C INS PATHOLOGY

stimulation
MODULE 1 Patient with fluid of <3
protein
Transudate
GENERAL CONCEPTS
ATP depletion causes Influx of Calcium
Caspase Mitochondrial and death
receptor converge
Heart failure cells
Patient with factor V Leiden (also called Hemosiderin
mutation laden macrophage)
Patient with spinal cord Decrease vascular tone
injury and shock
Patient with black Gangrenous necrosis
*something* sa lower leg
Leukocyte activation Phagocytosis
Defective phagolysosome Chediak higashi syndrome
or phagosomes(?)
Example of quiescent Liver
Parasite MBP
tissue
Apoptosis No adjacent inflammation
Endoplasmic reticulum Russel bodies
swelling
Reversible injury Mitochondrial swelling
Atherosclerosis plus Dystrophic calcification
Coagulation necrosis Cell outline preserved,
calcium
decreased details
Sequence of tissue repair 1. Inflammation
CNS (Brain) Liquefactive necrosis
2. Granulation
3. Scar formation Fatty acid + Calcium= Fat saponification
4. Remodelling Common cause of fatty Alcohol abuse
Male patient with NO sign Atrophy liver
of spermatogenesis, Metastatic calcification Skin aging associated with
brown small, what cellular exposure to sunlight
adaptation? Anaphylotoxin C5a
Characteristic of Absent inflammation Case: skin blister from Serous inflammation
apoptosis burn
Ion which fat interacts Calcium Day 5 Collagen are now evident
and presents in acute Photo: patient after Edema of the upper
pancreatitis mastectomy extremities (lymphatic)
Fat embolism Centrilobular regions are Chronic passive hepatic
grossly red brown and congestion
slightly depressed
against the surrounding
zones of uncongested tan
liver
Photo: small intestine Red infarct
Bleeding, big platelet on Bernard-Souiler syndrome
LFA-1 integrin peripheral smear
Pecam-1 Migration of leukocytes Amputated limb Gangrenous necrosis
through the endothelium Tx (??) architecture is Caseous necrosis
Labile Bone marrow completely obliterated
Granuloma Persistent irritant (?) Fever IL-1
TGF-b Fibrosis
Myofibroblast Contraction of wound
How many days bago
magkaroon ng collagen
sa wound?
LONG EXAM 2
Second intention Extensive burns and ulcers IMMUNITY, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, & NEOPLASIA
VEGF Signal protein
Function of IL-1 Regulation of immune
response
Failure to develop DiGeorge syndrome
Septic shock Gram (-) bacteria
pharyngeal pouches
Spinal cord injury Venous pooling
MHC Class I detects CD8+
Early non-progressive Neurohumoral
Common cause of death Renal failure and recurrent
Progressive Tissue hypoperfusion
with butterfly rash (SLE) infection
Pathologic hyperplasia Endometrium thickening due
Matching type: Benzene Leukemia
to excessive estrogen
Dormant bacteria
Reservoir of Leishmania
Antigen and antibody with
deposition
Most likely to have
neoplasia due to radiation
TH2 mast cell
Case: Child has Acute
viral infection, anong
WBC tataas?
Autoimmune haemolytic
anemia
Venous and arterial
thromboses which is
associated with recurrent
miscarriages and focal
cerebral or ocular
ischemia
Amyloidosis
Occurs mins to hours,
kidney became cyanotic,
mottled and flaccid
Which among the ff is
malignant?
Loss of uniformity and
architectural structure
Patient who worked in a
plastic factory with liver
cancer
Receptor tyrosine kinase
CAga
Tropism
Bacterial surface proteins
that bind to host cells
Granulomatous
Gummas
Cerebral malaria
Where does the merozoite
multiply? (self pa-double
check nito)
Intermediate host of
Schistosoma
Trypanosoma affects
Case: Patient is afebrile,
pale, CBC result: DEC
hgb, DEC hct, platelet
normal, INC wbc count
(300,000+)
Blindness
Adaptive immunity
Ab mediated disorder
Cough, weigh loss, fever
might be caused by
Gram (-)
Spore forming bacilli
Granuloma
Mutations that affect
tumor suppressor genes
Picture ng chromosome 9
to 22
Retinoblastoma
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Dogs
Type III hypersensitivity
Choices: thyroid, granulocytes,
GIT
Type I hypersensitivity
Lymphocytes
Type II hypersensitivity
Anti-phospholipid antibody
syndrome
Aggregation of misfolded
proteins
Hyperacute rejection
Seminoma (other choices:
rhabdomyoma, leiomyoma,
lymphangioma)
Dysplasia
Vinyl chloride
Influence metabolism
H. pylori
Viral receptors on host cells
Adhesins or pili?
Schistosome eggs
Tertiary
P. falciparum
Hepatocyte
Snail
Spleen
HTLV-1
Onchocerca volvulus
Lymphocyte
Autoimmune haemolytic
anemia
Acid fast bacilli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Clostridium difficile
Mycobaterium leprae
Loss of function
Yung may BCR-ABL sa
choices
Two mutations; these involve
the RB gene which has been
mapped to chromosomal locus
13q14
(not the exact pic)
Cancer cachexia TNF
Location of P. falciparum RBC
(malaria) where it
develops schizont or
schizoite (pacheck self)
Malaria and Babesiosis Both infect RBC
are same in terms of
LONG EXAM 3
PULMONARY AND CARDIOVASCULAR
Alam niyo na po kung ano nangyari sa LE na ito 
Crystalline silicone Silicosis
dioxide inhalation
Weakening of the pulses Takayasu arteries
in the upper extremities
Churg-strauss Anti-myeloperoxidase
Anti-pr3 Specific for Wegener’s
Granulomatosis
Type A debakey I Involved both ascending
and descending aorta
Marfan syndrome Long extremity
Wide distance of the eyes
Diabetic Pic ng hyaline
microangiography arterosclerosis
Roth spots Retinal hemorrhages with
white or pale centers
(Additional info: Can be
seen in Px with Subacute
bacterial endocarditis)
Dumbbell shaped Asbestos body
morphology
Bronchopneumonia Bilateral and basal
Legionella Water sources
Red hepatization Massive confluent
exudation as neutrophils,
red cells, and fibrin
Causative agent:
streptococcus pneumoniae
Lungs (Gross)
Encapsulated form Type B H. influenzae
Pneumonia found in Klebsiella pneumoniae
chronic alcoholics (case)
Party tapos nagkasakit Culture (gold standard and
mga tao, found in aircon diagnostic standard for
Dx test? legionella)
Machinery-like murmur PDA
Emphysema Increase protease,
pathogenesis decrease anti-protease
Asthma Mucus gland hypertrophy
Seen in patients with Benign nephrosclerosis
systemic arteriolar
pressure and DM
Question with picture CD4 count of <200 (seen in
about an HIV patient Pneumocystis pneumonia)
Pneumocosis is related TB silicosis
to?
 glomeruli are affected
Lungs are airless, heavy, Alveolar walls are waxy Tends to become Chronic Crescentic
firm, dark red, and boggy hyaline and with fibrin Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis
deposition Most common renal cell Papillary renal cell cancer
Nursing home Pneumonia MRSA Staphylococcus cancer in dialysis
associated with cystic
aureus and Pseudomonas
disease
aeruginosa With predominant mast Interstitial cystitis
A central area of whorled Silicosis cell
collagen fibers Xanthogranulomatous Proteus
pyelonephritis
Papillary necrosis Analgesic nephropathy
Obstruction Male prostate gland
LONG EXAM 4 enlargement, female
cystocele
HEMATOLOGY, GI, AND HEPATOBILIARY True of balanophosthitis Smegma acts as local
irritant
Case: male enlarged Leydig cell tumor
breast with testicular
swelling
Over expression of Cyclin Mantle cell lymphoma BPH Transitional zone
D1 Granular pattern with IgG Post strep
Reed Sternberg cell CD30 and C3 glomerulonephritis
More than 20% myeloid AML Dense deposit disease Alternative complement
blasts pathway; C3 nephritic factor
Type of diarrhea due to Secretory Subepithelial hump Post infectious
viral damage Glomerulonephritis
Relative polycythemia Hemoconcentration Hepa B Membranous
Ave. content of Hb per MCH glomerulonephritis
RBC Hepa C MPGN
Most common tumor in Carcinoid (Membranoproliferative
the appendix Glomerulonephritis)
High chance of becoming Villous adenoma HIV FSGS
malignant Dome and Spike Membranous
LH variant Lymphocyte predominance glomerulonephritis
Skip lesions Chrons Reversible Acute kidney injury
Lynch syndrome Hereditary non-polyposis Renal cancer Hematuria
colorectal cancer Alport syndrome In situ immune complex
(+) ANA Auto-immune gastritis Phagocytic function Mesangial cell
Guy carrying heavy stuff Hernia Case: Epispadia Increase risk for ascending
Most common gastric Fundic UTI
polyp Case: Patient died, Berry aneurysm
Follicular lymphoma BCL2 Autopsy revealed
BRAF mutation Hairy cell lymphoma polycystic kidney.
Blood streaked stool Shigella dysenteriae Possible cause of death?
Hemophilia Abnormal PTT Inflammation of ureter Ureteritis follicularis
ADAMST 13 TTP and neutrophils with
Self-limited resolve 6 Acute immune germinal center
months thrombocytopenic purpura True of BPH Binding of DHT, stimulates
IDA case Microcytic, hypochromic transcription of andro-
Osmotic fragility Hereditary spherocytosis dependent genes which
Pernicious anemia Vit B12 includes several growth
Pernicious anemia Auto-immune gastritis factors and receptors
Multiple myeloma Renal disease Case: With leukemia Urate nephropathy
undergoing
chemotherapy
IF: Granular (IgG & C3) Membranous
LONG EXAM 5 and Hepa B
Proteinuria (Albumin)
glomerulonephritis
Minimal change disease
RENAL, MALE REPRODUCTIVE AND LOWER URINARY Membranous Lupus nephritis Type V
TRACT glomerulonephritis
IgA deposit in the Berger disease
mesangium
(+) KIT, (+) OCT4, (+) Seminoma
Urinary bladder cancer Cigarette smoking PLAP, NANOG
important influence Case: Prostatic tumor Gleason score
Penile curvature Peyronie disease with Gleason score 9,
Adult polycystic kidney Autosomal dominant what would indicate the
disease worst prognosis in this
Some of the sample Focal patient?
True of UPJ (Uteropelvic
junction) obstruction
Flattened urothelium in
urinary bladder, Lesions
of urinary bladder within
brunn nest, cystic form
Anti-GBM
Case: Kid with strep
throat 2 weeks ago
Post strep
glomerulonephritis
Splitting of GBM; renal
failure, nerve deafness,
eye disorders
Papillary necrosis
Case: Hypertensive
patient
Found in tuberous
sclerosis
Features constellation of
Skin, pulmonary, renal
tumors
Malignant cells forming
glands enmeshed within a
prominent fibrotic stroma
Most common metastasis
of renal cell CA
Most reliable clue in renal
calculi
HCG (+)
Origin of testicular germ
cell tumor
Pic of squamous cell CA.
True about risk factors
Struvite
Michaelis gutmann bodies
pic
Urethra inflammation
sexually active
Case: Px experiences
pain after sexual
intercourse
Intrinsic obstruction
Stone occupying large
portions of the renal
pelvis
Common in patients with
gout and leukemia
Anti-GBM in IF
(Not the exact pic)
Common in BOYS
LONG EXAM 6
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT, BREAST, ENDOCRINE
Cystitis cystica
In situ formation of IC; Gardnerella vaginalis
Linear pattern
Post strep
glomerulonephritis
Granular, IgG, and C3
Alport syndrome
Clue cell
(not the exact pic)
Analgesic nephropathy Thinning epidermis and Lichen sclerosus
Fibrinoid necrosis of
Sclerosis of the dermis
arterioles
Angiomyolipoma Keratinizing squamous Not related to HPV
CA (Due to Lichen sclerosus
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and Squamous hyperplasia)
Due to exposure to DES
Bellini duct CA
Lungs
Hematuria
Clear cell CA (vagina)
Choriocarcinoma
Mass protruding from the Sarcoma botryoides
Intratubular germ cell
neoplasia (ITGCN) vagina, microscopically:
Prevented by good genital with striations
hygiene Ovulation Subnuclear vacuolation
Magnesium ammonium Chronic endomtritis Plasma cell
phosphate Chocolate cyst Endometriosis
Leaf-like Phylloides
Mycoplasma hominis Endometrial CA arising Adenocarcinoma
from endometrial
Peyronie’s disease hyperplasia
Severe dysplasia How to explain in the
patient**
Calculi Granulosa cell tumor Meron endometrial
Magnesium ammonium
hyperplasia
phosphate
Congenital nipple Unilateral
Uric acid inversion
Storage of Posterior pituitary
Type IV collagen neurohormones
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies Most common cause of Adenoma
hyperpituitary
Multiple cystic spaces Mucinous
Secondary Chronic renal failure
hyperparathyroid
Malodorous vaginal Caused by Gardnerella
Hydroureter discharge
Description on thyroid Capsular invasion
follicular CA
True about 10% malignant
Pheochromocytoma
Zollinger-Ellison Hyperacidity
Syndrome
First symptoms of Cardiovascular
hyperthyroid manifestations
Preggy with untreated Pre-eclampsia A-Total atrophy
hyperthyroid
High risk developing Granulosa
endometrial CA (due to increased estrogen)
Neoplasm with tubal-like Serous
epithelium
Struma ovarii Teratoma
Fibroma Meigs syndrome
Sex-cord tumor Virilization
Small cell CA Ectopic ACTH secretion
Choriocarcinoma Lung metastasis
Granulomatous thyroiditis Giant cell
Duct ectasia Resemble invasive CA Not sure sa exact
Fat necrosis Due to surgery and trauma question. Basta may label
Lymphocytic mastopathy With autoimmune disorders na A, B, C sa tabi nung
Gynecomastia No lobule formation pic
Risk factor for breast CA Obesity in <40 year old

Intracellular diplococci Gonorrhoeae

Case: Px diagnosed with Abdominal pain due to LONG EXAM 7
Chlamydia, treated with ectopic pregnancy NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS, BONES, SOFT TISSUE,
antibiotic then stopped. JOINTS AND SKIN
What possible
consequence may arise?
Case: Chlamydia + PID
Meningioma Grade 2
Adnexal pain Vascular tumors Factor 8
Atrophic epidermis + Lichen sclerosus Butyroides Myogenin
Dermal fibrosis Leiomyoma Mitoticaly inactive
Case: Px with koilocytes, Biopsy to know which type Nodular fasciitis + Myositis ossificans
what will you do next? of HPV Osseous metaplasia
Keratinizing VIN (Vulvar Squamous cell hyperplasia Irreversible hypoxic injury Red neurons
intraepithelial neoplasia) Mesoderm-derived cells Microglia
that act as a macrophage
Pruritic, red, crusted, Paget’s Bluish discoloration of Osteogenesis imperfecta
within the epidermis the eyes (sclerae) (collagen synthesis
Identical with intraductal Papillary hidradenoma disorder)
papilloma Palmar Duputyren contracture
Beta cell destruction Decrease glucose uptake Most aggressive sarcoma MFH (Malignant fibrous
and glycogen storage histiocytoma)
Hyaluronin, lubricin Fibroblast
Empty sella Pituitary ablation and
S-100 Schwannoma
radiation
Most important Gliosis
Pineal neoplasme Embryonic germ cells histopathologic indicator
Secondary Chronic renal failure of CNS injury regardless
hypoparathyroidism of etiology
Case: Px has tingling Ionized Calcium Increase in CSF volume Hydrocephalus
sensation after a total secondary to a loss of a
brain parenchyma
thyroidectomy, what will
Enlarged posterior fossa, Dandy walker
you request? absent vermis
Triple negative American Hispanic women Circle of willis Subarachnoid
RET Proto-oncogene Decrease in height due to Achondroplasia
Hyperandrogenism Zona reticularis short legs, normal upper
Brenner tumor Under epithelial tumor extremities
Case: Girl with fracture, Soft callus
Dysfunctional uterine Anovulatory cycle
follow up check up, X-ray
bleeding after 7 days
C-peptide Beta cell function With sickle cell anemia Osteonecrosis
Sequestrum Dead bone
Hyponatremia Central pontine
Trisomy 13 Homoprosencephaly
HIV CD56
Pagets Mosaic
Pox virus Henderson Peterson bodies
Bone with a cartilaginous Osteochondroma
cap
Ground glass
Salt and pepper
Galactosylceremidase
Demyelinating
Primary glioblastoma
Pleomorphic
xanthoastrocytoma
Lacunes
Brain abscess in non-
immunocompromised
Nodule pieces like jigsaw
puzzle
Ghost cells
Lichen planus
Cytogenic abnormality:
t(11;22)(q24;q12)
Cytogenic abnormality:
t(x;18)(p11;q11)
Pathogenesis of basal cell
carcinoma
Increased number of mast
cells in the skin
Connective tissue septae
are widened by edema,
fibrin exudation, and
neutrophilic infiltration.
Later, infiltrated by
lymphocytes, histiocytes,
multinucleated giant cells,
and occasional
eosinophils
Gauge the probability of
metastatic spread and
prognosis
Caused by poxvirus
Multinucleated giant cells
(forgot the question about
this)
Cause of Acute Pyogenic
(Bacterial) Meningitis
(can’t remember the
Fibrous dysplasia
Ewing’s sarcoma
Autosomal recessive
Multiple sclerosis
Mutation of PTEN
Temporal lobe in children
with history of seizure
Lenticular nucleus
Staph and Strep
Cylindroma
Pilomatricomas
Plaque
Ewing’s sarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
Most BCC have mutations
that lead to unbridled
Hedgehog signalling
Dermatographism
(an area of dermal edema
resembling a hive that
occurs as a result of
localized stroking of
apparently normal skin with
a pointed instrument)
Erythema nodosum
Tumor depth (Breslow
thickness)
Molluscum contagiosum
Seen in HIV
Lewy bodies
(seen in Dementia)
• Linear deposition
of complement
along the
dermoepidermal
junction
• Bullous
pemphigoid
NEONATES:
- E. coli
- Group B Strep
INFANTS & CHILDREN:
specific age group na - S. pneumoniae
tinanong so ililista na ADOLESCENTS & YOUNG
lang lahat hehe) ADULTS:
- Neisseria
meningitides
ELDERLY:
- S. pneumoniae
- Listeria
monocytogenes
Tenosynovial giant cells Hemosiderin
contain?
Benign Mobile
Genital and Anal warts HPV type 6
Synovial sarcoma X and 18
Necrosis of mamillary Vit. B1
bodies
Pons and medulla Transcranial herniation
secondary hemorrhage
Gumma Chancre
HIV patient India ink (+) Cryptococcus neoformans
Crescent shape Subdural
hemorrhage
Eyeglasses, nickel allergy Which type?
10 years old Juvenile idiopathic arthiritis
(most common type in
children)
PTH case Hypercalcemia
Most common prion CJD
disease in human
Forgetfulness situation Tau, plaques, and tangles
Dropping of objects Lower motor neuron
Krabbe disease - Rare and fatal
lysosomal storage
(hindi maalala yung exact disease
question so info na lang - Dysfunctional
about it nakalagay sa metabolism of
answer box) sphingolipids
- Autosomal
recessive
LONG EXAM 8
HEAD AND NECK, GENETICS AND PEDIATRICS,
ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
Review GENOGRAMS (Paano pattern ng X-linked recessive, etc.)
Single gene Mendelian
Leading global cause of Undernutrition
health loss
Xenobiotics Exogenous chemicals
Microbiologic agents Bioaerosols
causing infectious
diseases
Case: Px locked in the Carbon monoxide: cherry
car, expected autopsy red color of the skin
Malformation Primary error, intrinsic
abnormal development
Phenylketonuria Inability to convert
phenylalanine to tyrosine
Px with BMI=32 Pharmacologic intervention
TNF-a in cachectin Primary trigger factor
Bitot spot Hyperplasia and
Hyperkeratinization of
epidermis
Case: Px with watery Pellagra
diarrhea and memory loss
Case: Px with gum Phytomenadione (Vit. K)
bleeding. Deficiency of?
Vit. B9 (Folic acid) to Encephalocele
prevent which neural tube
defect?
Warthin tumors Males and Smokers
Most common location of Adrenal medulla
paraganglioma
Squamous papilloma/ HPV
Papillomatosis
Acinic cell carcinomas Most common in the
parotids
Vit. A defiency can lead Night blindness
to?
Vit. K dependent except? Factor VIII
(Vit. K dependent: 2,7,9,
10)
Earliest sign of Copper Eyes
toxicity can be seen in?
Extrinsic disturbance in Disruption
morphogenesis
Hemolytic anemia can Baby’s blood type=O and
happen when? Mother’s blood type=A or B
SIDS Unexplained after a
thorough case investigation
Sinonasal papilloma HPV
Most common type of Mucocele
inflammatory salivary
gland lesion?
Premalignant Leukoplakia
Case: (sorry hindi maalala <10 um in diameter (most
which case) harmful)
Case: Infectious disease Caused by Bioaerosols
Lead poisoning first sign Neurobehavioral problems
seen in children
Bladder CA Polycyclic hydrocarbon
Anti-estrogenic and anti- Organochlorine
androgenic activity
Substance in tobacco that Polycyclic hydrocarbons
would lead to bladder CA (also the most potent
carcinogen)
Fetal alcohol syndrome Microcephaly, growth
manifestation seen in the retardation, and facial
newborn anomalies