G enerally speaking, users of con- crete for ordinary construction purposes have little need to be- ment. High-early strength can also be obtained at somewhat less cost by using an accelerator with either heat generation. When proper cur- ing conditions are maintained, con- crete made with Type V cement at- come involved in portland cement Type 1 or TvDe II cement. tains excellent strength. specifications. But any concrete Type IV cement generates less to- Air-entraining cements, though builder or technician worth his salt tal heat, and does it at a slower rate, not a new type, are sometimes used should know something about the than the other types. It is used to produce air-entrained concrete. various types of portland cement mainly in massive concrete struc- This kind of cement contains a that are available, and have some tures to prevent the severe cracking small amount of an air-entraining knowledge of the purposes for that may occur when high tempera- agent interground with the clinker. which each is used. tures are reached during hydration. Types I, II, and III cements may con- Type I cement is made for use in Concrete made with Type IV cement tain such additions, and for purpos- general concrete construction. It is not generally suitable for ordinary es of identification they are then re- should be regarded as a standard structures because it requires extra ferred to as IA, IIA, and IIIA. Air material to be used on all work care at early ages, and prolonged entrainment can usually be some- where no unusual conditions or re- curing (21 days or more) is neces- what better controlled when the quirements are likely to be encoun- sary to obtain adequate strength air-entraining agent is added at the tered. Ready-mixed concrete is usu- and weather resistance. As the mixer, and for this reason there has ally batched with Type I cement accompanying table shows, Type IV been in recent years a noticeable unless some other type is specified cement develops compressive drift away rrom alr-entralmng ce- by the purchaser. strength rather slowly, but with ade- ments. Type II cement imparts to con- quate protection and curing it To summarize, Type I cement will crete all the essential characteristics reaches equality with concrete provide excellently for most of the obtainable with Type I cement, plus made with Type I cement. conditions normally met in con- improved resistance to sulfate at- Type V cement provides the high- crete construction. Type II is also an tack, less generation of heat, some- est attainable resistance to alkali at- excellent all-purpose material, but what better workability, lower per- tack, and for this reason it is gener- in addition provides moderate alka- meability, and less tendency to ally specified for structures which li resistance and less heat of hydra- bleed. Type II cement is ground come in contact with water or soil tion. Type III is used where rapid somewhat finer than Type I, and it having large concentrations of sul- strength development is necessary, has a somewhat different chemical fates. Early strengths are low, but are and Type IV where low heat genera- composition. Concrete made with somewhat higher than for Type IV tion is a major consideration. Type V Type II cement will show lower ear- cement. It also compares favorably is used whenever sulfate conditions ly strength than concrete containing with Type IV cement in respect to are expected. Type I cement, but at three months there is no important difference in Relative Strengths of Concretes Made with strengths. (See table) Various Types of Portland Cements Type III cement is often referred to as high-early-strength cement. It Type of COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH—Percentage of is ground much finer than Types I Cement Strength of Type I Concrete and II and its most important characteristic is rapid development of strength. It is used in emergency 3 Days 28 Days 3 Months construction, or under any condi- I 100% 100% 100% tions that require early discontinu- II 80% 85% 100% ation of curing and protection. As the table indicates, the strength ad- III 190% 130% 115% vantage of concrete made with Type IV 50% 65% 115% III cement drops steadily with age, eventually equaling that of con- V 65% 65% 85% cretes made with Types I and II ce- When sulfate conditions are an- ticipated, the soils and/or waters in- volved should be analyzed. The use of Type II cement is usually indicat- ed when the S04 content of water exceeds 150 parts per million, or when the percentage of water-solu- ble SO4 in air-dry soil exceeds 0.1 of 1 per cent. Type V cement is indicat- ed when these values reach 1()00 parts per million and 0.2 of 1 per cent, respectively.