and crossflow turbines in
micro hydro power plants: casestudy”
23) Abhijit Date and Prof. AliakbarAkbarzadeh, RMIT
university, “Design Analysis and Investigation of a
Low-Head Simple Reaction Water Turbine”.
24) “Article on microhydro power”
25) Appleyard, D. Opening the Door to India’s Small,
(2013, Janurary 7).Hydro Capacity., from
HydroWorld: http://www.hydroworld.com.
26) Timo Flaspöhler, “Design of the runner of a Kaplan
turbine for small hydroelectric power plants”.
27) Fred Merryfield (Prof .civil engg), “ The banki water
turbine”.
28) Sebastian Hermann, “Design of a micro hydro
powered battery charging system for rural village
electrification”.
29) Dilip Singh, Micro Hydro Power Resource
Assessment Handbook Prepared for APCTT (Asian
and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology Of the
United Nations – Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), September 2009.
30) R.S. Patel, G. I. Joshi,G. H. Joshi, Assessment of
Hydropower Potential Through Canal Falls Situated
Along Vadodara Branch Canal, May 2014.
WEBSITES:
1) NHPC: www.nhpcindia.com
2) Ministry of Power: www.powermin.nic.in
3) Minihydropowerplants-source- www.google.com
BOOK:
 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
International Journal Of Research Publications In Engineering And Technology [IJRPET]
ISSN: 2454-7875
VOLUME 3, ISSUE 3, Mar. -2017
1) Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines By- R. S.
Khurmi.

2) Design of machine elements. By V. B. Bhandari

52 | P a g e