energies

Article
Dynamic Placement Analysis of Wind Power
Generation Units in Distribution Power Systems
Mohammad Reza Baghayipour 1 ID
, Amin Hajizadeh 2, * ID
, Amir Shahirinia 3 and Zhe Chen 4
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Kosar University of Bojnord, Bojnord 1545894156, Iran;
mbpower@gmail.com
2 Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the District of Columbia, Washington DC, DC 57206,
USA; amir.shahirinia@udc.edu
4 Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; zch@et.aau.dk
* Correspondence: aha@et.aau.dk




Received: 16 August 2018; Accepted: 3 September 2018; Published: 5 September 2018


Abstract: The placement problem of distributed generators (DGs) in distribution networks becomes
much more complicated in the case of using the DGs with renewable energy resources. Due to
several reasons such as, their intermittent output powers, the interactions between DGs and the rest
of the distribution network, and considering other involved uncertainties are very vital. This paper
develops a new approach for optimal placement of wind energy based DGs (WDGs) in which
all of such influences are carefully handled. The proposed method considers the time variations
of dynamic nodal demands, nodal voltage magnitudes, and wind speed in the WDG placement
process simultaneously. Thereby, an accurate dynamic model of the active and reactive powers
injected by the WDG to the system is employed in which the interactions between the WDG and the
distribution network are well regarded. Finally, simulation results are given to show the capability
of the proposed approach. As it is demonstrated in the numerical analysis of the radial 33-bus
distribution test network, the proposed placement algorithm can efficiently determine the optimal
bus for connecting the WDG and is suitable for real applications.

Keywords: dynamic placement; wind power; voltage stability; distribution grids

1. Introduction
Nowadays, there is an increasing effort for employing various types of distributed generations
(DGs) in distribution networks to supply some part of the electricity demand [1]. Proper placement of
DGs, such as wind turbines and photovoltaic units, in the distribution system is still a very challenging
issue for obtaining their maximum potential benefits [2]. The most significant concern posed regarding
such energy resources is their intermittent and uncertain natures [3]. The amount of electrical power
deliverable from a wind-based DG (WDG) is variable and may differ from its rated output power
and is dependent on the wind speed, and the other ambient characteristics such as the occasion and
geographical site in which the WDG is operated. This matter indeed affects the placement analysis of
WDGs in distribution networks, and is a significant problem which should be discussed in more detail.
Regarding the published literature, there are two different aspects of WDG installation in distribution
power systems. The first aspect is to locate the optimum topographical site for installing the renewable
energy-based DG and its optimum capacity, from the viewpoint of economic and technical concerns,
and is usually known as “DG feasibility, siting, and sizing study”, as investigated previously [4,5].
The second aspect is often known as the “DG placement problem” and aims to determine the optimum
electrical node to which the DG should be connected, with the objective of reforming some of the

Energies 2018, 11, 2326; doi:10.3390/en11092326 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2018, 11, 2326 2 of 16

electrical characteristics (e.g., loss, voltage profile, etc.) in the distribution system. For example,
the effects of sitting and optimal placement of DG units have been studied by many researchers [6];
different methods of optimal DG placement such as the use of a Kalman filter algorithm have been
studied [7] to find the suitable optimal size and location of DG units.
The authors of a previous study [8] present a decision-making algorithm that has been developed
for the optimum size and placement of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks.
The algorithm can estimate the optimum DG size to be installed, based on the improvement of voltage
profiles and the reduction of the network’s real and reactive power losses. The proposed algorithm has
been tested on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system.
Using the geographic information system environment for planning and analyzing the steady state
and dynamic behavior of distributed generation was introduced in a past paper [9]. The functionality
of this platform enables the utility internal business process with a single graphical analysis structure.
Equally the authors of a previous paper [10] did a comparative analysis to find the optimal
position of the synchronous condenser in an electrical grid, improve voltage stability, and mitigate
power losses. In the same vein, research indicating the best possible position of a wind farm in
a distribution power system was presented previously [11].
In this regard, most of the previous papers have exploited analytical or heuristic approaches in
order to solve the optimization problem of DG optimal placement subjected to the system operational
constraints (i.e., load flow equations and the system security limits). Most of them [10–12] have treated
the renewable energy-based DG as a constant power source in the placement problem. It is obvious
that due to the intermittent output powers of the renewable energy based DGs this treatment does
not yield accurate results. Here, a few papers have proposed the approaches of treating the variations
and uncertainties of the renewable energy resources. For example, two previous papers [13,14]
have treated the Wind and Solar type DGs as time-varying power sources with constant power
factors. In a past paper [14], a radial feeder with a time-varying loads and DG was simulated under
uniformly distributed, centrally distributed, and increasingly distributed loads. This study is helpful
in understanding the effect of variable power WDG sources on distribution systems with time-varying
loads. But, the detailed dynamic model of WDG, taking account of variation in wind speed and
variable nodal demand, has been investigated.
In addition, the authors of a past paper proposed [15] a bounded and symmetric uncertainty
optimization approach for generation and transmission planning under demand and wind generation
uncertainty. In fact, the combination of two uncertainty methods, i.e., robust and stochastic
optimization approaches are utilized and formulated in this paper. Besides, to handle with this
uncertainty, a Weibull distribution (WD) is considered as wind distribution, while load distribution is
counted by a normal distribution (ND).
Thereby, they have regarded the DGs in the placement process by solving several successive load
flow analyses for different time steps with different levels of DG generations and load demands. Those
two papers each have utilized some specific approaches in order to determine the amounts of electrical
power produced by the DGs in different times from those renewable resources (i.e., wind speed and
solar radiated energy for wind and solar type DGs, respectively). For this purpose, the authors of
a previous paper [14] employed some sample wind speed data in a simulation process to consider the
operation of 1 MW WDG. Alternatively, the authors of another past paper [13] extracted the output
power variations of DGs by considering some straight algebraic input-output functions for the DGs,
and ignoring their detailed dynamic behaviors. For example, the authors of a previous paper [14]
treated the WDG as a power source with a constant power factor, while, the reactive power exchanged
between a WDG (based on the induction generators); the distribution network was directly affected
by the voltage magnitude of the bus to which the DG was connected. On the other hand, the bus
voltage magnitude was in turn influenced by the amounts of demanded loads as well as the active
and reactive powers injected by DGs to the distribution system at different times. Therefore, using
VAR compensators to mitigate the power quality problems and reactive power control are vital [16].
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 3 of 16

For instance, in a previous paper [17] a relative control strategy based on the local reactive power
regulation was proposed to achieve the reactive power compensation without an upper communication
system. Improving the voltage profile and minimizing power losses to improve the power quality is
discussed previously [18] by proper regulation of the reactive power of the WDG. The authors of a past
paper [19] introduced a control approach and supplementary controllers for the operation of a hybrid
stand-alone system composed of a wind generation unit and a conventional generation unit based on
the synchronous generator (CGU). The proposed controllers allow the islanded or isolated operation
of small power systems with a predominance of wind generation. The voltage stability problem in the
presence of WDG was also discussed previously [20,21].
Hence, not only is it not possible to assume a constant value for the power factor of a WDG, but also
its accurate time variations cannot easily be calculated. This obviously demonstrates the complexity of
the placement problem for DGs with renewable energy resources that necessitate regarding all the
interactions between the different components of the system (i.e., the loads, DGs, and the distribution
network itself), which none of the previous papers have done. For this purpose, the dynamic behavior
of WDGs is taken into account while they are connected to the grid. In other former studies the DGs
have not been considered dynamic and have been simulated as static sources, ignoring the interactions
between the distribution system and DGs. Moreover, to implement the dynamic placement analysis,
the time variations of dynamic nodal demands, nodal voltage magnitudes, and wind speed in the WDG
placement procedure are taken into account simultaneously. By this means, an accurate dynamic model
of active and reactive powers injected by WDG to the system is employed in which the interactions
between the WDG and the distribution network are well-observed.
This paper aims to deal with the above problem by introducing a new placement algorithm for
WDGs in which all the mentioned interactions are well regarded. The rest of this paper is organized
as follows. First, in Section 2 the concept and structure of the intended WDG placement problem are
presented. Moreover, in this section, the ways of creating the different time-dependent data for the
purposed WDG placement problem are clarified, including the monthly average diurnal patterns of
demand, wind speed, and voltage magnitude of the candidate bus to which the WDG is going to be
connected. In Section 3, the model adopted for distribution load flow is also explained. Section 4
presents the kernel of the proposed WDG placement algorithm. The algorithm is then verified by the
numerical analysis in Section 5, and finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.

2. Problem Definition and Formulation

The general definition and structure of the WDG placement problem under study is illustrated in
Figure 1. According to this figure, the WDG placement problem is a kind of optimization problem with
some objective function and constraints. However, due to the intermittent and time-variant nature of
wind speed and demand, this optimization problem cannot be directly formulated. Thus, the block
diagram in Figure 1 is utilized here for the problem definition, including three principal blocks as
follows:

– The first block models the objective function.

– The second block is treated as the main equality constraint of the optimization problem.
It models the power balance constraint considering the interactions between WDG and the
distribution network.
– The third block comprises the inequality constraints of the optimization problem.

The aim of this paper is to extract the detailed models of the above three blocks, as well as to
propose an efficient solution for solving the whole optimization problem. Hence, first, the detailed
models of the above blocks are presented in the rest of this section.
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 4 of 16
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 16

Schematicdiagram
Figure1.1.Schematic
Figure diagram
of of
thethe wind
wind energy
energy based
based DGDG (WDG)
(WDG) placement
placement problem
problem definition
definition and
and structure.
structure.

2.1.
2.1.Objective
ObjectiveFunction
FunctionModel
Model
The
Theobjective
objectiveofofthetheoptimization
optimizationproblemproblemisistoto find
findthetheoptimal
optimal bus busforfor
connecting
connecting thetheWDG WDG in
aindistribution
a distributionnetwork, to minimize
network, the aggregate
to minimize electricelectric
the aggregate energy energy
loss, as well loss,as astowell
achieve
as toa smooth
achieve
nodal
a smoothvoltage profile
nodal withprofile
voltage less total deviation
with less total from 1 p.u during
deviation from the 1 p.u planning
duringperiod. This objective
the planning period.
function is formulated
This objective functioninisEquation
formulated(1), where symbols
in Equation (1),ELossWithDG and VDWithDG
where symbols denote and
ELossWithDG the aggregate
VDWithDG
electric
denote energy loss andelectric
the aggregate voltageenergy
deviation loss criteria
and voltagein the deviation
system with the WDG,
criteria in the respectively.
system withThe the
EWDG, and VDNoDG are
LossNoDGrespectively. Thesimilar
ELossNoDGvariables
and VDin the are
NoDG system
similarwithout
variablesthe WDG. Vbus I,WithDG,t
in the system and P
without the WDG.
LossWithDG,t

are
Vbusthe voltageand
I,WithDG,t magnitude of bus
PLossWithDG,t arei,the
andvoltage
the entire active power
magnitude of busloss in the
i, and thesystem with the
entire active WDG,
power and
loss in
in
thethe sampling
system withinterval
the WDG, t, respectively. Similarly, interval
and in the sampling Vbus i,NoDG,tt,and PLossNoDG,t represent
respectively. Similarly,similar variables
Vbus i,NoDG,t and
for the caserepresent
PLossNoDG,t withoutsimilar
the WDG. Finally,
variables for theF case
is the resultant
without objective
the WDG. function.
Finally, F is the The entire objective
resultant voltage
deviation
function. The index is defined
entire voltageaccording to Equation
deviation index is defined(2), according
with symbol Vbus i,t representing
to Equation (2), with symbolthe voltage
Vbus i,t
magnitude
representing ofthe
busvoltage
i in themagnitude
sampling of interval
bus i in t, the
andsampling
in either interval
of the two t, andcases (with of
in either orthe
without the
two cases
WDG).
(with or without the WDG).

 PLossWithDG ,t   ∑ Vbus ,t  1 − 1
 
∑ PLossWithDG,t ∑ Vi ,bus
WithDG
i,WithDG,t

ELossWithDG E VD VD
WithDG All times t All
All times
times t t All
All Buses
Buses
F= F  LossWithDG
+  WithDG
=  All times t +  (1)(1)
All times  
∑

ELossNoDGE VD NoDG VD PLossNoDG,t
P ∑ ∑ V Vbus i,NoDG,t 1 − 1

LossNoDG NoDG t LossNoDG ,t bus i , NoDG ,t
All times t All Buses
All times t All times t All Buses

 ∑ ∑ VVbus i,t −
 
 
VD = 1 (2)
VD All times t All Buses bus i ,t 1 (2)
All times t All Buses
It is observable that in Equation (1) the values for the system, with the WDG, are divided by the
It is observable
corresponding that
values forinthe
Equation
system (1) the values
without for the
the WDG. system,
The reasonwith the WDG,
for this are dividedthe
is to homogenize by two
the
corresponding values for the system without the WDG. The reason for this is to homogenize
terms of the objective function so that they both have similar dimensions. Moreover, since the problem the two
terms
underof the just
study objective function
considers so thatplacement
the optimal they bothofhaveWDG similar dimensions.
(assuming Moreover,
a fixed power since
capacity forthe
it),
problem under cost
the investment study just considers
of WDG the optimal
is unimportant placement of
and is disregarded WDG (assuming a fixed power
here.
capacity for it), the investment cost of WDG is unimportant and is disregarded here.
2.2. Model of the Power Balance Constraint (Interactions between WDG and Network)
2.2. Model of the Power Balance Constraint (Interactions between WDG and Network)
As is seen in Figure 1, the most significant block of the WDG placement problem under study,
is theAs is seen
model of in
theFigure
power1,balance
the most significant
constraint, blockasofthe
treated themain
WDG placement
equality problem
constraint under
of the study, is
optimization
the modelIn of
problem. thisthe power
block, balance constraint,
the time-dependent input treated
data for as
thethe main equality
optimization problem constraint of the
are produced by
optimization problem. In this block, the time-dependent input data for the optimization problem are
produced by using the models of time-variant nodal demands and wind speed. These models extract
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 5 of 16

using the models of time-variant nodal demands and wind speed. These models extract the “typical
nodal demands and wind speed patterns” as some functions of time from those historical data in
a way that will be described in next section. The resulted data are applied to the models of distribution
load flow, and WDG is connected to the candidate bus of the distribution network. The distribution
network behavior, as is seen from the WDG bus, is also modeled by using the equivalent time-variant
Thevenin model at the WDG bus. This model is influenced by the time variations of the nodal voltage
profile and the electrical location of the WDG bus itself. On the other hand, it provides the supply
voltage for the WDG model, and thereby, the interactions of WDG and the distribution network are
well-regarded. The WDG model calculates the time-variant active and reactive power injections from
the WDG to the network (i.e., PWDG (t) and QWDG (t) in Figure 1). These variables participate in the
distribution load flow model as the kernel of the power balance constraint. By solving the distribution
load flow problem, for all the sampling intervals during the planning period, the nodal voltage profiles
and the values of the active power loss in each interval can be elucidated. These results not only are
utilized in the objective function formulation, but also affect the equivalent time-variant Thevenin
model at the WDG bus, and, consequently, the outputs of the WDG model (especially the reactive
power exchange between the WDG and network). This feedback loop evidently demonstrates the high
complexity of the defined power balance constraint block, as the principal equality constraint of the
optimization problem under study. In other words, such an equality constraint is indeed a complicated
time-variant model that necessitates using the new proposed algorithm or the solution.

2.3. Models of Time-Variant Wind Speed and Nodal Demands

Here, the time-profiles of input data (i.e., wind speed and nodal demands) are modeled regarding
the fact that the WDG placement problem is indeed a type of planning problem, in which the long-term
behaviors of the input data should be taken into account. In addition, time variations of such variables
mostly follow approximate diurnal (24 h) patterns; of course with some random variability. This is
mainly because of the sun radiation diurnal pattern influencing the time variations of the others.
Additionally, wind speed also has a different typical diurnal pattern, dependent on the seasonal and
geographical conditions. Nevertheless, it is impossible to consider all individual hours of a year in the
simulation process, since it takes a long solution time. Here, a good alternative is to define and obtain
the ‘typical’ or ‘average’ diurnal patterns for the input data and apply them to the simulation with
24 h (86,400 s) duration. Meanwhile, in order to regard the seasonal variations of the input signals,
such average diurnal profiles are extracted for each month in a year, and all are then applied to the
simulation, successively. Thus, the simulation is repeatedly run 12 times, each with 24 h (86,400 s)
duration and its own applied 24 h input data. The average diurnal patterns are all formulated as
some appropriate mathematical expressions by using the curve fitting technique, so as to simplify the
simulation model and reduce its runtime, as described in the following sections.

2.4. Monthly Average Diurnal Wind Speed Patterns

According to the above considerations, each of the monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns
is defined as the 24 h profile of the hourly mean values, obtained through averaging all the wind
speeds of that hour across the 30 days interval of the associated month, as formulated in Equation (3).
In this formula, vm (h,d) stands for the wind speed in hour (h) of the day (d), and month (m), while vm (h)
represents the resulted average wind speed corresponding, to the hour (h) of the typical day in month
m. Accordingly, v Load,1 (h) to v Load,12 (h) symbolize all the monthly load profiles resulted for each of the
12 months of the year.

1 30
30 d∑
vm ( h) = vm (h, d) , h = 1, 2, . . . , 24 , m = 1, 2, . . . , 12 (3)
=1
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 6 of 16

As2018,
Energies described
11, x FORbefore, for the purpose of simplification, the monthly average diurnal wind speed
PEER REVIEW 6 of 16
patterns are approximated by some mathematical formulations using the curve fitting technique.
According
According to the the inherent
inherent nature
nature of of wind
wind speed
speed profiles,
profiles, the
the monthly
monthly average
average diurnal
diurnal wind
wind speed
speed
patterns
patterns typically
typically have
have just
just one peak, and therefore,
therefore, they
they can
can be best approximated
approximated via via using
using a single
biased sinusoidal
sinusoidal function,
function, asas formulated
formulated in in Equation
Equation (4)(4) [22].
[22].

 2π
2  
   
vmv(hm)(=
h ) VmV m 1+
1 δcos
cos  (hh−ϕ)   hh =
  1,
1,2,...,
2, . . .24
, 24 (4)
(4)
 2424   
where, vm , δ, 𝑣̅and
Where, ϕ denote
, δ, the overall
and  denote the average wind speed
overall average in month
wind speed inm, month
the magnitude of sinusoidal
m, the magnitude of
function (called ‘diurnal pattern strength’), and its phase shift hour (called ‘mean
sinusoidal function (called ‘diurnal pattern strength’), and its phase shift hour (called ‘mean hour of peak wind
hour of
speed’),
peak windrespectively, and vm (h) yields
speed’), respectively, and 𝑣̅the(ℎ)
mean wind
yields speed
the meaninwind h of theintypical
hour speed hour hday typicalmday
in month
of the as
ainsinusoidal function of hour (h). The resulted monthly wind speed profiles exploited
month m as a sinusoidal function of hour (h). The resulted monthly wind speed profiles exploitedin this paper are
all depicted
in this paperinare Figure 2 besideintheir
all depicted associated
Figure 2 besidefitted
theircurves.
associated fitted curves.
7.5
Main Data
Fitted Curve
7

6.5

6
Wind Speed (m/s)

5.5

4.5

3.5

2.5
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
Time (hour)

Figure 2.
Figure 2. Monthly
Monthly average
average diurnal
diurnal wind
wind speed
speed patterns
patterns utilized.
utilized.

The monthly sinusoidal functions fitted to the monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns are
The monthly sinusoidal functions fitted to the monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns are
all utilized consecutively in the simulation process to form the wind speed input signal of the wind
all utilized consecutively in the simulation process to form the wind speed input signal of the wind
turbine. Thus, not only are both the average diurnal and seasonal behaviors of wind speed perfectly
turbine. Thus, not only are both the average diurnal and seasonal behaviors of wind speed perfectly
modeled without a long solution time, but also, the sudden and sharp variations of wind speed are
modeled without a long solution time, but also, the sudden and sharp variations of wind speed are
not modeled. Thereby, the output power of the WDG is obtained according to the average long-term
not modeled. Thereby, the output power of the WDG is obtained according to the average long-term
behavior of wind speed. This is in agreement with the inherent definition of the DG placement
behavior of wind speed. This is in agreement with the inherent definition of the DG placement process,
process, having a planning and long-term nature, as explained earlier.
having a planning and long-term nature, as explained earlier.
2.5. Monthly
2.5. Monthly Average
Average Diurnal
Diurnal Demand
Demand Patterns
Patterns
Similar to
Similar to the
the previously
previously defined
defined wind
wind speed
speed patterns,
patterns, each
each of of the
the monthly
monthly average
average diurnal
diurnal
demand patterns is defined as the 24 h profile of the hourly mean values.
demand patterns is defined as the 24 h profile of the hourly mean values. Each value is obtainedEach value is obtained by
averaging all the demand values of that hour across the 30-day interval of the
by averaging all the demand values of that hour across the 30-day interval of the associated month.associated month. This
definition
This is formulated
definition in Equation
is formulated in Equation (5), (5),
where PLoad,m
where (h,d)(h,d)
PLoad,m denotes
denotesthe the
power demand
power demand in hour h of
in hour h
day d and month m, and 𝑃
of day d and month m, and P Load,m , (ℎ) represents the resulted average power demand
(h) represents the resulted average power demand corresponding corresponding
to hour
hour hh of
of aa typical
typical day
day in
in month
month m. Thus, 𝑃P Load,1
m. Thus, , (ℎ)
(h) to
to P𝑃 , (ℎ) encompass all of the monthly
to Load,12 ( h ) encompass all of the monthly
profiles resulting
profiles resulting from
from each
eachofofthe
the1212months
monthsin inaayear.
year.
1 30
PLoad ,m (h1) 30  PLoad ,m (h, d ), h  1, 2,...,24 , m  1,2,...,12 (5)
30Pd 1
P Load,m (h) = ∑
30 d=1 Load,m ( h, d ) , h = 1, 2, . . . , 24 , m = 1, 2, . . . , 12 (5)
Like the diurnal wind speed patterns, for sake of simplification, the average diurnal demand
patterns should be approximated by some mathematical formulations via using the curve fitting
technique. Due to the inherent nature of non-industrial demands, such profiles mostly have two
(minor and major) peaks. On the other hand, such profiles all have daily periodic natures, i.e., the
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 7 of 16

Like the diurnal wind speed patterns, for sake of simplification, the average diurnal demand
patterns should be approximated by some mathematical formulations via using the curve fitting
technique.
Energies 2018,Due
11, x to
FORthe inherent
PEER REVIEW nature of non-industrial demands, such profiles mostly have two (minor 7 of 16
and major) peaks. On the other hand, such profiles all have daily periodic natures, i.e., the power
demand at the beginning
power demand of the day
at the beginning ofhabitually equals t at equals
the day habitually the endt of at day
the (P
end 0) =(𝑃
of (day
Load,m , (0)
P Load,m (24)=).
𝑃 , (24)).
Therefore, such profiles can
Therefore, suchbeprofiles
best approximated using a two-term
can be best approximated usingFourier series, Fourier
a two-term as formulated
series, in
as
Equation
formulated (6),inin which symbols
Equation t andsymbols
(6), in which P Load,m (tt)and 𝑃 the
denote , (𝑡)
time (in
denote hours
the or
time any
(in other
hours appropriate
or any other
units), and the
appropriate average
units), anddemand
the average(in kW)
demandbelonging
(in kW) time t and to
to belonging time m,
month respectively.
t and month m, Additionally,
respectively.
parameters
Additionally, a0 to a2 and b1 toa0bto
parameters 2 are the Fourier
a2 and b1 to b2coefficients,
are the Fourierand ω is the fundamental
coefficients, and ω isangular frequency
the fundamental
of the signal that is determined according to the signal period (i.e., one
angular frequency of the signal that is determined according to the signal period (i.e., one dayday or 24 hours), as seen in
or 24
Equation
hours), as(6).
seen Thein resulted
Equationmonthly
(6). The demand
resulted profiles
monthlythat are utilized
demand profilesin that
this are
paper are allindepicted
utilized this paperin
Figure 3 beside their
are all depicted associated
in Figure 3 besidefitted curves.
their associated fitted curves.

P Load,m (PtLoad
) =,m (at0) +
 aa0 cos
1
a1 cos(
(ωt)t+
) bb1 sin
1
sin((ωt
t) 
)+a2 cos(t () ωt
a2 cos  b)2 sin(
+ b2 tsin
) (ωt)
2 ) (6)
(6)
ω = 2π (rad
24 
24

 /hoursrad 
hours

7
Main Data
Fitted Curve

5
Power demand (kw)

1
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
Time (hour)

Figure 3. Monthly average diurnal demand patterns exploited.

Figure 3. Monthly average diurnal demand patterns exploited.

As this paper considers a distribution network for the WDG placement analysis, it is necessary
As thissome
to provide papernodalconsiders
load aprofiles;
distribution
each network
having some for the WDGforms
similar placement
to thoseanalysis, it is necessary
illustrated in Figure to 3.
provide some nodal load profiles; each having some similar forms to those
Then, in the numerical analysis section, the default nodal loads are all modified according to illustrated in Figure 3. Then,
in the numerical
Equation (7), where analysis
𝑃 section, the default
, (𝑡) and 𝑃 ,
nodal loads arethe
represent allaverage
modified according
diurnal loadto Equation
profile (7),
applied
where P Load
to bus (i) i, m ( t ) and
in month m, and PLoad de f ult represent
thei,previous defaultthe
loadaverage diurnal
at bus (i), load profile
respectively. applied to
This equation canbus
be (i)
usedin
month m, and the previous
for both active and reactive nodal loads. default load at bus (i), respectively. This equation can be used for both
active and reactive nodal loads.
a  a cos(t )  b1 sin(t )  a2 cos(t )  b2 sin(t )
PLoad i ,ma(t )+a 0cos(1 ωt) + b sin (ωta) + a2 cos(ωt) + b2 sin(Pωt ) i ,default
Load (7)
0 1 1
P Load i,m (t) = 0 PLoad i,de f ault (7)
a0
As is illustrated in Figure 1, the above nodal loads are not directly modeled in the simulation of
As is illustrated in Figure 1, the above nodal loads are not directly modeled in the simulation
the grid-connected WDG, but instead, they are regarded in the distribution load flow calculation
of the grid-connected WDG, but instead, they are regarded in the distribution load flow calculation
according to the way described in Section 3. The distribution load flow subsequently yields some,
according to the way described in Section 3. The distribution load flow subsequently yields some,
monthly average diurnal nodal voltage patterns, corresponding to each of the monthly average
monthly average diurnal nodal voltage patterns, corresponding to each of the monthly average diurnal
diurnal demand patterns, and such resulted voltage patterns for the candidate bus of WDG are
demand patterns, and such resulted voltage patterns for the candidate bus of WDG are modeled in the
modeled in the simulation of the grid-connected WDG, as described in the section below.
simulation of the grid-connected WDG, as described in the section below.
2.6. Equivalent Time-Variant Thevenin Model of Distribution Network Drawn from the WDG Bus (Monthly
Average Diurnal Grid Voltage Patterns)
The power grid is modeled here, as a time-variant equivalent Thevenin circuit for the base
power system (without DG), drawn from the bus at which the WDG is going to be connected. As
illustrated in Figure 1, it is composed of a time-variant Thevenin voltage source together with fixed
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 8 of 16

2.6. Equivalent Time-Variant Thevenin Model of Distribution Network Drawn from the WDG Bus (Monthly
Average Diurnal Grid Voltage Patterns)
The power grid is modeled here, as a time-variant equivalent Thevenin circuit for the base power
system (without DG), drawn from the bus at which the WDG is going to be connected. As illustrated
in Figure 1, it is composed of a time-variant Thevenin voltage source together with fixed Thevenin
impedance, respectively derived from the calculations of distribution load flow and the impedance
matrix in the base power system, without WDG. The time-variant Thevenin voltage source models
the time variations of the candidate bus voltage, before connecting to the WDG. Thus, by applying
the monthly average diurnal demand profiles, the nodal voltage profiles (resulted from distribution
load flow calculations) also follow from some similar monthly average diurnal patterns. Hence,
the time-variant voltage profile resulted for the candidate bus per hour of the typical day is applied to
the Thevenin voltage source in the simulation process (Figure 1).

2.7. Grid-Connected WDG Model

The grid-connected WDG system is simulated here via a simulation scheme including a simple
Squirrel-cage Induction Generator driven by a wind turbine [23] and directly connected to the candidate
bus of the distribution network (with the equivalent time-variant Thevenin model). The wind
turbine can be considered either with the pitch angle controlling system or without it. The wind
turbine-induction generator (WT-IG) model can completely be extracted from [24].

3. Distribution Load Flow Model and Solution Algorithm

In the proposed WDG placement algorithm, the static operation state of the distribution network is
modeled by a load flow problem, which is solved using a distribution load flow algorithm, as depicted
in the flowchart of Figure 4. This algorithm is extracted from a past paper [14] and is utilized here
by applying some extra simplifications, to reduce its solution time without impairing its accuracy.
According to the flowchart of Figure 4, the utilized procedure initially forms the admittance matrix
(Ybus) from the network structural data and extracts the impedance matrix (Zbus) from Ybus. This is
done by removing the row and column corresponding to the slack bus in Ybus, inverting the remainder
matrix, and inserting a row and column of all zeroes into the resultant inversed matrix at the place
of slack. Then, at the beginning of the iterative procedure, constant nodal voltages (V), all equal to
1 p.u ∠0◦ are assumed, and the nodal injective apparent powers are calculated. In each step, the solution
procedure repeatedly computes the nodal injective currents (I) from the nodal injective apparent
powers and the resulting nodal voltages, and updates the nodal voltages by multiplying by Zbus.
This iterative process is continued until the maximum change in nodal voltages between two successive
steps reaches under a predetermined tolerance (ε). Finally, the branch currents and the total active
power loss in the entire distribution network are obtained using Equations (8) and (9), respectively.
Where, Ibranches and Zbranches denote the vectors of branch currents and impedances, respectively and
Vsending buses and Vreceiving buses are the voltage vectors of sending and receiving nodes corresponding to
each branch, respectively. Additionally, Ibranch and Rbranch are the current and resistance of each branch
in the above vectors, while Ploss denotes the resulted active power loss.

Vsending buses − Vreceiving buses

Ibranches = (8)
Zbranches

Ploss = ∑ Rbranch | Ibranch |2 (9)

All branches
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 9 of 16
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16

Figure
Figure 4.
4. Flowchart
Flowchart of
of the
the utilized
utilized distribution
distribution load
load flow
flow algorithm.
algorithm.

3.1. Model of the Inequality Constraints

Model of the Inequality Constraints
As described before, the WDG placement problem under study is an optimization problem
As described before, the WDG placement problem under study is an optimization problem
with just one decision variable: the WDG bus number. On the other hand, the proposed objective
with just one decision variable: the WDG bus number. On the other hand, the proposed objective
function perfectly regards the time-variant nodal voltage profiles and tries to smooth them with as
function perfectly regards the time-variant nodal voltage profiles and tries to smooth them with as few
few deviations from 1 p.u as possible. The inequality constraints associated with the allowable
deviations from 1 p.u as possible. The inequality constraints associated with the allowable ranges of
ranges of the active and reactive power exchanges between the WDG and distribution network are
the active and reactive power exchanges between the WDG and distribution network are completely
completely considered in the simulation process of the grid-connected WDG. Therefore, there is no
considered in the simulation process of the grid-connected WDG. Therefore, there is no need to regard
need to regard the nodal voltage profiles and the active and reactive power exchanges of the WDG
the nodal voltage profiles and the active and reactive power exchanges of the WDG separately in the
separately in the inequality constraints block. Hence, the only significant inequality constraint that
inequality constraints block. Hence, the only significant inequality constraint that remained is related
remained is related to the allowable range of the WDG bus number, that is, between one, and the
to the allowable range of the WDG bus number, that is, between one, and the number of buses in the
number of buses in the whole distribution network.
whole distribution network.
4.
4. Proposed
Proposed Solution
Solution Algorithm
Algorithm for
for the
the WDG
WDG Placement
Placement Problem
Problem under
under Study
Study
In
In this
this section,
section, the
theproposed
proposedsolution
solutionalgorithm
algorithmfor forthetheintended
intended WDG
WDG placement
placement problem
problemis
presented. The fundamental concept of this algorithm is based on the
is presented. The fundamental concept of this algorithm is based on the superposition theorem. superposition theorem.
According
According to to this
this theorem,
theorem,the
theeffects
effectsofofboth
boththe
thetime-varying
time-varyingpower power demands
demands and
and wind
wind speed
speed cancan
be
be handled in this way: At first with the base distribution network with time-varying
handled in this way: At first with the base distribution network with time-varying loads, but without loads, but
without
WDG, with WDG, with the distribution
the distribution load flow load flow calculation
calculation and the nodal andvoltages
the nodal voltages
result. From result. From the
the viewpoint of
viewpoint of the candidate bus for the WDG placement, the voltage obtained above
the candidate bus for the WDG placement, the voltage obtained above is treated as the open-circuit, is treated as the
open-circuit, or no-load
or no-load voltage, voltage,
which makes thewhich
Theveninmakes
source thevoltage
Thevenin source
profile. Then,voltage profile.theThen,
by connecting WDGby to
connecting the WDG to the candidate bus, the distribution network is abandoned,
the candidate bus, the distribution network is abandoned, and its behavior is completely modeled and its behavior is
completely modeled
by the Thevenin by the
voltage Thevenin
source. voltagethe
Therefore, source.
actualTherefore, the actual voltage
voltage variations of the WDGvariations of the
bus during
WDG bus during its operation is calculated in the simulation process, and the time-varying profiles
of the active and reactive powers, injected by the WDG to the distribution network, are obtained as
5. Numerical Analysis
The proposed WDG placement algorithm is applied to the radial 33-bus distribution test
network, presented previously [14,21], via programming in MATLAB. On the other hand, the WDG
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 10 of 16
under study is of 1.5 MW capacity with base wind speed equal to 6 m/s. It was modeled using
Simulink and is then linked to the main written program. Thus, the simulation was run via calling
during
its the main
operation program in
is calculated procedure, wherever
the simulation needed,
process, andas
thedescribed in Section
time-varying 3. The
profiles performance
of the active and
of the proposed
reactive algorithm
powers, injected is verified
by the WDG to here by comparing
the distribution the results
network, with as
are obtained thewell.
conventional
The proposedDG
placement
solution algorithm.
procedure The DGs scheduled
is graphically with renewable energy resources
in the flowchart of Figure were simply modeled
5. Accordingly, as fixed
the optimization
active and
problem wasreactive
solvedgeneration
by using thesources
direct(or fixedmethod.
search negativeConsequently,
active and reactive
all thedemands).
system buses In this
are way,
tried
the mentionedfor
consecutively 33-bus distribution
DG placement; no test systemsearch
stochastic is considered, with used.
methods were near-actual
In this demand and wind
way, the inequality
speed data,ofadopted
constraint from two
the allowable rangetemplate files ofbus
of the WDG HOMER
numbersoftware.
is automatically satisfied too.

Figure 5. Flowchart
Figure 5. Flowchart of
of the
the proposed WDG placement
proposed WDG placement algorithm.
algorithm.

5. Numerical Analysis
The proposed WDG placement algorithm is applied to the radial 33-bus distribution test network,
presented previously [14,21], via programming in MATLAB. On the other hand, the WDG under study
is of 1.5 MW capacity with base wind speed equal to 6 m/s. It was modeled using Simulink and is then
linked to the main written program. Thus, the simulation was run via calling during the main program
procedure, wherever needed, as described in Section 3. The performance of the proposed algorithm
is verified here by comparing the results with the conventional DG placement algorithm. The DGs
with renewable energy resources were simply modeled as fixed active and reactive generation sources
(or fixed negative active and reactive demands). In this way, the mentioned 33-bus distribution test
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 11 of 16

system is considered, with near-actual demand and wind speed data, adopted from two template files
of HOMER
Energies 2018,software.
11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 16
They contain 8760 sample data per hour of a year, respectively, corresponding to power demand
and wind They contain
speed 8760during
values sample data per
a year. hour these
By using of a year,
data,respectively,
the monthlycorresponding
average diurnal to demand,
power
anddemand
wind speedand wind speed
patterns arevalues during
calculated a year. By
according using
to the these data,
methods the monthly
described in Sectionaverage diurnal
2, as illustrated
in the graphs of Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The nodal active and reactive demands for all 2,
demand, and wind speed patterns are calculated according to the methods described in Section as33
the
illustrated in the graphs of Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The nodal active and reactive demands for
buses in the 33-bus distribution network were extracted from the above-mentioned sample demand
all the 33 buses in the 33-bus distribution network were extracted from the above-mentioned sample
data according to Equation (8). The resulted monthly average diurnal patterns for all the nodal active
demand data according to Equation (8). The resulted monthly average diurnal patterns for all the
and reactive demands are given to the proposed algorithm. Accordingly, by performing the successive
nodal active and reactive demands are given to the proposed algorithm. Accordingly, by performing
power flow analyses in the base distribution system without WDG, all the monthly average diurnal
the successive power flow analyses in the base distribution system without WDG, all the monthly
Thevenin source voltage profiles, for all the 33 buses, were obtained and simultaneously plotted in
average diurnal Thevenin source voltage profiles, for all the 33 buses, were obtained and
thesimultaneously
graphs of Figure 6a. After
plotted in the running
graphs ofthe proposed
Figure 6a. Afterplacement
running the algorithm,
proposedallplacement
the monthly average
algorithm,
diurnal patterns of the active and reactive powers injected by the WDG,
all the monthly average diurnal patterns of the active and reactive powers injected by the WDG, when connecting to each
of the
when 33 connecting
buses in the todistribution
each of the 33 network,
buses in arethe
available as plotted
distribution network,in Figure 6b (beside
are available the graphs
as plotted in
of the monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns, in order to achieve
Figure 6b (beside the graphs of the monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns, in order to achieve more clearness). With the
attention to these three
more clearness). Withplots, it is observable
the attention to these that
threethe variations
plots, of the active
it is observable power
that the injectedofby
variations thethe
WDG are power
active mostlyinjected
in directby proportion
the WDGtoare themostly
wind speed variations.
in direct proportion Although
to the thewindactive
speed power injection
variations.
of Although
WDG mostly has positive
the active power values,
injectionitofmay WDG display
mostly negative values
has positive (i.e., ait motor
values, operation)
may display when
negative
thevalues
wind (i.e.,
speed a motor operation) when
faces significant drops. theOnwind
thespeed facesthe
contrary, significant drops. injection
active power On the contrary,
of the WDG,the
active powerhas
approximately, injection
similarof the WDG,
behaviors whenapproximately, has similar
the WDG is connected behaviors
to each of the when thebuses
different WDGinisthe
connected
system. This to each of
implies thethe
that different
variationsbusesofin
thethe
WDGsystem.
activeThis implies
power that theare
injection variations
not greatlyof the WDGby
affected
active power injection are not greatly affected by the different voltage magnitudes
the different voltage magnitudes in the different buses. On the other hand, the reactive power injection in the different
hasbuses. On thebehavior.
a different other hand, the reactive
According power6b,
to Figure injection has a different
it is obvious behavior.power
that the reactive According to Figure
injection always
6b, it is obvious that the reactive power injection always has negative values
has negative values (because of the inherent characteristic of induction generator). In other words, (because of the inherent
thecharacteristic of inductionalways
Induction machine-WDG generator).
consumesIn other
some words,
reactive the
power.Induction
The reactivemachine-WDG always
power consumption
consumes some reactive power. The reactive power consumption level is in direct proportion to the
level is in direct proportion to the wind speed, and reverse proportion to the bus voltage magnitude,
wind speed, and reverse proportion to the bus voltage magnitude, as seen in Figure 6b. It increases
as seen in Figure 6b. It increases wherever the wind speed increases and has lower values for the nodes
wherever the wind speed increases and has lower values for the nodes with higher voltage
with higher voltage magnitudes (e.g., the first nodes near to the Slack bus).
magnitudes (e.g., the first nodes near to the Slack bus).

1 bus1
bus2
bus3
bus4
bus5
bus6
bus7
bus8
bus9
bus10
Voltage Magnitude (p.u)

0.95 bus11
bus12
bus13
bus14
bus15
bus16
bus17
bus18
bus19
bus20
0.9 bus21
bus22
bus23
bus24
bus25
bus26
bus27
bus28
bus29
bus30
0.85 bus31
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 bus32
Time (hour) bus33

(a)

Figure 6. Cont.
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 12 of 16
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16

Wind Speed (m/s) 8 bus1

Main Data bus2
Fitted Curve bus3
6 bus4
bus5
bus6
4 bus7
bus8
bus9
2 bus10
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
2 bus11
Time (hour)
Active Power (MW)

bus12
bus13
bus14
1 bus15
bus16
bus17
0 bus18
bus19
-0.5 bus20
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 bus21
Reactive Power (MVar)

Time (hour) bus22

-0.2 bus23
bus24
bus25
-0.4 bus26
bus27
bus28
-0.6 bus29
bus30
bus31
-0.8 bus32
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
bus33
Time (hour)
(b)
Figure 6. (a) Plots of all the monthly average diurnal Thevenin source voltage patterns for all the 33
Figure 6. (a) Plots of all the monthly average diurnal Thevenin source voltage patterns for all the
buses in the 33-bus distribution network. (b) monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns, besides
33 buses in the 33-bus distribution network. (b) monthly average diurnal wind speed patterns, besides
the patterns of active and reactive powers, injected by WDG when connected to each of the 33 buses
thein
patterns of active and reactive powers, injected by WDG when connected to each of the 33 buses in
the network.
the network.
The main outcome, of any DG placement procedure, is to find the best bus to which the DG
The main
should outcome,After
be connected. of any DG placement
running the proposed procedure, is to find
WDG placement the best bus
algorithm, bus 12 to was
which the DG
obtained
as thebebest
should candidate
connected. bus, running
After while using
the the conventional
proposed algorithm [14]
WDG placement (in which
algorithm, busthe12WDG is treatedas
was obtained
theas a fixed
best load demand),
candidate bus, while bus 18 was
using the determined
conventional to algorithm
be the best.[14]
As(in
presented
which the in aWDGprevious paperas
is treated
[14], load
a fixed the modeling
demand),ofbusWDG is based
18 was on the time-varying
determined to be the best.DGAs source and itinisasimulated
presented previous based
paper on
[14],
statistical wind data. Therefore, the effect of the dynamic model has not been
the modeling of WDG is based on the time-varying DG source and it is simulated based on statistical considered in the
windplacement process. Moreover,
data. Therefore, the effectinofthis
thepaper,
dynamiconlymodel
the annual dailybeen
has not average output power
considered in the profile of
placement
WDG with the daily average demand of a typical house has been regarded.
process. Moreover, in this paper, only the annual daily average output power profile of WDG with the
The main
daily average outcomes
demand of a of the two
typical approaches,
house has beenas well as those of the base system without WDG,
regarded.
are illustrated in Table 1. It clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed WDG placement
The main outcomes of the two approaches, as well as those of the base system without WDG,
mechanism, as it yields lower values for the global objective function in Equation (1) and the average
are illustrated in Table 1. It clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed WDG placement
active power loss. However, a comparison of the resulted voltage profile and active power loss
mechanism, as it yields lower values for the global objective function in Equation (1) and the average
between the two cases of using either of the two algorithms can further prove the merit of the newly
active power loss. However, a comparison of the resulted voltage profile and active power loss
proposed algorithm.
between the two cases of using either of the two algorithms can further prove the merit of the newly
proposed algorithm.
Table 1. Comparison of the main outcomes of the conventional [14] and proposed WDG placement
algorithms, along with the corresponding results of the base system without WDG.
Table 1. Comparison of the main outcomes of the conventional [14] and proposed WDG placement
Case of Analysis Resulted Variable Base System without WDG New Algorithm Conventional Algorithm [14]
algorithms, along with the corresponding results of the base system without WDG.
Optimal Bus for Connecting the WDG - 12 18
Overall Average Active Power Loss in kW 235.5 223.0 238.5
CaseAverage
Overall of Analysis Resulted
Voltage Variable
Deviation Index in p.u Base System 0.0521
without WDG New 0.0485
Algorithm Conventional Algorithm [14]
0.0485
Resulted
Optimal Global
Bus for Objective
Connecting theValue
WDG - 2 1.8778
12 1.9419
18
Overall Average Active Power Loss in kW 235.5 223.0 238.5
Overall Average Voltage Deviation Index in p.u 0.0521 0.0485 0.0485
Accordingly,
Resulted FigureValue
Global Objective 7a displays the resultant 2 monthly voltage average diurnal
of bus
1.8778 profiles
1.9419
12 when connected to the WDG. In contrast, Figure 7b illustrates a similar profile for bus 18 when
the bus is instead connected to the WDG. Figure 7c illustrates the monthly average diurnal active
Accordingly, Figure 7a displays the resultant monthly average diurnal voltage profiles of bus 12
power loss patterns resulted from each of the three cases: the base distribution system without
when connected to the WDG. In contrast, Figure 7b illustrates a similar profile for bus 18 when the bus
WDG, the system with the WDG connected to bus 12, and the system with the WDG connected to
is instead connected to the WDG. Figure 7c illustrates the monthly average diurnal active power loss
bus 18. According to Figure 7, WDG placement based on the new algorithm proposed in this paper
patterns resulted from each of the three cases: the base distribution system without WDG, the system
yields better results, from the viewpoints of voltage profile smoothness and of active power loss
with the WDGMoreover,
reduction. connectedintoFigure
bus 12, andthe
7a,b thevoltage
systemprofiles
with the WDG connected
resulted to bus 18. According
from the simulation models are to
Figure 7, WDG placement based on the new algorithm proposed in this paper yields better
plotted together with those obtained from the load flow calculations, separately for the cases results,
of
from the viewpoints of voltage profile smoothness and of active power loss reduction. Moreover, in
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 13 of 16

Figure
Energies7a,b
2018,the
11, xvoltage
FOR PEERprofiles
REVIEWresulted from the simulation models are plotted together with13those of 16
obtained from the load flow calculations, separately for the cases of connecting the WDG to buses
12connecting the WDG toFor
and 18, respectively. buses
more 12clarity,
and 18, therespectively.
graphs of bus For18
more clarity, theingraphs
are replotted Figure of7dbus 18 are
beside the
replotted in Figure 7d beside the Thevenin source voltage profile at bus 18 (i.e., the
Thevenin source voltage profile at bus 18 (i.e., the voltage profile of bus 18 when not connected to thevoltage profile of
bus 18According
WDG). when not connected to the WDG).
to these figures, According
the voltage profiletoofthese figures,
the WDG theresulted
bus voltagefromprofile
theofsimulation
the WDG
bus resulted from the simulation model exactly coincides with that resulted from
model exactly coincides with that resulted from the distribution load flow calculation, while the bus the distribution
load flow
voltage calculation,
profile in the casewhile
of notthe bus voltage
connecting profile
to the WDGinisthe case of different.
obviously not connecting to the validates
This strongly WDG is
obviously different. This strongly validates the concept of the proposed
the concept of the proposed WDG placement mechanism, described in Section 3. Furthermore, in WDG placement
mechanism, described in Section 3. Furthermore, in figure 7c, it is observable that the active power
Figure 7c, it is observable that the active power loss profile corresponding to the case of connecting
loss profile corresponding to the case of connecting the WDG to bus 12 (the result of the new
the WDG to bus 12 (the result of the new proposed method) includes lower values than the other two
proposed method) includes lower values than the other two profiles. Therefore, not only is the
profiles. Therefore, not only is the proposed WDG placement algorithm completely valid, but it also
proposed WDG placement algorithm completely valid, but it also has good performance and
has good performance and effectiveness, as it regards all the effects of power demands as well as wind
effectiveness, as it regards all the effects of power demands as well as wind speed variations in the
speed variations in the WDG placement algorithm.
WDG placement algorithm.
1

0.99 Load Flow Voltage

Simulink Voltage
0.98

0.97

0.96
Voltage Magnitude(p.u)

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92
0.91

0.9

0.89
0.88

0.87
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
Time (hour)
(a)
1
Load Flow Voltage
0.99
Simulink Voltage
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
Voltage Magnitude(p.u)

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
Time (hour)
(b)

Figure 7. Cont.
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 14 of 16

Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 16

600 Without Wind DG

Wind DG at bus 12
Wind DG at bus 18
500
Active Power Loss(kW)

400

300

200

100

0
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
Time (hour)
(c)
1
Load Flow Voltage
0.99
Simulink Voltage
0.98 Thevenan Voltage (without Wind DG)
0.97
0.96
0.95
Voltage Magnitude(p.u)

0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
0.86
0.85
0.84
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288
Time (hour)
(d)
Figure 7. (a) Monthly average diurnal voltage patterns of bus 12, when connecting to the WDG; (b)
Figure 7. (a) Monthly average diurnal voltage patterns of bus 12, when connecting to the WDG; (b)
Monthly average diurnal voltage patterns of bus 18, when connecting to the WDG; (c) Monthly
Monthly average diurnal voltage patterns of bus 18, when connecting to the WDG; (c) Monthly average
average diurnal active power loss patterns, compared among three cases: Without WDG; when
diurnal active power loss patterns, compared among three cases: Without WDG; when connecting
connecting the WDG to bus 12; and when connecting the WDG to bus 18; (d) Monthly average
the WDG to bus 12; and when connecting the WDG to bus 18; (d) Monthly average diurnal voltage
diurnal voltage patterns of bus 18, in different cases of either connecting or not connecting to the
patterns of bus 18, in different cases of either connecting or not connecting to the WDG.
WDG.

6.6.Conclusions
Conclusions
InInthis paper,
this a new
paper, algorithm
a new for the
algorithm foroptimal placement
the optimal of one WDG
placement of one(base
WDG on (base
induction generator)
on induction
ingenerator)
the distribution networks has
in the distribution been presented
networks has beento minimizetothe
presented aggregate
minimize the energy
aggregatelossenergy
as wellloss
as the
as
nodal voltage deviations (from 1 p.u). The proposed scheme considers the time variations
well as the nodal voltage deviations (from 1 p.u). The proposed scheme considers the time variations of dynamic
nodal demands,
of dynamic nodal
nodal voltage magnitudes,
demands, nodal voltage and wind speedand
magnitudes, in the WDG
wind placement
speed in the process altogether.
WDG placement
Byprocess altogether. By this means, an accurate dynamic model of the active and reactive WDG
this means, an accurate dynamic model of the active and reactive powers injected by powers to
the system is employed in which the interactions between the WDG and
injected by WDG to the system is employed in which the interactions between the WDG and thethe distribution network
are well-viewed.
distribution network are well-viewed.
Accordingly,
Accordingly,the thesimulation
simulation is
is executed
executed for
for 12 typical (24 h) days,
days, each
each representing
representingaadifferent
different
month of the year. Thereby, the accurate time-varying model of the active and
month of the year. Thereby, the accurate time-varying model of the active and reactive powersreactive powers injected
by WDG by
injected to the
WDGdistribution network is
to the distribution considered
network in the solution
is considered in the process
solutionof the placement
process problem.
of the placement
The results The
problem. obtained from
results the numerical
obtained from theanalysis confirm
numerical the validity,
analysis accuracy,
confirm and effectiveness
the validity, accuracy, ofand
the
effectiveness of the proposed WDG placement algorithm. According to these results, unlike the
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 15 of 16

proposed WDG placement algorithm. According to these results, unlike the conventional placement
algorithms for DGs with intermittent energy resources, the new algorithm of this paper further regards
the actual situations of both the distribution network and the DG system, and consequently yields
much more accurate results.

Author Contributions: M.B. designed the MATLAB-based simulation of the proposed work and prepared the
initial draft of paper. A.H. designed the formulation of the overall work and contributed significantly in writing
the paper. A.S. edited the initial draft of paper. Z.C proposed some technical comments and edited the final draft
of paper.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design
of the study; the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision
to publish the results.

References
1. Bhullar, S.; Ghosh, S. Optimal integration of multi distributed generation sources in radial distribution
networks using a hybrid algorithm. Energies 2018, 11, 628. [CrossRef]
2. Hajizadeh, A.; Ghaffarianfar, M. Voltage stability of low-voltage distribution grid with high penetration of
photovoltaic power units. Energies 2018, 11, 1960.
3. Shahirinia, A.H.; Hajizadeh, A.; Yu, D.C.; Feliachi, A. Control of a hybrid wind turbine/battery energy
storage power generation system considering statistical wind characteristics. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2012,
4, 53–105. [CrossRef]
4. Simoglou, C.K.; Bakirtzis, E.A.; Biskas, P.N.; Bakirtzis, A.G. Optimal operation of insular electricity grids
under high RES penetration. Renew. Energy 2016, 86, 1308–1316. [CrossRef]
5. Cagnano, A.; Tuglie, E.D.; Dicorato, M.; Forte, G.; Trovato, M. PV plants for voltage regulation in distribution
networks. In Proceedings of the 47th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC),
London, UK, 4–7 September 2012.
6. Georgilakis, P.S.; Hatziargyriou, N.D. Optimal distributed generation placement in power distribution
networks: Models, methods, and future research. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 3420–3428. [CrossRef]
7. Kumar, P.K. Selection of optimal location and size of multiple distributed generations by using kalman filter
algorithm. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 2013, 4, 1708–1729.
8. Lazarou, S.; Vita, V.; Karampelas, P.; Ekonomou, L. A power system simulation platform for planning and
evaluating distributed generation systems based on GIS. Energy Syst. 2013, 4, 379–391. [CrossRef]
9. Vita, V. Development of a decision-making algorithm for the optimum size and placement of distributed
generation units in distribution networks. Energies 2017, 10, 1433. [CrossRef]
10. Igbinovia, F.O.; Fandi, G.; Müller, Z.; Švec, J.; Tlustý, J. Optimal location of the synchronous condenser in
electric-power system networks. In Proceedings of the 17th International Scientific Conference on Electric
Power Engineering (EPE), Prague, Czech Republic, 16–18 May 2016.
11. Fandi, G.; Igbinovia, F.O.; Švec, J.; Müller, Z.; Tlustý, J. Advantageous positioning of wind turbine generating
system in MV distribution network. In Proceedings of the 17th International Scientific Conference on Electric
Power Engineering (EPE), Prague, Czech Republic, 16–18 May 2016.
12. Kazmi, S.A.A.; Shahzad, M.K.; Shin, D.R. Multi-Objective planning techniques in distribution networks: A
composite review. Energies 2017, 10, 208. [CrossRef]
13. Ganguly, S.; Samajpati, D. Distributed generation allocation on radial distribution networks under
uncertainties of load and generation using genetic algorithm. IEEE Trans. Energy 2015, 6, 688–697. [CrossRef]
14. Wang, C.; Nehrir, M.H. Analytical approaches for optimal placement of distributed generation sources in
power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2004, 19, 2068–2076. [CrossRef]
15. Baharvandi, A.; Aghaei, J.; Niknam, T.; Shafie-khah, M.; Godina, R.; Catalão, J.P.S. Bundled generation and
transmission planning under demand and wind generation uncertainty based on a combination of robust
and stochastic optimization. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2018, 9, 1477–1486. [CrossRef]
16. Stock, D.S.; Sala, F.; Berizzi, A.; Hofmann, F. Optimal control of wind farms for coordinated TSO-DSO
reactive power management. Energies 2018, 11, 173. [CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 2326 16 of 16

17. Zhao, Y.; Chai, J.; Sun, X. Relative voltage control of the wind farms based on the local reactive power
regulation. Energies 2017, 10, 281. [CrossRef]
18. Fandi, G.; Ahmad, I.; Igbinovia, F.O.; Muller, Z.; Tlusty, J.; Krepl, V. Voltage regulation and power loss
minimization in radial distribution systems via reactive power injection and distributed generation unit
placement. Energies 2018, 11, 1399. [CrossRef]
19. Lukasievicz, T.; Oliveira, R.; Torrico, C. A control approach and supplementary controllers for a stand-alone
system with predominance of wind generation. Energies 2018, 11, 411. [CrossRef]
20. Nikkhah, S.; Rabiei, A. Optimal wind power generation investment, considering voltage stability of power
systems. Renew. Energy 2018, 115, 308. [CrossRef]
21. Li, Y.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Meng, K. Variable droop voltage control for wind farm. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy
2017, 9, 491. [CrossRef]
22. Khatod, D.K.; Pant, V.; Sharma, J. Evolutionary programming based optimal placement of renewable
distributed generators. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 683–695. [CrossRef]
23. Manwell, J.F.; McGowan, J.G.; Rogers, A.L. Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application; John Wiley
& Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2002.
24. Heier, S. Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1998.

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).