TPMS Presentation

April 1 2014

Sr.Auto FAE
Alan Yang (杨涛）

Freescale Confidential Proprietary

TM
TPMS 7*7 package Agenda

• Marketing trend
• How does TPMS module work in car
• Detailed specification of MPX87xx
• TPMS road map and comparison with the other supplier
• Our enablement resources
• Q&A

TM

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 TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t
he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony
are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack,
ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ
Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks
of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property
of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Tire Pressure motivated by Auto mega trends
Mobility for everyone
• TPMS is available for all type of
vehicles including truck and
busses
• Scalable solutions
• Multiple pressure ranges
• Multiple rotation axis
• Multiple RF frequencies
Safety for everyone
• Prevent roadside breakdown and
risk of road congestion
• US tread act to prevent roll over
accidents
• Future possibilities to link tire
information with chassis and
ADAS system
TM
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Cleaner world for everyone
• TPMS allows optimum tire
inflation and thus fuel
consumption and CO2 emission
reduction
• Maximizes tire life
• European and Korean legislation
driven by CO2 reduction
Always Connected
• Provides accurate tire data to the
driver
• Filling assistant app on smart
phones
• Fleets & Truck: enables better tire
management
 TPMS legislation around the world
Region Requirements

USA Regulation from 2005: FMVSS138 mandates TPMS for new vehicles starting
from October 1st 2005

European Union Regulation from 2012: EC661-2009 mandates TPMS starting Nov 2012 for
new type approved vehicles and for all new vehicles starting from Nov 2014:
TPMS will be tested as part of the new EU standardized plan for vehicle
periodical inspection

S. Korea / Japan Regulation from 2013: TPMS vehicles to be installed on passenger cars from
January 2013 for new model and January 2015 for existing model

Russia, Kazakhstan, Valid from 2015 onwards & replaces nation legislation
Belarus (Eurasia)

Indonesia, Israel, Require European whole vehicle type approval for vehicles imported from
Malaysia, Philippines, Europe. As a consequence TPMS will be required for all new vehicles in
Turkey November 2014

China Recommended specification

Enforcement Standard in Preparation

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TPMS potential market size

• 100 Million new cars sold per year by the end of the
decade
−4 wheel per car + spare tires + winter tires
− Module Replacement market
• 1 billion cars on the road worldwide
− Great aftermarket opportunity
− Great potential for tire mounted solutions

• Heavy trucks, busses, motorcycles

• Market outside of transportation requiring battery
operated wireless pressure sensing

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 MPXY8700 Packaging

Gcell
Pcell

MCU + RF

QFN 9 x 9 mm
Cavity Package
(Cross Section)

Gel
Selective encapsualtion

Metal cap

Plastic Plastic
housing Gcell housing
Gel Pcell

Plastic flag
Leadframe
Not to scale. For illustration purposes only.

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 TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t
he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony
are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack,
ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ
Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks
of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property
of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Tire Performance Issues
Aquaplaning (water depth >2 mm)
General durability
Test Stand durability
Resistance to curb impact
Bead unseating from rim
Wear
Rolling Resistance
Tread Noise
Handling on dry and wet surfaces
(Source: Michelin Tires)
TM
Worsening until around 1.5 ba, then improvement due to bell formation of tread
centre inwards (at rated load)
Reduced with lower pressures
A reduction by 0.5 bar results in a worsening of 15 km/h in endurance (e.g.
Failure at 185 km/h instead of 200 km/h)
A reduction by 0.5 bar results in damage sustained at 20% lower speed (e.g. at
40 km/h instead of 50 km/h)
The limit value for unseating of bead from rim lies between the operating
pressure and 1 to 1.2 bar. For safety reasons, this should never be lower
A tire with 20% lower pressure has a running life around 30% less
A reduction by 0.5 bar results in an increase in rolling resistance of around 15%
A deviation of 1 bar from normal pressure (2 to 2.5 bar) worsens the noise level
by 2 dbA (66%).
On a mid-class car, an air pressure deviation of 0.2 bar from one axle is
noticeable.
8
Tire Performance Issues

100

80 108 140

Rolling Resistance (%)

Service Life (%)

60 106 130

Fuel Use (%)

40 104 120

20 102 110

0 101 100
120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.1
Tire Pressure (% of Specified) Tire Pressure (bars)

Decreased Tire Life with Increased Fuel Use and

Lower Pressure Rolling Resistance with
Lower Pressure
(Source: Continental Tires)

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 Pressure Accuracy
• Measurement accuracy target varies with OEM
− Typical accuracies better than 8-10 kPa (1.2 – 1.4 psi)
− Typical resolutions of 1 to 2 kPa (0.15 – 0.30 psi)

• Accuracy over temperature, supply voltage and life of the

tire/system

• Must warn based on the correct Cold Inflation Pressure (CIP)

specified for the vehicle

• CIP limits usually set in the chassis receiver for a specific

vehicle

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 Pressure Accuracy
• Effects of absolute vs. gauge pressure at altitude
− In tire sensors measure absolute pressure
− Typical tire gages measure differential (gauge) pressure
relative to the atmosphere
• CIP is defined as the pressure of the tires after
the has been stopped for at least 1 hour
• The “corrected” pressure using the Ideal Gas Law
is not used
− It is not the mass of air present setting tire performance
− It is pressure of the air that defines the load carrying capability and
performance of the tire
• Generally accepted to use absolute pressure with a fixed
atmospheric offset (approx 100 kPa = 14.5 psi)

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TPMS System Solutions
• Direct (Measure Pressure in the Tire)
− Useabsolute pressure sensor inside the tire volume
− Communication via LF and/or RF links
− Mounted inside the tire/wheel

On the wheel (valve stem or drop center)

On the tire (side wall, bead area or tread belt)
− Powered by energy source

Internal
battery

Source other than battery (battery-less)

• Indirect (Measuring Some Other Parameter)

− Infer under-inflation by using parameter other than pressure sensing

Wheel speed variations

Ride height variations

Tire vibration variations
− No power source required on the wheel/tire

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Tire Pressure Monitor Systems: Indirect Measuring

• Implemented through ABS wheel

speed sensors
• ABS system is able to measure
individual wheel speed and
compare it against other wheels
• If a wheel is moving faster, it is
very likely it is under-inflated

http://www.aa1car.com/library/diagnosing_abs_wheels_speed_sensors.htm

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Tire Pressure Monitor Systems: Direct vs. Indirect
Direct Indirect

Precision ☺ 
Reaction time ☺ 
Detection of multiple ☺ 
faults
Position-dependant ☺ 
pressure warning
Robustness under ☺ 
different driving
conditions
Number of additional  ☺
components
System cost  ☺
Required driver ☺ 
interaction
Additional comfort ☺ 
features

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Tire Pressure Monitor Systems: Indirect Measuring

Like

• Hardware reuse (ABS system)

• Cheap

Don’t like

• Measurement relative to other tires

• Can only sense
• One under-inflated tire
• Three tires are under-inflated
• Two diagonally-positioned tires are under-inflated
• Will not work with under-inflated tires
• 2 on the same axle
• 2 on the same car side
• All 4

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Direct TPMS Mounting Methods
Tire Wall Tire Tread Mount

Valve Stem Mount Drop Well Mount

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TPMS Architectures
• Other Direct TPMS system features in the marketplace

− Display actual individual tire pressures

− “Tire Localization”
determine location of tire on car
− “Auto-Learn”
determine tire IDs on the car
− “Initiation”
triggering a pressure reading on demand
− Motion detection to change monitoring rates
− Motion detection to save battery power when parked
− Diagnostics for manufacturing and field service

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Sensor Package Comparison

Competitor Freescale Freescale

MPXY85XX MPXY87XX
/MPXY86XX

• PG-DSOSP-14-6
• 9.24 X 11.09 X 3.9 mm

MPXY85xx/86xx smaller in size will • QFN 9x9x2.3mm

help on module’s size, weight and cost.
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18
 Top Level TPMS Model

Coil

LF LF
3V Motion
Receiver Signal
Batt Sensor

RF
Pressure Energy
Ant
Sensor

Controller RF
Transmitter

Temp
Sensor

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Tire Pressure Monitoring Body Receiver

Stand along TPMS display

Cluster
Infotainment
Antenna
RF
Receiver
MCU & LF
General
Control 24 psi Systems

Stand along TPMS receiver

Or RKE System Basic
MIL
Or PKE System Systems

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 TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t
he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony
are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack,
ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ
Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks
of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property
of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
 FXTH87xxxx6T1 Tire Pressure Monitoring System

16K Flash
LVD BG LFR • Microcontroller
Detect and Decode
Wakeup Timer • S08 core, 0.25um SGF technology
512b TPM • 16 kB SGF flash (8kB firmware, 8kB
OSC 8 MHz
RAM 2-ch customer), 512B RAM, 64 parameter registers
LFO 1 kHz • 10 bit ADC, temperature sensor and thermal
Register 10-bit ADC
64 Bytes Temp Sensor restart
• 1-channel LF detector and decoder
Temp Restart
S08 Core • 8 MHz clock, 2-ch timer, 1 kHz LFO
UHF TX • Integrated RF transmitter
315 / 434 MHz C to V
BDM • Frac-N PLL based transmitter, 315/434 MHz
• FSK/ASK modulation
• Manchester or bi-phase encoding
Pressure Cell XZ-axis Accel
• -1dBm to +8 dBm output power

• Design Considerations: • Pressure Sensor

• CMOS capacitive p-cell w/o signal conditioning
• RF Tx (7mA @ 5 dBm)
• LF Rx (4uA, snif)
• Process Technology – 0.25um
• Core Type – S08
• Voltage Supplies – 1.8V to 3.6V (transmit)
• Acceleration Sensor
• Voltage Supplies – 2.3V to 3.6V (measure) • Single XZ die
• Packaging Requirements – Media protection

• Package
• FAM 7x7mm QFN w/ gel fill

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FXTH87xxxx6T1 Tire Pressure Monitoring System
Integrated Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) with smallest footprint (7mmx7mm)
lowest power consumption, largest customer memory size (8kB flash, 512byte RAM)
and unique dual-
dual-axis accelerometer architecture

Smallest Package Size Integrated XZ-Accelerometer Robustness / Power

• The compact 7 x 7 mm industry- • Including an XZ-axis • Robust package design with

leading package enables smallest accelerometer offers customers encapsulated inter-chip bond wires
module design for lighter weight motion detection and tire
applications localization capabilities • Storage temp: -50C / +150C

• Same height as QFN 9x9 for • Smallest RF transmit battery

smooth transition to QFN 7x7 consumption
solutions • 8kB of customer flash memory gives
• Highest degree of functional more application flexibility. Possible
integration: interface with external memory if
required
• Dual-axis accel, LF, RF,
Pressure, MCU in one • 512byte RAM
package

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Troubleshooting: Typical Currents at ambient temperature

RF Behavior (To be
Normal Operation added to normal RESET BKGD
operation)

RF
RUN Mode STOP4 STOP1 RF ON Adder
Transmission 1.2 mA 1.2 – 1.5 mA
2 mA 73 uA 0.5uA 77 uA
6mA

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Competitive Positioning & Value Proposition

• Customers cost benefit

− Smaller in size: 7mmx7mmx2.2mm
− Saving on board size , potting and housing materials.
− Saving on module weight (car OEM requirement)
− Boot Loader design allow uploading SW through LF – reduce cost of car OEMs
call back cost by uploading SW at site.
− Auto-localization by using dual axis accelerometers.

• Longer battery life

− 35% RF transmitting power consumption. <7mA at 5dBm

• Lower business risk

− Flash 8k space, 512 bytes RAM for customers
− 33% more space enabling a module suitable for more car models.
(inventory/operation/ production management benefit).
− Improve cash flow for aftermarket tire shop by dual axis universal module and
bigger memory size.
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Lausitz: Significant Requirements - General

Characteristic Description
Data Interfaces
Low Frequency Receiver
Frequency 125 kHz
Modulation ASK
Carrier Sensitivity Ranges 70 / 10, 14 / 2, & 3 / 0.5 mV ( Det / No Det
Data Sensitivity Ranges 14 / 2 & 2.5 / 0.25 mV ( Det / No Det )
RF Transmitter
Frequency 315 , 434 MHz
Modulation ASK, FSK
Transmit Power 5 dBm, 8dBm

Package 7 x 7 mm 24 –Pin QFN

Physical Architecture – MCU HSC08 - SZK16 dedicated MCU

Physical Architecture – Pressure Transducer Capacitive cell with 100 up to 900 kPa range

Temperature sensor ∆VB sensor with -40 to +125°C range

Voltage Sensor Internal bandgap voltage reference

Physical Architecture – Z-Axis Transducer Teeter Totter Element

X-Axis Transducer X-lateral Element

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Lausitz and Nogaro Portfolio Under Development

Operating Temp P-cell range Axis of

Logical part number Device name (QFN 7x7) X-range Z-range
range (kPa) accel

Nogaro FXTH8705026T1 -40C / + 125 C 100-450 Z NA -270g /+ 350g range with 40g sens
Nogaro FXTH870502DT1 -40C / + 125 C 100-450 Z NA -270g /+ 350g range with 40g sens
Lausitz FXTH8705116T1 -40C / + 125 C 100-450 XZ -70g/+80g range with 10g sens -210g/+240g range with 60g sens
Lausitz FXTH870511DT1 -40C / + 125 C 100-450 XZ -70g/+80g range with 10g sens -210g/+240g range with 60g sens
Nogaro FXTH8709026T1 -40C / + 125 C 100-900 Z NA -270g /+ 350g range with 40g sens
Nogaro FXTH870902DT1 -40C / + 125 C 100-900 Z NA -270g /+ 350g range with 40g sens
Lausitz FXTH8709116T1 -40C / + 125 C 100-900 XZ -70g/+80g range with 10g sens -210g/+240g range with 60g sens
Lausitz FXTH870911DT1 -40C / + 125 C 100-900 XZ -70g/+80g range with 10g sens -210g/+240g range with 60g sens
Lausitz FXTH8709126T1 -40C / + 125 C 100-900 XZ -70g/+80g range with 10g sens -270g /+ 350g range with 40g sens
Lausitz FXTH870912DT1 -40C / + 125 C 100-900 XZ -70g/+80g range with 10g sens -270g /+ 350g range with 40g sens

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 TM

Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t
he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobileGT, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony
are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack,
ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ
Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMARTMOS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks
of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property
of their respective owners. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
TPMS Roadmap
Tire Pressure
Monitoring

Nogaro Z-axis
Z axis
450/900 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly,
2 Poly, 7x7 FAM

MPXY85xx - Z-axis
450/900 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly, 9x9 Cav QFN C90FGUHV IP Blocks U-TPMS XZ-axis
450/900/1500 kPa
UMEMS Phs 4P C90FGUHV, UMEMS-4P,
UMEMS 4P, 5x5 FAM or CSP

Lausitz XZ-axis
axis
450/900 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly,
2 Poly, 7x7 FAM

Proposal
MPXY86xx - XZ-axis
450/900 kPa Lausitz XZ-axis
axis Planning
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly, 9x9 Cav QFN
Up tp 1500 kPa
0.25uSGF, 2-Poly,
2 Poly, 7x7 FAM Execution

Production
Left Edge :
First Sample Date
Right Edge :
Product Qualification

Not resourced
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q
2013 2014 2015 2016

Preliminary schedule. To be updated by August 31, 2013

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 Tire Pressure Monitor Sensor Roadmap Change-points
Gen2 Gen3 Gen4 Gen5

Package SOIC-20 Introduce Introduce Film-Assist Eliminate Die-to-Die

Bottom-side cavity; QFN 9x9, Open top- Mold QFN 7x7 Bond wires;
4-die side cavity; 3-die 2-die
3-die
ASIC Node TSMC 250nm SGF TSMC 250nm SGF TSMC 250nm SGF Introduce 90nm TFS

ASIC Design Dedicated pressure & Muxed C-V signal Muxed C-V signal Battery-less power
inertia interfaces chains w/ Σ∆ ADC, chains w/ Σ∆ ADC, System ID, extended
( A/D & C/V ) digital filters; digital filters; BIST, & selectable
Up-integrate RF Tx Optimized LF/RF sensitivities
MEMS Nodes 2-poly inertia, 2-poly inertia & p-cell 2-poly inertia & p-cell Introduce eHARMEMS
PIDR73 pressure for pressure,
eHARMEMS inertia
MEMS Design X-lat & teeter-totter; X-lat & teeter-totter; X-lat & teeter-totter; Combined Self Test +
Redundant p-chip w/ Redundant p-cell Redundant p-cell Sense
Integrated C-V

Test Physical @ probe & Physical @ probe & Physical / Electrostatic Electrostatic @ probe
final final @ probe & final & final

Certification &/or AEC-Q100 AEC-Q100 AEC-Q100 AEC-Q100

Assessment ASIL-QM, B target

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 Competitive Positioning & Value Proposition
• Smaller in size:
− Saving on board size (customer cost benefit)
− Saving on potting material (customer cost
benefit)
− Saving on module weight (car OEM
requirement)
• Flash 8k space for customers
− 33% more space enabling a module suitable
for more car models. (inventory/operation/
production management benefit).
• Unique with dual-axis accelerometer
− enabling tire location determination without
the need for user intervention and/or the use
of LF initiator(s).
• Lower RF transmitting power
consumption
− <7mA at 5dBm
• g-cells based on technology used in
airbags we shipped close to1 billion unit
level.
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Power Consumption Comparison

Freescale
Competitor
MPXY8XXX

Operating Voltage
1.9V to 3.6V 1.8V to 3.6V
MCU, RF Transmitter

Operating Voltage
2.1V to 3.6V 2.3V to 3.6V
Measurement

Stop Idd@ 25 °C 0.7 uA 0.7 uA

RF Output 5dBm @315MHz 3V 10 mA <7 mA

RF Output 5dBm @434MHz 3V 10 mA <7.6 mA

MPXY85xx/86xx have lower RF transmitting power consumption will help on

battery life and cost.

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MCU Core Comparison

Freescale
Competitor
MPXY8XXX

MCU Core 8051 9S08

Flash for Customer 6K 8K
RAM 256 Byte 512 Byte

MPXY85xx/86xx with 8k flash for customers will allow one module for
more car models by offering 33% more space for customers’ software.

Benefit for customers’ inventory/production/operation management.

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Sensor Performance Comparison

Freescale
Competitor
MPXY8XXX
± 7 kPa ± 7 kPa
0 ℃ to 50 ℃ 0 ℃ to 70 ℃
Low Pressure Range
± 9 kPa ± 10.5 kPa
100-450 kPa
0℃ to 70 ℃ -20 ℃ to 85 ℃
Maximum error
± 17.5 kPa ± 16.8 kPa
-40 ℃ to 125 ℃ -40 ℃ to125 ℃
±10 kPa
0 ℃ to 70 ℃
Medium Pressure Range
± 15 kPa
100-900 kPa
-20 ℃ to 85 ℃
Maximum error
±24 kPa
-40 ℃ to 125 ℃
Z-axis
Accelerometer Only Z-axis XZ-axis
No Accel

MPXY85xx/MPXY86xx offer better temp performance enable

better system accuracy.

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Sensor Performance Comparison (continued)

Freescale
Competitor
MPXY8XXX

Max Operating Temperature -40 ℃ to 125 ℃ -40 ℃ to 125 ℃

±3 ℃ ±3 ℃
(-20 ℃ to 70 ℃) (-35 ℃ to 70 ℃)
Temperature Error
±5 ℃ ±5 ℃
(-40 ℃ to 125 ℃)
℃ ( -40 ℃ to 125 ℃)
℃

Voltage Range 1.9V to 3.6V 1.8V to 3.6V

±100 mV ±75 mV
Voltage Error
(-40 ℃ to 125 ℃) (-40 ℃ to 125 ℃)

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35
Sensor Package Comparison

Competitor Freescale Freescale

MPXY85XX MPXY87XX
/MPXY86XX

• PG-DSOSP-14-6
• 9.24 X 11.09 X 3.9 mm

MPXY85xx/86xx smaller in size will • QFN 9x9x2.3mm

help on module’s size, weight and cost.
TM

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36
RF Basics
 The transmitter generates a radio frequency (RF) signal
− OOK : The signal is canceled during low level
− FSK : The frequency of the wave varies with the value of the modulating signal
 The transmitter matching network optimize the transfer of power until the antenna
 The transmitter antenna transforms this RF signal to an electromagnetic wave
 The wave propagates to the receiver’s antenna
 The receiver antenna collects the wave at RF frequency
 The receiver matching network optimizes the transfer of power until the receiver
input
 The receiver processes the signal

Either OOK
Transmit Receive
modulation
Transmitter Matching Matching Receiver
Network Network
Or FSK
modulation

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• 37
RF of TPMS
What is impact RF receiving rate?
 RF Receiver design (RF antenna gain, device sensitivity, RF
antenna matching, position & direction on car )
 RF emitter design (RF antenna gain, RF power, RF antenna
matching, direction)
 RF protocol (FSK or ASK? Repeat times?)
RF Receiving Rate Power consumption Comment

FSK ☺  FSK is less susceptible to

interference
OOK  ☺ Lower cost for RF Receiver
side and emitter side
(Shrader)

Lower Baud Rate ☺  It need to repeat the RF

frame when the receiving
Higher Baud Rate rate can’t meet the target.
 ☺
Shorter Length of ☺ ☺
Protocol

Higher RF power ☺  It need to repeat the RF

frame when the receiving
rate can’t meet the target.

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RF of TPMS
RF Frame Format

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RF Data Encoding
Manchester encoding (most customer)

 Customize encoding (S&T, TTE and etc.) NRZ encoding to resolve it!

Bi-phase encoding

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Inter-Frame Spacing of RF

To avoid frame collisions between data from multiple sensors

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TPMS MCU power modes
Variable RUN STOP4 STOP1

Active clocks HFO, MFO, LFO

MFO, LFO
LFO
RAM (512 bytes) Active Stand-by Off

PARAM (64 Active Active Active

bytes)
RF Transmitter Optionally On Optionally On Optionally On

LF Receiver Optionally On Optionally On Optionally On

Sensors Optionally On Optionally On Off

MCU On and clocking Stand-by, not Off

clocking
PWU ON ON ON

GPIOs ON Levels Hi-Z

maintained
Interrupts Optionally ON Optionally ON Some On, Some
off, will start code
from main()

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 单向)
单向
Direct TPMS Architecture (单向

RSM RSM

TPMS RF RSM
Receiver
SPARE

RSM RSM

RSM: Remote Sensing Module

TM

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 双向)
双向
Direct TPMS Architecture (双向

RSM RSM

LF LF

TPMS RF RSM
Receiver
SPARE
LF

CAN
LF

RSM RSM

RSM: Remote Sensing Module

LF: LF Initiator

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LF in TPMS System
LF emitter in car OEM production line LF emitter in aftermarket

Automatic
product line

Handheld tool
Handheld tool

TM

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Difference of LF Tool
LF on car (Dual way) Automatic product Handheld LF emitter LF in bootloader
Line

Trigger TPMS module •Diagnostic (pressure, •Car model matching, • Programming for
Switch the state accel, battery, state) tire position different car
(stationary, rolling, and record (ID, car •Diagnostic model
localization) module, date) (pressure, accel, •Upgrade code
battery, state) and
record (ID, car
module, date)
40 – 90 cm ? 10 - 50 cm About 10 cm

Above 150 cm is not Above 150 cm is not Above 100 cm is not Above 30 cm is
allowed allowed allowed not allowed

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LF Receiver

Carrier Mode

• Amplitude
• frequency
• duration

Data Mode

• Carrier Mode + Datagram in Manchester format

Direct Mode

• Data Mode with no Manchester decoding

• Used in rare cases

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LF Protocol
Standard LF telegram Manchester code (New TPMS system)

SYNC patterns

 Special LF telegram (TPMS for replacement)

200 +/- 20 ms

20 +/- 2 ms 10 +/- 1 ms

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Typical TPM Operational Parameters
Parameter Value Units
Data Measurement Interval
Motion 3 sec
Parked 15 minute
Data Transmission Interval
Motion 60 sec
Parked 60 minute
RF Transmission Protocol
Bit Rate 9600 bits/sec
Bits/Frame 90 bits
Frames/Datagram 4 frames
Pressure Change Alert 256 frames
Diagnostic Modes 6 modes
Pressure Change Alert 15 kPa
Pressure Measure Range 100 to 900 kPa
Temperature Measure Range -40 to +125 °C

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Example TPM Operational Profile

10 Years (87600 hrs)

25000 km/yr Moving (3650 hrs)

4%
decaying 1500 km/yr

Total Distance
182500 km

Average Speed of
50 km/hr
96%
Parked (83950 hrs)
Total Time Moving
3650 hrs Assume Constant
Temperature and Voltage

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Battery life and Power Consumption

Self Discharge
18% Standby
Reserve 35%
10%

16% 21%
Transmit Processing

Assume 250 mA-hr Battery

205 mA-hr used (including self-discharge)

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 TM

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MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX
Element Used for… Provided by MPXY8XXX
Absolute Pressure Sensor Acquiring tire pressure
Acceleration Sensor(s) Determining if the vehicle is
moving
deciding which wheel it is
(MPXY86XX)
Battery Providing power to the
system
Timer Deciding when to transmit
Control Unit (MCU) Gluing all actions together
RF Transmitter Sending data to the vehicle
LF Receiver Getting instructions from the
outside world
Plastic/Metal housing Holding everything together
“Putting” Isolating electronic
components from tire “goo”
Algorithm Perform actions
systematically
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Literature

• Data Sheet
− Describes
Silicon
− FXTH87xxxx_rev0 3.pdf

• User Guide
− Describes Firmware
− FXTH87xx11_ug_213.pdf (2-axes
products)
− ngo_ug_294.pdf (1-axis products)

• Reference Manual/Application notes

− AN4277: Interfacing to firmware
− AN4391: LF design considerations

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MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX : Freescale Firmware

• Physically, one 16Kbyte Flash block

• First half is empty
− 8kbyte for user
• Second half contains Freescale firmware
− Low-level drivers
− Math functions
− Individual Trim/compensation
− UniqueID
− CRC
− Interrupt vectors

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55
MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX : Calling Freescale Firmware (1)

• MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX User Guide

contains documentation for all in-flash
firmware routines
• All routines can be called through an
absolute-address pointer
Absolute Address Return Type Function

$E000 Void TPMS_RESET

$E003 UINT8 TPMS_READ_VOLTAGE

$E006 UINT8 TPMS_COMP_VOLTAGE

$E009 UINT8 TPMS_READ_TEMP

$E00C UINT8 TPMS_COMP_TEMP

… … Refer to User Guide for complete

list

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56
 MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX : Calling Freescale Firmware (2)

• The User Guide also contains a function definition

− For example,

UINT8 TPMS_READ_VOLTAGE(UINT16 *u16UUMA)

• Pointers to absolute addresses casted as pointers to functions can

be declared for each firmware function
− For example,
− #define TPMS_READ_VOLTAGE ((uint8_t(*)(uint16_t*))((uint16_t)0xE003))

• Each pointer can then be treated as a regular C function

− For example,

u8Status = TPMS_READ_VOLTAGE(gau16UUMA);

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MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX : Calling Freescale Firmware (3)
• Interrupts are passed to the user directly unless owned by
Freescale
− ISRs owned by Freescale:

ADC
− ISRs flagged by Freescale before being passed to the user:

RFM

KBI

RTI

PWU

LVD
• User must declare pseudo-vectors and handle each interrupt
as if it were its own

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58
MPXY87XX/86XX/85XX : Other firmware functions
• Math
− Checksum, CRC8, CRC16, 16-bit multiply,
− Square Root, Weighted average
• Measurements
− Read analog voltage on PTA0, Read analog voltage on PTA1, Read
acceleration with dynamic offset loading
• RF
− Calculate power dynamically, Read RF buffer, Reset RF configuration,
• Timing compensation
− Low-frequency clock compensation, Medium frequency clock compensation,
• Simulated SPI
− Read, write
• LF Reception
− Enable LF, decode data
• Flash
− Write to flash, Erase flash page, Read UniqueID

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59
Hardware: Schematic Example

XTAL
26 MHz

Matching (RF Emitter)

LF Receiver 315/434MHz
125 kHz

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TM

61
Power-saving strategies

• Periodically call TPMS_READ_* routines, but only call

TPMS_COMP_* routines if raw values have shifted significantly
or if a long period of time has elapsed.

• When calling TPMS_COMP_PRESSURE or

TPMS_COMP_ACCELERATION, reutilize existing voltage and
temperature data instead of requesting new data

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62
Measurement Uses

• Battery Voltage:
− Transmitted to car
− Helps unit determine EOL
• Temperature:
− Used to determine if device is Out Of Operation Range
• Pressure:
− Transmitted to car
− Main function of the device – determine if tires are correctly inflated
• Accelerometer(s):
− Customer IP goes into different functionalities

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63
Uses for acceleration

• Determine operation mode (parking/running)

• Determine wheel location
• Determine wheel position
• Determine thread’s wear
• ??

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64
TPMS_READ_ACCEL functionality

Zraw (counts)
Moving
Threshold

Park Mode

Time (s)
• TPMS_READ_ACCEL and TPMS_COMP_ACCEL are useful when trying
to determine whether a vehicle is moving or is stopped

• i.e. Set a threshold, determine if the threshold has been passed – Car is
moving

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65
TPMS_READ_ACCEL functionality

Zraw (counts)
Time (s)
• TPMS_READ_ACCEL can also be used to determine position
in the tire

• i.e. Each local maximum indicates top-most position in the tire,

each local minimum indicates bottom-most position in the tire

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66
TPMS_READ_ACCEL limitations

• Assume 17-inch rim (diameter = 43.18 cm; radius = 21.59 cm)

• Using centrifugal force formula

• Range, is +/- 33.9 km/h

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Hardware: Layout (Silk Top)

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Hardware: Layout (Top Layer)

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Hardware: Layout (L2 GND)

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Hardware: Layout (L3 Power)

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Hardware: Layout (Bottom Layer)

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Hardware: Layout (Silk bottom)

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TM

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 TM

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