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SPLITS Page v
Chapter 1 Description of Computer Program SPLITS
1.1.1 Capabilities
The following items describe some typical problems which can be successfully analyzed by SPLITS:
Practically any type of fault can be simulated. The fault path may have a nonzero impedance
if desired. Some typical faults are:
The flexibility provided by SPLITS makes it difficult to list all possible applications. Indeed, as the
experience of the user grows, he will find a growing number of new applications for the program.
The typical problem which can be analyzed by SPLITS is shown in Figure 1.1. SPLITS is designed to
solve the problem based on a minimum number of simplifying assumptions, i.e., the system is modelled
as is, even when all the variables which define the system differ from one span to the other. Hence, the
value of each element shown in Figure 1.1 can be assigned by the user without any restriction. Typically:
• The source voltage driving each conductor can take any value. Therefore, unbalanced
multiphase power systems can be modelled.
• Each single shunt (or tower) impedance can be assigned a unique value different from all
other shunt values.
• Open circuit conditions are modelled by insertion of high impedance values at the desired
locations.
• Mutual coupling between any pair of conductors can be specified. These mutual impedances
need not be equal from span to span.
• In addition to the impedances and connections shown in Figure 1.1, connections can be made
between any number of phases at each span: each connection can be a short-circuit or can be
made via a user-specified.
• The so-called "bus to neutral" impedances at the Central (or Main) Station are generally used
to represent the equivalent impedances of a transformer. In the event of a phase to ground
fault, this impedance is replaced by a short or by the impedance of the arc or fault path. When
a conductor is not connected to the substation neutral path, a large impedance value must be
specified.
This is the location upon which a given study focuses. It usually corresponds to a power substation or a
major industrial plant. However, it could also be a building, a house or a transmission tower. Electric
lines and metallic conductors (power lines or cables, distribution lines and/or communication lines and
pipelines, etc.) connect the Central Station to Terminals. Often, the Central Station is the location of a
power fault.
A Terminal is a location where the electrical lines and other metallic conductors originating from the
Central Station busses (each line is associated with a specific bus at the Central Station) are connected to
the rest of the network (transmission system, distribution system, etc). As seen in Figure 1.1, these
terminals are the endpoints of the conductors in the mode used for the program. Each terminal is
identified by a name. The default name is UNSP. If several terminals exist, then different names should
be used.
Program SPLITS assumes that there are the same number of lines, between the Central Station and any
terminal, and moreover, SPLITS assumes that the lines are all connected to their associated busses (i.e.
line 3 to bus 3). If a particular line does not exist in reality between the fault location and a given
terminal, it is necessary to inform the program by means of the "DUMMy" descriptor.
The impedance of the connection between a bus and the ground network at the Central Station is
specified by entering its resistive component followed by its reactive component. This impedance is also
designated as the Bus-to-Neutral Connection impedance.
If the bus is a ground wire bus, this bus connection impedance is typically zero.
If the bus is a phase bus, the bus connection impedance is the transformer winding impedance of the
corresponding phase, unless this bus is faulted. In such a case, the impedance to use is either zero or a
value equal to the fault impedance. When no transformer exists, then the bus connection impedance
value to use is a very high impedance to simulate an open-circuit condition.
Line Section
A line section is a segment of line existing between two shunt impedances. The shunt impedance
furthest away from the Central Station has the same number as the line section it bounds. Note that the
sections are numbered starting from 1 at the section adjacent to the Central Station. The last section (no
number) is the section adjacent to the terminal section described earlier and is called the Terminal
Section.
SPLITS automatically ignores any mutual or connection impedance between a section and itself. Mutual
and connection impedance values can be specified between any pair of lines belonging to the same
section.
SPLITS does not differentiate between an overhead ground wire, cable shield, pipe, etc., or phase wire.
All of these are considered to be "Lines" connected to the associated bus. For example, a ground wire is
a phase wire connected to a voltage source of 0 volts. In addition, the ground wire bus is connected
directly to the ground network. Similarly, a section of pipe close to the power system can be described as
a ground wire open at its terminals (use of high impedance values).
Each line must terminate at a bus, which has a name and a number. The bus number is used by SPLITS
to identify the bus. Consequently the bus number must be specified by the user. The bus name is optional
but highly recommended. Similar names can be used for different busses.
SPLITS offers the possibility of analyzing the problem for a range of values of the parameters which are
strongly dependent on the soil characteristics. When this "scanning" option is requested, the program
will automatically modify the value of these parameters according to the user's specifications.
1.1.5 Limitations
Section 3.3 of the CDEGS Installation Guide provides an indication of maximum values imposed on
such quantities as the number of busses, terminals, self impedances, shunt impedances, and mutual
impedances which can be specified in this version of the program.
For best results, enter your SPLITS data using one of the interactive input data processors, i.e., SICL for
a command mode input session and Input Toolbox for a menu-based approach. Each of these programs
provides you with a user-friendly environment, including preliminary error-checking, in which you can
specify the engineering data required by SPLITS. SICL and Input Toolbox offer detailed on-line help
and can plot selected data on your screen to help you verify your data entry. Note that, if you prefer to
prepare your data outside of these interactive environments, you can always use a word processor (in
ASCII mode) to create or edit a SICL input file before invoking the SICL input processor, and then use
the OPEN-FILE and READ commands within SICL to process the file you have prepared. SICLand
Input Toolbox create a complete, syntactically correct SPLITS input file at the end of the interactive
session.
The Getting Started manual presents examples (in Chapter 6) showing how to prepare input data using
the SICL input data processor. The How To… manuals show how to use the Input Toolbox.
Data entry for older version of SPLITS (1991 and earlier releases) was made by means of input files
which were all at least partially in a fixed-format. While this type of input has been superseded by the
more user-friendly SICL-compatible input described in this manual, it can still be invoked for use with
older input files. Simply insert the following two command lines at the very beginning of the input file in
order to invoke the fixed-format mode:
SPLITS
OLD-FASHION
These should then be followed by the RUN-IDENTIFICATION module from the old file and the file
thereafter.
Each module is introduced by an access word (AW) and consists of one or several blocks. Blocks are
located arbitrarily within the module and can be separated for clarity by the separator command DONE.
Each block contains keywords (KW), words (W), subwords (SW) and alphanumerical values (when
applicable). The terminator ENDM, positioned at the end of a module, causes the program to exit a
module. Note that once a module has been exited, reentry can cause all the previously specified data to
be erased. This holds specifically for the SYSTem module. Hence, all data belonging to a given module
should be specified together, in one block.
Accesswords, keywords, words and subwords are all input commands. They are a minimum of four
characters long and are placed at the beginning of a data line. The maximum number of characters for a
command is thirty characters (five when the formatted option is specified). Characters beyond the fourth
character are optional. The data line is 80 characters wide. Figure 1.2 is a schematic diagram of the
structure of a SPLITS data input file.
Each module is labeled by an accessword and is generally composed of several command groups, which
are labeled by a keyword. A keyword may appear in several modules, but it is functionally distinct from
the same keyword belonging to another module and will not confuse the program. Similarly, words
belonging to a given keyword form a functional subgroup and identical words from different subgroups
have distinct meanings for the program. Similar rules also apply to subwords belonging to a specific
word.
Appendix B gives the list of commands, i.e., accesswords (AW), keywords (KW) and words (W), which
are available in this version of computer program SPLITS.
A command is made up of the command verb, an optional specword, and optional or mandatory data
variables. Variables and specwords specified on the same command line are separated by commas. Real
numbers can be entered with exponents, for example 2.1E-09 or 0.7E+11 (note that no spaces are
allowed before or after the "E"). Command verbs can be abbreviated. A SPLITS input file also includes
Standard Commands, which are general-purpose commands that are unrelated to the engineering
calculations of the program, such as comment lines which are used to describe the input file. Note that
default specwords may be invoked by typing two consecutive commas (or two commas separated by
blank characters) after the command.
i) For most convenience, use the SIRPS report and plot generator or the Output Toolbox
(which uses SIRPS internally) to extract information from the machine-readable database
file. SIRPS can extract a summary of the most important results and display it promptly
on your screen or save it in a report file for subsequent printing. SIRPS can also prepare
customized reports and plots, for immediate display on your video screen or subsequent
hardcopy printing. See the Getting Started manual and the SIRPS User's Manual for
details on how to use SIRPS.
ii) Edit or print the user-readable printout file which contains complete computation results.
Note that this file can be quite long, so verify its length before printing it!
Note that no results are automatically displayed on your screen or on your printer when a SPLITS run
ends. In order to view your results, proceed as described above.
Chapter Organization
This chapter defines and explains the commands that can be placed in a SPLITS input file, on a module
by module basis: each module is introduced and the syntax for the corresponding module command is
defined, then for each command within the module, the command syntax and function are given. A
complete example of a SPLITS input file is presented in the “How To … Engineering Guide” entitled
“Analysis of AC Interference Between Transmission Lines and Pipelines”.
The "Quick-Test"
If the input file contains no data other than comments and a run identification, then SPLITS assumes that
the user wants to test the integrity of the program. As a result, a sample run, called the Quick Test, is
submitted. This run is based on a system consisting of resistive elements only, which is shown in Figure
2.1.
TEST, spec
1-PHase
2-PHase
3-PHase
CROSs-country
UNBAlance
INDUction
BASE or any other character (default = sample test). <Default specword>.
This is a module consisting of one data line containing an accessword, "TEST", followed by a specword.
The user has a choice of seven different sample tests. Each of these tests illustrates a typical application
of program SPLITS. Figure 2.2 shows the power system which was used to develop the sample tests. In
some of the tests, only Terminal "SKY" is specified. The detailed values of the system parameters can be
obtained from the sample test printout.
OPTIONS or WANT
Module OPTIons consists of 13 possible keywords which must follow the accessword, "OPTIons". The
keywords, which can be entered in any sequence, are used to modify the default options assumed by
SPLITS. These keywords are described in the following paragraphs.
Syntax:
RUN-IDENTIFIcation, spec
This command is used to identify the printout and the plots produced by the program. The specword,
spec, is a character string with a maximum of 20 characters. Any alphanumeric string may be specified.
Syntax:
VARY, spec
When "VARY" is specified, SPLITS analyzes the problem for values of soil resistivity varying from
zero to a maximum value specified in the BASE Module. In varying the soil resistivity, SPLITS also
varies the values of parameters that are functions of soil resistivity. Such parameters are clearly signaled
as such in their syntax descriptions.
Syntax:
NEUTRAL, spec
NEUTral informs SPLITS that all subsequent source voltages are to be interpreted as phase-to-neutral
values. If this keyword is not specified, SPLITS assumes that the source voltages are phase-to-phase
values of a 3-phase system, i.e., 1.732 times the phase-to-neutral values. The specword, spec, can be one
of the following descriptors:
<Default specword>.
<Default setting>.
Syntax:
PRINTOUT, spec
The keyword PRINtout informs the program whether the user desires an abbreviated, semi-detailed, or
detailed output of currents computed for the power system. The amount of output is governed by the
specword selected:
• SEMI-detailed: lists the currents at the Central Station and all terminals.
• DETAiled: lists the currents computed throughout the power system: at the Central Station, at
the
<Default specword/setting>.
Syntax:
OUTPUT, spec
The Keyword OUTPut determines whether complex numbers in the computation results appear in polar,
Cartesian, or both forms. The default option is to display the results in both forms and is activated if the
OUTPut Keyword is not specified; in this case, polar and Cartesian representations of a number are
printed side by side (i.e., columnwise). The user should note, however, that when a detailed output is
requested, the line sections output will have one of the following forms depending upon the option
selected:
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Module (A) Angle (deg.) No. Module (A) Angle (deg.) Module (V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368
2 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 1 0.10178E-02 -179.308 0.10178E+06 -179.308
3 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 2 0.10192E-02 -179.264 0.10192E+06 -179.264
4 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 3 0.10212E-02 -179.216 0.10212E+06 -179.216
5 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 4 0.10236E-02 -179.168 0.10236E+06 -179.168
6 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 5 0.10264E-02 -179.121 0.10264E+06 -179.121
7 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 6 0.10295E-02 -179.076 0.10295E+06 -179.076
8 1 PHAS 789.13 -82.368 7 0.10328E-02 -179.035 0.10328E+06 -179.035
Sect.<----- BUS -----><------------ SECTION CURRENT ( Amps ) ----------> Tower <-------- TOWER <SHUNT> CURRENT ( Amps ) -------->
No. No. TYPE ACTIVE REACTIVE MODULE ANGLE(deg.) No. ACTIVE REACTIVE MODULE ANGLE(deg.)
==== === ============ ============ ============ ============ =========== ===== ============ ============ ============ ===========
1 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368
2 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 1 -0.10177E-02 -0.12300E-04 0.10178E-02 -179.308
3 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 2 -0.10192E-02 -0.13095E-04 0.10192E-02 -179.264
4 1 PHAS 104.80 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 3 -0.10211E-02 -0.13965E-04 0.10212E-02 -179.216
5 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 4 -0.10235E-02 -0.14863E-04 0.10236E-02 -179.168
6 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 5 -0.10262E-02 -0.15752E-04 0.10264E-02 -179.121
7 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 6 -0.10293E-02 -0.16605E-04 0.10295E-02 -179.076
8 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 7 -0.10327E-02 -0.17400E-04 0.10328E-02 -179.035
9 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 8 -0.10363E-02 -0.18122E-04 0.10365E-02 -178.998
10 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.368 9 -0.10401E-02 -0.18762E-04 0.10403E-02 -178.967
11 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.367 10 -0.10441E-02 -0.19313E-04 0.10443E-02 -178.940
12 1 PHAS 104.81 -782.14 789.13 -82.367 11 -0.10483E-02 -0.19775E-04 0.10484E-02 -178.919
Note that all complex numbers in the input data file must be in Cartesian form. This rule avoids
unnecessary errors due to the mixing of polar and Cartesian forms.
When the default option is selected, the tower (or shunt) potential is not printed. However, this potential
may be obtained by subtracting the currents of the sections on either side of the tower and multiplying by
the shunt impedance.
Syntax:
CONNECTION, spec
<Default specword/setting>.
Unless otherwise instructed, SPLITS assumes that the self impedances of unspecified power system line
sections are zero (short-circuited). Keyword CONN with a NO or OFF specword, inform the program
that these impedances should rather have a very high value (open-circuited).
Syntax:
CAPACITANCE, X-capacitance
Keyword CAPAcitance informs the program that all unspecified sections are to be given a shunt
impedance equal to the capacitive impedance value (in megohms) entered after the keyword. If a zero
value is specified in these columns, the keyword CAPA is ignored as if it had never been specified.
Syntax:
SKIP, spec
• NONE
• SUMMary
• ALL
If the SKIP keyword is omitted or the NONE specword is used, the program includes an echo of the
input data in the printout, along with a summary of the input data. When SKIP is specified with
spec=ECHO, the echo of the input data is deleted from the printout; spec=SUMM causes the same thing
to happen to the input data summary; spec=ALL causes both the echo of the input data and its summary
to be deleted from the printout.
Syntax:
WARNING, spec
Keyword WARNings causes the program to stop when warning message occur. Normally, the program
does not stop when warnings arise. The specword, spec, can be one of the following descriptors:
Syntax:
DEBUG, spec
• MEDIum
• HEAVy
• SUPEr
DEBUg is the debug option keyword. The user who is not familiar with the SPLITS theory and software
should avoid using this option.
When the specword is SUMM a small number of debug lines is produced. MEDI, HEAV, SUPE
produce progressively greater numbers of debug lines. SUPE results in an immense output file if used
for a problem with a great number of towers/shunts. The OFF/NO specword causes no debug lines to be
produced.
Syntax:
This command is used to allocate pointer array space for SPLITS runs requiring large amounts of
memory.
JXJSEC and JXJBUS allocate pointer array space for sections and busses, respectively. They must not
exceed the maximum values defined by the following constraints:
where MZBUS, MZZXL and MZZXS are parameters in the PARAMETE.SPS include file with which
SPLITS is compiled.
Syntax:
INTERCONNECT, spec
This command enables or disables line-to-line (phase-to-phase) connections at any section. These
connections and the interconnection impedances associated with them are specified with the MUTUAL
command.
Syntax:
SPAN-SCALING, Scaling-constant
This command defines a constant which can be used to scale series, mutual, interconnection and shunt
impedances specified with the SELF and MUTUal commands, as well as terminal source impedances
specified with the VOLTage command. The SERIes-mutual, RESIstive-shunt, REACtive-shunt,
TERMinal and MUTUal-inter commands control whether or not the SPAN-scaling constant is actually
applied to series, mutual, shunt, source and interconnection impedances.
When enabled, the SPAN-scaling constant multiplies series, mutual and source impedances and divides
the real and imaginary part of shunt and interconnection impedances. The main utility of this constant is
to permit simple conversion between systems of length unit when impedances are entered in ohms per
unit length.
Syntax:
SERIES-MUTUA, spec
This command enables and disables multiplication of series and mutual impedances by the SPAN-
scaling constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with SECTion
commands.
• ON/YES/BOTH: Series impedances entered with SELF commands and mutual impedances entered
with MUTUal commands are multiplied by both the SPAN-scaling constant and the
associated span lengths.
<This is the default specword value>.
• OFF/NO: No scaling of series and mutual impedances occurs, even if a SPAN-scaling constant
has been defined and span lengths have been entered.
<This is the default setting>.
• FACTor_only: Series and mutual impedances are multiplied by the SPAN-Scaling constant but not
by the associated span lengths.
• SPAN_only: Series and mutual impedances are multiplied by their associated span lengths but not
by the SPAN-scaling constant.
Syntax:
RESISTIVE-SH, spec
This command enables and disables division of the resistive component of shunt impedances by the
SPAN-scaling constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with
SECTion commands.
• ON/YES/BOTH: The resistive component of shunt impedances entered with SELF commands is
divided by both the SPAN-scaling constant and the associated span length.
• FACTor_only: Shunt impedance resistive components are divided by the SPAN-scaling constant but
not by the associated span lengths.
• SPAN-only: Shunt impedance resistive components are divided by their associated span lengths
but not by the SPAN-scaling constant.
Syntax:
REACTIVE-SHU, spec
This command enables and disables division of the reactive component of shunt impedances by the
SPAN-scaling constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with
SECTion commands.
• ON/YES/BOTH: The reactive component of shunt impedances entered with SELF commands is
divided by both the SPAN-scaling constant and the associated span length.
<This is the default specword value>.
• FACTor-only: Shunt impedance reactive components are divided by the SPAN-scaling constant but
not by the associated span lengths.
• SPAN-only: Shunt impedance reactive components are divided by their associated span lengths
but not by the SPAN-scaling constant.
Syntax:
TERMINAL, spec
This command enables and disables multiplication of terminal source impedances by the SPAN-scaling
constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command.
• ON/YES/SPAN-only: Terminal source impedances entered with VOLTage commands are multiplied by the
SPAN-scaling constant.
<This is the default specword value>
Syntax:
MUTUAL-INTER, spec
This command enables and disables division of the interconnection impedances by the span-scaling
constant entered with the SPAN-scaling command and by span lengths entered with SECTion
commands.
• ON/YES/BOTH: The interconnection impedance entered with MUTUal command is divided by both
the SPAN-scaling constant and the associated span length.
<This is the default specword value>
• FACTOR-only: Interconnection impedances are divided by the SPAN-scaling constant but not by the
associated span lengths.
• SPAN-only: Interconnection impedances are divided by their associated span lengths but not by
their associated SPAN-scaling constant.
BASE
BASE is an accessword which is required when safety calculations or calculations involving soil
resistivity variations are desired. BASE assigns base values to soil resistivity and fault current.
Syntax:
RESISTIVITY,resistivity
RESIstivity defines the base soil resitivity value. This is the soil resistivity (in ohm-m) to be used in the
computations. When calculations are iterated for different soil resistivity values, the base soil resistivity
value is used as a reference: see the description of the INCRement command for more details.
Syntax:
FAULT, current
FAULt is necessary when safety calculations are requested. The value specified is the fault current (in
amperes) which is used to determine the stress (touch or step) voltage. Note that the stress voltage is also
defined based on the base resistivity.
Syntax:
INCREMENT,spec,last-resistivity, increment
The INCRement keyword is necessary when soil resistivity variation is requested. The first value
represents the maximum resistivity value (in ohm-meters) which is to be considered in the study. The
second value is the per unit value which, when multiplied by the base resistivity value, gives the
increment 'U (in Ω-m) between two consecutive resistivity values used in the computations. The
program starts the computation by assuming that soil resistivity ρ is almost zero. Then it repeats the
calculations a number of times, each time with a new resistivity U = U + 'U . The calculations stop on the
second occurrence of the condition ρ ≥ last-resistivity. "Spec" is a four-character name which is printed
as a reference on each plot produced in the run. This reference name is optional.
SAFE
As suggested by the accessword SAFE, this module is needed when safety calculations are required.
This module specifies reference data which establishes the safety status of the Central Station. For a
more detailed discussion of safety, see References [1] - [4].
Syntax:
IEEE, spec
• YES / ON: Use set of default values which include the ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 recommended
value for human body resistance.
<Default specword>.
With this keyword, the user chooses between the following values as the reference parameters to be used
for the safety evaluation:
SPECWORD
ON / YES OFF / NO
ρs)
Insu (ρ 3000 Ω-m 1000 Ω-m
Stress 480 V 0 V
where:
Stress: Stress voltage. This value should be specified separately using the STRE
command. If not specified, this value is set arbitrarily to 480 V and the stress
voltage type is assumed to be a touch voltage.
Note that it is possible to specify IEEE first, then any or all of the following keywords. Note also that the
above default values are not suitable by any means for all systems and are only representative values.
Consult Chapter 3 of the MALT User's Manual for a detailed discussion of how to obtain accurate values
for the above keywords.
Syntax:
BODY, body-resistance
This keyword specifies the value (in ohms) to be used in the safety calculations for the resistance of a
human body (usually 300 to 3000 Ω).
Syntax:
FOOT, resistivity-coeff
c h
FOOT specifies a coefficient R p , in ohms/ohm-meter, proportional to the additional resistance which
must be added to the "electrocution" circuit to take account of the earth mass separating the feet of a
person from the nearest buried ground electrode. The additional resistance is R p * Us , where Us is
specified by the INSU command or defaulted by the program. ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 [1] recommends
as an approximation a resistance of 3Us for each foot. More precisely, the recommended approximate
resistance value is R = Us 4.513 S where S is the surface area covered by one foot. Therefore, if the
small effect of mutual coupling between the feet is neglected, the coefficient which must be specified is
0.5 4.513 S when the feet are in parallel (touch voltage type) and 2 4.513 S when the feet are in
series (step voltage type). Based on a "standard" foot, these values are 1.5 and 6.0 respectively.
If the insulating properties of the soles of shoes are to be taken into account, an additional resistance
given by the formula R = eUs S may be included, where e is the thickness of the sole and S is the
surface area covered by one foot. The additional coefficients to be specified are then e 2S or 2e S
depending upon the type of stress voltage considered. Note, however, that it is usual practice to neglect
this additional resistance because wet leather shoes can have very low contact resistances.
Syntax:
INSULATION, resistivity
The INSUlation keyword specifies the adjusted resistivity, ρs, (in ohm-meters) of a thin layer of
insulating material isolating the earth's surface from the feet of passersby (the equivalent GRAVel
keyword can also be used). Usually this protection is provided by covering the surface of the soil at the
exposed location with a layer of gravel or asphalt. The adjusted resistivity of the insulating layer is given
in Columns 21 to 29. SPLITS uses this resistivity value to determine the additional resistance provided
by the feet, unless the natural soil resistivity exceeds the insulating layer resistivity. In this last case, the
program uses the natural top soil resistivity instead of Us .
For a uniform soil of resistivity Uu , the foot resistance may be approximated by 1.5 Uu in most cases.
When, however, a two-layer structure exists, as when a layer of gravel covers the soil, the resistivity
value to use becomes less evident. ANSI/IEEE Standard 80 (Chapter 5) suggests in effect that an
adjusted resistivity Us be computed according to the formula Us = Utop F , where Utop is the resistivity of the
top insulating layer, and F is a derating factor which depends upon the ratio of the two layer resistivities,
the top layer thickness, the foot dimension, and the type of voltage contact (touch or step). In this same
chapter, curves are presented which display appropriate values of the derating factor. Gravel resistivity
usually varies between 500 and 5000 Ω-m before the derating factor has been applied.
A conservative practice would of course be to neglect the gravel layer altogether. In this way, also,
deterioration of this insulating layer over time would not compromise safety. In this case, the natural top
soil resistivity should be specified. The formula which is used to compute the actual resulting body
current is:
I b = Vstress R body + R p * Us
where Us is the top earth surface layer adjusted resistivity as explained in the preceding paragraph and
Vstress is the actual voltage applied across the electric contact points. The value of I b is then compared to
the presumed safe body current Is given by the Dalziel electrocution equation:
Is = . t
where K=0.116 and t is the clearing time in seconds (Is is in amperes). It is clear that if the foot
coefficient R p is zero, then the only current limiting parameter is the body resistance, regardless of the
top soil resistivity value.
Syntax:
TIME, clearing-time
TIME specifies the maximum fault clearing time in (seconds), and is generally between 0.1 and 1
second.
Syntax:
The STREss keyword defines the type of stress voltage considered and its associated earth potential (or
potential difference) value (in volts) as computed using appropriate formulas (or computer programs
such as MALT program). The stress voltage usually represents a touch (spec = TOUCh, the default
specword and setting) or a step (spec = STEP) voltage. It is based on the base resistivity and fault values
as specified in the BASE module.
When STREss is a touch voltage, the specified value must be the potential which exists at a point on the
earth's surface which a man may be contacting with his feet while another part of his body is in direct
contact with metallic structures continuous with the ground electrode. In this case, SPLITS automatically
subtracts the computed ground network potential rise from the specified stress value to determine the
existing touch voltage (touch voltage = difference between GPR and soil potential). When STREss is
specified as a step voltage, the value represents the difference between the soil potentials at the contact
locations on the earth's surface (feet of the man). In other words, the user must enter the average
potential value at the earth surface location at which a man's feet are to be found, for touch type voltages,
or the absolute value of the difference of potentials between the earth surface locations of each foot of a
man, for step type voltages.
SYSTEM
Module SYSTem has 9 keywords, and is the only module which has words and subwords. Figure 2.3
illustrates the functions of the keywords, words and subwords (excluding the TRANSFORMER
keyword and its assigned words and subwords) and summarizes the relationships which exist between
each specific keyword and its assigned words and subwords. When several consecutive lines contain the
same subword, it is only necessary to specify the subword on the first line; the subsequent lines need
only contain data.
It is important to note that each time Module SYST is accessed (using the SYST accessword), program
SPLITS resets all counters and flags to zero. This means that values specified by a previous entry to
Module SYST are erased and replaced by the values specified in the most recent entry to Module SYST.
Syntax:
HIGH, spec
The HIGH keyword instructs SPLITS to consider zero tower/shunt or section impedance values
specified by the user as very high impedances (i.e., as open-circuits). When this keyword is specified,
SPLITS accepts zero impedances for towers/shunts or sections even if the ZERO keyword (described
later) is not enabled.
• If spec = SHUNt or anything else, then the HIGH command is considered to be applicable to
the transmission line towers (shunts). <Default specword>.
Syntax:
The REPLace keyword instructs SPLITS to replace all zero tower/shunt or section impedance values
specified by the user by the value Z = Rvalue + j Xvalue, where Rvalue and Xvalue are both in ohms.
This keyword can be used to implement default values or to represent shunt capacitances.
• If spec = SHUNt or anything else, then the REPLace command is considered to be applicable
to the transmission line towers (shunts). <Default specword>.
Syntax:
ZERO
Program SPLITS will normally not accept zero impedance values for ground impedances (towers/shunts,
terminal ground networks) and overhead section self impedances. The Zero keyword forces the program
to accept zero impedances.
Syntax:
RESET
The RESEt keyword informs the program that zero impedance values are no longer to be accepted and
disables the HIGH or REPL keywords if these have been enabled.
Syntax:
GRID assigns a ground impedance value to the ground network at the Central Station (the Central
Station is usually the location at which a fault is specified). This impedance is in ohms and is equal to:
where R-constant (in ohms) is the resistive component which is constant (not dependent upon soil
resistivity), X-constant (in ohms) is the ground network reactance, and R-variable (in ohms) is the
resistive component which is proportional to soil resistivity. It is assumed that R-variable has been
b g
determined using the base soil resistivity value Ub given in the BASE module (or 100 Ω-m if the base
resistivity value has not been defined). The actual resistivity value is ρ.
Note that when the MALT program is run, a Data Exchange File containing the main grounding system
resistance is automatically created or updated by MALT and will be consulted by SPLITS if no ground
impedance value is specified for the Central Station in the SPLITS input file. To ensure that the data
transfer does take place between SPLITS and MALT, be sure that you have respected the convention
described in the Getting Started section of your Getting Started & Input/Output Processing binder
(this usually means simply specifying the same Job ID when running related MALT and SPLITS
simulations). To be on the safe site, you can always enter the ground resistance computed by MALT in
your SPLITS input file.
The specword is a name assigned to the Central Station (the default name is CENT).
Syntax:
The BUSS keyword describes the busses which exist at the Central Station and the impedance (in ohms)
of the equipment through which these busses are connected to the ground network. (This impedance is
called the "Bus to Neutral Connection Impedance"). The BUSS keyword is often used to specify a fault
condition on the busses or to specify local loads such as those calculated from the perspective of the
primary windings of a transformer.
SPLITS does not differentiate between an overhead ground wire, cable shield, pipe, or phase wire. All
these are considered to be "lines" connected to the associated bus. For example, a ground wire is a phase
wire which is connected to a voltage source of 0 volts and which is directly connected to the ground
network. Similarly, a section of pipe close to the power system can be described as a ground wire which
is open at its terminals (this is done by specifying high impedance values).
Each line has a name and number and must terminate at a bus. The maximum number of busses accepted
by this version of SPLITS is indicated in Section 3.3 of the CDEGS Installation Guide. The bus number
(ijk in the syntax description) is used by SPLITS to identify the bus and consequently must be specified
by the user. The bus name given by the specword qualifier is optional. Similar names can be used for
different busses. However, it is preferable to add to the following prefixes other characters in order to
uniquely name different busses. SPLITS recognizes the following names as neutral paths (or lines not
directly energized by power sources):
ARMO (Armour)
bbbb = Blank characters.
COMM (Communication)
FENC (Fence)
GRND (Ground wire)
GROU (Ground wire)
MITI (Mitigation)
For example, to describe three phase conductors and a ground wire, the following names could be used:
Finally, the impedance of the connection between a bus and the ground network of the Central Station is
specified after the bus name (in ohms). R-resistance represents its resistive component and X-reactance
its reactive component.
When the bus is a ground wire bus, the bus connection impedance is typically zero.
When the bus is a phase bus, the bus connection impedance is the transformer winding impedance of the
corresponding phase, unless this bus is faulted. In such a case, the impedance to use is either zero or a
value equal to the fault impedance. When no transformer exists, then the bus connection impedance
should be given a very large value to simulate an open-circuit condition.
Syntax:
The TERMinal keyword introduces the terminals which interconnect the lines to the rest of the power
system.
Each terminal is identified by a name given by the specword. The default name is UNSP. If several
terminals exist, different names should be used. The following words are associated with the TERM
keyword. Optionally, you may choose to enter the distance separating the central station from the
terminal (in meters or feet as specified in Module OPTIONS). This distance, when specified, is used to
plot some computation results as a function of distance instead of section (Span) number.
Syntax:
The EARTh Word specifies the ground impedance of the terminal ground network.
R-constant (in ohms) is the resistive component which is constant (independent of soil resistivity), X-
constant (in ohms) is the ground network reactance and R-variable (in ohms) is the resistive component
which is proportional to soil resistivity. It is assumed that R-variable has been determined using the base
soil resistivity value specified in the BASE Module (or 100 Ω-m if the base resistivity value has not
been specified).
Syntax:
LINES
The LINEs Word informs the program that the following subwords are used to describe the lines at the
terminal.
Syntax:
VOLTAGE,spec,ijk,mnl,R, X, Va, Vr
The VOLTage subword defines the terminal characteristics of lines ijk to mnl. If only one line is to be
specified, then ijk=mnl. If "spec" is entered as "DUMM", then fictitious (dummy) lines are specified; in
this case, no values should be entered for R, X, Va, and Vr. Otherwise, the specified lines are recognized
as real (existing) lines. The other specword values are as follows:
• CARTesian: Indicates that the voltage specified by variables Va and Vr is in Cartesian form.
<Default specword>.
• POLAr: Indicates that the voltage specified by variables Va and Vr is in polar form.
a- Dummy Lines
Program SPLITS assumes that there are the same number of lines between all terminals and the Central
Station. Moreover, SPLITS assumes that the lines are all connected to their associated busses at each end
(i.e. Line 3 to Bus 3). If a particular line does not exist between the Central Station and a given terminal,
then the "DUMM" specword is entered in the VOLT command for that line.
A fictitious line may also be specified by entering as an existing line with very large self impedances at
the Central Station and the Terminal and entering a very small value for the voltage source.
b- Existing Lines
When spec is not equal to DUMM, SPLITS recognizes that lines ijk to mnl are existing (real) lines.
The power source voltage V of lines ijk to mnl (phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase, depending upon the
selection made in the OPTIONS Module) is equal to:
and the power source equivalent impedance Z (impedance of the last section or terminal section) is equal
to:
Z = R + jX (in ohms)
Syntax:
The MUTUal subword defines the mutual impedances between different lines at the terminal section.
Note that the mutual impedances defined hold only for the last section (or terminal section) and do not
extend to other sections.
When MUTU is not defined for a group of lines, SPLITS assumes that there is no mutual coupling
between these lines at the terminal section.
Z m = R + jX (in ohms)
There are two possible interpretations for the above MUTU command:
1) If either kkk or lll are not equal to zero, then SPLITS understands that the mutual impedance
between any line number limited by iii and jjj, and any line number limited by kkk and lll, is R + jX.
SPLITS automatically rejects any mutual impedances between a line and itself.
2) When both kkk and lll are equal to zero, then SPLITS interprets the command to mean that the
mutual impedance between lines iii and jjj is R + jX.
Syntax:
The SECTion word informs SPLITS that subsequently specified subwords SELF and MUTUal refer to
Sections ijk to mnl and specifies the physical length of each of these sections. If only one section is to be
described, ijk should be equal to mnl. Note that the sections are numbered starting from 1 at the section
adjacent to the Central Station. The last section is the section adjacent to the terminal and is described by
the LINE word, not by the SECTion word. This terminal section has no number.
Note also that the number of sections which exist between the Central Station and a terminal is set
automatically (by SPLITS) to either:
The span-length-user-units variable is a constant which can be used to scale series, mutual,
interconnection and shunt impedances specified with the SELF and MUTUal commands. It is typically
specified when the self and mutual impedances in each section are obtained from a TRALIN output file
and the values are specified with the SELF and MUTUAL commands in ohms/mile or ohms/km. In this
case the Span-length-user-units variable is the span length in miles (for impedances in ohms/mile) or
km (for impedances in ohms/km).The SERIes-mutua, RESIstive-sh and REACtive-shu commands
control whether or not span-length-user-units is actually applied to series, mutual and shunt
impedances.
When enabled, the span-length-user-units constant multiplies series and mutual impedances and
divides the real and imaginary parts of shunt and interconnection impedances.
The SECT word can be followed by one or both of the two subwords which follow.
Syntax:
or
SELF,DUMM,iii,jjj,Rc,Xc,Rvar
The SELF impedance subword specifies data related to a section (or a series of consecutive sections) of
a line (or a group of lines). Normally, spec should be ACTIVE or left blank. However, to indicate that
one or more sections of one or more phases do not exist (i.e., have infinite self impedance, zero mutual
impedance, and infinite shunt impedance), specify "DUMM" for spec. This is useful, for example, to
model a pipeline or long counterpoise which ends abruptly between a terminal and the central station.
When "DUMM" is specified, R and X should be omitted. On the other hand, a shunt impedance can be
entered: this usually specifies a terminating ground resistance at the first section where the phase ceases
to exist. The "DUMM" option is useful, for example, to model a pipeline or long counterpoise which
ends abruptly between a terminal and the central station.
Z = R + jX (in ohms)
c h
z = Rc + Rvar U Ub + jXc (in ohms)
The shunt impedance is usually the tower ground resistance when the line is an overhead ground wire, or
the line capacitance of the section(s) when the line is a phase conductor.
If the line is assumed to be isolated from ground, then a very high impedance value should be specified.
Note that the user can easily model shunt reactors or capacitors using the shunt impedance facility.
Similarly, fences, rails, and pipelines can be modelled by entering the "DUMM" specword at the section
locations where the fence (or rail, pipeline, etc.) does not exist and by representing the grounded points
as shunt resistances.
The shunt impedance consists of a constant resistive term Rc which is independent of soil resistivity, and
a variable resistive term Rvar, which is proportional to soil resistivity, ρ. Rvar is expressed in ohms and
should be derived based on the base resistivity Ub specified in the BASE module (or 100 Ω-m if the base
resistivity is not specified). Of course, when Rvar = 0, the shunt impedance is assumed to be constant.
The reactance Xc represents any inductance and/or capacitance values. This value is typically zero,
except when line capacitance or other special equipment must be represented.
The data applies to line numbers iii to jjj and to section numbers ijk to mnl (these latter are specified by
the SECT word).
If iii = jjj and ijk = mnl, then only one section is specified (line iii, section ijk).
Syntax:
The MUTUal subword defines the mutual impedance between sections ijk to mnl (defined by SECT) of
lines iii to jjj and sections ijk to mnl (defined by SECT) of lines kkk to lll, provided however that kkk
and lll are not both equal to zero. If kkk and lll are both equal to zero, then program SPLITS interprets
the MUTU command as meaning that the mutual impedances between sections ijk to mnl of line iii, and
sections ijk to mnl of line jjj are all Z m = R + jX (in ohms).
SPLITS automatically ignores any mutual impedances between a section and itself.
Furthermore, when the INTERCONNECTION option is selected with the INTERCONNECT command,
Rsh and Xsh are the real and imaginary, respectively, parts of the interconnection impedance, between
all pairs of lines specified.
The qualifier can be INFINITE or ZERO. The qualifier works only when the interconnection impedance
is zero (both Rsh and Xsh are zero). The qualifier INFINITE means that if both Rsh and Xsh are zero, an
infinite value is assigned to Rsh and Xsh and the qualifier ZERO means that if both Rsh and Xsh are
zero, a zero value is assigned to Rsh and Xsh. The INFINITE qualifier is the default setting and the
default qualifier. When the interconnection impedance is not zero, the specified Rsh and Xsh values are
used by the program, no matter what qualifier is specified or if it is not specified at all.
The specification of the MUTUAL command can be easily illustrated by the following examples:
infinite
MUTUAL,,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,0.0 <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance infinite
MUTUAL,,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance infinite
MUTUAL,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,0.0 <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance infinite
MUTUAL,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- NO qualifier: interconnection impedance
infinite
MUTUAL,ZERO,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0,0 <-- ZERO qualifier: interconnection impedance zero
MUTUAL,ZERO,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m <-- ZERO qualifier: interconnection impedance zero
MUTUAL,INFI,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance
0.0-j0.1
MUTUAL,ZERO,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- ZERO qualifier: interconnection impedance 0.0-j0.1
MUTUAL,,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance
0.0-j0.1
MUTUAL,i,j,Rm,Xm,n,m,0.0,-0.1 <-- INFINITE qualifier: interconnection impedance
0.0-j0.1
Note that if Rsh=Xsh=0, one can specify Rsh=0.000001 and Xsh=0.0 instead of the ZERO specword. In
fact, the program automatically assigns this value (0.000001,0.0) to the interconnection impedance when
the ZERO specword is specified.
Note also that any values specified for Rsh and Xsh are ignored and an infinite interconnection
impedance is assumed if interconnections have not been enabled by specifying the
INTERCONNECTION command in the OPTION module.
Syntax:
SPECIFY, ijk,mnl
The SPECify keyword may be useful to assign default values to unspecified sections and lines.
The user must be cautious when using this keyword since SPEC assigns final values to the number of:
Busses
Terminals
Sections for each terminal
Consequently, although some sections are not specifically described in the input data file, SPLITS will
automatically assign default values to the unspecified sections. For example, if the user provides values
for sections 1 to 30 of terminal "SUBS", and then, using the SPEC keyword, specifies that terminal
SUBS has 55 sections, then the program assumes that SUBS has 55 sections and that sections 31 to 55
have default values.
The default value for mutual impedances is zero (0 + j 0.). The default value for the section self
impedances is zero, a very high value (≈ ∞), or a specified value, depending upon whether the OPEN,
HIGH, or REPL Keywords have been omitted or included in modules WANT and SYST. The default
value for shunt impedances is a very high value (≈ ∞) or a specified value, depending upon whether the
CAPA, HIGH or REPL keywords have been specified in modules WANT and SYST.
The number of busses is given by ijk and the number of terminals is given by mnl; the maximum values
of ijk and mnl are indicated in Section 3.3 of the CDEGS Installation Guide.
Syntax:
DEFINE, name,kkk
The DEFIne keyword defines the number of sections between the Central Station and a given terminal
where the specword is the name of the terminal and kkk is the total number of sections. There are
normally as many DEFIne words as there are terminals although this is not mandatory. The number of
sections assigned to any terminal not specified in SPEC, is equal to the maximum section number used
to define that terminal using the SECT word.
Syntax:
TRANSFORMER, spec
The TRANSFORMER keyword instructs SPLITS that transformer modelling is requested. The
specword specifies the target of the TRANSFORMER command:
The transformer can be a 3-phase or 1-phase, 3-winding or 2-winding, star connected or delta connected,
auto- or non-auto-transformer. A total of 15 types of transformers can be modelled in SPLITS. They are:
Syntax:
• If spec = TYPICAL, then typical transformer test data is provided by the program <Default
setting>.
When the spec is IMPEDANCE, the twelve variables are transformer winding impedances:
R12: Real part of mutual impedance between primary winding and secondary winding (in ohms);
X12: Imaginary part of mutual impedance between primary winding and secondary winding (in ohms);
R13: Real part of mutual impedance between primary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms);
X13: Imaginary part of mutual impedance between primary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms);
R23: Real part of mutual impedance between secondary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms);
X23: Imaginary part of mutual impedance between secondary winding and tertiary winding (in ohms).
When the spec is TEST-DATA, the twelve variables are: Power_Rating, PEREXI, P_No_Load_Loss,
PERZ12, P12_Load_Loss, ATKVA12, PERZ13, P13_Load_Loss, ATKVA13, PERZ23,
ZP23_Load_Loss, ATKVA23, which are described as in the following:
PEREXI: Open circuit excitation current as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of the rated
current. This is the primary winding current as a percentage of its rated value when the primary winding
is energized at its rated voltage with the secondary and tertiary (if any) windings open.
P_No_Load_Loss: No-load power loss corresponding to PEREXI (in Watts). This is the open circuit
power loss when the primary winding is energized at its rated voltage with the secondary and tertiary (if
any) windings open.
PERZ12: Primary winding voltage as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of its rated value
when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the secondary winding shorted and the
tertiary winding (if any) open. It is also the primary winding impedance as a percentage of its nominal
(rated) value (Znominal = Vrated / Irated) during this condition.
P12_Load_Loss: Power loss corresponding to PERZ12 (in Watts). This is the short circuit power
loss when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the secondary winding shorted and
the tertiary winding (if any) open. (A voltage of PERZ12 x Vrated primary is applied at the primary
winding.)
ATKVA12: Rated power with respect to primary and secondary windings (in KVA). This is usually the
same as "Power_Rating".
PERZ13: Primary winding voltage as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of its rated value
when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and the
secondary winding open.
P13_Load_Loss: Power loss corresponding to PERZ13 (in Watts). This is the short circuit power loss
when the primary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and the
secondary winding open. (A voltage of PERZ13 x Vrated primary is applied at the primary winding.)
ATKVA13: Rated power with respect to the primary and tertiary windings (in KVA).
PERZ23: Secondary winding voltage as a decimal percentage (i.e., 1.0 represents 100%) of its rated
value when the secondary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and
the primary winding open.
P23_Load_Loss: Power loss corresponding to PERZ23 (in Watts). This is the short circuit power loss
when the secondary winding current reaches its rated value with the tertiary winding shorted and the
primary winding open. (A voltage of PERZ23 x Vrated secondary is applied at the secondary winding.)
ATKVA23: Rated power with respect to the secondary and tertiary windings (in KVA).
Note that if it is a two-winding transformer, only the first six variables will be used, the last six will be
ignored (if specified).
Syntax:
The PRIMARY command is a subcommand of the TRANSFORMER command. The primary winding
can be star, delta or auto-star connected. When it is auto-star connected, the secondary winding must
also be auto-star connected, and vice versa. Omit the qualifier for single-phase transformer. The
Nominal_Voltage is the nominal phase-to-phase voltage of the primary winding of a three phase
transformer (in kV). If it is a single-phase transformer, the value to be specified is the phase-to-neutral
voltage of the primary winding.
Syntax:
Syntax:
• The spec can only be DELTA, meaning that the tertiary winding can only be delta-
connected. <Default setting>.
The TERTIARY command is a subcommand of the TRANSFORMER command. The tertiary winding
can only be delta connected. Omit the qualifier for single-phase transformer. The Nominal_Voltage
is the nominal phase-to-phase voltage of the tertiary winding of a three phase transformer (in kV). If it is
a single-phase transformer, the value to be specified is the phase-to-neutral voltage of the tertiary
winding.
Syntax:
MAPBUS, k, m, n
The MAPBUS specification provides the user with the flexibility of connecting the transformer phases
to the desired buses specified by the user. If the user does not specify MAPBUS for a three-phase, three-
winding transformer, then the 3 phases of Primary, the 3 phases of Secondary and the 3 phases of
Tertiary will be in order, starting from bus N+1, where N is the number of buses the user has already
specified using the BUSS specification. It is recommended that the MAPBUS specification always be
used so that the user knows the correspondence between the specified buses and the transformer phases.
For example, if you want to model a pipeline, two shield wires, three phase conductors connected to the
primary winding of a transformer, three phase conductors connected to the secondary winding of the
transformer, you can use the BUSS specification to identify the pipeline as Bus 1, the three phase
conductors connected to the primary winding as Buses 2, 3 and 4, one shield wire as Bus 5, the three
phase conductors connected to the secondary winding as Buses 6, 7 and 8, and the other shield wire as
Bus 9. You then enter "MAPBUS,2,3,4" under the PRIMARY specification and enter "MAPBUS,6,7,8"
under the SECONDARY specification. Alternatively, you can enter the pipeline as Bus 1 and the two
shield wires as Buses 2 and 3 using the BUSS specification, not specify the buses corresponding to the
phase conductors and not use the MAPBUS specification. In this case, Buses 4, 5, 6 will be the three
phase conductors connected to the primary winding and Buses 7, 8, 9 the three phase conductors
connected to the secondary winding.
For single phase transformers, only the first number (k) of the three numbers entered using the
MAPBUS specification will be used, since only one phase exists.
Syntax:
GROUND, spec
Indicates whether the winding neutral (or the first phase of the winding in the case of a delta connection)
is grounded or not. The spec is as follows:
Note that "grounded" means "connection made to the central site ground bus". The ground impedance of
the ground bus is the value specified using the GRID specification. For star or auto-star connected
windings, "grounded" means that the common neutral is grounded. For a delta-connected winding,
"grounded" means that only Phase A (the first phase of the winding) is grounded, NOT all the phases of
the winding. For a single-phase transformer winding, "grounded" means that the neutral is grounded.
Four general purpose commands exist which allow the user to insert comments throughout the input data
file, indicate the end of a module, indicate the end of a valid input data, or immediately stop program
execution.
Syntax:
COMMENT, comments
or
DONE, comments
where "comments" consist of any alphanumeric characters (maximum of 80) and can be completely
blank if desired. The COMM command is useful for inserting comments throughout the input file and
for separating different blocks of data for clarity.
Syntax:
ENDMODULE, comments
where "comments" consists of any alphanumeric characters and can be completely blank if desired. The
ENDM command causes SPLITS to leave the module last entered. This command is optional because
SPLITS always leaves the last module entered when a command belonging to a new module is entered.
Syntax:
ENDFILE
The ENDF command causes SPLITS to stop reading data from the input data file and to start the
computations. Any data following ENDF in the file is ignored.
Syntax:
STOP
The STOP command causes the SPLITS program to halt. This command is used for testing by SES, but
is not likely to be of use in input data files.
Syntax:
TEXT, comments
Where "comments" consists of any alphanumeric characters (maximum of 80) and can be compatible
blank if desired. The TEXT command is used to insert comment lines at the beginning of the output file.
A maximum of ten TEXT commands may be issued and they must immediately follow the SPLITS
program command.
Syntax:
OLD-FASHIONed
The OLD-FASHIONed command indicates that the data which follows is in the fixed position format
used in older versions of the software (i.e., 1991 and previous versions).
Figure 3.1 depicts the circuit diagram of the case to be analyzed. The system consists of one bundle of
energized conductors which are terminated at their ends by Terminals SUBA and SUBB. These latter
need not necessarily be two real terminals, but may be Thevenin equivalent circuits for portions of the
power line which are not of interest in the study. A skywire (or neutral or ground) bundle of conductors
also exists between HERE and SUBA. HERE is the Central Site, the point in the circuit at which a fault
is assumed to be occurring. The path of the fault arc is modelled as a 0.3 ohm impedance between the
phase bus and the skywire bus. The ground impedance of the structure at which the fault is occurring is
0.1 + ρ/ρb, where ρ is the soil resistivity and ρb is the base soil resistivity value. This latter has
arbitrarily been assigned a value of 100. In this example, the soil resistivity has been chosen to vary from
0 to 500 ohm-meters in increments of 50 ohm-meters.
The ground impedance of the Central Site is not the only circuit parameter that varies with the soil
resistivity: a tower at the end of the first section on the SUBA side of the Central Site has a ground
impedance equal to 20.0 ρ/ρb. A phase bundle is of course never grounded except at a fault; in our
example, the phase bundle is shown in Figure 3.1 with infinite ground impedances at the section
boundaries. The same is true for skywire grounds at section boundaries where it is supposed that no
tower exists. One final observation is that a mutual impedance exists between the phase wire bundle and
the skywire bundle in Section 2 of the SUBA side of HERE: it is equal to 0.05 ohms.
The input data files of Figure 3.2 shows one possible way to describe the problem.
The comment lines in the file indicate which aspects of the circuit are described in the different parts of
the file. Note that the infinite tower impedances have been entered as 100 000 ohm impedances; these
100 k-ohm impedances are effectively very large when compared to the 0.5 ohm self impedance of the
phase conductor in Section 1. The source voltage of the phase bundle at the SUBA terminal has been
entered as 1.5, its phase-to-phase voltage (in kV), rather than its line voltage, because the NEUT
command was not specified in the WANT module; if the NEUT command had been specified, then it
would have been necessary to specify the phase-to-neutral voltage. The source voltage of the phase
bundle at the SUBB terminal has been entered as 0, since there is no source of voltage; the same thing
has been done with the skywire at the SUBA terminal. Note also that the DUMM specword was
specified in conjunction with the VOLT command to indicate that the skywire bundle does not exist at
Terminal SUBB.
SPLITS
!
!, Comment lines can be inserted anywhere.
!
!
!, Specification of desired program output.
!
OPTIONS
RUN-ID, Sample File
VARY
OUTPUT,POLAR
SKIP,ECHO
!
!, Define base soil resistivity value
!, Specification of fault current and soil resistivity variations
!
BASE
RESI,100.0
FAUL,1000.
INCR,500.,0.5
!
SYST
!
!, Central Site specification
!
GRID,HERE,0.1,0.,1.0
BUSS,BUSA,1,0.3,0.0
BUSS,NEUT,2,0.0,0.0
ZERO
!
!, Specification of Terminal SUBA
!
TERM,SUBA
EART,0.25,0.0,0.0
LINES
VOLT,1,1,0.,0.5,1.5,0.0
VOLT,2,2,0.,0.1,0.0,0.0
!
!, First section on Terminal SUBA side of Central Site
!
SECT,1,1
SELF,1,1,0.0,0.5,100000.,0.0,0.0
SELF,2,2,0.0,0.1,0.,0.0,20.0
!
!, Second section on Terminal SUBA side
!
SECT,2,2
SELF,1,2,0.0,0.5,100000.,0.0,0.0
MUTU,1,2,0.0,0.05,0,0
!
!, Specification of Terminal SUBB
!
TERM,SUBB
EART,1.6,0.0,0.0
LINE
VOLT,1,1,0.0,5.2,0.0,0.0
VOLT,DUMM,2,2
!
!, First (and only) section on Terminal SUBB side
!
SECT,1,1
SELF,1,1,0.0,0.3,100000.,0.0,0.0
!
!, Specification of safety calculations desired.
!
SAFETY
IEEE
A program dedicated to calculating transmission line parameters (TRALIN) was used to compute the
self and mutual impedances given in Table 4.1. This table represents the phase conductors after bundle
reduction (including the reduction of the two ground-wires into an equivalent conductor). Note that this
table gives the phase values and not the zero sequence values. The values are for 1-mile sections.
The ground resistances of the double-circuit transmission towers which are 1/5 mile apart are all
assumed to be equal to 10 Ω. The single circuit towers, which are also 1/5 mile apart, have a higher
resistance of 28 Ω. Since the study is a short-circuit analysis and not an unbalance analysis, it is practical
to use average self and mutual impedance values, even when the conductors are not transposed. The self
and mutual impedance values used in the program are determined by dividing the values in Table 4.1(b)
by 5, since there are 5 towers per mile.
The ground resistances of both terminals are assumed to be constant and equal to 0.2 Ω and 0.3 Ω for the
SKY and HELL terminals respectively. The ground network at the fault location (Substation MAIN) is
assumed to be proportional to the local soil resistivity ρ. Calculations have shown that for a soil
resistivity of 100 Ω-m, the resistance of one possible grid is equal to 0.32 Ω. Additional computations
have also shown that based on a 10,000 A fault current flowing in the ground network of Substation
MAIN, the minimum earth potential within the ground network area is 3160 volts given a soil resistivity
of 100 Ω-m. The maximum touch (or mesh) voltage in such a case would be:
1. Determine the distribution of the fault current between the ground wires and the ground network
at the fault location.
2. Determine how safe the grounding system is.
3. Determine the magnitude of the current which returns to the power source via the terminal
grounds.
COND. 1 2 3
NUMB.
PHASE A' B' C'
1 A' .156E+00 .115E+01
2 B' .907E-01 .548E+00 .157E+00 .115E+01
3 C' .903E-01 .593E+00 .909E-01 .587E+00 .156E+00 .115E+01
4 A .877E-01 .550E+00 .887E-01 .474E+00 .892E-01 .525E+00
5 B .887E-01 .474E+00 .896E-01 .440E+00 .899E-01 .482E+00
6 C .892E-01 .525E+00 .899E-01 .482E+00 .902E-01 .548E+00
7 N .774E-01 .522E+00 .807E-01 .455E+00 .843E-01 .480E+00
COND. 4 5 6 7
NUMB.
PHASE A B C N
1 A'
2 B'
3 C'
4 A .156E+00 .115E+01
5 B .907E-01 .548E+00 .157E+00 .115E+01
6 C .903E-01 .593E+00 .909E-01 .587E+00 .156E+00 .115E+01
7 N .993E-01 .569E+00 .973E-01 .490E+00 .937E-01 .500E+00 .459E+00.116E+01|
Legend
Zs : SELF IMPEDANCE.
Zm : MUTUAL IMPEDANCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS OF THE SAME CIRCUIT.
zm : MUTUAL IMPEDANCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS OF TWO CIRCUITS OR A CONDUCTOR AND THE EQUIVALENT
GROUND WIRE.
First value is resistance, second value inductance
4. Determine the influence of the mutual impedances between phase and ground wires. This
manifests itself as a "trapped" current in the ground wires.
5. Analyze the effects of the ground network resistance value upon the values which are monitored
in 1, 2, 3 and 4 above by varying the soil resistivity between 0 and 10,000 Ω-m in steps of 1,000
Ω-m.
The input data files which model the system and accomplish the above objectives are described in
Sections 4.2 and 4.3.
When a safety analysis is requested by the user, the summary output also includes the stress voltage (step
or touch), the body current resulting from the stress voltage and the relevant safe maximum values. The
output also includes the ground network potential rise. Note that when a safety analysis is not requested,
the values shown are complex numbers; when a safety analysis is requested, only the magnitudes of the
numbers are displayed.
The summary option is useful for analyzing the influence of variables which vary with soil resistivity,
and avoiding an extensive output. If additional information is needed at the terminal locations, the semi-
detailed output option will list the currents at the fault and terminal locations.
The SPLITS command input data file used for the summary option case is shown on Page 4-6. The
printout generated by the SPLITS program for this example run is included in the file SPLITOUT.PUT,
which is shipped with the SPLITS program. See Section 1.3 of Chapter 1 for details on examining
results generated by the SPLITS program.
The SPLITS input data file used for the detailed option case is shown on Page 4-7.
Note that in this case, the grounding system resistance of Substation MAIN has been assumed to be
constant (i.e., independent of soil resistivity) and equal to 3.2 Ω. The VARY keyword in the OPTIONS
Module has not been requested because only one soil resistivity value is of interest.
The value of the mutual impedance are shown in detail in the input file. This value is about j0.017 + j0.1
Ω.
SPLITS
TEXT,SPLITS ALTERNATIVE UNFO
TEXT,==============================================================================
TEXT, **** CASE: ALTERNATIVE ****
TEXT,====================== SAMPLE SPLITS TEST CASE ============================
TEXT, NO RESISTIVITY VARIATIONS , NO SAFETY ANALYSIS.
COMMENT, MODULE OPTIONS
OPTIONS
SKIP,NONE
RUN-IDENT,SPLITS ALTERNATIVE UNFO
OUTPUT,CARTESIAN
CAPACITANCE,99.9
ENDMODULE
COMMENT, MODULE SYSTEM
SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,MAIN,3.2,0.,.32
BUSS,PH A,1,8.,125.
BUSS,PH C,2,8.,125.
BUSS,PH B,3,8.,125.
BUSS,PH A,4,0.,0.
BUSS,PH C,5,8.,125.
BUSS,PH B,6,8.,125.
BUSS,NEUT,7,0.,0.
TERMINAL,SKY
EARTH,.2,0.,0.
LINES
VOLTAGE,1,1,0.,4.41,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,2,2,0.,4.41,-115.,199.18584
VOLTAGE,3,3,0.,4.41,-115.,-199.18584
VOLTAGE,4,4,0.,4.41,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,5,5,0.,4.41,-115.,-199.18584
VOLTAGE,6,6,0.,4.41,-115.,199.18584
VOLTAGE,7,7,.001,.001,0.,0.
SECTIONS,1,65
SELF,1,6,.0312,.23,9999999.,0.,0.
SELF,7,7,.092,.232,10.,0.,0.
MUTUAL,1,3,.0182,.115,1,3
MUTUAL,4,6,.0182,.115,4,6
MUTUAL,1,3,.0178,.1,4,6
MUTUAL,1,3,.0161,.097,7,7
MUTUAL,4,6,.0193,.104,7,7
TERMINAL,HELL
EARTH,.3,0.,0.
LINES
VOLTAGE,4,4,0.,15.2,230.,0.
VOLTAGE,5,5,0.,15.2,-115.,-199.18584
VOLTAGE,6,6,0.,15.2,-115.,199.18584
VOLTAGE,7,7,.001,.001,0.,0.
VOLTAGE,DUMMY,1,3
SECTIONS,1,26
SELF,4,6,.0312,.23,9999999.,0.,0.
SELF,7,7,.092,.232,28.,0.,0.
MUTUAL,4,6,.0182,.115,4,6
MUTUAL,4,6,.0193,.104,7,7
ENDFILE
5 REFERENCES
1. American National Standards Institute, IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding,
ANSI/IEEE Std. 80, August 1986.
2. Bridges J.E., Ford G.L., Sherman I.A., Vainberg M., Electrical Shock Safety Criteria,
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Electrical Shock Safety Criteria, Pergamon
Press Inc., 1985.
3. Dawalibi F., Transmission Line Grounding, EPRI Report, Project 1494-1, Volume 1, August
1982.
4. Dawalibi F., Southey R. D., Low Frequency Analysis of Buried Conductor Networks. User's
Manual for Computer Program MALT, Version 2.17, June 1989, Safe Engineering Services
& technologies ltd., Montreal, Canada.
APPENDIX A
TRANSFORMER MODELLING
Examples of modelling transformers using the SPLITS computer program are shown in this appendix.
AUTO-STAR
GROUND, *! TYPE-DEPENDEnt
YES (ON)
NO (OFF)
MAPBUS, n1,n2,n3
GROUND, *! TYPE-DEPENDEnt
YES (ON)
NO (OFF)
MAPBUS, n4,n5,n6
GROUND, *! TYPE-DEPENDEnt
YES (ON)
NO (OFF)
MAPBUS, n7,n8,n9
First, let us consider a star-star transformer with a delta tertiary, as shown in Figure A.4.
Assuming this to be a GE-R84-083 transformer, we have the following information about the
transformer from the test report:
86080 0.435
The above information is all we need to model this transformer. The primary, secondary and tertiary
phase-to-phase voltages are 230 kV, 70.5 kV and 13.09 kV, respectively. The variables for qualifier
TEST-DATA under command CHARACTERISTICS are:
The complete SPLITS input file is shown in Printout A.1. We have declared 11 buses in the input file
and made the correspondence between Buses 1, 2, 3 and Phases a, b, c of the primary winding, between
Buses 5, 6, 7 and Phases a, b, c of the secondary winding, and between Buses 9, 10, 11 and Phases a, b, c
of the tertiary winding, using the MAPBUS command. There are also two neutral wires which are
assigned to Buses 4 and 8, respectively. There are three terminals in the input file: PRIMARY,
SECONDARY and TERTIARY. Terminal PRIMARY is energized with the rated phase-to-neutral
primary winding voltage of the transformer. Terminals SECONDARY and TERTIARY are open
circuited (with large source impedances and zero source voltages). In Terminal PRIMARY, there is only
one section with Buses 1, 2, 3 and 4. As explained above, Buses 1, 2, 3 are connected to Phases a, b, c of
the primary winding and Bus 4 is a neutral wire. If one needed to model a long transmission line which
is connected to the primary winding of the transformer, one would simply add more sections here.
Similarly, in Terminal SECONDARY, there is one section, with Buses 5, 6, 7 and 8. Buses 5, 6, 7 are
connected to Phases a, b, c of the secondary winding and Bus 8 is a neutral wire. More sections can be
added here to model transmission lines which are connected to the secondary winding of the transformer.
Terminal TERTIARY has one section, with Buses 9, 10, 11 which are connected to Phases a, b, c of the
tertiary winding of the transformer. Note that the ground impedance specified using the GRID command
is 0.0. In reality, this should be the impedance of the grounding system, usually a small value. It should
be pointed out that when modeling a transformer, this impedance value cannot be given an arbitrarily
large value because the GROUND command would not function properly, since "GROUND,YES"
means " connect to the ground impedance".
During the SPLITS run, a file named TRANSFOR.MER is generated, which acts as part of the input file.
Printout A.2 shows this file, in which a terminal named TRANSFORMER has been generated. Note that
this file can be built manually although it takes significant time and effort to model a transformer that
way. In the SPLITS output file, the computation results for Terminal TRANSFORMER are also
included, although they typically can be ignored. The transformer input data is also printed out in the
output file. For the transformer in the present example, this part of the output file is shown in Printout
A.3.
The computation results from SPLITS are shown in Printout A.4. We see that the computed secondary
winding phase-to-neutral voltage is 40.695 kV (70.5 kV phase-to-phase) and the computed tertiary
winding phase-to-neutral voltage is 7.5485 kV (13.07 kV phase-to-phase) as expected, since the
secondary and tertiary windings are open and the primary winding is supplied with the rated phase-to-
neutral voltage, 132.79 kV (230 kV phase-to-phase). Now let us verify the excitation current and the no-
load power loss to see if the SPLITS result is consistent with the value in the test data of the transformer.
For Bus 1, the primary winding phase-to-neutral voltage is 132790 < 0° volts. From Printout A.4, we can
see that the current flowing in Bus 1 is 1.3289 < -80.624. The rated primary winding current is
I primary
rated = (120000 / 3)kAV (230 / 3 )kV = 301.29A . Hence the computed excitation current as a
percentage of the rated primary current is 1.3289/301.23 = 0.441% which is within 1.4% of the specified
value, 0.435%. The no-load power loss for one phase can be calculated as Pno-load = Re(V*I) = 28748
watts. For three phases, the total power loss is 86244 watts. The difference between the computed no-
load power loss (86244 watts) and the specified one (86080 watts) is only 0.2%.
Now let us simulate the short circuit test. From the transformer test data we know that when the primary
winding is supplied with 9.23% of its rated voltage while the secondary winding is short-circuited and
the tertiary winding is open, the primary and secondary winding currents are at their rated values. The
primary winding phase-to-neutral voltage should be 9.23% x 132.79 kV = 12.257 kV. All three phases
of the secondary winding should be short-circuited. The input file is shown in Printout A.5. Note that
each of the three phases of the secondary winding is short-circuited by means of a connection to the
neutral wire, which in turn is grounded (i.e., connected to the ground impedance). The results from the
SPLITS run are shown in Printout A.6. We see that the computed secondary winding current is 982.72
A, which is exactly the rated secondary winding current:
primary
I rated = (120000 / 3)kAV (70.5 / 3 )kV = 982.72 A . The computed primary winding current is 301.29
A, which is the rated primary winding current, as expected. The computed load power loss is 228342 W
[3 Re(V* I) with V = 12257 V and I = 301.29 < -88.819° A ], giving a difference of 0.25% compared
with the specified load power loss (227780 W).
To model a phase-to-neutral fault at the secondary winding, simply connect Bus 5 to Bus 8 in Section 1
of Terminal SECONDARY in the input file shown in Printout A.1.
Assuming that the GE-R84-083 transformer is an auto-transformer as shown in Figure A.5, we can
model it the same way as above. The only required modification to the input file shown in Printout A.1
which is required is to change the qualifier STAR to AUTO-STAR. The SPLITS-generated file
TRANSFOR.MER is shown in Printout A.7, which can be compared to Printout A.2, which corresponds
to a star-star-delta non-auto-transformer. The results for the open circuit case are shown in Printout A.8.
Printout A.1 SPLITS Input File for the GE-R84-083 Star-Star-Delta Transformer (Open Circuit
Case)
SPLITS
OPTION
RUN-IDENTIF,YYD-open-circuit-test
NEUTRAL,ON
OUTPUT,
SKIP,ECHO
CONNECTION,ON
SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,OBSERVATION, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
BUSS,PHLA, 1, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLB, 2, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLC, 3, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,NEUL, 4, .0, .0
TRANSFORMER,3-PHASE
CHAR,test-d,120000.,.435,86080.,9.23,227780.,120000.,12.43,97697.,27000.,17.8,111401.,27000.
PRIMARY,STAR,230.
MAPBUS,1,2,3
SECONDARY,STAR,70.5
MAPBUS,5,6,7
TERTIARY,DELTA,13.09
MAPBUS,9,10,11
TERMINAL,PRIMARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, 0.0, 0.000001, 132.79, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, 0.0, 0.000001, 132.79, 120.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, 0.0, 0.000001, 132.79, 240.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 4, 4, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 4, 4, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
TERMINAL,SECONDARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 8, 8, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 8, 8, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
! MUTU, 5, 5, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
! MUTU, 6, 6, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
! MUTU, 7, 7, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
TERMINAL,TERTIARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,10,10, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,11,11, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 9, 9, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 10, 10, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 11, 11, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
ENDPROGRAM
Printout A.2 SPLITS-Generated Input Data File, TRANSFOR.MER, for the Star-Star-Delta
Transformer
SYSTEM
BUSS,TCON, 12, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 13, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 14, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,GCON, 15, .0, .0
BUSS,GCON, 16, .0, .0
TERMINAL,TRANSFORMER
EARTH,.0,9999999.0,0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 4, 4
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 8, 8
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 10, 10, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 11, 11, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 12, 12, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 13, 13, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 14, 14, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 15, 15, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 16, 16, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 9, 9, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, DUMM, 12, 12
SELF, DUMM, 13, 13
SELF, DUMM, 14, 14
SELF, 15, 15, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 16, 16, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 14, 14, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 12, 12, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 11, 11, .0, .0, 13, 13, .00000001, .0
SECTION, 2, 2
! Primary self impedances
SELF, 1, 1, 16711.5586 , 99953.5938 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, 16711.5586 , 99953.5938 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, 16711.5586 , 99953.5938 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Secondary self impedances
Printout A.4 Open Circuit Computation Results for the Star-Star-Delta Transformer
COMPUTATION RESULTS
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3289 -80.624
1 2 PHLB 1.3289 39.378
1 3 PHLC 1.3289 159.378
1 4 NEUL 0.29009E-04 33.132
Terminal 1 PHLA 1.3290 -80.625 1 0.13279E-03 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
Terminal 2 PHLB 1.3290 39.377 1 0.13279E-03 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
Terminal 3 PHLC 1.3290 159.377 1 0.13279E-03 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
Terminal 4 NEUL 0.29009E-04 33.132 1 0.15086E-13 -166.390 0.15086E-04 -76.390
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 5 PHHA 0.81390E-02 89.998
1 6 PHHB 0.81390E-02 -150.002
1 7 PHHC 0.81390E-02 -30.002
1 8 NEUH 0.37455E-09 -134.821
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.40695E-02 89.998 1 0.40695E-02 89.998 40695. 179.998
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.40695E-02 -150.002 1 0.40695E-02 -150.002 40695. -60.002
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.40695E-02 -30.002 1 0.40695E-02 -30.002 40695. 59.998
Terminal 8 NEUH 0.37455E-09 -134.821 1 0.00000E+00 0.000 0.30145E-17 30.964
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 9 TER1 0.15097E-02 119.991
1 10 TER2 0.15097E-02 -120.009
1 11 TER3 0.15097E-02 -0.009
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75485E-03 119.991 1 0.75485E-03 119.991 7548.5 -150.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75485E-03 -120.009 1 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
Terminal 11 TER3 0.75485E-03 -0.009 1 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3276 99.386
1 2 PHLB 1.3276 -140.613
1 3 PHLC 1.3276 -20.613
1 5 PHHA 0.85459E-02 -90.002
1 6 PHHB 0.85459E-02 29.998
1 7 PHHC 0.85459E-02 149.998
1 9 TER1 0.15852E-02 -60.009
1 10 TER2 0.15852E-02 59.991
1 11 TER3 0.15852E-02 179.991
1 12 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 13 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 14 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 15 GCON 0.44303E-04 -133.332
1 16 GCON 0.11724E-08 44.779
2 1 PHLA 1.3145 99.481 1 0.13279E-01 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
2 2 PHLB 1.3145 -140.519 1 0.13279E-01 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
2 3 PHLC 1.3145 -20.518 1 0.13279E-01 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
2 5 PHHA 0.12615E-01 -90.002 1 0.40695E-02 89.998 40695. 179.998
2 6 PHHB 0.12615E-01 29.998 1 0.40695E-02 -150.002 40695. -60.002
2 7 PHHC 0.12615E-01 149.998 1 0.40695E-02 -30.002 40695. 59.998
2 9 TER1 0.55186E-02 -35.490 1 0.75485E-03 119.991 7548.5 -150.009
2 10 TER2 0.54262E-02 87.046 1 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
2 11 TER3 0.56813E-02 -153.425 1 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991
2 12 TCON 0.57287E-02 175.780 1 0.75485E-02 -30.009 7548.5 -30.009
2 13 TCON 0.57755E-02 -61.681 1 0.75485E-02 89.991 7548.5 89.991
2 14 TCON 0.59716E-02 56.666 1 0.75485E-02 -150.009 7548.5 -150.009
2 15 GCON 0.44303E-04 -133.332 1 0.22688E-12 -41.047 0.22688E-05 48.953
2 16 GCON 0.11715E-08 44.785 1 0.84551E-12 35.987 0.84551E-05 125.987
Terminal 1 PHLA 0.25492E-12 -109.053 2 0.22784E-12 -40.795 0.22784E-05 49.205
Terminal 2 PHLB 0.25488E-12 -109.562 2 0.22567E-12 -40.989 0.22567E-05 49.011
Terminal 3 PHLC 0.25686E-12 -109.316 2 0.22744E-12 -41.357 0.22744E-05 48.643
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.58937E-12 43.362 2 0.84550E-12 35.987 0.84550E-05 125.987
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.58938E-12 43.360 2 0.84551E-12 35.986 0.84551E-05 125.986
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.58939E-12 43.362 2 0.84552E-12 35.987 0.84552E-05 125.987
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75485E-03 -120.009 2 0.75485E-03 -120.009 7548.5 -30.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75485E-03 -0.009 2 0.75485E-03 -0.009 7548.5 89.991
Printout A.5 SPLITS Input File for the GE-R84-083 Star-Star-Delta Transformer (Short Circuit
Case)
SPLITS
OPTION
RUN-IDENTIF,YYD-short-circuit-test
NEUTRAL,ON
OUTPUT,
SKIP,ECHO
CONNECTION,ON
SYSTEM
ZERO
GRID,OBSERVATION, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0
BUSS,PHLA, 1, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLB, 2, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,PHLC, 3, .0, 99999999.0
BUSS,NEUL, 4, .0, .0
TRANSFORMER,3-PHASE
CHAR,test-d,120000.,.435,86080.,9.23,227780.,120000.,12.43,97697.,27000.,17.8,111401.,27000.
PRIMARY,STAR,230.
MAPBUS,1,2,3
SECONDARY,STAR,70.5
MAPBUS,5,6,7
TERTIARY,DELTA,13.09
MAPBUS,9,10,11
TERMINAL,PRIMARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, 0.0, 0.000001, 12.25656, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, 0.0, 0.000001, 12.25656, 120.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, 0.0, 0.000001, 12.25656, 240.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 4, 4, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
SELF, 4, 4, .00000001, .000, .0, 999999999., .0
TERMINAL,SECONDARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 8, 8, 0.0, 0.000001, 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 8, 8, .00000001, .000, .0, 9999999., .0
MUTU, 5, 5, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
MUTU, 6, 6, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
MUTU, 7, 7, 0.00000001, 0.0, 8, 8, 0.0000001
TERMINAL,TERTIARY
EARTH, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,10,10, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR,11,11, 0.0, 9999999., 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 9, 9, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 10, 10, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
SELF, 11, 11, .0, .0000001, .0, 9999999., .0
ENDPROGRAM
Printout A.6 Short Circuit Computation Results for the Star-Star-Delta Transformer
COMPUTATION RESULTS
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 301.29 -88.819
1 2 PHLB 301.29 31.181
1 3 PHLC 301.29 151.181
1 4 NEUL 0.38630E-04 0.102
Terminal 1 PHLA 301.29 -88.819 1 0.12257E-04 90.000 12257. 180.000
Terminal 2 PHLB 301.29 31.181 1 0.12257E-04 -150.000 12257. -60.000
Terminal 3 PHLC 301.29 151.181 1 0.12257E-04 -30.000 12257. 60.000
Terminal 4 NEUL 0.38630E-04 0.102 1 0.18386E-14 -179.818 0.18386E-05 -89.818
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 5 PHHA 982.72 91.179
1 6 PHHB 982.72 -148.821
1 7 PHHC 982.72 -28.821
1 8 NEUH 0.97867E-04 -178.478
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.98272E-11 1.179 1 0.98259E-11 1.092 0.98259E-04 91.092
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.98272E-11 121.179 1 0.97649E-11 121.328 0.97649E-04 -148.672
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.98272E-11 -118.821 1 0.98607E-11 -118.595 0.98607E-04 -28.595
Terminal 8 NEUH 0.98060E-10 -16.027 1 0.56930E-13 -63.844 0.56930E-06 26.156
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 9 TER1 0.25033E-03 120.466
1 10 TER2 0.25033E-03 -119.534
1 11 TER3 0.25033E-03 0.466
Terminal 9 TER1 0.12517E-03 120.466 1 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
Terminal 10 TER2 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
Terminal 11 TER3 0.12517E-03 0.466 1 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 301.29 91.181
1 2 PHLB 301.29 -148.819
1 3 PHLC 301.29 -28.819
1 5 PHHA 982.72 -88.821
1 6 PHHB 982.72 31.179
1 7 PHHC 982.72 151.179
1 9 TER1 0.26285E-03 -59.534
1 10 TER2 0.26285E-03 60.466
1 11 TER3 0.26285E-03 -179.534
1 12 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 13 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 14 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 15 GCON 0.37899E-04 -178.308
1 16 GCON 0.97867E-04 1.522
2 1 PHLA 301.28 91.181 1 0.12257E-02 90.000 12257. 180.000
2 2 PHLB 301.28 -148.819 1 0.12257E-02 -150.000 12257. -60.000
2 3 PHLC 301.28 -28.819 1 0.12257E-02 -30.000 12257. 60.000
2 5 PHHA 982.72 -88.821 1 0.11814E-10 1.654 0.11814E-03 91.654
2 6 PHHB 982.72 31.179 1 0.11798E-10 122.005 0.11798E-03 -147.995
2 7 PHHC 982.72 151.179 1 0.11800E-10 -118.170 0.11800E-03 -28.170
2 9 TER1 0.89725E-03 -34.481 1 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
2 10 TER2 0.91647E-03 88.182 1 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
2 11 TER3 0.94325E-03 -154.147 1 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
2 12 TCON 0.93913E-03 177.257 1 0.12517E-02 -29.534 1251.7 -29.534
2 13 TCON 0.97739E-03 -61.183 1 0.12517E-02 90.466 1251.7 90.466
2 14 TCON 0.98133E-03 56.117 1 0.12517E-02 -149.534 1251.7 -149.534
2 15 GCON 0.37899E-04 -178.308 1 0.13250E-13 -110.610 0.13250E-06 -20.610
2 16 GCON 0.97867E-04 1.522 1 0.28313E-13 -4.881 0.28313E-06 85.119
Terminal 1 PHLA 0.30181E-12 -1.197 2 0.31231E-12 -4.375 0.31231E-05 85.625
Terminal 2 PHLB 0.28855E-12 122.858 2 0.27859E-12 123.439 0.27859E-05 -146.561
Terminal 3 PHLC 0.31082E-12 -117.255 2 0.32467E-12 -118.219 0.32467E-05 -28.219
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.97361E-12 -178.274 2 0.97333E-12 -179.435 0.97333E-05 -89.435
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.98682E-12 -58.271 2 0.10089E-11 -56.788 0.10089E-04 33.212
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.99525E-12 60.470 2 0.98755E-12 59.251 0.98755E-05 149.251
Terminal 9 TER1 0.12517E-03 -119.534 2 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
Terminal 10 TER2 0.12517E-03 0.466 2 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
Terminal 11 TER3 0.12517E-03 120.466 2 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
Terminal 12 TCON 0.12517E-03 -119.534 2 0.12517E-03 -119.534 1251.7 -29.534
Terminal 13 TCON 0.12517E-03 0.466 2 0.12517E-03 0.466 1251.7 90.466
Terminal 14 TCON 0.12517E-03 120.466 2 0.12517E-03 120.466 1251.7 -149.534
Terminal 15 GCON 0.17286E-13 -78.926 2 0.27319E-13 -60.690 0.27319E-06 29.310
Terminal 16 GCON 0.23024E-13 -20.343 2 0.53837E-13 15.347 0.53837E-06 105.347
Printout A.7 SPLITS-Generated Input Data File, TRANSFOR.MER, for the Star-Star-Delta
Auto-Transformer
SYSTEM
BUSS,TCON, 12, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 13, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 14, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 15, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 16, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,TCON, 17, .0, 9999999.0
BUSS,GCON, 18, .0, .0
TERMINAL,TRANSFORMER
EARTH,.0,9999999.0,0.0
LINES
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 4, 4
VOLTAGE, DUMM, 8, 8
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 1, 1, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 2, 2, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 3, 3, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 5, 5, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 6, 6, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 7, 7, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 9, 9, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 10, 10, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 11, 11, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 12, 12, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 13, 13, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
VOLTAGE,POLAR, 14, 14, .0, 9999999.0, 0.0, 0.0
SECTION, 1, 1
SELF, 1, 1, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 9, 9, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, DUMM, 12, 12
SELF, DUMM, 13, 13
SELF, DUMM, 14, 14
SELF, DUMM, 15, 15
SELF, DUMM, 16, 16
SELF, DUMM, 17, 17
SELF, 18, 18, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
MUTU, 5, 5, .0, .0, 12, 12, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 6, 6, .0, .0, 13, 13, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 7, 7, .0, .0, 14, 14, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 17, 17, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 11, 11, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0
SECTION, 2, 2
! Primary self impedances
SELF, 1, 1, 8036.96830 , 48077.5413 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 2, 2, 8036.96830 , 48077.5413 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 3, 3, 8036.96830 , 48077.5413 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Secondary 3 phases
SELF, 5, 5, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 6, 6, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 7, 7, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! Tertiary self impedances
SELF, 9, 9, 162.394548 , 971.452207 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 10, 10, 162.394548 , 971.452207 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 11, 11, 162.394548 , 971.452207 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Secondary self impedances
SELF, 12, 12, 1570.17885 , 9392.88742 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 13, 13, 1570.17885 , 9392.88742 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 14, 14, 1570.17885 , 9392.88742 ,.0, 9999999.0, .0
! Three buses used to create Tertiary
SELF, 15, 15, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 16, 16, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
SELF, 17, 17, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! The bus used to ground auto-transformer
SELF, 18, 18, .00000001, .0, .0, 9999999.0, .0
! Mutual between Primary and Secondary
MUTU, 1, 1, 3552.20572 , 21241.5825 , 12, 12
MUTU, 2, 2, 3552.20572 , 21241.5825 , 13, 13
MUTU, 3, 3, 3552.20572 , 21241.5825 , 14, 14
! Mutual between Primary and Tertiary
MUTU, 1, 1, 1142.19076 , 6826.48687 , 9, 9
MUTU, 2, 2, 1142.19076 , 6826.48687 , 10, 10
MUTU, 3, 3, 1142.19076 , 6826.48687 , 11, 11
! Mutual between Secondary and Tertiary
MUTU, 9, 9, 504.842248 , 3015.44667 , 12, 12
MUTU, 10, 10, 504.842248 , 3015.44667 , 13, 13
MUTU, 11, 11, 504.842248 , 3015.44667 , 14, 14
! Auto-transformer connections
MUTU, 1, 1, .0, .0, 5, 5, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 2, 2, .0, .0, 6, 6, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 3, 3, .0, .0, 7, 7, .00000001, .0
! Tertiary connections
MUTU, 9, 9, .0, .0, 15, 15, .00000001, .0
MUTU, 10, 10, .0, .0, 16, 16, .00000001, .0
Printout A.8 Open Circuit Computation Results for the Star-Star-Delta Auto-Transformer
COMPUTATION RESULTS
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3361 -80.102
1 2 PHLB 1.3361 39.898
1 3 PHLC 1.3361 159.898
1 4 NEUL 0.44180E-04 70.862
Terminal 1 PHLA 1.3362 -80.103 1 0.13279E-03 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
Terminal 2 PHLB 1.3362 39.897 1 0.13279E-03 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
Terminal 3 PHLC 1.3362 159.897 1 0.13279E-03 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
Terminal 4 NEUL 0.44180E-04 70.862 1 0.34616E-13 -9.815 0.34616E-04 80.185
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 5 PHHA 0.81397E-02 89.999
1 6 PHHB 0.81397E-02 -150.001
1 7 PHHC 0.81397E-02 -30.001
1 8 NEUH 0.34190E-09 -153.256
Terminal 5 PHHA 0.40699E-02 89.999 1 0.40699E-02 89.999 40699. 179.999
Terminal 6 PHHB 0.40699E-02 -150.001 1 0.40699E-02 -150.001 40699. -60.001
Terminal 7 PHHC 0.40699E-02 -30.001 1 0.40699E-02 -30.001 40699. 59.999
Terminal 8 NEUH 0.34190E-09 -153.256 1 0.00000E+00 0.000 0.35159E-17 36.027
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 9 TER1 0.15098E-02 119.991
1 10 TER2 0.15098E-02 -120.009
1 11 TER3 0.15098E-02 -0.009
Terminal 9 TER1 0.75492E-03 119.991 1 0.75492E-03 119.991 7549.2 -150.009
Terminal 10 TER2 0.75492E-03 -120.009 1 0.75492E-03 -120.009 7549.2 -30.009
Terminal 11 TER3 0.75492E-03 -0.009 1 0.75492E-03 -0.009 7549.2 89.991
SECTION <-----BUS------> <--- SECTION CURRENT ---> TOWER <-TOWER (SHUNT) CURRENT-> <TOWER (SHUNT) POTENTIAL>
No. No. Type Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) No. Magnitude(A) Angle (deg.) Magnitude(V) Angle (deg.)
======= === ============ ============ ============ ===== ============ ============ ============ ============
1 1 PHLA 1.3348 99.908
1 2 PHLB 1.3347 -140.091
1 3 PHLC 1.3348 -20.091
1 5 PHHA 0.85467E-02 -90.001
1 6 PHHB 0.85467E-02 29.999
1 7 PHHC 0.85467E-02 149.999
1 9 TER1 0.15853E-02 -60.009
1 10 TER2 0.15853E-02 59.991
1 11 TER3 0.15853E-02 179.991
1 12 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 13 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 14 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 15 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 16 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 17 TCON 0.00000E+00 0.000
1 18 GCON 0.40442E-04 -151.770
2 1 PHLA 1.3217 100.007 1 0.13279E-01 90.000 0.13279E+06 180.000
2 2 PHLB 1.3217 -139.992 1 0.13279E-01 -150.000 0.13279E+06 -60.000
2 3 PHLC 1.3217 -19.992 1 0.13279E-01 -30.000 0.13279E+06 60.000
2 5 PHHA 1.3053 -79.946 1 0.40699E-02 89.999 40699. 179.999
2 6 PHHB 1.3053 40.054 1 0.40699E-02 -150.001 40699. -60.001
2 7 PHHC 1.3053 160.055 1 0.40699E-02 -30.001 40699. 59.999
2 9 TER1 0.54791E-02 -35.219 1 0.75492E-03 119.991 7549.2 -150.009
2 10 TER2 0.54700E-02 87.255 1 0.75492E-03 -120.009 7549.2 -30.009
2 11 TER3 0.56780E-02 -153.903 1 0.75492E-03 -0.009 7549.2 89.991
2 12 TCON 1.2863 98.348 1 0.40699E-01 179.999 40699. 179.999
2 13 TCON 1.2863 -141.651 1 0.40699E-01 -60.001 40699. -60.001
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