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USER’S MANUAL

August 2000

SPLITS USER’S MANUAL

Prepared by:

Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.


1544 Viel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3M 1G4
Tel.: (514) 336-2511 Fax: (514) 336-6144
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The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Safe
Engineering Services & technologies ltd. Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd assumes no responsibility for any
errors that may appear in this document.

The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the
terms of such license.

 Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd. 1981-2000


All Rights Reserved
REVISION RECORD

DATE VERSION/REVISION

February 1981 Version 1 at Revision Level 1


February 1982 Version 1 at Revision Level 5
August 1983 Version 1 at Revision Level 7
July 1984 Version 1 at Revision Level 8
January 1987 Version 1 at Revision Level 9
April 1988 Version 1 at Revision Level 10
June 1989 Version 1 at Revision Level 11
July 1990 Version 1 at Revision Level 13
July 1991 Version 1 at Revision Level 14
July 1992 Version 1 at Revision Level 15
September 1993 Version 1 at Revision Level 16
November 1997 Version 1 at Revision Level 17
December 1998 Version 7 at Revision Level 0
January 2000 Version 8 at Revision Level 0
August 2000 Version 9 at Revision Level 0

VSS:/Helpdev/Manuals/Splits/Splits.doc

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Safe Engineering Services & technologies ltd.


___________________________________________
1544 Viel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3M 1G4
Tel.: (514) 336-2511 FAX: 336-6144
Email: support@sestech.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1 DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAM SPLITS ...................................................... 1-1


1.1 TECHNICAL FEATURES...........................................................................................................................1-1
1.1.1 CAPABILITIES ..............................................................................................................................1-1
1.1.2 DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS............................................................................................1-3
1.1.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................1-5
1.1.4 ELECTRICAL SAFETY ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................1-5
1.1.5 LIMITATIONS ................................................................................................................................1-5
1.2 PREPARING SPLITS COMMAND INPUT FILES .....................................................................................1-5
1.2.1 STRUCTURE OF THE INPUT DATA FILE ...................................................................................1-6
1.3 VIEWING, PRINTING AND PLOTTING COMPUTATION RESULTS.......................................................1-8
2 SPLITS INPUT DATA FILES ............................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 COMMENTS MODULE..............................................................................................................................2-1
2.2 TEST MODULE <INACTIVE>..................................................................................................................2-2
2.3 OPTIONS MODULE...................................................................................................................................2-3
2.4 BASE MODULE .......................................................................................................................................2-11
2.5 SAFE MODULE........................................................................................................................................2-12
2.6 SYST MODULE........................................................................................................................................2-16
2.7 GENERAL PURPOSE (STANDARD) COMMANDS ...............................................................................2-31
3 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CASE ....................................................................................... 3-1
4 A TYPICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEM............................................................................ 4-1
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM..........................................................................................................4-1
4.2 SUMMARY OPTION ..................................................................................................................................4-4
4.3 DETAILED OPTION...................................................................................................................................4-5
5 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 5-1
APPENDIX A TRANSFORMER MODELLING....................................................................... A-1
A.1 TRANSFORMER TYPES WHICH CAN BE MODELLED........................................................................ A-1
A.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMMANDS RELATED TO TRANSFORMER ......................................... A-4
A.3 EXAMPLES OF MODELLING TRANSFORMERS.................................................................................. A-5

SPLITS Page iii


TABLE OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1.1 Typical Power Circuit Configuration ................................................................................................................. 1-3


Figure 1.2 Structure of the Input Data File ......................................................................................................................... 1-7
Figure 2.1 "Quick-Test" System ........................................................................................................................................... 2-1
Figure 2.2 Power System Network Assumed in the Sample Tests ........................................................................................ 2-2
(a) POLAr Option ................................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
(b) CARTesian Option.............................................................................................................................................................. 2-5
(c) Default Option (Cartesian & Polar).................................................................................................................................. 2-5
Table 2.2 Default Values Invoked by Specwords of IEEE Keyword................................................................................. 2-13
Figure 2.3 Structure of Input Data Module SYST .............................................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 3.1 Sample Circuit .................................................................................................................................................... 3-1
Figure 3.2 Command Mode Input Data File........................................................................................................................ 3-2
Figure 4.1 Power System Network ....................................................................................................................................... 4-2
Figure 4.2 Transmission Line Configuration ....................................................................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1 Self and Mutual Impedances (in ohms/mile)....................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure A.1 Three-Phase Non-Auto-Transformers ................................................................................................................. A-2
Table A.1 Power Rating and Rated Voltages.......................................................................................................................... A-6
Table A.2 Open Circuit Test Data........................................................................................................................................... A-6
Table A.3 Short Circuit Test Data........................................................................................................................................... A-6

SPLITS Page v
Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

1 DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAM


SPLITS

1.1 TECHNICAL FEATURES


SPLITS (an acronym for Simulation of Power Lines, Interconnections and Terminal Stations) is a
powerful electrical circuit analysis program intended to study the performance of a power system
network, duly taking into account the presence of all neutral conductors, ground metallic networks and
earth media during non-transient conditions, i.e., normal conditions, unbalance conditions, fault
conditions, etc.

1.1.1 Capabilities
The following items describe some typical problems which can be successfully analyzed by SPLITS:

• Short Circuit Analysis

Practically any type of fault can be simulated. The fault path may have a nonzero impedance
if desired. Some typical faults are:

- Single phase to ground fault.

- Double and three phase (to ground or not) faults.

- Simultaneous faults (cross-country faults).

• Open-Circuit, Open-Line Analyses

• Network Unbalance Analyses

• Automatic Transformer Modelling

• Electromagnetic Induction Analyses (EMI)

Induction from power networks to other installations such as pipelines and


telecommunication lines.

• Performance of Grounding Systems

• Transmission Line Protection and Relay Coordination

• Effects of Shunt and Series Capacitors and Reactors

SPLITS Page 1-1


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

• Sizing of Phase Conductors, Ground Wires, and Sheaths Against Fusing

The flexibility provided by SPLITS makes it difficult to list all possible applications. Indeed, as the
experience of the user grows, he will find a growing number of new applications for the program.

The typical problem which can be analyzed by SPLITS is shown in Figure 1.1. SPLITS is designed to
solve the problem based on a minimum number of simplifying assumptions, i.e., the system is modelled
as is, even when all the variables which define the system differ from one span to the other. Hence, the
value of each element shown in Figure 1.1 can be assigned by the user without any restriction. Typically:

• The source voltage driving each conductor can take any value. Therefore, unbalanced
multiphase power systems can be modelled.

• As far as the program is concerned, there is essentially no difference between a phase


conductor, a neutral conductor or a ground wire, except that the neutral conductor or ground
wire source voltage is typically zero, and the shunt impedances of the neutral conductor
represent the tower ground impedances. When the conductor is a phase wire, shunt
impedances represent the distributed conductor capacitances. When, at localized areas along
the line, shunt capacitors or reactors are installed, these are also modelled as shunt
impedances.

• Each single shunt (or tower) impedance can be assigned a unique value different from all
other shunt values.

• Open circuit conditions are modelled by insertion of high impedance values at the desired
locations.

• Mutual coupling between any pair of conductors can be specified. These mutual impedances
need not be equal from span to span.

• In addition to the impedances and connections shown in Figure 1.1, connections can be made
between any number of phases at each span: each connection can be a short-circuit or can be
made via a user-specified.

• The so-called "bus to neutral" impedances at the Central (or Main) Station are generally used
to represent the equivalent impedances of a transformer. In the event of a phase to ground
fault, this impedance is replaced by a short or by the impedance of the arc or fault path. When
a conductor is not connected to the substation neutral path, a large impedance value must be
specified.

SPLITS Page 1-2


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

Figure 1.1 Typical Power Circuit Configuration

1.1.2 Definitions and Conventions


Central Station

This is the location upon which a given study focuses. It usually corresponds to a power substation or a
major industrial plant. However, it could also be a building, a house or a transmission tower. Electric
lines and metallic conductors (power lines or cables, distribution lines and/or communication lines and
pipelines, etc.) connect the Central Station to Terminals. Often, the Central Station is the location of a
power fault.

Terminals and Busses

A Terminal is a location where the electrical lines and other metallic conductors originating from the
Central Station busses (each line is associated with a specific bus at the Central Station) are connected to
the rest of the network (transmission system, distribution system, etc). As seen in Figure 1.1, these
terminals are the endpoints of the conductors in the mode used for the program. Each terminal is
identified by a name. The default name is UNSP. If several terminals exist, then different names should
be used.

Lines and Line Source Voltages

Program SPLITS assumes that there are the same number of lines, between the Central Station and any
terminal, and moreover, SPLITS assumes that the lines are all connected to their associated busses (i.e.

SPLITS Page 1-3


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

line 3 to bus 3). If a particular line does not exist in reality between the fault location and a given
terminal, it is necessary to inform the program by means of the "DUMMy" descriptor.

Bus Connection Impedance

The impedance of the connection between a bus and the ground network at the Central Station is
specified by entering its resistive component followed by its reactive component. This impedance is also
designated as the Bus-to-Neutral Connection impedance.

If the bus is a ground wire bus, this bus connection impedance is typically zero.

If the bus is a phase bus, the bus connection impedance is the transformer winding impedance of the
corresponding phase, unless this bus is faulted. In such a case, the impedance to use is either zero or a
value equal to the fault impedance. When no transformer exists, then the bus connection impedance
value to use is a very high impedance to simulate an open-circuit condition.

Line Section

A line section is a segment of line existing between two shunt impedances. The shunt impedance
furthest away from the Central Station has the same number as the line section it bounds. Note that the
sections are numbered starting from 1 at the section adjacent to the Central Station. The last section (no
number) is the section adjacent to the terminal section described earlier and is called the Terminal
Section.

Mutual and Connection Impedances

SPLITS automatically ignores any mutual or connection impedance between a section and itself. Mutual
and connection impedance values can be specified between any pair of lines belonging to the same
section.

Differentiating Between Lines

SPLITS does not differentiate between an overhead ground wire, cable shield, pipe, etc., or phase wire.
All of these are considered to be "Lines" connected to the associated bus. For example, a ground wire is
a phase wire connected to a voltage source of 0 volts. In addition, the ground wire bus is connected
directly to the ground network. Similarly, a section of pipe close to the power system can be described as
a ground wire open at its terminals (use of high impedance values).

Each line must terminate at a bus, which has a name and a number. The bus number is used by SPLITS
to identify the bus. Consequently the bus number must be specified by the user. The bus name is optional
but highly recommended. Similar names can be used for different busses.

SPLITS Page 1-4


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

1.1.3 Sensitivity Analysis


Generally, the overhead network data is accurately known and is practically unaffected by the variations
of earth characteristics and climatic conditions. The ground network, however, is significantly
influenced by the soil characteristics.

SPLITS offers the possibility of analyzing the problem for a range of values of the parameters which are
strongly dependent on the soil characteristics. When this "scanning" option is requested, the program
will automatically modify the value of these parameters according to the user's specifications.

1.1.4 Electrical Safety Analysis


When the user is also concerned about the safety aspects of the Central Station ground network, SPLITS
will conduct the safety analysis based on the pertinent data and safety criteria provided by the user.

1.1.5 Limitations
Section 3.3 of the CDEGS Installation Guide provides an indication of maximum values imposed on
such quantities as the number of busses, terminals, self impedances, shunt impedances, and mutual
impedances which can be specified in this version of the program.

1.2 PREPARING SPLITS COMMAND INPUT FILES


SPLITS commands and data are specified using an English-like syntax. In addition, SPLITS data can be
specified in any order within a logical "block" of data. These two factors make it relatively easy to
manage the mass of data required to completely specify a current distribution problem.

Preparing Input Data

For best results, enter your SPLITS data using one of the interactive input data processors, i.e., SICL for
a command mode input session and Input Toolbox for a menu-based approach. Each of these programs
provides you with a user-friendly environment, including preliminary error-checking, in which you can
specify the engineering data required by SPLITS. SICL and Input Toolbox offer detailed on-line help
and can plot selected data on your screen to help you verify your data entry. Note that, if you prefer to
prepare your data outside of these interactive environments, you can always use a word processor (in
ASCII mode) to create or edit a SICL input file before invoking the SICL input processor, and then use
the OPEN-FILE and READ commands within SICL to process the file you have prepared. SICLand
Input Toolbox create a complete, syntactically correct SPLITS input file at the end of the interactive
session.

The Getting Started manual presents examples (in Chapter 6) showing how to prepare input data using
the SICL input data processor. The How To… manuals show how to use the Input Toolbox.

For information on file-naming conventions, consult the Getting Started manual.

SPLITS Page 1-5


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

Fixed-Format Input Files

Data entry for older version of SPLITS (1991 and earlier releases) was made by means of input files
which were all at least partially in a fixed-format. While this type of input has been superseded by the
more user-friendly SICL-compatible input described in this manual, it can still be invoked for use with
older input files. Simply insert the following two command lines at the very beginning of the input file in
order to invoke the fixed-format mode:

SPLITS

OLD-FASHION

These should then be followed by the RUN-IDENTIFICATION module from the old file and the file
thereafter.

1.2.1 Structure of the Input Data File


The SPLITS input file is organized as a series of modules. Always start the input file with the Program
Command SPLITS. You can then specify up to 10 comment lines to be written to the SPLITS output file
using the TEXT command. Command specification can then proceed on a module-by-module basis.

Each module is introduced by an access word (AW) and consists of one or several blocks. Blocks are
located arbitrarily within the module and can be separated for clarity by the separator command DONE.
Each block contains keywords (KW), words (W), subwords (SW) and alphanumerical values (when
applicable). The terminator ENDM, positioned at the end of a module, causes the program to exit a
module. Note that once a module has been exited, reentry can cause all the previously specified data to
be erased. This holds specifically for the SYSTem module. Hence, all data belonging to a given module
should be specified together, in one block.

Accesswords, keywords, words and subwords are all input commands. They are a minimum of four
characters long and are placed at the beginning of a data line. The maximum number of characters for a
command is thirty characters (five when the formatted option is specified). Characters beyond the fourth
character are optional. The data line is 80 characters wide. Figure 1.2 is a schematic diagram of the
structure of a SPLITS data input file.

SPLITS Page 1-6


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

Figure 1.2 Structure of the Input Data File

Each module is labeled by an accessword and is generally composed of several command groups, which
are labeled by a keyword. A keyword may appear in several modules, but it is functionally distinct from
the same keyword belonging to another module and will not confuse the program. Similarly, words
belonging to a given keyword form a functional subgroup and identical words from different subgroups
have distinct meanings for the program. Similar rules also apply to subwords belonging to a specific
word.

Appendix B gives the list of commands, i.e., accesswords (AW), keywords (KW) and words (W), which
are available in this version of computer program SPLITS.

Command Mode Syntax

A command is made up of the command verb, an optional specword, and optional or mandatory data
variables. Variables and specwords specified on the same command line are separated by commas. Real
numbers can be entered with exponents, for example 2.1E-09 or 0.7E+11 (note that no spaces are
allowed before or after the "E"). Command verbs can be abbreviated. A SPLITS input file also includes
Standard Commands, which are general-purpose commands that are unrelated to the engineering
calculations of the program, such as comment lines which are used to describe the input file. Note that
default specwords may be invoked by typing two consecutive commas (or two commas separated by
blank characters) after the command.

SPLITS Page 1-7


Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS

1.3 VIEWING, PRINTING AND PLOTTING COMPUTATION


RESULTS
When you run SPLITS, computation results are stored in a user-readable printout file and in a machine-
readable database file. When SPLITS has finished running, you can view your results in the following
ways:

i) For most convenience, use the SIRPS report and plot generator or the Output Toolbox
(which uses SIRPS internally) to extract information from the machine-readable database
file. SIRPS can extract a summary of the most important results and display it promptly
on your screen or save it in a report file for subsequent printing. SIRPS can also prepare
customized reports and plots, for immediate display on your video screen or subsequent
hardcopy printing. See the Getting Started manual and the SIRPS User's Manual for
details on how to use SIRPS.

ii) Edit or print the user-readable printout file which contains complete computation results.
Note that this file can be quite long, so verify its length before printing it!

Note that no results are automatically displayed on your screen or on your printer when a SPLITS run
ends. In order to view your results, proceed as described above.

For information on file-naming conventions, consult the Getting Started manual.

SPLITS Page 1-8


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

2 SPLITS INPUT DATA FILES


This chapter describes in detail the commands which make up a SPLITS input file. The complete set of
SPLITS commands, organized according to the SPLITS command hierarchy, is given in Appendix B of
this manual. This appendix also contains indexed page references to the present chapter.

Chapter Organization

This chapter defines and explains the commands that can be placed in a SPLITS input file, on a module
by module basis: each module is introduced and the syntax for the corresponding module command is
defined, then for each command within the module, the command syntax and function are given. A
complete example of a SPLITS input file is presented in the “How To … Engineering Guide” entitled
“Analysis of AC Interference Between Transmission Lines and Pipelines”.

2.1 COMMENTS MODULE


A typical SPLITS input file (e.g., see the example input file in Chapter 4) begins with a number of lines
labeled "TEXT". TEXT is a SICL standard command which is used to specify text strings that will be
written to the SPLITS output file. A maximum of 10 TEXT lines can be specified, each with a
maximum of 80 characters per comment string. The commands COMMENT and !, mark a line as a
comment in the input file, but these strings are not included in the SPLITS output file. Unlike TEXT
lines, COMMENT lines can appear at any point in the input file.

The "Quick-Test"

If the input file contains no data other than comments and a run identification, then SPLITS assumes that
the user wants to test the integrity of the program. As a result, a sample run, called the Quick Test, is
submitted. This run is based on a system consisting of resistive elements only, which is shown in Figure
2.1.

Figure 2.1 "Quick-Test" System

SPLITS Page 2-1


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

2.2 TEST MODULE <INACTIVE>


Syntax:

TEST, spec

Where spec may be one of the following descriptors:

1-PHase
2-PHase
3-PHase
CROSs-country
UNBAlance
INDUction
BASE or any other character (default = sample test). <Default specword>.

This is a module consisting of one data line containing an accessword, "TEST", followed by a specword.
The user has a choice of seven different sample tests. Each of these tests illustrates a typical application
of program SPLITS. Figure 2.2 shows the power system which was used to develop the sample tests. In
some of the tests, only Terminal "SKY" is specified. The detailed values of the system parameters can be
obtained from the sample test printout.

Figure 2.2 Power System Network Assumed in the Sample Tests

SPLITS Page 2-2


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

2.3 OPTIONS MODULE


Syntax:

OPTIONS or WANT

Module OPTIons consists of 13 possible keywords which must follow the accessword, "OPTIons". The
keywords, which can be entered in any sequence, are used to modify the default options assumed by
SPLITS. These keywords are described in the following paragraphs.

Syntax:

RUN-IDENTIFIcation, spec

This command is used to identify the printout and the plots produced by the program. The specword,
spec, is a character string with a maximum of 20 characters. Any alphanumeric string may be specified.

< Default is "SAMPLE TEST CASE" >

Syntax:

VARY, spec

When "VARY" is specified, SPLITS analyzes the problem for values of soil resistivity varying from
zero to a maximum value specified in the BASE Module. In varying the soil resistivity, SPLITS also
varies the values of parameters that are functions of soil resistivity. Such parameters are clearly signaled
as such in their syntax descriptions.

The specword, spec, can be one of the following descriptors:

• YES / ON: enable varying of soil resistivity. <Default specword>.

• NO / OFF: disable varying of soil resistivity. <Default setting>.

Syntax:

NEUTRAL, spec

NEUTral informs SPLITS that all subsequent source voltages are to be interpreted as phase-to-neutral
values. If this keyword is not specified, SPLITS assumes that the source voltages are phase-to-phase
values of a 3-phase system, i.e., 1.732 times the phase-to-neutral values. The specword, spec, can be one
of the following descriptors:

• YES / ON: Source voltages are to be interpreted as phase-to-neutral values.

<Default specword>.

SPLITS Page 2-3


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

• NO / OFF: Source voltages are to be interpreted as phase-to-phase values.

<Default setting>.

Syntax:

PRINTOUT, spec

The keyword PRINtout informs the program whether the user desires an abbreviated, semi-detailed, or
detailed output of currents computed for the power system. The amount of output is governed by the
specword selected:

• SUMMary: lists the currents at the Central Station only.

• SEMI-detailed: lists the currents at the Central Station and all terminals.

• DETAiled: lists the currents computed throughout the power system: at the Central Station, at
the

terminals and in every power line section.

<Default specword/setting>.

Syntax:

OUTPUT, spec

Where spec is one of the following:

• POLAr: Polar form only.

• CARTesian: Cartesian form only.

• BOTH: Polar and Cartesian forms.<Default specword/setting>.

The Keyword OUTPut determines whether complex numbers in the computation results appear in polar,
Cartesian, or both forms. The default option is to display the results in both forms and is activated if the
OUTPut Keyword is not specified; in this case, polar and Cartesian representations of a number are
printed side by side (i.e., columnwise). The user should note, however, that when a detailed output is
requested, the line sections output will have one of the following forms depending upon the option
selected:
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Module (A) Angle (deg.) No. Module (A) Angle (deg.) Module (V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368
2 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 1 0.10178E-02 -179.308 0.10178E+06 -179.308
3 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 2 0.10192E-02 -179.264 0.10192E+06 -179.264
4 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 3 0.10212E-02 -179.216 0.10212E+06 -179.216
5 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 4 0.10236E-02 -179.168 0.10236E+06 -179.168
6 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 5 0.10264E-02 -179.121 0.10264E+06 -179.121
7 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 6 0.10295E-02 -179.076 0.10295E+06 -179.076
8 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 7 0.10328E-02 -179.035 0.10328E+06 -179.035

SPLITS Page 2-4


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

9 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 8 0.10365E-02 -178.998 0.10365E+06 -178.998


10 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 9 0.10403E-02 -178.967 0.10403E+06 -178.967
11 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.367 10 0.10443E-02 -178.940 0.10443E+06 -178.940
12 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.367 11 0.10484E-02 -178.919 0.10484E+06 -178.919

(a) POLAr Option


SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Active (A) Reactive (A) No. Active (A) Reactive (A) Active (A) Reactive (A)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14
2 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 1 -0.10177E-02 -0.12300E-04 -0.10177E+06 -1230.0
3 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 2 -0.10192E-02 -0.13095E-04 -0.10192E+06 -1309.5
4 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 3 -0.10211E-02 -0.13965E-04 -0.10211E+06 -1396.5
5 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 4 -0.10235E-02 -0.14863E-04 -0.10235E+06 -1486.3
6 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 5 -0.10262E-02 -0.15752E-04 -0.10262E+06 -1575.2
7 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 6 -0.10293E-02 -0.16605E-04 -0.10293E+06 -1660.5
8 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 7 -0.10327E-02 -0.17400E-04 -0.10327E+06 -1740.0
9 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 8 -0.10363E-02 -0.18122E-04 -0.10363E+06 -1812.2
10 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 9 -0.10401E-02 -0.18762E-04 -0.10401E+06 -1876.2
11 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 10 -0.10441E-02 -0.19313E-04 -0.10441E+06 -1931.3
12 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 11 -0.10483E-02 -0.19775E-04 -0.10483E+06 -1977.5

(b) CARTesian Option

Sect.<----- BUS -----><------------ SECTION CURRENT ( Amps ) ----------> Tower <-------- TOWER <SHUNT> CURRENT ( Amps ) -------->
No. No. TYPE ACTIVE REACTIVE MODULE ANGLE(deg.) No. ACTIVE REACTIVE MODULE ANGLE(deg.)
==== === ============ ============ ============ ============ =========== ===== ============ ============ ============ ===========
1 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368
2 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 1 -0.10177E-02 -0.12300E-04 0.10178E-02 -179.308
3 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 2 -0.10192E-02 -0.13095E-04 0.10192E-02 -179.264
4 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 3 -0.10211E-02 -0.13965E-04 0.10212E-02 -179.216
5 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 4 -0.10235E-02 -0.14863E-04 0.10236E-02 -179.168
6 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 5 -0.10262E-02 -0.15752E-04 0.10264E-02 -179.121
7 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 6 -0.10293E-02 -0.16605E-04 0.10295E-02 -179.076
8 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 7 -0.10327E-02 -0.17400E-04 0.10328E-02 -179.035
9 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 8 -0.10363E-02 -0.18122E-04 0.10365E-02 -178.998
10 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 9 -0.10401E-02 -0.18762E-04 0.10403E-02 -178.967
11 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.367 10 -0.10441E-02 -0.19313E-04 0.10443E-02 -178.940
12 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.367 11 -0.10483E-02 -0.19775E-04 0.10484E-02 -178.919

(c) Default Option (Cartesian & Polar)

Note that all complex numbers in the input data file must be in Cartesian form. This rule avoids
unnecessary errors due to the mixing of polar and Cartesian forms.

When the default option is selected, the tower (or shunt) potential is not printed. However, this potential
may be obtained by subtracting the currents of the sections on either side of the tower and multiplying by
the shunt impedance.

Syntax:

CONNECTION, spec

where spec may be one of the following descriptors:

• ON / YES: Unspecified impedances should be given a zero value.

<Default specword/setting>.

• OFF / NO: Unspecified impedances should be given a very high value.

Unless otherwise instructed, SPLITS assumes that the self impedances of unspecified power system line
sections are zero (short-circuited). Keyword CONN with a NO or OFF specword, inform the program
that these impedances should rather have a very high value (open-circuited).

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

Syntax:

CAPACITANCE, X-capacitance

Keyword CAPAcitance informs the program that all unspecified sections are to be given a shunt
impedance equal to the capacitive impedance value (in megohms) entered after the keyword. If a zero
value is specified in these columns, the keyword CAPA is ignored as if it had never been specified.

Syntax:

SKIP, spec

where spec may be one of the following descriptors:

• NONE

• ECHO <Default specword/setting>.

• SUMMary

• ALL

If the SKIP keyword is omitted or the NONE specword is used, the program includes an echo of the
input data in the printout, along with a summary of the input data. When SKIP is specified with
spec=ECHO, the echo of the input data is deleted from the printout; spec=SUMM causes the same thing
to happen to the input data summary; spec=ALL causes both the echo of the input data and its summary
to be deleted from the printout.

Syntax:

WARNING, spec

Keyword WARNings causes the program to stop when warning message occur. Normally, the program
does not stop when warnings arise. The specword, spec, can be one of the following descriptors:

• YES / ON: Program stops on encountering warnings. <Default specword>.

• NO / OFF: Program does not stop. <Default setting>.

Syntax:

DEBUG, spec

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

where spec may be one of the following descriptors:

• SUMMary or ON or YES <Default specword>.

• MEDIum

• HEAVy

• SUPEr

• OFF or NO <Default setting>.

DEBUg is the debug option keyword. The user who is not familiar with the SPLITS theory and software
should avoid using this option.

When the specword is SUMM a small number of debug lines is produced. MEDI, HEAV, SUPE
produce progressively greater numbers of debug lines. SUPE results in an immense output file if used
for a problem with a great number of towers/shunts. The OFF/NO specword causes no debug lines to be
produced.

Syntax:

UPPER-LIMIT, JXJSEC, JXJBUS

This command is used to allocate pointer array space for SPLITS runs requiring large amounts of
memory.

The variables are as follows:

• JXJSEC: Maximum number of sections for any given terminal.

• JXJBUS: Maximum number of busses (including dummy busses).

JXJSEC and JXJBUS allocate pointer array space for sections and busses, respectively. They must not
exceed the maximum values defined by the following constraints:

MZBUS > JXJBUS

MZZXL > (JXJSEC-2)*JXJBUS*JXJBUS

MZZXS > (JXJSEC-2)*JXJBUS

where MZBUS, MZZXL and MZZXS are parameters in the PARAMETE.SPS include file with which
SPLITS is compiled.

Syntax:

INTERCONNECT, spec

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This command enables or disables line-to-line (phase-to-phase) connections at any section. These
connections and the interconnection impedances associated with them are specified with the MUTUAL
command.

The specword is as follows:

• YES / ON: Enables line-to-line connections at any section. <Default specword>.

• NO / OFF: Disables line-to-line connections at any section. <Default qualifier>.

Syntax:

SPAN-SCALING, Scaling-constant

This command defines a constant which can be used to scale series, mutual, interconnection and shunt
impedances specified with the SELF and MUTUal commands, as well as terminal source impedances
specified with the VOLTage command. The SERIes-mutual, RESIstive-shunt, REACtive-shunt,
TERMinal and MUTUal-inter commands control whether or not the SPAN-scaling constant is actually
applied to series, mutual, shunt, source and interconnection impedances.

When enabled, the SPAN-scaling constant multiplies series, mutual and source impedances and divides
the real and imaginary part of shunt and interconnection impedances. The main utility of this constant is
to permit simple conversion between systems of length unit when impedances are entered in ohms per
unit length.

The default value of SPAN-scaling constant is 1.0.

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Syntax:

SERIES-MUTUA, spec

This command enables and disables multiplication of series and mutual impedances by the SPAN-
scaling constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with SECTion
commands.

The specword is as follows:

• ON/YES/BOTH: Series impedances entered with SELF commands and mutual impedances entered
with MUTUal commands are multiplied by both the SPAN-scaling constant and the
associated span lengths.
<This is the default specword value>.

• OFF/NO: No scaling of series and mutual impedances occurs, even if a SPAN-scaling constant
has been defined and span lengths have been entered.
<This is the default setting>.

• FACTor_only: Series and mutual impedances are multiplied by the SPAN-Scaling constant but not
by the associated span lengths.

• SPAN_only: Series and mutual impedances are multiplied by their associated span lengths but not
by the SPAN-scaling constant.

Syntax:

RESISTIVE-SH, spec

This command enables and disables division of the resistive component of shunt impedances by the
SPAN-scaling constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with
SECTion commands.

The specword is as follows:

• ON/YES/BOTH: The resistive component of shunt impedances entered with SELF commands is
divided by both the SPAN-scaling constant and the associated span length.

<This is the default specword value>.

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• OFF/NO: Scaling of shunt impedance resistive components occurs, even if a SPAN-scaling


constant has been defined and span lengths have been entered.
<This is the default setting>.

• FACTor_only: Shunt impedance resistive components are divided by the SPAN-scaling constant but
not by the associated span lengths.

• SPAN-only: Shunt impedance resistive components are divided by their associated span lengths
but not by the SPAN-scaling constant.

Syntax:

REACTIVE-SHU, spec

This command enables and disables division of the reactive component of shunt impedances by the
SPAN-scaling constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with
SECTion commands.

The specword is as follows:

• ON/YES/BOTH: The reactive component of shunt impedances entered with SELF commands is
divided by both the SPAN-scaling constant and the associated span length.
<This is the default specword value>.

• OFF/NO: No scaling of shunt impedance reactive components occurs, even if a SPAN-scaling


constant has been defined and span lengths have been entered.
<This is the default setting>.

• FACTor-only: Shunt impedance reactive components are divided by the SPAN-scaling constant but
not by the associated span lengths.

• SPAN-only: Shunt impedance reactive components are divided by their associated span lengths
but not by the SPAN-scaling constant.

Syntax:

TERMINAL, spec

This command enables and disables multiplication of terminal source impedances by the SPAN-scaling
constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command.

The specword is as follows:

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• ON/YES/SPAN-only: Terminal source impedances entered with VOLTage commands are multiplied by the
SPAN-scaling constant.
<This is the default specword value>

• OFF/NO: No scaling of terminal source impedances occurs, even if a SPAN-scaling constant


has been defined.
<This is the default setting>

Syntax:

MUTUAL-INTER, spec

This command enables and disables division of the interconnection impedances by the span-scaling
constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with SECTion
commands.

The specword is as follows:

• ON/YES/BOTH: The interconnection impedance entered with MUTUal command is divided by both
the SPAN-scaling constant and the associated span length.
<This is the default specword value>

• OFF/NO: No scaling of interconnection impedances occurs, even if a SPAN-scaling constant


has been defined and span lengths have been entered.
<This is the default specword value>

• FACTOR-only: Interconnection impedances are divided by the SPAN-scaling constant but not by the
associated span lengths.

• SPAN-only: Interconnection impedances are divided by their associated span lengths but not by
their associated SPAN-scaling constant.

2.4 BASE MODULE


Syntax:

BASE

BASE is an accessword which is required when safety calculations or calculations involving soil
resistivity variations are desired. BASE assigns base values to soil resistivity and fault current.

There are three keywords which can be used in this module:

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Syntax:

RESISTIVITY,resistivity

RESIstivity defines the base soil resitivity value. This is the soil resistivity (in ohm-m) to be used in the
computations. When calculations are iterated for different soil resistivity values, the base soil resistivity
value is used as a reference: see the description of the INCRement command for more details.

Syntax:

FAULT, current

FAULt is necessary when safety calculations are requested. The value specified is the fault current (in
amperes) which is used to determine the stress (touch or step) voltage. Note that the stress voltage is also
defined based on the base resistivity.

Syntax:

INCREMENT,spec,last-resistivity, increment

The INCRement keyword is necessary when soil resistivity variation is requested. The first value
represents the maximum resistivity value (in ohm-meters) which is to be considered in the study. The
second value is the per unit value which, when multiplied by the base resistivity value, gives the
increment 'U (in Ω-m) between two consecutive resistivity values used in the computations. The
program starts the computation by assuming that soil resistivity ρ is almost zero. Then it repeats the
calculations a number of times, each time with a new resistivity U = U + 'U . The calculations stop on the
second occurrence of the condition ρ ≥ last-resistivity. "Spec" is a four-character name which is printed
as a reference on each plot produced in the run. This reference name is optional.

2.5 SAFE MODULE


Syntax:

SAFE

As suggested by the accessword SAFE, this module is needed when safety calculations are required.
This module specifies reference data which establishes the safety status of the Central Station. For a
more detailed discussion of safety, see References [1] - [4].

The following keywords can be used to specify the safety data.

Syntax:

IEEE, spec

where spec is one of the following:

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

• YES / ON: Use set of default values which include the ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 recommended
value for human body resistance.
<Default specword>.

• NO / OFF: Use alternate set of SPLITS default values.


<Default setting>.

With this keyword, the user chooses between the following values as the reference parameters to be used
for the safety evaluation:

SPECWORD

ON / YES OFF / NO

Body 1000 Ω 500 Ω

Foot 1.5 ρs 1.5 ρs

Time 0.5 s 0.5 s

ρs)
Insu (ρ 3000 Ω-m 1000 Ω-m

Stress 480 V 0 V

Table 2.2 Default Values Invoked by Specwords of IEEE Keyword

where:

Body: Human body resistance. 1000 Ω is the ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 recommended


value.

Foot: Foot insulation resistance. rs is the adjusted resistivity of the insulating


material separating each foot of a person from the natural earth surface layer.
This material could be a layer of gravel or asphalt, for example. The "adjusted
resistivity" concept is explained in conjunction with the INSU command. It is
important to point out that it is implicitly assumed that this insulating surface
layer has a resistivity significantly higher than that of the surface layer
resistivity (otherwise, it significantly distorts earth potentials, a situation not
normally accounted for when stress voltages are computed). The default value
of 1.5 is the ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 recommended approximate value for
touch voltage situations.

Time: Relay clearing time.

Insu b Us g : Insulating surface layer (gravel) adjusted resistivity.

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

Stress: Stress voltage. This value should be specified separately using the STRE
command. If not specified, this value is set arbitrarily to 480 V and the stress
voltage type is assumed to be a touch voltage.

Note that it is possible to specify IEEE first, then any or all of the following keywords. Note also that the
above default values are not suitable by any means for all systems and are only representative values.
Consult Chapter 3 of the MALT User's Manual for a detailed discussion of how to obtain accurate values
for the above keywords.

Syntax:

BODY, body-resistance

This keyword specifies the value (in ohms) to be used in the safety calculations for the resistance of a
human body (usually 300 to 3000 Ω).

Syntax:

FOOT, resistivity-coeff

c h
FOOT specifies a coefficient R p , in ohms/ohm-meter, proportional to the additional resistance which
must be added to the "electrocution" circuit to take account of the earth mass separating the feet of a
person from the nearest buried ground electrode. The additional resistance is R p * Us , where Us is
specified by the INSU command or defaulted by the program. ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 [1] recommends
as an approximation a resistance of 3Us for each foot. More precisely, the recommended approximate
resistance value is R = Us 4.513 S where S is the surface area covered by one foot. Therefore, if the
small effect of mutual coupling between the feet is neglected, the coefficient which must be specified is
0.5 4.513 S when the feet are in parallel (touch voltage type) and 2 4.513 S when the feet are in
series (step voltage type). Based on a "standard" foot, these values are 1.5 and 6.0 respectively.

If the insulating properties of the soles of shoes are to be taken into account, an additional resistance
given by the formula R = eUs S may be included, where e is the thickness of the sole and S is the
surface area covered by one foot. The additional coefficients to be specified are then e 2S or 2e S
depending upon the type of stress voltage considered. Note, however, that it is usual practice to neglect
this additional resistance because wet leather shoes can have very low contact resistances.

Syntax:

INSULATION, resistivity

The INSUlation keyword specifies the adjusted resistivity, ρs, (in ohm-meters) of a thin layer of
insulating material isolating the earth's surface from the feet of passersby (the equivalent GRAVel
keyword can also be used). Usually this protection is provided by covering the surface of the soil at the
exposed location with a layer of gravel or asphalt. The adjusted resistivity of the insulating layer is given

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

in Columns 21 to 29. SPLITS uses this resistivity value to determine the additional resistance provided
by the feet, unless the natural soil resistivity exceeds the insulating layer resistivity. In this last case, the
program uses the natural top soil resistivity instead of Us .

For a uniform soil of resistivity Uu , the foot resistance may be approximated by 1.5 Uu in most cases.
When, however, a two-layer structure exists, as when a layer of gravel covers the soil, the resistivity
value to use becomes less evident. ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 (Chapter 5) suggests in effect that an
adjusted resistivity Us be computed according to the formula Us = Utop F , where Utop is the resistivity of the
top insulating layer, and F is a derating factor which depends upon the ratio of the two layer resistivities,
the top layer thickness, the foot dimension, and the type of voltage contact (touch or step). In this same
chapter, curves are presented which display appropriate values of the derating factor. Gravel resistivity
usually varies between 500 and 5000 Ω-m before the derating factor has been applied.

A conservative practice would of course be to neglect the gravel layer altogether. In this way, also,
deterioration of this insulating layer over time would not compromise safety. In this case, the natural top
soil resistivity should be specified. The formula which is used to compute the actual resulting body
current is:

I b = Vstress R body + R p * Us

where Us is the top earth surface layer adjusted resistivity as explained in the preceding paragraph and
Vstress is the actual voltage applied across the electric contact points. The value of I b is then compared to
the presumed safe body current Is given by the Dalziel electrocution equation:

Is = . t

where K=0.116 and t is the clearing time in seconds (Is is in amperes). It is clear that if the foot
coefficient R p is zero, then the only current limiting parameter is the body resistance, regardless of the
top soil resistivity value.

Syntax:

TIME, clearing-time

TIME specifies the maximum fault clearing time in (seconds), and is generally between 0.1 and 1
second.

Syntax:

STRESS, spec, stress-voltage

The STREss keyword defines the type of stress voltage considered and its associated earth potential (or
potential difference) value (in volts) as computed using appropriate formulas (or computer programs
such as MALT program). The stress voltage usually represents a touch (spec = TOUCh, the default

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

specword and setting) or a step (spec = STEP) voltage. It is based on the base resistivity and fault values
as specified in the BASE module.

When STREss is a touch voltage, the specified value must be the potential which exists at a point on the
earth's surface which a man may be contacting with his feet while another part of his body is in direct
contact with metallic structures continuous with the ground electrode. In this case, SPLITS automatically
subtracts the computed ground network potential rise from the specified stress value to determine the
existing touch voltage (touch voltage = difference between GPR and soil potential). When STREss is
specified as a step voltage, the value represents the difference between the soil potentials at the contact
locations on the earth's surface (feet of the man). In other words, the user must enter the average
potential value at the earth surface location at which a man's feet are to be found, for touch type voltages,
or the absolute value of the difference of potentials between the earth surface locations of each foot of a
man, for step type voltages.

2.6 SYST MODULE


Syntax:

SYSTEM

This module describes the electric network to be analyzed.

Module SYSTem has 9 keywords, and is the only module which has words and subwords. Figure 2.3
illustrates the functions of the keywords, words and subwords (excluding the TRANSFORMER
keyword and its assigned words and subwords) and summarizes the relationships which exist between
each specific keyword and its assigned words and subwords. When several consecutive lines contain the
same subword, it is only necessary to specify the subword on the first line; the subsequent lines need
only contain data.

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

Figure 2.3 Structure of Input Data Module SYST

It is important to note that each time Module SYST is accessed (using the SYST accessword), program
SPLITS resets all counters and flags to zero. This means that values specified by a previous entry to
Module SYST are erased and replaced by the values specified in the most recent entry to Module SYST.

Syntax:

HIGH, spec

The HIGH keyword instructs SPLITS to consider zero tower/shunt or section impedance values
specified by the user as very high impedances (i.e., as open-circuits). When this keyword is specified,
SPLITS accepts zero impedances for towers/shunts or sections even if the ZERO keyword (described
later) is not enabled.

The specword specifies the target of the HIGH command:

• If spec = SECTion, then the HIGH command is considered to be applicable to the


transmission line sections. <Default setting>.

• If spec = SHUNt or anything else, then the HIGH command is considered to be applicable to
the transmission line towers (shunts). <Default specword>.

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

Syntax:

REPLACE, spec, Rvalue, Xvalue

The REPLace keyword instructs SPLITS to replace all zero tower/shunt or section impedance values
specified by the user by the value Z = Rvalue + j Xvalue, where Rvalue and Xvalue are both in ohms.
This keyword can be used to implement default values or to represent shunt capacitances.

The specword specifies the target of the REPLace command:

• If spec = SECTion, then the REPLace command is considered to be applicable to the


transmission line sections. <Default setting>.

• If spec = SHUNt or anything else, then the REPLace command is considered to be applicable
to the transmission line towers (shunts). <Default specword>.

Syntax:

ZERO

Program SPLITS will normally not accept zero impedance values for ground impedances (towers/shunts,
terminal ground networks) and overhead section self impedances. The Zero keyword forces the program
to accept zero impedances.

Syntax:

RESET

The RESEt keyword informs the program that zero impedance values are no longer to be accepted and
disables the HIGH or REPL keywords if these have been enabled.

Syntax:

GRID, name, R-constant, X-constant, R-variable

GRID assigns a ground impedance value to the ground network at the Central Station (the Central
Station is usually the location at which a fault is specified). This impedance is in ohms and is equal to:

Z = (R-constant + R-variable U Ub ) + jX-constant

where R-constant (in ohms) is the resistive component which is constant (not dependent upon soil
resistivity), X-constant (in ohms) is the ground network reactance, and R-variable (in ohms) is the
resistive component which is proportional to soil resistivity. It is assumed that R-variable has been
b g
determined using the base soil resistivity value Ub given in the BASE module (or 100 Ω-m if the base
resistivity value has not been defined). The actual resistivity value is ρ.

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

Note that when the MALT program is run, a Data Exchange File containing the main grounding system
resistance is automatically created or updated by MALT and will be consulted by SPLITS if no ground
impedance value is specified for the Central Station in the SPLITS input file. To ensure that the data
transfer does take place between SPLITS and MALT, be sure that you have respected the convention
described in the Getting Started section of your Getting Started & Input/Output Processing binder
(this usually means simply specifying the same Job ID when running related MALT and SPLITS
simulations). To be on the safe site, you can always enter the ground resistance computed by MALT in
your SPLITS input file.

The specword is a name assigned to the Central Station (the default name is CENT).

Syntax:

BUSS, name, ijk, R-resistance, X-reactance

The BUSS keyword describes the busses which exist at the Central Station and the impedance (in ohms)
of the equipment through which these busses are connected to the ground network. (This impedance is
called the "Bus to Neutral Connection Impedance"). The BUSS keyword is often used to specify a fault
condition on the busses or to specify local loads such as those calculated from the perspective of the
primary windings of a transformer.

SPLITS does not differentiate between an overhead ground wire, cable shield, pipe, or phase wire. All
these are considered to be "lines" connected to the associated bus. For example, a ground wire is a phase
wire which is connected to a voltage source of 0 volts and which is directly connected to the ground
network. Similarly, a section of pipe close to the power system can be described as a ground wire which
is open at its terminals (this is done by specifying high impedance values).

Each line has a name and number and must terminate at a bus. The maximum number of busses accepted
by this version of SPLITS is indicated in Section 3.3 of the CDEGS Installation Guide. The bus number
(ijk in the syntax description) is used by SPLITS to identify the bus and consequently must be specified
by the user. The bus name given by the specword qualifier is optional. Similar names can be used for
different busses. However, it is preferable to add to the following prefixes other characters in order to
uniquely name different busses. SPLITS recognizes the following names as neutral paths (or lines not
directly energized by power sources):

ARMO (Armour)
bbbb = Blank characters.
COMM (Communication)
FENC (Fence)
GRND (Ground wire)
GROU (Ground wire)
MITI (Mitigation)

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

NEUT (Neutral wire)


PIPE (Pipe)
RAIL (Rail)
SHIE (Shield)
SKYW (Skywire)
All other names are assumed to represent phase conductors. Note that the use of SKYW-xyz and
SKYW-123 to differentiate between two different busses is valid (qualifier length in characters is 12 or
less). The preceding two conductors will still be recognized as neutral paths.

For example, to describe three phase conductors and a ground wire, the following names could be used:

PH-Aline88, PH-Bline88, PH-Cline88, GRNDline88, NEUTlowvolt.

Observing these conventions of nomenclature leads to a well organized printout.

Finally, the impedance of the connection between a bus and the ground network of the Central Station is
specified after the bus name (in ohms). R-resistance represents its resistive component and X-reactance
its reactive component.

When the bus is a ground wire bus, the bus connection impedance is typically zero.

When the bus is a phase bus, the bus connection impedance is the transformer winding impedance of the
corresponding phase, unless this bus is faulted. In such a case, the impedance to use is either zero or a
value equal to the fault impedance. When no transformer exists, then the bus connection impedance
should be given a very large value to simulate an open-circuit condition.

Syntax:

TERMINAL, name, distance

The TERMinal keyword introduces the terminals which interconnect the lines to the rest of the power
system.

Each terminal is identified by a name given by the specword. The default name is UNSP. If several
terminals exist, different names should be used. The following words are associated with the TERM
keyword. Optionally, you may choose to enter the distance separating the central station from the
terminal (in meters or feet as specified in Module OPTIONS). This distance, when specified, is used to
plot some computation results as a function of distance instead of section (Span) number.

Syntax:

EARTH, R-constant, X-constant, R-variable

The EARTh Word specifies the ground impedance of the terminal ground network.

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

R-constant (in ohms) is the resistive component which is constant (independent of soil resistivity), X-
constant (in ohms) is the ground network reactance and R-variable (in ohms) is the resistive component
which is proportional to soil resistivity. It is assumed that R-variable has been determined using the base
soil resistivity value specified in the BASE Module (or 100 Ω-m if the base resistivity value has not
been specified).

Syntax:

LINES

The LINEs Word informs the program that the following subwords are used to describe the lines at the
terminal.

Syntax:

VOLTAGE,spec,ijk,mnl,R, X, Va, Vr

The VOLTage subword defines the terminal characteristics of lines ijk to mnl. If only one line is to be
specified, then ijk=mnl. If "spec" is entered as "DUMM", then fictitious (dummy) lines are specified; in
this case, no values should be entered for R, X, Va, and Vr. Otherwise, the specified lines are recognized
as real (existing) lines. The other specword values are as follows:

• CARTesian: Indicates that the voltage specified by variables Va and Vr is in Cartesian form.

<Default specword>.

• POLAr: Indicates that the voltage specified by variables Va and Vr is in polar form.

a- Dummy Lines

Program SPLITS assumes that there are the same number of lines between all terminals and the Central
Station. Moreover, SPLITS assumes that the lines are all connected to their associated busses at each end
(i.e. Line 3 to Bus 3). If a particular line does not exist between the Central Station and a given terminal,
then the "DUMM" specword is entered in the VOLT command for that line.

A fictitious line may also be specified by entering as an existing line with very large self impedances at
the Central Station and the Terminal and entering a very small value for the voltage source.

b- Existing Lines

When spec is not equal to DUMM, SPLITS recognizes that lines ijk to mnl are existing (real) lines.

The power source voltage V of lines ijk to mnl (phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase, depending upon the
selection made in the OPTIONS Module) is equal to:

V = Va + jVr (in kV)

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

and the power source equivalent impedance Z (impedance of the last section or terminal section) is equal
to:

Z = R + jX (in ohms)

Syntax:

MUTUAL,iii,jjj,R, X, kkk, lll

The MUTUal subword defines the mutual impedances between different lines at the terminal section.
Note that the mutual impedances defined hold only for the last section (or terminal section) and do not
extend to other sections.

When MUTU is not defined for a group of lines, SPLITS assumes that there is no mutual coupling
between these lines at the terminal section.

The mutual impedance Z m is in ohms and is equal to:

Z m = R + jX (in ohms)

There are two possible interpretations for the above MUTU command:

1) If either kkk or lll are not equal to zero, then SPLITS understands that the mutual impedance
between any line number limited by iii and jjj, and any line number limited by kkk and lll, is R + jX.
SPLITS automatically rejects any mutual impedances between a line and itself.

2) When both kkk and lll are equal to zero, then SPLITS interprets the command to mean that the
mutual impedance between lines iii and jjj is R + jX.

Note that it is not necessary that iii be lower than jjj.

Syntax:

SECTION, ijk, mnl, span-length-user-units

The SECTion word informs SPLITS that subsequently specified subwords SELF and MUTUal refer to
Sections ijk to mnl and specifies the physical length of each of these sections. If only one section is to be
described, ijk should be equal to mnl. Note that the sections are numbered starting from 1 at the section
adjacent to the Central Station. The last section is the section adjacent to the terminal and is described by
the LINE word, not by the SECTion word. This terminal section has no number.

Note also that the number of sections which exist between the Central Station and a terminal is set
automatically (by SPLITS) to either:

1) the highest number specified by the SECT command.

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Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

2) or as specified by the SPEC keyword described later.

The span-length-user-units variable is a constant which can be used to scale series, mutual,
interconnection and shunt impedances specified with the SELF and MUTUal commands. It is typically
specified when the self and mutual impedances in each section are obtained from a TRALIN output file
and the values are specified with the SELF and MUTUAL commands in ohms/mile or ohms/km. In this
case the Span-length-user-units variable is the span length in miles (for impedances in ohms/mile) or
km (for impedances in ohms/km).The SERIes-mutua, RESIstive-sh and REACtive-shu commands
control whether or not span-length-user-units is actually applied to series, mutual and shunt
impedances.

When enabled, the span-length-user-units constant multiplies series and mutual impedances and
divides the real and imaginary parts of shunt and interconnection impedances.

The SECT word can be followed by one or both of the two subwords which follow.

Syntax:

SELF,ACTIVE,iii,jjj,R,X, Rc, Xc, Rvar

or

SELF,DUMM,iii,jjj,Rc,Xc,Rvar

The SELF impedance subword specifies data related to a section (or a series of consecutive sections) of
a line (or a group of lines). Normally, spec should be ACTIVE or left blank. However, to indicate that
one or more sections of one or more phases do not exist (i.e., have infinite self impedance, zero mutual
impedance, and infinite shunt impedance), specify "DUMM" for spec. This is useful, for example, to
model a pipeline or long counterpoise which ends abruptly between a terminal and the central station.
When "DUMM" is specified, R and X should be omitted. On the other hand, a shunt impedance can be
entered: this usually specifies a terminating ground resistance at the first section where the phase ceases
to exist. The "DUMM" option is useful, for example, to model a pipeline or long counterpoise which
ends abruptly between a terminal and the central station.

The data values specified by SELF are:

1) The series impedance Z of the section(s)

Z = R + jX (in ohms)

2) The shunt impedance z at the extremity of the section(s)

c h
z = Rc + Rvar U Ub + jXc (in ohms)

The shunt impedance is usually the tower ground resistance when the line is an overhead ground wire, or
the line capacitance of the section(s) when the line is a phase conductor.

SPLITS Page 2-23


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

If the line is assumed to be isolated from ground, then a very high impedance value should be specified.

Note that the user can easily model shunt reactors or capacitors using the shunt impedance facility.
Similarly, fences, rails, and pipelines can be modelled by entering the "DUMM" specword at the section
locations where the fence (or rail, pipeline, etc.) does not exist and by representing the grounded points
as shunt resistances.

The shunt impedance consists of a constant resistive term Rc which is independent of soil resistivity, and
a variable resistive term Rvar, which is proportional to soil resistivity, ρ. Rvar is expressed in ohms and
should be derived based on the base resistivity Ub specified in the BASE module (or 100 Ω-m if the base
resistivity is not specified). Of course, when Rvar = 0, the shunt impedance is assumed to be constant.
The reactance Xc represents any inductance and/or capacitance values. This value is typically zero,
except when line capacitance or other special equipment must be represented.

The data applies to line numbers iii to jjj and to section numbers ijk to mnl (these latter are specified by
the SECT word).

If iii = jjj and ijk = mnl, then only one section is specified (line iii, section ijk).

Syntax:

MUTUAL, spec, iii, jjj, R, X, kkk, lll, Rsh, Xsh

The MUTUal subword defines the mutual impedance between sections ijk to mnl (defined by SECT) of
lines iii to jjj and sections ijk to mnl (defined by SECT) of lines kkk to lll, provided however that kkk
and lll are not both equal to zero. If kkk and lll are both equal to zero, then program SPLITS interprets
the MUTU command as meaning that the mutual impedances between sections ijk to mnl of line iii, and
sections ijk to mnl of line jjj are all Z m = R + jX (in ohms).

SPLITS automatically ignores any mutual impedances between a section and itself.

Furthermore, when the INTERCONNECTION option is selected with the INTERCONNECT command,
Rsh and Xsh are the real and imaginary, respectively, parts of the interconnection impedance, between
all pairs of lines specified.

The qualifier can be INFINITE or ZERO. The qualifier works only when the interconnection impedance
is zero (both Rsh and Xsh are zero). The qualifier INFINITE means that if both Rsh and Xsh are zero, an
infinite value is assigned to Rsh and Xsh and the qualifier ZERO means that if both Rsh and Xsh are
zero, a zero value is assigned to Rsh and Xsh. The INFINITE qualifier is the default setting and the
default qualifier. When the interconnection impedance is not zero, the specified Rsh and Xsh values are
used by the program, no matter what qualifier is specified or if it is not specified at all.

The specification of the MUTUAL command can be easily illustrated by the following examples:

MUTUAL,INFI,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,0.0 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance


infinite
MUTUAL,INFI,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance

SPLITS Page 2-24


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

infinite
MUTUAL,,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,0.0 <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance infinite
MUTUAL,,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance infinite
MUTUAL,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,0.0 <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance infinite
MUTUAL,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance
infinite
MUTUAL,ZERO,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0,0 <-- ZERO qualifier: interconnection impedance zero
MUTUAL,ZERO,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- ZERO qualifier: interconnection impedance zero
MUTUAL,INFI,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance
0.0-j0.1
MUTUAL,ZERO,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- ZERO qualifier: interconnection impedance 0.0-j0.1
MUTUAL,,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance
0.0-j0.1
MUTUAL,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance
0.0-j0.1
Note that if Rsh=Xsh=0, one can specify Rsh=0.000001 and Xsh=0.0 instead of the ZERO specword. In
fact, the program automatically assigns this value (0.000001,0.0) to the interconnection impedance when
the ZERO specword is specified.

Note also that any values specified for Rsh and Xsh are ignored and an infinite interconnection
impedance is assumed if interconnections have not been enabled by specifying the
INTERCONNECTION command in the OPTION module.

Syntax:

SPECIFY, ijk,mnl

The SPECify keyword may be useful to assign default values to unspecified sections and lines.

The user must be cautious when using this keyword since SPEC assigns final values to the number of:

Busses
Terminals
Sections for each terminal
Consequently, although some sections are not specifically described in the input data file, SPLITS will
automatically assign default values to the unspecified sections. For example, if the user provides values
for sections 1 to 30 of terminal "SUBS", and then, using the SPEC keyword, specifies that terminal
SUBS has 55 sections, then the program assumes that SUBS has 55 sections and that sections 31 to 55
have default values.

SPLITS Page 2-25


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

The default value for mutual impedances is zero (0 + j 0.). The default value for the section self
impedances is zero, a very high value (≈ ∞), or a specified value, depending upon whether the OPEN,
HIGH, or REPL Keywords have been omitted or included in modules WANT and SYST. The default
value for shunt impedances is a very high value (≈ ∞) or a specified value, depending upon whether the
CAPA, HIGH or REPL keywords have been specified in modules WANT and SYST.

The number of busses is given by ijk and the number of terminals is given by mnl; the maximum values
of ijk and mnl are indicated in Section 3.3 of the CDEGS Installation Guide.

Syntax:

DEFINE, name,kkk

The DEFIne keyword defines the number of sections between the Central Station and a given terminal
where the specword is the name of the terminal and kkk is the total number of sections. There are
normally as many DEFIne words as there are terminals although this is not mandatory. The number of
sections assigned to any terminal not specified in SPEC, is equal to the maximum section number used
to define that terminal using the SECT word.

Syntax:

TRANSFORMER, spec

The TRANSFORMER keyword instructs SPLITS that transformer modelling is requested. The
specword specifies the target of the TRANSFORMER command:

• If spec = 3-PHASE, then a 3-phase transformer is to be modelled. <Default setting>.

• If spec = 1-PHASE, then a single-phase transformer is to be modelled.

The transformer can be a 3-phase or 1-phase, 3-winding or 2-winding, star connected or delta connected,
auto- or non-auto-transformer. A total of 15 types of transformers can be modelled in SPLITS. They are:

(1) Star-star transformer with a delta tertiary;


(2) Star-star transformer;
(3) Star-delta transformer;
(4) Delta-star transformer;
(5) Delta-delta transformer;
(6) Star-star auto-transformer with a delta tertiary (step-down);
(7) Star-star auto-transformer (step-down);
(8) Star-star auto-transformer with a delta tertiary (step-up);
(9) Star-star auto-transformer (step-up);

SPLITS Page 2-26


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

(10) Single-phase 3-winding transformer;


(11) Single-phase 2-winding transformer;
(12) Single-phase auto-transformer with a tertiary (step-down);
(13) Single-phase auto-transformer (step-down);
(14) Single-phase auto-transformer with a tertiary (step-up);
(15) Single-phase auto-transformer (step-up).

Syntax:

CHARACTERISTics, spec, R11,X11,R22,X22,R33,X33,R12,X12,R13,X13,R23,X23

The CHARACTERISTics word defines the transformer characteristics. It is a subcommand of the


TRANSFORMER command.

• If spec = IMPEDANCE, then the transformer winding impedances are to be specified.

• If spec = TEST-DATA, then the transformer manufacturer test data is to be specified.

• If spec = TYPICAL, then typical transformer test data is provided by the program <Default
setting>.

When the spec is IMPEDANCE, the twelve variables are transformer winding impedances:

R11: Real part of primary winding impedance (in ohms);

X11: Imaginary part of primary winding impedance (in ohms);

R22: Real part of secondary winding impedance (in ohms);

X22: Imaginary part of secondary winding impedance (in ohms);

R33: Real part of tertiary winding impedance (in ohms);

X33: Imaginary part of tertiary winding impedance (in ohms);

R12: Real part of mutual impedance between primary winding and secondary winding (in ohms);

X12: Imaginary part of mutual impedance between primary winding and secondary winding (in ohms);

R13: Real part of mutual impedance between primary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms);

X13: Imaginary part of mutual impedance between primary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms);

R23: Real part of mutual impedance between secondary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms);

SPLITS Page 2-27


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

X23: Imaginary part of mutual impedance between secondary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms).

When the spec is TEST-DATA, the twelve variables are: Power_Rating, PEREXI, P_No_Load_Loss,
PERZ12, P12_Load_Loss, ATKVA12, PERZ13, P13_Load_Loss, ATKVA13, PERZ23,
ZP23_Load_Loss, ATKVA23, which are described as in the following:

Power_Rating: Power rating of the transformer (in KVA).

PEREXI: Open circuit excitation current as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of the rated
current. This is the primary winding current as a percentage of its rated value when the primary winding
is energized at its rated voltage with the secondary and tertiary (if any) windings open.

P_No_Load_Loss: No-load power loss corresponding to PEREXI (in Watts). This is the open circuit
power loss when the primary winding is energized at its rated voltage with the secondary and tertiary (if
any) windings open.

PERZ12: Primary winding voltage as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of its rated value
when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the secondary winding shorted and the
tertiary winding (if any) open. It is also the primary winding impedance as a percentage of its nominal
(rated) value (Znominal = Vrated / Irated) during this condition.

P12_Load_Loss: Power loss corresponding to PERZ12 (in Watts). This is the short circuit power
loss when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the secondary winding shorted and
the tertiary winding (if any) open. (A voltage of PERZ12 x Vrated primary is applied at the primary
winding.)

ATKVA12: Rated power with respect to primary and secondary windings (in KVA). This is usually the
same as "Power_Rating".

PERZ13: Primary winding voltage as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of its rated value
when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and the
secondary winding open.

P13_Load_Loss: Power loss corresponding to PERZ13 (in Watts). This is the short circuit power loss
when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and the
secondary winding open. (A voltage of PERZ13 x Vrated primary is applied at the primary winding.)

ATKVA13: Rated power with respect to the primary and tertiary windings (in KVA).

PERZ23: Secondary winding voltage as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of its rated
value when the secondary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and
the primary winding open.

P23_Load_Loss: Power loss corresponding to PERZ23 (in Watts). This is the short circuit power loss
when the secondary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and the
primary winding open. (A voltage of PERZ23 x Vrated secondary is applied at the secondary winding.)

SPLITS Page 2-28


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

ATKVA23: Rated power with respect to the secondary and tertiary windings (in KVA).

Note that if it is a two-winding transformer, only the first six variables will be used, the last six will be
ignored (if specified).

Syntax:

PRIMARY, spec, Nominal_Voltage

• If spec = STAR, then the primary winding is star-connected. <Default setting>.

• If spec = DELTA, then the primary winding is delta-connected.

• If spec = AUTO-STAR, then the primary winding is auto-star-connected.

The PRIMARY command is a subcommand of the TRANSFORMER command. The primary winding
can be star, delta or auto-star connected. When it is auto-star connected, the secondary winding must
also be auto-star connected, and vice versa. Omit the qualifier for single-phase transformer. The
Nominal_Voltage is the nominal phase-to-phase voltage of the primary winding of a three phase
transformer (in kV). If it is a single-phase transformer, the value to be specified is the phase-to-neutral
voltage of the primary winding.

Syntax:

SECONDARY, spec, Nominal_Voltage

• If spec = STAR, then the secondary winding is star-connected. <Default setting>.

• If spec = DELTA, then the secondary winding is delta-connected.

• If spec = AUTO-STAR, then the secondary winding is auto-star-connected.

The SECONDARY command is a subcommand of the TRANSFORMER command. The secondary


winding can be star, delta or auto-star connected. When it is auto-star connected, the primary winding
must also be auto-star connected, and vice versa. Omit the qualifier for single-phase transformer. The
Nominal_Voltage is the nominal phase-to-phase voltage of the secondary winding of a three phase
transformer (in kV). If it is a single-phase transformer, the value to be specified is the phase-to-neutral
voltage of the secondary winding.

Syntax:

TERTIARY, spec, Nominal_Voltage

• The spec can only be DELTA, meaning that the tertiary winding can only be delta-
connected. <Default setting>.

SPLITS Page 2-29


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

The TERTIARY command is a subcommand of the TRANSFORMER command. The tertiary winding
can only be delta connected. Omit the qualifier for single-phase transformer. The Nominal_Voltage
is the nominal phase-to-phase voltage of the tertiary winding of a three phase transformer (in kV). If it is
a single-phase transformer, the value to be specified is the phase-to-neutral voltage of the tertiary
winding.

Syntax:

MAPBUS, k, m, n

The MAPBUS command is a subcommand of the PRIMARY, SECONDARY, and TERTIARY


command. It specifies the corresponding connections between transformer winding phases and the
desired buses specified by the user.

The MAPBUS specification provides the user with the flexibility of connecting the transformer phases
to the desired buses specified by the user. If the user does not specify MAPBUS for a three-phase, three-
winding transformer, then the 3 phases of Primary, the 3 phases of Secondary and the 3 phases of
Tertiary will be in order, starting from bus N+1, where N is the number of buses the user has already
specified using the BUSS specification. It is recommended that the MAPBUS specification always be
used so that the user knows the correspondence between the specified buses and the transformer phases.

For example, if you want to model a pipeline, two shield wires, three phase conductors connected to the
primary winding of a transformer, three phase conductors connected to the secondary winding of the
transformer, you can use the BUSS specification to identify the pipeline as Bus 1, the three phase
conductors connected to the primary winding as Buses 2, 3 and 4, one shield wire as Bus 5, the three
phase conductors connected to the secondary winding as Buses 6, 7 and 8, and the other shield wire as
Bus 9. You then enter "MAPBUS,2,3,4" under the PRIMARY specification and enter "MAPBUS,6,7,8"
under the SECONDARY specification. Alternatively, you can enter the pipeline as Bus 1 and the two
shield wires as Buses 2 and 3 using the BUSS specification, not specify the buses corresponding to the
phase conductors and not use the MAPBUS specification. In this case, Buses 4, 5, 6 will be the three
phase conductors connected to the primary winding and Buses 7, 8, 9 the three phase conductors
connected to the secondary winding.

For single phase transformers, only the first number (k) of the three numbers entered using the
MAPBUS specification will be used, since only one phase exists.

Syntax:

GROUND, spec

Indicates whether the winding neutral (or the first phase of the winding in the case of a delta connection)
is grounded or not. The spec is as follows:

• TYPE_DEPENDEnt: Depending on its connection type, the winding is to be grounded or


not: a delta-connected winding is not grounded; a star, auto-star or single-phase transformer
winding is grounded. <Default setting>.

SPLITS Page 2-30


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

• YES/ON: Indicates that the winding is to be grounded.

• NO/OFF: Indicates that the winding is not to be grounded.

Note that "grounded" means "connection made to the central site ground bus". The ground impedance of
the ground bus is the value specified using the GRID specification. For star or auto-star connected
windings, "grounded" means that the common neutral is grounded. For a delta-connected winding,
"grounded" means that only Phase A (the first phase of the winding) is grounded, NOT all the phases of
the winding. For a single-phase transformer winding, "grounded" means that the neutral is grounded.

2.7 GENERAL PURPOSE (STANDARD) COMMANDS

Four general purpose commands exist which allow the user to insert comments throughout the input data
file, indicate the end of a module, indicate the end of a valid input data, or immediately stop program
execution.

Syntax:

COMMENT, comments

or

DONE, comments

where "comments" consist of any alphanumeric characters (maximum of 80) and can be completely
blank if desired. The COMM command is useful for inserting comments throughout the input file and
for separating different blocks of data for clarity.

Syntax:

ENDMODULE, comments

where "comments" consists of any alphanumeric characters and can be completely blank if desired. The
ENDM command causes SPLITS to leave the module last entered. This command is optional because
SPLITS always leaves the last module entered when a command belonging to a new module is entered.

Syntax:

ENDFILE

The ENDF command causes SPLITS to stop reading data from the input data file and to start the
computations. Any data following ENDF in the file is ignored.

SPLITS Page 2-31


Chapter 2 SPLITS Input Data Files

Syntax:

STOP

The STOP command causes the SPLITS program to halt. This command is used for testing by SES, but
is not likely to be of use in input data files.

Syntax:

TEXT, comments

Where "comments" consists of any alphanumeric characters (maximum of 80) and can be compatible
blank if desired. The TEXT command is used to insert comment lines at the beginning of the output file.
A maximum of ten TEXT commands may be issued and they must immediately follow the SPLITS
program command.

Syntax:

OLD-FASHIONed

The OLD-FASHIONed command indicates that the data which follows is in the fixed position format
used in older versions of the software (i.e., 1991 and previous versions).

SPLITS Page 2-32


Chapter 3 Analysis of a Simple Case

3 ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE CASE


In this chapter, a simple case is modelled and analyzed using the SPLITS program.

Figure 3.1 depicts the circuit diagram of the case to be analyzed. The system consists of one bundle of
energized conductors which are terminated at their ends by Terminals SUBA and SUBB. These latter
need not necessarily be two real terminals, but may be Thevenin equivalent circuits for portions of the
power line which are not of interest in the study. A skywire (or neutral or ground) bundle of conductors
also exists between HERE and SUBA. HERE is the Central Site, the point in the circuit at which a fault
is assumed to be occurring. The path of the fault arc is modelled as a 0.3 ohm impedance between the
phase bus and the skywire bus. The ground impedance of the structure at which the fault is occurring is
0.1 + ρ/ρb, where ρ is the soil resistivity and ρb is the base soil resistivity value. This latter has
arbitrarily been assigned a value of 100. In this example, the soil resistivity has been chosen to vary from
0 to 500 ohm-meters in increments of 50 ohm-meters.

Figure 3.1 Sample Circuit

The ground impedance of the Central Site is not the only circuit parameter that varies with the soil
resistivity: a tower at the end of the first section on the SUBA side of the Central Site has a ground
impedance equal to 20.0 ρ/ρb. A phase bundle is of course never grounded except at a fault; in our
example, the phase bundle is shown in Figure 3.1 with infinite ground impedances at the section
boundaries. The same is true for skywire grounds at section boundaries where it is supposed that no
tower exists. One final observation is that a mutual impedance exists between the phase wire bundle and
the skywire bundle in Section 2 of the SUBA side of HERE: it is equal to 0.05 ohms.

The input data files of Figure 3.2 shows one possible way to describe the problem.

The comment lines in the file indicate which aspects of the circuit are described in the different parts of
the file. Note that the infinite tower impedances have been entered as 100 000 ohm impedances; these

SPLITS Page 3-1


Chapter 3 Analysis of a Simple Case

100 k-ohm impedances are effectively very large when compared to the 0.5 ohm self impedance of the
phase conductor in Section 1. The source voltage of the phase bundle at the SUBA terminal has been
entered as 1.5, its phase-to-phase voltage (in kV), rather than its line voltage, because the NEUT
command was not specified in the WANT module; if the NEUT command had been specified, then it
would have been necessary to specify the phase-to-neutral voltage. The source voltage of the phase
bundle at the SUBB terminal has been entered as 0, since there is no source of voltage; the same thing
has been done with the skywire at the SUBA terminal. Note also that the DUMM specword was
specified in conjunction with the VOLT command to indicate that the skywire bundle does not exist at
Terminal SUBB.
SPLITS
!
!, Comment lines can be inserted anywhere.
!
!
!, Specification of desired program output.
!
OPTIONS
RUN-ID, Sample File
VARY
OUTPUT,POLAR
SKIP,ECHO
!
!, Define base soil resistivity value
!, Specification of fault current and soil resistivity variations
!
BASE
RESI,100.0
FAUL,1000.
INCR,500.,0.5
!
SYST
!
!, Central Site specification
!
GRID,HERE,0.1,0.,1.0
BUSS,BUSA,1,0.3,0.0
BUSS,NEUT,2,0.0,0.0
ZERO
!
!, Specification of Terminal SUBA
!
TERM,SUBA
EART,0.25,0.0,0.0
LINES
VOLT,1,1,0.,0.5,1.5,0.0
VOLT,2,2,0.,0.1,0.0,0.0
!
!, First section on Terminal SUBA side of Central Site
!
SECT,1,1
SELF,1,1,0.0,0.5,100000.,0.0,0.0
SELF,2,2,0.0,0.1,0.,0.0,20.0
!
!, Second section on Terminal SUBA side
!
SECT,2,2
SELF,1,2,0.0,0.5,100000.,0.0,0.0
MUTU,1,2,0.0,0.05,0,0
!
!, Specification of Terminal SUBB
!
TERM,SUBB
EART,1.6,0.0,0.0
LINE
VOLT,1,1,0.0,5.2,0.0,0.0
VOLT,DUMM,2,2
!
!, First (and only) section on Terminal SUBB side
!
SECT,1,1
SELF,1,1,0.0,0.3,100000.,0.0,0.0
!
!, Specification of safety calculations desired.
!
SAFETY
IEEE

Figure 3.2 Command Mode Input Data File

SPLITS Page 3-2


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

4 A TYPICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEM


4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM
A circuit diagram of the relevant portion of a power system of interest is shown in Figure 4.1;
transmission line configuration and characteristics are shown in Figure 4.2. A 230 kV line-to-ground
fault occurs at Substation MAIN. There is a double-circuit transmission line between Terminal SKY and
Substation MAIN and a single-circuit transmission line between Terminal HELL and the substation.

A program dedicated to calculating transmission line parameters (TRALIN) was used to compute the
self and mutual impedances given in Table 4.1. This table represents the phase conductors after bundle
reduction (including the reduction of the two ground-wires into an equivalent conductor). Note that this
table gives the phase values and not the zero sequence values. The values are for 1-mile sections.

The ground resistances of the double-circuit transmission towers which are 1/5 mile apart are all
assumed to be equal to 10 Ω. The single circuit towers, which are also 1/5 mile apart, have a higher
resistance of 28 Ω. Since the study is a short-circuit analysis and not an unbalance analysis, it is practical
to use average self and mutual impedance values, even when the conductors are not transposed. The self
and mutual impedance values used in the program are determined by dividing the values in Table 4.1(b)
by 5, since there are 5 towers per mile.

The ground resistances of both terminals are assumed to be constant and equal to 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω for the
SKY and HELL terminals respectively. The ground network at the fault location (Substation MAIN) is
assumed to be proportional to the local soil resistivity ρ. Calculations have shown that for a soil
resistivity of 100 Ω-m, the resistance of one possible grid is equal to 0.32 Ω. Additional computations
have also shown that based on a 10,000 A fault current flowing in the ground network of Substation
MAIN, the minimum earth potential within the ground network area is 3160 volts given a soil resistivity
of 100 Ω-m. The maximum touch (or mesh) voltage in such a case would be:

GPR = 0.32 Ω x 10,000 A = 3,200 Volts.


Maximum Touch Voltage = 3,200 - 3,160 = 40 Volts.
The purpose of the study is to:

1. Determine the distribution of the fault current between the ground wires and the ground network
at the fault location.
2. Determine how safe the grounding system is.
3. Determine the magnitude of the current which returns to the power source via the terminal
grounds.

SPLITS Page 4-1


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

Figure 4.1 Power System Network

SPLITS Page 4-2


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

Figure 4.2 Transmission Line Configuration

SPLITS Page 4-3


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

COND. 1 2 3
NUMB.
PHASE A' B' C'
1 A' .156E+00 .115E+01
2 B' .907E-01 .548E+00 .157E+00 .115E+01
3 C' .903E-01 .593E+00 .909E-01 .587E+00 .156E+00 .115E+01
4 A .877E-01 .550E+00 .887E-01 .474E+00 .892E-01 .525E+00
5 B .887E-01 .474E+00 .896E-01 .440E+00 .899E-01 .482E+00
6 C .892E-01 .525E+00 .899E-01 .482E+00 .902E-01 .548E+00
7 N .774E-01 .522E+00 .807E-01 .455E+00 .843E-01 .480E+00

COND. 4 5 6 7
NUMB.
PHASE A B C N
1 A'
2 B'
3 C'
4 A .156E+00 .115E+01
5 B .907E-01 .548E+00 .157E+00 .115E+01
6 C .903E-01 .593E+00 .909E-01 .587E+00 .156E+00 .115E+01
7 N .993E-01 .569E+00 .973E-01 .490E+00 .937E-01 .500E+00 .459E+00.116E+01|

(a) Actual Values (Untransposed)

CONDUCTORS A', B',C' CONDUCTORS A,C ,B GROUND WIRES


Zs 0.156 + j 1.150 0.156 + j 1.150 0.459 + j 1.160
Zm 0.0906 + j 0.576 0.0906 + j 0.57
A , C , B 0.0892 + j 0.503
zm
N 0.0808 + j 0.486 0.0968 + j 0.520

(b) Assumed Average Values

Legend

Zs : SELF IMPEDANCE.
Zm : MUTUAL IMPEDANCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS OF THE SAME CIRCUIT.
zm : MUTUAL IMPEDANCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS OF TWO CIRCUITS OR A CONDUCTOR AND THE EQUIVALENT
GROUND WIRE.
First value is resistance, second value inductance

Table 4.1 Self and Mutual Impedances (in ohms/mile)

4. Determine the influence of the mutual impedances between phase and ground wires. This
manifests itself as a "trapped" current in the ground wires.
5. Analyze the effects of the ground network resistance value upon the values which are monitored
in 1, 2, 3 and 4 above by varying the soil resistivity between 0 and 10,000 Ω-m in steps of 1,000
Ω-m.
The input data files which model the system and accomplish the above objectives are described in
Sections 4.2 and 4.3.

4.2 SUMMARY OPTION


The summary option provides a summary output of the computations performed by Program SPLITS.
The summary output gives the total fault current, the total current carried by the neutral conductors and
the total current entering the earth via the ground network at the fault location.

SPLITS Page 4-4


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

When a safety analysis is requested by the user, the summary output also includes the stress voltage (step
or touch), the body current resulting from the stress voltage and the relevant safe maximum values. The
output also includes the ground network potential rise. Note that when a safety analysis is not requested,
the values shown are complex numbers; when a safety analysis is requested, only the magnitudes of the
numbers are displayed.

The summary option is useful for analyzing the influence of variables which vary with soil resistivity,
and avoiding an extensive output. If additional information is needed at the terminal locations, the semi-
detailed output option will list the currents at the fault and terminal locations.

The SPLITS command input data file used for the summary option case is shown on Page 4-6. The
printout generated by the SPLITS program for this example run is included in the file SPLITOUT.PUT,
which is shipped with the SPLITS program. See Section 1.3 of Chapter 1 for details on examining
results generated by the SPLITS program.

4.3 DETAILED OPTION


This option provides a detailed printout of all the currents flowing in the power system which has been
modelled. Specifically, the currents in all section of all lines are displayed as complex numbers. Of
course, it is possible to request the detailed option when soil resistivity is varied between the specified
limits. Note, however, that the printout may become rather overwhelming if many resistivity values are
scanned and the total number of sections is large.

The SPLITS input data file used for the detailed option case is shown on Page 4-7.

Note that in this case, the grounding system resistance of Substation MAIN has been assumed to be
constant (i.e., independent of soil resistivity) and equal to 3.2 Ω. The VARY keyword in the OPTIONS
Module has not been requested because only one soil resistivity value is of interest.

The value of the mutual impedance are shown in detail in the input file. This value is about j0.017 + j0.1
Ω.

SPLITS Page 4-5


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

SPLITS INPUT FILE: SUMMARY OPTION


SPLITS
COMMENT,TEST FOR SICL INPUT PROCESSOR.
COMMENT,TEST IS BASED ON PROGRAM SPLITS
TEXT,=========================================================================
TEXT, **** Case: SAMPLE ****
TEXT,=========================================================================
TEXT,SPLITS_SAMPLE
COMMENT, MODULE OPTIONS
OPTIONS
SKIP,NONE
RUN-IDEN,SPLITS_SAMPLE
PRINTOUT,SUMMARY
VARY,YES
OUTPUT,CARTESIAN
CAPACITANCE,99.9
ENDMODULE
COMMENT, MODULE SAFETY
SAFETY
IEEE
INSULATION,1000.0
STRES,TOUCH,3160.0
ENDMODULE
COMMENT, MODULE BASE
BASE
RESISTIVITY,100.
FAULT,10000.
INCREMENT,2LAY,10110.,10.
ENDMODULE
COMMENT, MODULE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,MAIN,0.,0.,.32
BUSS,PH A,1,8.,125.
BUSS,PH C,2,8.,125.
BUSS,PH B,3,8.,125.
BUSS,PH A,4,0.,0.
BUSS,PH C,5,8.,125.
BUSS,PH B,6,8.,125.
BUSS,NEUTRAL,7,0.,0.
TERMINAL,SKY
EARTH,.2,0.,0.
LINES
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,1,1,0.,4.41,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,2,2,0.,4.41,-115.,199.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,3,3,0.,4.41,-115.,-199.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,4,4,0.,4.41,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,5,5,0.,4.41,-115.,-199.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,6,6,0.,4.41,-115.,199.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,7,7,.001,.001,0.,0.
SECTIONS,1,65
SELF,1,6,.0312,.23,9999999.,0.,0.
SELF,7,7,.092,.232,10.,0.,0.
MUTUAL,1,3,.0182,.115,1,3
MUTUAL,4,6,.0182,.115,4,6
MUTUAL,1,3,.0178,.1,4,6
MUTUAL,1,3,.0161,.097,7,7
MUTUAL,4,6,.0193,.104,7,7
TERMINAL,HELL
EARTH,.3,0.,0.
LINES
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,4,4,0.,15.2,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,5,5,0.,15.2,-115.,-199.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,6,6,0.,15.2,-115.,199.
VOLTAGE,CARTESIAN,7,7,.001,.001,0.,0.
VOLTAGE,DUMMY,1,3
SECTIONS,1,26
SELF,4,6,.0312,.23,9999999.,0.,0.
SELF,7,7,.092,.232,28.,0.,0.
MUTUAL,4,6,.0182,.115,4,6
MUTUAL,4,6,.0193,.104,7,7
ENDPROGRAM

SPLITS Page 4-6


Chapter 4 A Typical Engineering Problem

ALTERNATIVE SPLITS INPUT FILE: DETAILED OPTION

SPLITS
TEXT,SPLITS ALTERNATIVE UNFO
TEXT,==============================================================================
TEXT, **** CASE: ALTERNATIVE ****
TEXT,====================== SAMPLE SPLITS TEST CASE ============================
TEXT, NO RESISTIVITY VARIATIONS , NO SAFETY ANALYSIS.
COMMENT, MODULE OPTIONS
OPTIONS
SKIP,NONE
RUN-IDENT,SPLITS ALTERNATIVE UNFO
OUTPUT,CARTESIAN
CAPACITANCE,99.9
ENDMODULE
COMMENT, MODULE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,MAIN,3.2,0.,.32
BUSS,PH A,1,8.,125.
BUSS,PH C,2,8.,125.
BUSS,PH B,3,8.,125.
BUSS,PH A,4,0.,0.
BUSS,PH C,5,8.,125.
BUSS,PH B,6,8.,125.
BUSS,NEUT,7,0.,0.
TERMINAL,SKY
EARTH,.2,0.,0.
LINES
VOLTAGE,1,1,0.,4.41,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,2,2,0.,4.41,-115.,199.18584
VOLTAGE,3,3,0.,4.41,-115.,-199.18584
VOLTAGE,4,4,0.,4.41,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,5,5,0.,4.41,-115.,-199.18584
VOLTAGE,6,6,0.,4.41,-115.,199.18584
VOLTAGE,7,7,.001,.001,0.,0.
SECTIONS,1,65
SELF,1,6,.0312,.23,9999999.,0.,0.
SELF,7,7,.092,.232,10.,0.,0.
MUTUAL,1,3,.0182,.115,1,3
MUTUAL,4,6,.0182,.115,4,6
MUTUAL,1,3,.0178,.1,4,6
MUTUAL,1,3,.0161,.097,7,7
MUTUAL,4,6,.0193,.104,7,7
TERMINAL,HELL
EARTH,.3,0.,0.
LINES
VOLTAGE,4,4,0.,15.2,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,5,5,0.,15.2,-115.,-199.18584
VOLTAGE,6,6,0.,15.2,-115.,199.18584
VOLTAGE,7,7,.001,.001,0.,0.
VOLTAGE,DUMMY,1,3
SECTIONS,1,26
SELF,4,6,.0312,.23,9999999.,0.,0.
SELF,7,7,.092,.232,28.,0.,0.
MUTUAL,4,6,.0182,.115,4,6
MUTUAL,4,6,.0193,.104,7,7
ENDFILE

SPLITS Page 4-7


References

5 REFERENCES
1. American National Standards Institute, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding,
ANSI/IEEE Std. 80, August 1986.
2. Bridges J.E., Ford G.L., Sherman I.A., Vainberg M., Electrical Shock Safety Criteria,
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Electrical Shock Safety Criteria, Pergamon
Press Inc., 1985.
3. Dawalibi F., Transmission Line Grounding, EPRI Report, Project 1494-1, Volume 1, August
1982.
4. Dawalibi F., Southey R. D., Low Frequency Analysis of Buried Conductor Networks. User's
Manual for Computer Program MALT, Version 2.17, June 1989, Safe Engineering Services
& technologies ltd., Montreal, Canada.

SPLITS Page 5-1


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

APPENDIX A

TRANSFORMER MODELLING
Examples of modelling transformers using the SPLITS computer program are shown in this appendix.

A.1 TRANSFORMER TYPES WHICH CAN BE MODELLED


The types of transformers which can be automatically modelled using the TRANSFORMER command
in SPLITS are shown in Figures A.1, A.2, and A.3. Note that types 3 and 4 are virtually the same, with
only the primary and secondary windings interchanged. Types 3 and 4 have been treated separately in
SPLITS in order to have the flexibility to designate either the primary winding or the secondary winding
to be star-connected or delta-connected. For auto-transformers, the two types in each of the following
pairs are virtually the same, with only the primary and secondary windings interchanged: types 6 and 8,
types 7 and 9, types 12 and 14, types 13 and 15. Again, they are treated separately in SPLITS in order to
have the flexibility to designate either the primary winding or the secondary winding to be high voltage
side or low voltage side.

SPLITS Page A-1


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Figure A.1 Three-Phase Non-Auto-Transformers

SPLITS Page A-2


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Figure A.2 Three-Phase Auto-Transformers

SPLITS Page A-3


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Figure A.3 Single-Phase Auto- and Non-Auto-Transformers

A.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMMANDS RELATED TO TRANSFORMER


The structure of the TRANSFORMER command and its subcommands is shown as follows:
TRANSFORMER,* 3-PHASE
1-PHASE
CHARACTERISTics, IMPEDANCE, R11,X11,R22,X22,R12,X12,R33,X33,R13,X13,R23,X23
TEST-DATA, Power_Rating, PEREXI, P_No_Load_Loss, PERZ12,
P12_Load_Loss, ATKVA12, PERZ13, P13_Load_Loss, ATKVA13,
PERZ23, P23_Load_Loss, ATKVA23
*! TYPICAL

PRIMARY, * STAR, Phase-Phase-Voltage


DELTA

SPLITS Page A-4


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

AUTO-STAR

GROUND, *! TYPE-DEPENDEnt
YES (ON)
NO (OFF)
MAPBUS, n1,n2,n3

SECONDARY, * STAR, Phase-Phase-Voltage


DELTA
AUTO-STAR

GROUND, *! TYPE-DEPENDEnt
YES (ON)
NO (OFF)
MAPBUS, n4,n5,n6

TERTIARY, * DELTA, Phase-Phase-Voltage

GROUND, *! TYPE-DEPENDEnt
YES (ON)
NO (OFF)
MAPBUS, n7,n8,n9

A.3 EXAMPLES OF MODELLING TRANSFORMERS

First, let us consider a star-star transformer with a delta tertiary, as shown in Figure A.4.

Figure A.4 Star-Star Transformer with a Delta Tertiary

Assuming this to be a GE-R84-083 transformer, we have the following information about the
transformer from the test report:

SPLITS Page A-5


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Table A.1 Power Rating and Rated Voltages

RATING: 120000 kVA

W-Winding X-Winding Y-Winding

230000GRYVolts 70500GRY Volts 13090 Volts

Table A.2 Open Circuit Test Data

NO LOAD LOSS (WATTS) % EXIT. CURRENT

AT 100% VOLTAGE AT 100% VOLTAGE

86080 0.435

Table A.3 Short Circuit Test Data

230 GRY kV 230 GRY kV 70.5 GRY kV

To 70.5 GRY kV To 13.09 GRY kV To 13.09 GRY kV

At 120000 kVA At 27000 kVA At 27000 kVA

LOAD LOSS IMP. LOAD LOSS IMP. LOAD LOSS IMP.

(WATTS) % (WATTS) % (WATTS) %

227780 9.23 97697 12.42 111401 17.80

The above information is all we need to model this transformer. The primary, secondary and tertiary
phase-to-phase voltages are 230 kV, 70.5 kV and 13.09 kV, respectively. The variables for qualifier
TEST-DATA under command CHARACTERISTICS are:

Power_Rating = 120000 kVA


PEREXI = 0.435

SPLITS Page A-6


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

P_No_Load_Loss = 86080 Watts


PERZ12 = 9.23
P12_Load_Loss = 227780 Watts
ATKVA12 = 120000 kVA
PERZ13 = 12.42
P13_Load_Loss = 97697 Watts
ATKVA13 = 27000 kVA
PERZ23 = 17.80
P23_Load_Loss = 111401 Watts
ATKVA23 = 27000 kVA

The complete SPLITS input file is shown in Printout A.1. We have declared 11 buses in the input file
and made the correspondence between Buses 1, 2, 3 and Phases a, b, c of the primary winding, between
Buses 5, 6, 7 and Phases a, b, c of the secondary winding, and between Buses 9, 10, 11 and Phases a, b, c
of the tertiary winding, using the MAPBUS command. There are also two neutral wires which are
assigned to Buses 4 and 8, respectively. There are three terminals in the input file: PRIMARY,
SECONDARY and TERTIARY. Terminal PRIMARY is energized with the rated phase-to-neutral
primary winding voltage of the transformer. Terminals SECONDARY and TERTIARY are open
circuited (with large source impedances and zero source voltages). In Terminal PRIMARY, there is only
one section with Buses 1, 2, 3 and 4. As explained above, Buses 1, 2, 3 are connected to Phases a, b, c of
the primary winding and Bus 4 is a neutral wire. If one needed to model a long transmission line which
is connected to the primary winding of the transformer, one would simply add more sections here.
Similarly, in Terminal SECONDARY, there is one section, with Buses 5, 6, 7 and 8. Buses 5, 6, 7 are
connected to Phases a, b, c of the secondary winding and Bus 8 is a neutral wire. More sections can be
added here to model transmission lines which are connected to the secondary winding of the transformer.
Terminal TERTIARY has one section, with Buses 9, 10, 11 which are connected to Phases a, b, c of the
tertiary winding of the transformer. Note that the ground impedance specified using the GRID command
is 0.0. In reality, this should be the impedance of the grounding system, usually a small value. It should
be pointed out that when modeling a transformer, this impedance value cannot be given an arbitrarily
large value because the GROUND command would not function properly, since "GROUND,YES"
means " connect to the ground impedance".

During the SPLITS run, a file named TRANSFOR.MER is generated, which acts as part of the input file.
Printout A.2 shows this file, in which a terminal named TRANSFORMER has been generated. Note that
this file can be built manually although it takes significant time and effort to model a transformer that
way. In the SPLITS output file, the computation results for Terminal TRANSFORMER are also
included, although they typically can be ignored. The transformer input data is also printed out in the
output file. For the transformer in the present example, this part of the output file is shown in Printout
A.3.

SPLITS Page A-7


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

The computation results from SPLITS are shown in Printout A.4. We see that the computed secondary
winding phase-to-neutral voltage is 40.695 kV (70.5 kV phase-to-phase) and the computed tertiary
winding phase-to-neutral voltage is 7.5485 kV (13.07 kV phase-to-phase) as expected, since the
secondary and tertiary windings are open and the primary winding is supplied with the rated phase-to-
neutral voltage, 132.79 kV (230 kV phase-to-phase). Now let us verify the excitation current and the no-
load power loss to see if the SPLITS result is consistent with the value in the test data of the transformer.
For Bus 1, the primary winding phase-to-neutral voltage is 132790 < 0° volts. From Printout A.4, we can
see that the current flowing in Bus 1 is 1.3289 < -80.624. The rated primary winding current is
I primary
rated = (120000 / 3)kAV (230 / 3 )kV = 301.29A . Hence the computed excitation current as a
percentage of the rated primary current is 1.3289/301.23 = 0.441% which is within 1.4% of the specified
value, 0.435%. The no-load power loss for one phase can be calculated as Pno-load = Re(V*I) = 28748
watts. For three phases, the total power loss is 86244 watts. The difference between the computed no-
load power loss (86244 watts) and the specified one (86080 watts) is only 0.2%.

Now let us simulate the short circuit test. From the transformer test data we know that when the primary
winding is supplied with 9.23% of its rated voltage while the secondary winding is short-circuited and
the tertiary winding is open, the primary and secondary winding currents are at their rated values. The
primary winding phase-to-neutral voltage should be 9.23% x 132.79 kV = 12.257 kV. All three phases
of the secondary winding should be short-circuited. The input file is shown in Printout A.5. Note that
each of the three phases of the secondary winding is short-circuited by means of a connection to the
neutral wire, which in turn is grounded (i.e., connected to the ground impedance). The results from the
SPLITS run are shown in Printout A.6. We see that the computed secondary winding current is 982.72
A, which is exactly the rated secondary winding current:
primary
I rated = (120000 / 3)kAV (70.5 / 3 )kV = 982.72 A . The computed primary winding current is 301.29
A, which is the rated primary winding current, as expected. The computed load power loss is 228342 W
[3 Re(V* I) with V = 12257 V and I = 301.29 < -88.819° A ], giving a difference of 0.25% compared
with the specified load power loss (227780 W).

To model a phase-to-neutral fault at the secondary winding, simply connect Bus 5 to Bus 8 in Section 1
of Terminal SECONDARY in the input file shown in Printout A.1.

Assuming that the GE-R84-083 transformer is an auto-transformer as shown in Figure A.5, we can
model it the same way as above. The only required modification to the input file shown in Printout A.1
which is required is to change the qualifier STAR to AUTO-STAR. The SPLITS-generated file
TRANSFOR.MER is shown in Printout A.7, which can be compared to Printout A.2, which corresponds
to a star-star-delta non-auto-transformer. The results for the open circuit case are shown in Printout A.8.

SPLITS Page A-8


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Figure A.5 Star-Star Auto-Transformer with a Delta Tertiary

To model a two-winding star-connected non-auto-transformer, simply remove the command


TERTIARY, its subcommand MAPBUS, and the TERTIARY terminal from the input file shown in
Printout A.1. To model a star-connected auto-transformer without the delta-connected tertiary, change
the qualifier STAR to AUTO-STAR after the above change. Modeling single-phase transformers is
accomplished by specifying the qualifier 1-PHASE for command TRANSFORMER. Note that since a
single-phase transformer cannot have a delta connection, only star- or auto-star transformers can be
modeled. The six types of single-phase transformers which can be modeled using SPLITS are shown in
Figure A.3.

Printout A.1 SPLITS Input File for the GE-R84-083 Star-Star-Delta Transformer (Open Circuit
Case)
SPLITS

TEXT, Modelling a star-star transformer with solidly grounded


TEXT, neutrals. A delta-connected tertiary is present.

TEXT, Primary terminal 230 KV.


TEXT, Secondary terminal 70.5 KV.
TEXT, Tertiary terminal 13.09 KV.

SPLITS Page A-9


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

TEXT, Secondary terminal open.


TEXT, Tertiary terminal open.

OPTION
RUN-IDENTIF,YYD-open-circuit-test
NEUTRAL,ON
OUTPUT,
SKIP,ECHO
CONNECTION,ON

SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,OBSERVATION, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
BUSS,PHLA, 1, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLB, 2, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLC, 3, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,NEUL, 4, .0, .0

BUSS,PHHA, 5, .0, 99999999.0


BUSS,PHHB, 6, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHHC, 7, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,NEUH, 8, .0, .0

BUSS,TER1, 9, .0, 99999999.0


BUSS,TER2,10, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,TER3,11, .0, 99999999.0

TRANSFORMER,3-PHASE
CHAR,test-d,120000.,.435,86080.,9.23,227780.,120000.,12.43,97697.,27000.,17.8,111401.,27000.
PRIMARY,STAR,230.
MAPBUS,1,2,3
SECONDARY,STAR,70.5
MAPBUS,5,6,7
TERTIARY,DELTA,13.09
MAPBUS,9,10,11
TERMINAL,PRIMARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, 0.0, 0.000001, 132.79, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, 0.0, 0.000001, 132.79, 120.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, 0.0, 0.000001, 132.79, 240.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 4, 4, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 4, 4, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0

COMMENT, Central Site <-!->

TERMINAL,SECONDARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 8, 8, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 8, 8, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
! MUTU, 5, 5, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
! MUTU, 6, 6, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
! MUTU, 7, 7, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001

TERMINAL,TERTIARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0

SPLITS Page A-10


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,10,10, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,11,11, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 9, 9, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 10, 10, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 11, 11, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
ENDPROGRAM

Printout A.2 SPLITS-Generated Input Data File, TRANSFOR.MER, for the Star-Star-Delta
Transformer
SYSTEM
BUSS,TCON, 12, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 13, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 14, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,GCON, 15, .0, .0
BUSS,GCON, 16, .0, .0

TERMINAL,TRANSFORMER
EARTH,.0,9999999.0,0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 4, 4
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 8, 8
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 10, 10, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 11, 11, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 12, 12, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 13, 13, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 14, 14, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 15, 15, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 16, 16, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 9, 9, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, DUMM, 12, 12
SELF, DUMM, 13, 13
SELF, DUMM, 14, 14
SELF, 15, 15, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 16, 16, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 14, 14, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 12, 12, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 11, 11, .0, .0, 13, 13, .00000001, .0

SECTION, 2, 2
! Primary self impedances
SELF, 1, 1, 16711.5586 , 99953.5938 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, 16711.5586 , 99953.5938 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, 16711.5586 , 99953.5938 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Secondary self impedances

SPLITS Page A-11


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

SELF, 5, 5, 1570.14412 , 9391.19752 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0


SELF, 6, 6, 1570.14412 , 9391.19752 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, 1570.14412 , 9391.19752 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Tertiary self impedances
SELF, 9, 9, 162.390953 , 971.277411 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, 162.390953 , 971.277411 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, 162.390953 , 971.277411 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Three buses used to create Tertiary
SELF, 12, 12, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 13, 13, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 14, 14, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! Two buses used to ground Primary and Secondary
SELF, 15, 15, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 16, 16, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! Mutual between Primary and Secondary
MUTU, 1, 1, 5122.32764 , 30631.7148 , 5, 5
MUTU, 2, 2, 5122.32764 , 30631.7148 , 6, 6
MUTU, 3, 3, 5122.32764 , 30631.7148 , 7, 7
! Mutual between Primary and Tertiary
MUTU, 1, 1, 1647.01463 , 9841.04821 , 9, 9
MUTU, 2, 2, 1647.01463 , 9841.04821 , 10, 10
MUTU, 3, 3, 1647.01463 , 9841.04821 , 11, 11
! Mutual between Secondary and Tertiary
MUTU, 5, 5, 504.831063 , 3014.90311 , 9, 9
MUTU, 6, 6, 504.831063 , 3014.90311 , 10, 10
MUTU, 7, 7, 504.831063 , 3014.90311 , 11, 11
! Tertiary connections
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 12, 12, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 13, 13, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 11, 11, .0, .0, 14, 14, .00000001, .0
! Primary, 3 phases connected to ground bus
MUTU, 1, 1, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 2, 2, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 3, 3, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
! Secondary, 3 phases connected to ground bus
MUTU, 5, 5, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 6, 6, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 7, 7, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0
ENDPROGRAM

Printout A.3 Transformer Information in SPLITS Output File


TRANSFORMER INFORMATION

Transformer Type: Star-Star-Delta

Primary winding phase-phase voltage: 230.0000 KV


Secondary winding phase-phase voltage: 70.5000 KV
Tertiary winding phase-phase voltage: 13.0900 KV

Primary winding phases A, B, C correspond to Buses: 1, 2, 3


Secondary winding phases A, B, C correspond to Buses: 5, 6, 7
Tertiary winding phases A, B, C correspond to Buses: 9, 10, 11

Primary neutral grounded. Connection impedance to ground: 0.1000E-07 + j 0.000 ohms


Secondary neutral grounded. Connection impedance to ground: 0.1000E-07 + j 0.000 ohms
Phase A of Tertiary not grounded

Transformer Test Data:

Power_Rating PEREXI No_Load_Loss PERZ12 P12_Load_Loss ATKVA12


(KVA) (%) (W) (%) (W) (KVA)
120000. 0.435 86080.0 9.23 227780. 120000.

PERZ13 P13_Load_Loss ATKVA13 PERZ23 P23_Load_Loss ATKVA23


(%) (W) (KVA) (%) (W) (KVA)
12.43 97697.0 27000.0 17.80 111401. 27000.0

SPLITS Page A-12


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Printout A.4 Open Circuit Computation Results for the Star-Star-Delta Transformer
COMPUTATION RESULTS

TERMINAL NO. 1, PRIMARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3289 -80.624
1 2 PHLB 1.3289 39.378
1 3 PHLC 1.3289 159.378
1 4 NEUL 0.29009E-04 33.132
Terminal 1 PHLA 1.3290 -80.625 1 0.13279E-03 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
Terminal 2 PHLB 1.3290 39.377 1 0.13279E-03 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
Terminal 3 PHLC 1.3290 159.377 1 0.13279E-03 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
Terminal 4 NEUL 0.29009E-04 33.132 1 0.15086E-13 -166.390 0.15086E-04 -76.390

TERMINAL NO. 2, SECONDARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 5 PHHA 0.81390E-02 89.998
1 6 PHHB 0.81390E-02 -150.002
1 7 PHHC 0.81390E-02 -30.002
1 8 NEUH 0.37455E-09 -134.821
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.40695E-02 89.998 1 0.40695E-02 89.998 40695. 179.998
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.40695E-02 -150.002 1 0.40695E-02 -150.002 40695. -60.002
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.40695E-02 -30.002 1 0.40695E-02 -30.002 40695. 59.998
Terminal 8 NEUH 0.37455E-09 -134.821 1 0.00000E+00 0.000 0.30145E-17 30.964

TERMINAL NO. 3, TERTIARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 9 TER1 0.15097E-02 119.991
1 10 TER2 0.15097E-02 -120.009
1 11 TER3 0.15097E-02 -0.009
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75485E-03 119.991 1 0.75485E-03 119.991 7548.5 -150.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75485E-03 -120.009 1 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
Terminal 11 TER3 0.75485E-03 -0.009 1 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991

TERMINAL NO. 4, TRANSFORMER

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3276 99.386
1 2 PHLB 1.3276 -140.613
1 3 PHLC 1.3276 -20.613
1 5 PHHA 0.85459E-02 -90.002
1 6 PHHB 0.85459E-02 29.998
1 7 PHHC 0.85459E-02 149.998
1 9 TER1 0.15852E-02 -60.009
1 10 TER2 0.15852E-02 59.991
1 11 TER3 0.15852E-02 179.991
1 12 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 13 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 14 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 15 GCON 0.44303E-04 -133.332
1 16 GCON 0.11724E-08 44.779
2 1 PHLA 1.3145 99.481 1 0.13279E-01 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
2 2 PHLB 1.3145 -140.519 1 0.13279E-01 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
2 3 PHLC 1.3145 -20.518 1 0.13279E-01 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
2 5 PHHA 0.12615E-01 -90.002 1 0.40695E-02 89.998 40695. 179.998
2 6 PHHB 0.12615E-01 29.998 1 0.40695E-02 -150.002 40695. -60.002
2 7 PHHC 0.12615E-01 149.998 1 0.40695E-02 -30.002 40695. 59.998
2 9 TER1 0.55186E-02 -35.490 1 0.75485E-03 119.991 7548.5 -150.009
2 10 TER2 0.54262E-02 87.046 1 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
2 11 TER3 0.56813E-02 -153.425 1 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991
2 12 TCON 0.57287E-02 175.780 1 0.75485E-02 -30.009 7548.5 -30.009
2 13 TCON 0.57755E-02 -61.681 1 0.75485E-02 89.991 7548.5 89.991
2 14 TCON 0.59716E-02 56.666 1 0.75485E-02 -150.009 7548.5 -150.009
2 15 GCON 0.44303E-04 -133.332 1 0.22688E-12 -41.047 0.22688E-05 48.953
2 16 GCON 0.11715E-08 44.785 1 0.84551E-12 35.987 0.84551E-05 125.987
Terminal 1 PHLA 0.25492E-12 -109.053 2 0.22784E-12 -40.795 0.22784E-05 49.205
Terminal 2 PHLB 0.25488E-12 -109.562 2 0.22567E-12 -40.989 0.22567E-05 49.011
Terminal 3 PHLC 0.25686E-12 -109.316 2 0.22744E-12 -41.357 0.22744E-05 48.643
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.58937E-12 43.362 2 0.84550E-12 35.987 0.84550E-05 125.987
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.58938E-12 43.360 2 0.84551E-12 35.986 0.84551E-05 125.986
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.58939E-12 43.362 2 0.84552E-12 35.987 0.84552E-05 125.987
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75485E-03 -120.009 2 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75485E-03 -0.009 2 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991

SPLITS Page A-13


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

Terminal 11 TER3 0.75485E-03 119.991 2 0.75485E-03 119.991 7548.5 -150.009


Terminal 12 TCON 0.75485E-03 -120.009 2 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
Terminal 13 TCON 0.75485E-03 -0.009 2 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991
Terminal 14 TCON 0.75485E-03 119.991 2 0.75485E-03 119.991 7548.5 -150.009
Terminal 15 GCON 0.25554E-12 -109.311 2 0.22692E-12 -41.049 0.22692E-05 48.951
Terminal 16 GCON 0.58938E-12 43.361 2 0.84551E-12 35.987 0.84551E-05 125.987

Printout A.5 SPLITS Input File for the GE-R84-083 Star-Star-Delta Transformer (Short Circuit
Case)
SPLITS

TEXT, Modelling a star-star transformer with solidly grounded


TEXT, neutrals. A delta-connected tertiary is present.

TEXT, Primary terminal 230 KV.


TEXT, Secondary terminal 70.5 KV.
TEXT, Tertiary terminal 13.09 KV.

TEXT, Secondary terminal short.


TEXT, Tertiary terminal open.

OPTION
RUN-IDENTIF,YYD-short-circuit-test
NEUTRAL,ON
OUTPUT,
SKIP,ECHO
CONNECTION,ON

SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,OBSERVATION, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
BUSS,PHLA, 1, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLB, 2, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLC, 3, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,NEUL, 4, .0, .0

BUSS,PHHA, 5, .0, 99999999.0


BUSS,PHHB, 6, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHHC, 7, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,NEUH, 8, .0, .0

BUSS,TER1, 9, .0, 99999999.0


BUSS,TER2,10, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,TER3,11, .0, 99999999.0

TRANSFORMER,3-PHASE
CHAR,test-d,120000.,.435,86080.,9.23,227780.,120000.,12.43,97697.,27000.,17.8,111401.,27000.
PRIMARY,STAR,230.
MAPBUS,1,2,3
SECONDARY,STAR,70.5
MAPBUS,5,6,7
TERTIARY,DELTA,13.09
MAPBUS,9,10,11

TERMINAL,PRIMARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, 0.0, 0.000001, 12.25656, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, 0.0, 0.000001, 12.25656, 120.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, 0.0, 0.000001, 12.25656, 240.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 4, 4, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 4, 4, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0

SPLITS Page A-14


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

COMMENT, Central Site <-!->

TERMINAL,SECONDARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 8, 8, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 8, 8, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
MUTU, 5, 5, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
MUTU, 6, 6, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
MUTU, 7, 7, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001

TERMINAL,TERTIARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,10,10, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,11,11, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 9, 9, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 10, 10, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 11, 11, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
ENDPROGRAM

Printout A.6 Short Circuit Computation Results for the Star-Star-Delta Transformer

COMPUTATION RESULTS

TERMINAL NO. 1, PRIMARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 301.29 -88.819
1 2 PHLB 301.29 31.181
1 3 PHLC 301.29 151.181
1 4 NEUL 0.38630E-04 0.102
Terminal 1 PHLA 301.29 -88.819 1 0.12257E-04 90.000 12257. 180.000
Terminal 2 PHLB 301.29 31.181 1 0.12257E-04 -150.000 12257. -60.000
Terminal 3 PHLC 301.29 151.181 1 0.12257E-04 -30.000 12257. 60.000
Terminal 4 NEUL 0.38630E-04 0.102 1 0.18386E-14 -179.818 0.18386E-05 -89.818

TERMINAL NO. 2, SECONDARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 5 PHHA 982.72 91.179
1 6 PHHB 982.72 -148.821
1 7 PHHC 982.72 -28.821
1 8 NEUH 0.97867E-04 -178.478
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.98272E-11 1.179 1 0.98259E-11 1.092 0.98259E-04 91.092
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.98272E-11 121.179 1 0.97649E-11 121.328 0.97649E-04 -148.672
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.98272E-11 -118.821 1 0.98607E-11 -118.595 0.98607E-04 -28.595
Terminal 8 NEUH 0.98060E-10 -16.027 1 0.56930E-13 -63.844 0.56930E-06 26.156

TERMINAL NO. 3, TERTIARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 9 TER1 0.25033E-03 120.466
1 10 TER2 0.25033E-03 -119.534
1 11 TER3 0.25033E-03 0.466
Terminal 9 TER1 0.12517E-03 120.466 1 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
Terminal 10 TER2 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
Terminal 11 TER3 0.12517E-03 0.466 1 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466

SPLITS Page A-15


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

TERMINAL NO. 4, TRANSFORMER

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 301.29 91.181
1 2 PHLB 301.29 -148.819
1 3 PHLC 301.29 -28.819
1 5 PHHA 982.72 -88.821
1 6 PHHB 982.72 31.179
1 7 PHHC 982.72 151.179
1 9 TER1 0.26285E-03 -59.534
1 10 TER2 0.26285E-03 60.466
1 11 TER3 0.26285E-03 -179.534
1 12 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 13 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 14 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 15 GCON 0.37899E-04 -178.308
1 16 GCON 0.97867E-04 1.522
2 1 PHLA 301.28 91.181 1 0.12257E-02 90.000 12257. 180.000
2 2 PHLB 301.28 -148.819 1 0.12257E-02 -150.000 12257. -60.000
2 3 PHLC 301.28 -28.819 1 0.12257E-02 -30.000 12257. 60.000
2 5 PHHA 982.72 -88.821 1 0.11814E-10 1.654 0.11814E-03 91.654
2 6 PHHB 982.72 31.179 1 0.11798E-10 122.005 0.11798E-03 -147.995
2 7 PHHC 982.72 151.179 1 0.11800E-10 -118.170 0.11800E-03 -28.170
2 9 TER1 0.89725E-03 -34.481 1 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
2 10 TER2 0.91647E-03 88.182 1 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
2 11 TER3 0.94325E-03 -154.147 1 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
2 12 TCON 0.93913E-03 177.257 1 0.12517E-02 -29.534 1251.7 -29.534
2 13 TCON 0.97739E-03 -61.183 1 0.12517E-02 90.466 1251.7 90.466
2 14 TCON 0.98133E-03 56.117 1 0.12517E-02 -149.534 1251.7 -149.534
2 15 GCON 0.37899E-04 -178.308 1 0.13250E-13 -110.610 0.13250E-06 -20.610
2 16 GCON 0.97867E-04 1.522 1 0.28313E-13 -4.881 0.28313E-06 85.119
Terminal 1 PHLA 0.30181E-12 -1.197 2 0.31231E-12 -4.375 0.31231E-05 85.625
Terminal 2 PHLB 0.28855E-12 122.858 2 0.27859E-12 123.439 0.27859E-05 -146.561
Terminal 3 PHLC 0.31082E-12 -117.255 2 0.32467E-12 -118.219 0.32467E-05 -28.219
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.97361E-12 -178.274 2 0.97333E-12 -179.435 0.97333E-05 -89.435
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.98682E-12 -58.271 2 0.10089E-11 -56.788 0.10089E-04 33.212
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.99525E-12 60.470 2 0.98755E-12 59.251 0.98755E-05 149.251
Terminal 9 TER1 0.12517E-03 -119.534 2 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
Terminal 10 TER2 0.12517E-03 0.466 2 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
Terminal 11 TER3 0.12517E-03 120.466 2 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
Terminal 12 TCON 0.12517E-03 -119.534 2 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
Terminal 13 TCON 0.12517E-03 0.466 2 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
Terminal 14 TCON 0.12517E-03 120.466 2 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
Terminal 15 GCON 0.17286E-13 -78.926 2 0.27319E-13 -60.690 0.27319E-06 29.310
Terminal 16 GCON 0.23024E-13 -20.343 2 0.53837E-13 15.347 0.53837E-06 105.347

Printout A.7 SPLITS-Generated Input Data File, TRANSFOR.MER, for the Star-Star-Delta
Auto-Transformer

SYSTEM
BUSS,TCON, 12, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 13, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 14, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 15, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 16, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 17, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,GCON, 18, .0, .0

TERMINAL,TRANSFORMER
EARTH,.0,9999999.0,0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 4, 4
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 8, 8
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 10, 10, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 11, 11, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 12, 12, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 13, 13, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 14, 14, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0

SPLITS Page A-16


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

VOLTAGE,POLAR, 15, 15, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0


VOLTAGE,POLAR, 16, 16, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 17, 17, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 18, 18, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0

SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 9, 9, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, DUMM, 12, 12
SELF, DUMM, 13, 13
SELF, DUMM, 14, 14
SELF, DUMM, 15, 15
SELF, DUMM, 16, 16
SELF, DUMM, 17, 17
SELF, 18, 18, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
MUTU, 5, 5, .0, .0, 12, 12, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 6, 6, .0, .0, 13, 13, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 7, 7, .0, .0, 14, 14, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 17, 17, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 11, 11, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0

SECTION, 2, 2
! Primary self impedances
SELF, 1, 1, 8036.96830 , 48077.5413 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, 8036.96830 , 48077.5413 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, 8036.96830 , 48077.5413 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Secondary 3 phases
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! Tertiary self impedances
SELF, 9, 9, 162.394548 , 971.452207 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, 162.394548 , 971.452207 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, 162.394548 , 971.452207 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Secondary self impedances
SELF, 12, 12, 1570.17885 , 9392.88742 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 13, 13, 1570.17885 , 9392.88742 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 14, 14, 1570.17885 , 9392.88742 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Three buses used to create Tertiary
SELF, 15, 15, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 16, 16, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 17, 17, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! The bus used to ground auto-transformer
SELF, 18, 18, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! Mutual between Primary and Secondary
MUTU, 1, 1, 3552.20572 , 21241.5825 , 12, 12
MUTU, 2, 2, 3552.20572 , 21241.5825 , 13, 13
MUTU, 3, 3, 3552.20572 , 21241.5825 , 14, 14
! Mutual between Primary and Tertiary
MUTU, 1, 1, 1142.19076 , 6826.48687 , 9, 9
MUTU, 2, 2, 1142.19076 , 6826.48687 , 10, 10
MUTU, 3, 3, 1142.19076 , 6826.48687 , 11, 11
! Mutual between Secondary and Tertiary
MUTU, 9, 9, 504.842248 , 3015.44667 , 12, 12
MUTU, 10, 10, 504.842248 , 3015.44667 , 13, 13
MUTU, 11, 11, 504.842248 , 3015.44667 , 14, 14
! Auto-transformer connections
MUTU, 1, 1, .0, .0, 5, 5, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 2, 2, .0, .0, 6, 6, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 3, 3, .0, .0, 7, 7, .00000001, .0
! Tertiary connections
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0

SPLITS Page A-17


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

MUTU, 11, 11, .0, .0, 17, 17, .00000001, .0


! Auto, 3 phases connected to ground bus
MUTU, 12, 12, .0, .0, 18, 18, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 13, 13, .0, .0, 18, 18, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 14, 14, .0, .0, 18, 18, .00000001, .0
ENDPROGRAM

Printout A.8 Open Circuit Computation Results for the Star-Star-Delta Auto-Transformer

COMPUTATION RESULTS

TERMINAL NO. 1, PRIMARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3361 -80.102
1 2 PHLB 1.3361 39.898
1 3 PHLC 1.3361 159.898
1 4 NEUL 0.44180E-04 70.862
Terminal 1 PHLA 1.3362 -80.103 1 0.13279E-03 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
Terminal 2 PHLB 1.3362 39.897 1 0.13279E-03 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
Terminal 3 PHLC 1.3362 159.897 1 0.13279E-03 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
Terminal 4 NEUL 0.44180E-04 70.862 1 0.34616E-13 -9.815 0.34616E-04 80.185

TERMINAL NO. 2, SECONDARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 5 PHHA 0.81397E-02 89.999
1 6 PHHB 0.81397E-02 -150.001
1 7 PHHC 0.81397E-02 -30.001
1 8 NEUH 0.34190E-09 -153.256
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.40699E-02 89.999 1 0.40699E-02 89.999 40699. 179.999
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.40699E-02 -150.001 1 0.40699E-02 -150.001 40699. -60.001
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.40699E-02 -30.001 1 0.40699E-02 -30.001 40699. 59.999
Terminal 8 NEUH 0.34190E-09 -153.256 1 0.00000E+00 0.000 0.35159E-17 36.027

TERMINAL NO. 3, TERTIARY

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 9 TER1 0.15098E-02 119.991
1 10 TER2 0.15098E-02 -120.009
1 11 TER3 0.15098E-02 -0.009
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75492E-03 119.991 1 0.75492E-03 119.991 7549.2 -150.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75492E-03 -120.009 1 0.75492E-03 -120.009 7549.2 -30.009
Terminal 11 TER3 0.75492E-03 -0.009 1 0.75492E-03 -0.009 7549.2 89.991

TERMINAL NO. 4, TRANSFORMER

SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3348 99.908
1 2 PHLB 1.3347 -140.091
1 3 PHLC 1.3348 -20.091
1 5 PHHA 0.85467E-02 -90.001
1 6 PHHB 0.85467E-02 29.999
1 7 PHHC 0.85467E-02 149.999
1 9 TER1 0.15853E-02 -60.009
1 10 TER2 0.15853E-02 59.991
1 11 TER3 0.15853E-02 179.991
1 12 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 13 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 14 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 15 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 16 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 17 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 18 GCON 0.40442E-04 -151.770
2 1 PHLA 1.3217 100.007 1 0.13279E-01 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
2 2 PHLB 1.3217 -139.992 1 0.13279E-01 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
2 3 PHLC 1.3217 -19.992 1 0.13279E-01 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
2 5 PHHA 1.3053 -79.946 1 0.40699E-02 89.999 40699. 179.999
2 6 PHHB 1.3053 40.054 1 0.40699E-02 -150.001 40699. -60.001
2 7 PHHC 1.3053 160.055 1 0.40699E-02 -30.001 40699. 59.999
2 9 TER1 0.54791E-02 -35.219 1 0.75492E-03 119.991 7549.2 -150.009
2 10 TER2 0.54700E-02 87.255 1 0.75492E-03 -120.009 7549.2 -30.009
2 11 TER3 0.56780E-02 -153.903 1 0.75492E-03 -0.009 7549.2 89.991
2 12 TCON 1.2863 98.348 1 0.40699E-01 179.999 40699. 179.999
2 13 TCON 1.2863 -141.651 1 0.40699E-01 -60.001 40699. -60.001

SPLITS Page A-18


Appendix A Transformer Modelling

2 14 TCON 1.2863 -21.651 1 0.40699E-01 59.999 40699. 59.999


2 15 TCON 0.57086E-02 176.211 1 0.75492E-02 -30.009 7549.2 -30.009
2 16 TCON 0.58233E-02 -61.733 1 0.75492E-02 89.991 7549.2 89.991
2 17 TCON 0.59450E-02 56.291 1 0.75492E-02 -150.009 7549.2 -150.009
2 18 GCON 0.40442E-04 -151.770 1 0.22707E-12 5.487 0.22707E-05 95.487
Terminal 1 PHLA 0.40699E-02 89.999 2 0.40699E-02 89.999 40699. 179.999
Terminal 2 PHLB 0.40699E-02 -150.001 2 0.40699E-02 -150.001 40699. -60.001
Terminal 3 PHLC 0.40699E-02 -30.001 2 0.40699E-02 -30.001 40699. 59.999
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.40699E-02 89.999 2 0.40699E-02 89.999 40699. 179.999
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.40699E-02 -150.001 2 0.40699E-02 -150.001 40699. -60.001
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.40699E-02 -30.001 2 0.40699E-02 -30.001 40699. 59.999
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75492E-03 -120.009 2 0.75492E-03 -120.009 7549.2 -30.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75492E-03 -0.009 2 0.75492E-03 -0.009 7549.2 89.991
Terminal 11 TER3 0.75492E-03 119.991 2 0.75492E-03 119.991 7549.2 -150.009
Terminal 12 TCON 0.41416E-10 -155.875 2 0.22835E-12 5.501 0.22835E-05 95.501
Terminal 13 TCON 0.41418E-10 -155.877 2 0.22639E-12 5.756 0.22639E-05 95.756
Terminal 14 TCON 0.41418E-10 -155.874 2 0.22650E-12 5.191 0.22650E-05 95.191
Terminal 15 TCON 0.75492E-03 -120.009 2 0.75492E-03 -120.009 7549.2 -30.009
Terminal 16 TCON 0.75492E-03 -0.009 2 0.75492E-03 -0.009 7549.2 89.991
Terminal 17 TCON 0.75492E-03 119.991 2 0.75492E-03 119.991 7549.2 -150.009
Terminal 18 GCON 0.41417E-10 -155.875 2 0.22703E-12 5.486 0.22703E-05 95.486

SPLITS Page A-19


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SPLITS Page U-1

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