Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2014, Article ID 295068, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/295068

Research Article
The Semidirect Sum of Lie Algebras and Its Applications
to C-KdV Hierarchy

Xia Dong,1,2 Tiecheng Xia,2 and Desheng Li1

1
Department of Mathematics, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
2
Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Xia Dong; m15802420194@163.com

Received 18 January 2014; Accepted 8 May 2014; Published 27 May 2014

Academic Editor: Yufeng Zhang

Copyright © 2014 Xia Dong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

̃ integrable coupling of C-KdV hierarchy and its bi-Hamiltonian structures are obtained by Tu scheme
By use of the loop algebra 𝐺,
and the quadratic-form identity. The method can be used to produce the integrable coupling and its Hamiltonian structures to the
other integrable systems.

1. Introduction (2) multiplication commutativity

Integrable coupling is a new topic of the Soliton theory; 𝑐 (𝑥𝑦) = (𝑐𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (𝑐𝑦) . (2)
especially, looking for the new Hamiltonian structure of inte-
grable coupling is more important. The integrable coupling Then, G is called algebra.
of some known integrable hierarchies is obtained. But their Lie algebra G is an algebra over number field 𝐹, if its
Hamiltonian structure has not been presented because there multiplication satisfies the following:
exists a limitation in trace identity till the quadratic-form
identity [1] and the variational identity [2] are proposed. In (1) bilinearity
this paper, a higher-dimensional Lie algebra 𝐺 and the loop
̃ are constructed [3, 4]. With the help of Tu scheme [𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐󸀠 𝑦, 𝑧] = 𝑐 [𝑥, 𝑧] + 𝑐󸀠 [𝑦, 𝑧] ;
algebra 𝐺 (3)
[5] and the quadratic-form identity, the integrable coupling [𝑧, 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐󸀠 𝑦] = 𝑐 [𝑧, 𝑥] + 𝑐󸀠 [𝑧, 𝑦] ;
of C-KdV hierarchy as well as its bi-Hamiltonian structures
is produced.
(2) anticommutative

2. Basic Principle of the Semidirect Sum [𝑥, 𝑦] = − [𝑦, 𝑥] ; (4)

of Lie Algebras
(3) the Jacobi identity
Let G be a linear space over real or complex number field 𝐹
[[𝑥, 𝑦] , 𝑧] + [[𝑦, 𝑧] , 𝑥] + [[𝑧, 𝑥] , 𝑦] = 0, (5)
together with multiplication, for any 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ G, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐹, if G
satisfy
where [⋅, ⋅] denote the multiplication of G, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈
G, 𝑐, 𝑐󸀠 ∈ 𝐾. The multiplication of Lie algebra is called Lie
(1) distributive law product. One kind of the most important Lie algebras on
integrable systems is 𝐴 𝑛−1 = {𝑀𝑛×𝑛 | tr 𝑀𝑛×𝑛 = 0}, where
(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧, 𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦; (1) 𝑀𝑛×𝑛 denote matrix order 𝑛 over number field 𝐾.
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

𝐼 satisfies [𝐼, 𝐴] ⊆ 𝐼 for arbitrary Lie algebra 𝐴; then 𝐼 is determine the C-KdV hierarchy of Soliton equations
called Lie ideal.
Lie algebra 𝐴 is called simple Lie algebra if 𝐴 has 𝐴 and 𝑞 0 −𝜕 𝑎 𝛿𝐻
0 as Lie ideal and without other Lie ideal. Semisimple Lie 𝑢𝑡 = ( ) = ( ) ( 𝑛+1 ) = 𝐽 𝑛 , (13)
𝑟 𝑡 −𝜕 0 −𝑐𝑛+1 𝛿𝑢
algebra 𝑅 can be written as

𝑅 = ⨁𝐴 𝑖 , (6) where
𝑖
𝑎𝑛+1
where 𝐴 𝑖 is simple Lie algebra. We have already known 𝐻𝑛 = , (𝑛 ≥ 1) ,
𝑛
that 𝐴 𝑛 , 𝐵𝑛 , 𝐶𝑛 , 𝐷𝑛 , 𝐸6,7,8 , 𝐹4 , and 𝐺2 are all semisimple Lie (14)
algebras which has been studied by Cartan long ago [5]. We 1
also know that Lie algebra 𝑅 can be written as 𝐻1 = 𝑟, 𝐻2 = (−𝑟𝑥 + 2𝑞𝑟) .
2
𝑅 = 𝑅1 z 𝑅2 , (7)
4. A New Integrable Coupling of
where 𝑅1 is semisimple Lie algebras and 𝑅2 is solvable Lie the C-KdV Hierarchy
algebras [3, 6, 7] and z denote the semidirect sum. So we
can apply the above basic principle to integrable coupling In what follows, we expand Lie algebra 𝐺 into a bigger one as
systems. the following Lie algebra 𝐺:

3. C-KdV Hierarchy 𝑒 0 𝑒 0 𝑒 0
ℎ1 = ( 1 ) , ℎ2 = ( 2 ) , ℎ3 = ( 3 ) ,
0 𝑒1 0 𝑒2 0 𝑒3
Firstly, let us recall the construction of the C-KdV hierarchy
[8, 9]. Consider the basis of 𝐺 0 𝑒 0 𝑒 0 𝑒
ℎ4 = ( 1 ) , ℎ5 = ( 2 ) , ℎ6 = ( 3 ) .
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
𝑒1 = ( ), 𝑒2 = ( ), 𝑒3 = ( ). (8) (15)
0 −1 0 0 1 0

̃ is presented as 𝑒𝑖 (𝑛) = 𝑒𝑖 𝜆𝑛 .
The loop algebra 𝐺 We do this along with the following commutative relations:
The C-KdV spectral problem reads as
[ℎ1 , ℎ2 ] = 2ℎ2 , [ℎ1 , ℎ3 ] = −2ℎ3 , [ℎ1 , ℎ5 ] = 2ℎ5 ,
𝜓𝑥 = 𝑈𝜓, 𝜆𝑡 = 0
𝑞−𝜆 [ℎ1 , ℎ6 ] = −2ℎ6 , [ℎ2 , ℎ3 ] = ℎ1 , [ℎ2 , ℎ4 ] = −2ℎ5 ,
−𝑟
2 𝑞 (9) [ℎ2 , ℎ6 ] = ℎ4 , [ℎ3 , ℎ4 ] = 2ℎ6 , [ℎ3 , ℎ5 ] = −ℎ4 ,
𝑈= ( −𝑞 + 𝜆 ) , 𝑢 = ( ).
1 𝑟
2 [ℎ1 , ℎ4 ] = [ℎ2 , ℎ5 ] = [ℎ3 , ℎ6 ] = [ℎ4 , ℎ5 ]

= [ℎ4 , ℎ6 ] = [ℎ5 , ℎ6 ] = 0.
Upon setting 𝑉 = Σ𝑚≥0 (𝑎𝑚 𝑒1 (−𝑚) + 𝑏𝑚 𝑒2 (−𝑚) + 𝑐𝑚 𝑒3 (−𝑚)),
(16)
solving the stationary zero curvature equation,
𝑉𝑥 = [𝑈, 𝑉] , (10) Taking 𝐺1 = span{ℎ1 , ℎ2 , ℎ3 } and 𝐺2 = span{ℎ4 , ℎ5 , ℎ6 }, it is
easy to verify that
engenders

𝑎𝑛𝑥 = − 𝑟𝑐𝑚 − 𝑏𝑚 , 𝐺 = 𝐺1 z 𝐺2 , 𝐺 ≅ 𝐺1 , [𝐺1 , 𝐺2 ] ⊆ 𝐺2 , (17)

𝑏𝑚𝑥 = − 𝑏𝑚+1 + 𝑞𝑏𝑚 + 2𝑟𝑎𝑚 ,
where 𝐺1 is semisimple Lie algebras and 𝐺2 is solvable Lie
𝑐𝑚𝑥 = 𝑐𝑚+1 − 𝑞𝑐𝑚 + 2𝑎𝑚 ,
(11) algebras [3, 6, 7].
1 In terms of the Lie algebra 𝐺, we constructed the loop
𝑎0 = , 𝑏0 = 𝑐0 = 0, ̃ as follows ℎ (𝑖, 𝑛) = ℎ 𝜆2𝑛+𝑖 [4, 10], with the
2 algebra 𝐺 𝑘 𝑘
𝑎1 = 0, 𝑏1 = 𝑟, 𝑐1 = −1. following commutative relations:

The compatibility conditions of the spectral problems [ℎ1 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ2 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = 2ℎ2 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 )
(𝑛)
𝜓𝑥 = 𝑈𝜓, 𝜓𝑡 = 𝑉 𝜓; [ℎ1 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ3 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = −2ℎ3 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 )
1 (12)
𝑉(𝑛) = (𝜆𝑛 𝑉)+ + 𝑐𝑛+1 𝑒1 (0) , 𝑛 ≥ 0, [ℎ1 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ5 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = 2ℎ5 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 )
2
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

[ℎ1 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ6 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = −2ℎ6 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑐𝑥 (1, 𝑚) = 𝑐 (0, 𝑚) − 𝑞𝑐 (1, 𝑚) + 2𝑎 (1, 𝑚) ,

[ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ3 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = ℎ1 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑑𝑥 (0, 𝑚) = − 𝑟𝑓 (0, 𝑚) − 𝑒 (0, 𝑚) + 𝑢2 𝑐 (0, 𝑚) ,

[ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ4 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = −2ℎ5 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑑𝑥 (1, 𝑚) = − 𝑟𝑓 (1, 𝑚) − 𝑒 (1, 𝑚) + 𝑢2 𝑐 (1, 𝑚) ,

[ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ4 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = −2ℎ5 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑒𝑥 (0, 𝑚) = −𝑒 (1, 𝑚 + 1) + 𝑞𝑒 (0, 𝑚)

[ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ4 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = −2ℎ5 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) + 2𝑟𝑑 (0, 𝑚) + 2𝑢1 𝑏 (0, 𝑚)

[ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ6 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = ℎ4 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) − 2𝑢2 𝑎 (0, 𝑚) ,

[ℎ3 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ4 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = 2ℎ6 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) 𝑒𝑥 (1, 𝑚) = −𝑒 (0, 𝑚) + 𝑞𝑒 (1, 𝑚) + 2𝑟𝑑 (1, 𝑚)

[ℎ3 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ5 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = −ℎ4 (𝛿𝑖𝑗 , 𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝜌𝑖𝑗 ) + 2𝑢1 𝑏 (1, 𝑚) − 2𝑢2 𝑎 (1, 𝑚) ,

[ℎ1 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ4 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = [ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ5 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = 0 𝑓𝑥 (0, 𝑚) = 𝑓 (1, 𝑚 + 1) − 𝑞𝑓 (0, 𝑚)

[ℎ3 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ6 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = [ℎ4 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ5 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = 0 + 2𝑑 (0, 𝑚) − 2𝑢1 𝑐 (0, 𝑚) ,

[ℎ4 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ6 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = [ℎ5 (𝑖, 𝑚) , ℎ6 (𝑗, 𝑛)] = 0. 𝑓𝑥 (1, 𝑚) = 𝑓 (0, 𝑚) − 𝑞𝑓 (1, 𝑚)
(18)
+ 2𝑑 (1, 𝑚) − 2𝑢1 𝑐 (1, 𝑚) ,
(21)
𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑖 + 𝑗, 𝜌𝑖𝑗 = 0, when 𝑖 + 𝑗 < 2, and 𝛿𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝜌𝑖𝑗 = 1, when
𝑎 (0, 0) = V1 , 𝑑 (0, 0) = V2 ,
𝑖 + 𝑗 = 2. With the help of above equations, we consider an
isospectral problem:
𝑏 (0, 0) = 𝑐 (0, 0) = 𝑒 (0, 0) = 𝑓 (0, 0) = 0,

𝜓𝑥 = 𝑈𝜓, 𝜆 𝑡 = 0. 𝑎 (1, 0) = 𝑏 (1, 0) = 𝑐 (1, 0) = 𝑑 (1, 0)

1 𝑞 = 𝑒 (1, 0) = 𝑓 (1, 0) = 0,
𝑈 = − ℎ1 (1, 0) + ℎ1 (0, 0) − 𝑟ℎ2 (0, 0) (19)
2 2
𝑎 (0, 1) = 2V1 𝑟,
+ ℎ3 (0, 0) + 𝑢1 ℎ4 (0, 0) + 𝑢2 ℎ5 (0, 0)
𝑏 (0, 1) = 2V1 𝑞𝑟 + 2V3 𝑟 − 2V1 𝑟𝑥 ,
Set
𝑐 (0, 1) = − 2V1 𝑞 − 2V3 ,
1
𝑉 = ∑ ∑ (𝑎 (𝑖, 𝑚) ℎ1 (𝑖, −𝑚) + 𝑏 (𝑖, 𝑚) ℎ2 (𝑖, −𝑚) 𝑑 (0, 1) = 2V2 𝑟 − 2V1 𝑢2 ,
𝑚≥0 𝑖=0
𝑒 (0, 1) = 2V2 𝑞𝑟 − 2V1 𝑢2 𝑞 + 2V4 𝑟 + 4V1 𝑟𝑢1
+ 𝑐 (𝑖, 𝑚) ℎ3 (𝑖, −𝑚) + 𝑑 (𝑖, 𝑚) ℎ4 (𝑖, −𝑚)
− 2V3 𝑢2 − 2V2 𝑟𝑥 + 2V1 𝑢2𝑥 ,
+ 𝑒 (𝑖, 𝑚) ℎ5 (𝑖, −𝑚) + 𝑓 (𝑖, 𝑚) ℎ6 (𝑖, −𝑚)) .
(20) 𝑓 (0, 1) = − 2V2 𝑞 − 2V4 − 4V1 𝑢1 , 𝑎 (1, 1) = V3 ,

𝑏 (1, 1) = 2V1 𝑟, 𝑐 (1, 1) = −2V1 ,

Solving the stationary zero curvature equation (10) permits
that 𝑑 (1, 1) = V4 , 𝑒 (1, 1) = 2V2 𝑟 − 2V1 𝑢2 ,
(22)
𝑎𝑥 (0, 𝑚) = − 𝑟𝑐 (0, 𝑚) − 𝑏 (0, 𝑚) , 𝑓 (1, 1) = −2V2 ,

𝑎𝑥 (1, 𝑚) = − 𝑟𝑐 (1, 𝑚) − 𝑏 (1, 𝑚) , where V1 , V2 , V3 , and V4 are nonzero constants.

Assume that 𝑉+(𝑛) = ∑𝑛𝑚=0 ∑1𝑖=0 (𝑎(𝑖, 𝑚)ℎ1 (𝑖, 𝑛 − 𝑚) +
𝑏𝑥 (0, 𝑚) = −𝑏 (1, 𝑚 + 1) + 𝑞𝑏 (0, 𝑚)
𝑏(𝑖, 𝑚)ℎ2 (𝑖, 𝑛 − 𝑚) + 𝑐(𝑖, 𝑚)ℎ3 (𝑖, 𝑛 − 𝑚) + 𝑑(𝑖, 𝑚)ℎ4 (𝑖, 𝑛 − 𝑚) +
+ 2𝑟𝑎 (0, 𝑚) , 𝑒(𝑖, 𝑚)ℎ5 (𝑖, 𝑛 − 𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑖, 𝑚)ℎ6 (𝑖, 𝑛 − 𝑚)) = 𝜆2𝑛 𝑉 − 𝑉−(𝑛) ; then
(10) may be written as
𝑏𝑥 (1, 𝑚) = − 𝑏 (0, 𝑚) + 𝑞𝑏 (1, 𝑚) + 2𝑟𝑎 (1, 𝑚) ,
(𝑛)
𝑐𝑥 (0, 𝑚) = 𝑐 (1, 𝑚 + 1) − 𝑞𝑐 (0, 𝑚) + 2𝑎 (0, 𝑚) , −𝑉+𝑥 + [𝑈, 𝑉+(𝑛) ] = 𝑉−𝑥
(𝑛)
− [𝑈, 𝑉−(𝑛) ] . (23)
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

A direct calculation reads Take 𝑉(𝑛) = 𝑉+(𝑛) +1/2𝑐(1, 𝑛+1)ℎ1 (0, 0)+1/2𝑓(1, 𝑛+1)ℎ4 (0, 0);
(𝑛)
then the zero curvature equation
− 𝑉+𝑥 + [𝑈, 𝑉+(𝑛) ]
= 𝑏 (1, 𝑛 + 1) ℎ2 (0, 0) − 𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) ℎ3 (0, 0) (24) 𝑈𝑡 − 𝑉𝑥(𝑛) + [𝑈, 𝑉(𝑛) ] = 0 (25)

+ 𝑒 (1, 𝑛 + 1) ℎ5 (0, 0) − 𝑓 (1, 𝑛 + 1) ℎ6 (0, 0) . is equivalent to

0 0 0 𝜕
𝑞 1 𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
0 0 − 𝜕 0
𝑟 2 −𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
𝑢𝑡 = ( ) = ( 1 1 )⋅( )
𝑢1 0 − 𝜕 0 − 𝜕 2𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
𝑢2 𝑡 2 2 𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
1
𝜕 0 − 𝜕 0
( 2 )
𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
−𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
= 𝐽1 ( )
2𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
(26)
0 0 −𝜕 𝜕2 + 𝜕𝑞
1 2
0 0 (𝜕 − 𝑞𝜕) 𝑟𝜕 + 𝜕𝑟
( 2 )
= 1 1 1
−𝜕 − (𝜕2 + 𝜕𝑞) 𝜕 − (𝜕2 + 𝜕𝑞) + 𝜕𝑢1
2 2 2
1 2
−𝜕2 + 𝑞𝜕 𝑟𝜕 + 𝜕𝑟 (𝜕 − 𝑞𝜕) + 𝑢1 𝜕 𝑟𝜕 + 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑢2 𝜕 + 𝜕𝑢2
( 2 )
𝑎 (0, 𝑛) + 𝑑 (0, 𝑛) 𝑎 (0, 𝑛) + 𝑑 (0, 𝑛)
−𝑐 (0, 𝑛) − 𝑓 (0, 𝑛) −𝑐 (0, 𝑛) − 𝑓 (0, 𝑛)
⋅( ) = 𝐽2 ( ),
2𝑎 (0, 𝑛) 2𝑎 (0, 𝑛)
𝑐 (0, 𝑛) 𝑐 (0, 𝑛)

where 𝐽1 and 𝐽2 are Hamiltonian operators. Furthermore, in the following part we will point out that there
From (22), a recurrence operator 𝐿 is obtained, which exist bi-Hamiltonian structures from constructing of Lie loop
satisfies algebras.
𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1) 𝑎 (0, 𝑛) + 𝑑 (0, 𝑛)
−𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓 (1, 𝑛 + 1) −𝑐 (0, 𝑛) − 𝑓 (0, 𝑛) 5. The Bi-Hamiltonian Structures of
( ) = 𝐿( ),
2𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) 2𝑎 (0, 𝑛) the Hierarchy (26)
𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) 𝑐 (0, 𝑛)
(27) Let

where 6 6
𝑎 = ∑𝑎𝑖 ℎ𝑖 , 𝑏 = ∑𝑏𝑖 ℎ𝑖 . (30)
𝐿 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
−𝜕 + 𝜕−1 𝑞𝜕 𝜕−1 𝑟𝜕 + 𝑟 𝜕−1 𝑢1 𝜕 𝜕−1 𝑢2 𝜕 + 𝑢2
2 𝑞+𝜕 0 −2𝑢1 We have [𝑎, 𝑏] = (𝑎2 𝑏3 −𝑎3 𝑏2 , 2𝑎1 𝑏2 −2𝑎2 𝑏1 , 2𝑎3 𝑏1 −2𝑎1 𝑏3 , 𝑎2 𝑏6 −
=( ).
0 0 −𝜕 − 𝜕−1 𝑞𝜕 −2𝜕−1 𝑟𝜕 − 2𝑟 𝑎6 𝑏2 + 𝑎5 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏5 , 2𝑎1 𝑏5 − 2𝑎5 𝑏1 + 2𝑎4 𝑏2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏4 , 2𝑎3 𝑏4 − 2𝑎1 𝑏6 +
0 0 −1 𝜕+𝑞 2𝑎6 𝑏1 − 2𝑎4 𝑏3 )𝑇 .
(28) In what follows, from [𝑎, 𝑏]𝑇 = 𝑎𝑇 𝑅(𝑏), we get
It is easy to verify that
0 2𝑏2 −2𝑏3 0 2𝑏5 −2𝑏6
𝐽1 𝐿 = 𝐿∗ 𝐽1 = 𝐽2 . (29) 𝑏3 −2𝑏1 0 𝑏6 − 2𝑏4 0
(−𝑏2 0 2𝑏1 −𝑏5 0 2𝑏4 )
Therefore, the hierarchy (26) is Liouville integrable. Taking 𝑅 (𝑏) = (
( 0 0 0 0 2𝑏2 −2𝑏3 )
) . (31)
𝑞 = 𝑟 = 0, 𝑢1 = 𝑞/2, and 𝑢2 = −𝑟, (26) reduces 0 0 0 𝑏3 −2𝑏1 0
to (13). According to the integrable theory, the hierarchy 0 0 0 −𝑏2 0 2𝑏1
(26) is the integrable coupling of the C-KdV hierarchy. ( )
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

Solving the matrix equation 𝑅(𝑏)𝐹 = −(𝑅(𝑏)𝐹)𝑇 for 𝐹 gives Comparison of coefficients of 𝜆−2𝑛−1 of both sides of the above
rise to equations gives
2 0 0 2 0 0
𝛿
0 0 1 0 0 1 (−𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1))
𝛿𝑢
(0 1 0 0 1 0)
𝐹=(
(2 0 0 0 0 0)
). (32) 𝑎 (0, 𝑛) + 𝑑 (0, 𝑛) (37)
0 0 1 0 0 0 −𝑐 (0, 𝑛) − 𝑓 (0, 𝑛)
0 1 0 0 0 0 = (−2𝑛 + 𝛾) ( ).
2𝑎 (0, 𝑛)
( ) 𝑐 (0, 𝑛)
𝑇
So we have {𝑎, 𝑏} = 𝑎 𝐹𝑏 = (2𝑎1 + 2𝑎4 )𝑏1 + (𝑎3 + 𝑎6 )𝑏2 + (𝑎2 +
In this situation, we have 𝛾 = 0.
𝑎5 )𝑏3 + 2𝑎1 𝑏4 + 𝑎3 𝑏5 + 𝑎2 𝑏6 .
So
A direct calculation reads
𝜕𝑈 𝑎 (0, 𝑛) + 𝑑 (0, 𝑛)
{𝑉, } = − 𝑎 (0) − 𝑎 (1) − 𝑑 (0) − 𝑑 (1) −𝑐 (0, 𝑛) − 𝑓 (0, 𝑛) 𝛿𝐻 (2, 𝑛)
𝜕𝜆 ( )= , (38)
2𝑎 (0, 𝑛) 𝛿𝑢
𝜕𝑈 𝑐 (0, 𝑛)
{𝑉, } = 𝑎 (0) + 𝑎 (1) + 𝑑 (0) + 𝑑 (1)
𝜕𝑞
𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
𝜕𝑈 𝐻 (2, 𝑛) = . (39)
{𝑉, } = − 𝑐 (0) − 𝑐 (1) − 𝑓 (0) − 𝑓 (1) (33) 2𝑛
𝜕𝑟
Thus the bi-Hamiltonian structures of the system (26) are
𝜕𝑈 given by
{𝑉, } = 2𝑎 (0) + 2𝑎 (1)
𝜕𝑢1
𝛿𝐻 (1, 𝑛) 𝛿𝐻 (2, 𝑛)
𝜕𝑈 𝑢𝑡 = 𝐽1 = 𝐽2 . (40)
{𝑉, } = 𝑐 (0) + 𝑐 (1) , 𝛿𝑢 𝛿𝑢
𝜕𝑢2
From the system (26), we easily give the following equations:
where 𝑎(0) = ∑𝑚≥0 𝑎(0, 𝑚)𝜆−2𝑚 and 𝑎(1) = ∑𝑚≥0 𝑎(1, 𝑚)
𝜆−2𝑚+1 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ . 𝑞𝑡 = −2V1 𝑞𝑥𝑥 − 4V1 𝑞𝑞𝑥 − 2V3 𝑞𝑥 − 4V1 𝑟𝑥 ,
Substituting the above formulas into the quadratic-form (41)
identity yields 𝑟𝑡 = −4V1 (𝑞𝑟)𝑥𝑥 − 2V3 𝑟𝑥 − 2V1 𝑟𝑥𝑥 .
𝛿
(−𝑎 (0) − 𝑎 (1) − 𝑑 (0) − 𝑑 (1)) 6. Conclusion
𝛿𝑢
𝑎 (0) + 𝑎 (1) + 𝑑 (0) + 𝑑 (1) (34) On the one hand, we obtain a new integrable coupling of
𝜕 −𝑐 (0) − 𝑐 (1) − 𝑓 (0) − 𝑓 (1) C-KdV hierarchy by expanding a bigger Lie algebra. On the
= 𝜆−𝛾 𝜆𝛾 ( ).
𝜕𝜆 2𝑎 (0) + 2𝑎 (1) other hand, the bi-Hamiltonian structures of the integrable
𝑐 (0) + 𝑐 (1) coupling of C-KdV hierarchy are observed by use of the
quadratic-form identity.
Comparison of coefficients of 𝜆−2𝑛−2 of both sides of the above
equations leads to
Conflict of Interests
𝛿
(−𝑎 (0, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑑 (0, 𝑛 + 1))
𝛿𝑢 The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1) (35)
−𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
= (−2𝑛 − 1 + 𝛾) ( ). Acknowledgments
2𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
The project is in part supported by the Natural Science
To fix the 𝛾 we take 𝑛 = 0 into the above equation and find Foundation of China (Grant no. 11271008), the First-class
𝛾 = 1. Discipline of University in Shanghai, and the Shanghai
So University.
𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (1, 𝑛 + 1)
−𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓 (1, 𝑛 + 1) 𝛿𝐻 (1, 𝑛) References
( )= ,
2𝑎 (1, 𝑛 + 1) 𝛿𝑢
𝑐 (1, 𝑛 + 1) (36) [1] F. K. Guo and Y. F. Zhang, “The quadratic-form identity for
constructing the Hamiltonian structure of integrable systems,”
𝑎 (0, 𝑛 + 1) + 𝑑 (0, 𝑛 + 1) Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, vol. 38, no. 40,
𝐻 (1, 𝑛) = . pp. 8537–8548, 2005.
2𝑛
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

[2] W. X. Ma and M. Chen, “Hamiltonian and quasi-Hamiltonian

structures associated with semi-direct sums of Lie algebras,”
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, vol. 39, no. 34,
pp. 10787–10801, 2006.
[3] W. X. Ma, X. X. Xu, and Y. F. Zhang, “Semi-direct sums of Lie
algebras and continuous integrable couplings,” Physics Letters A,
vol. 351, no. 3, pp. 125–130, 2006.
[4] F. K. Guo and Y. F. Zhang, “A type of new loop algebra and a
generalized Tu formula,” Communications in Theoretical Physics,
vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 39–46, 2009.
[5] G. Z. Tu, “The trace identity, a powerful tool for constructing
the Hamiltonian structure of integrable systems,” Journal of
Mathematical Physics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 330–338, 1989.
[6] Y. C. Su, C. H. Lu, and Y. M. Cui, Finite-Dimensional Lie
Algebras, Science Press, Bejing, China, 2008.
[7] W. X. Ma and B. Fuchssteiner, “Integrable theory of the
perturbation equations,” Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, vol. 7, no.
8, pp. 1227–1250, 1996.
[8] T. C. Xia, F. J. Yu, and D. Y. Chen, “Multi-component C-
KdV hierarchy of soliton equations and its multi-component
integrable coupling system,” Communications in Theoretical
Physics, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 494–496, 2004.
[9] F. Yu and L. Li, “Integrable couplings of C-KdV equations
hierarchy with self-consistent sources associated with sl(4),̃ ”
Physics Letters A, vol. 373, no. 18-19, pp. 1632–1638, 2009.
[10] W. X. Ma, J. Meng, and H. Zhang, “Tri-integrable couplings
by matrix loop algebras,” International Journal of Nonlinear
Sciences and Numerical Simulation, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 377–388,
2013.
Advances in Advances in Journal of Journal of
Operations Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Decision Sciences
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Algebra
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Probability and Statistics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

The Scientific International Journal of

World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Differential Equations
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Submit your manuscripts at

http://www.hindawi.com

International Journal of Advances in

Combinatorics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematical Physics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

Journal of Journal of Mathematical Problems Abstract and Discrete Dynamics in

Complex Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Mathematics
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
in Engineering
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Applied Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Nature and Society
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014

International
Journal of Journal of
Mathematics and
Mathematical
Discrete Mathematics
Sciences

Journal of International Journal of Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Hindawi Publishing Corporation Volume 2014

http://www.hindawi.com
Function Spaces
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com http://www.hindawi.com
Stochastic Analysis
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Optimization
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014