Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
trigonometry
trigonometry
p. abbott
revised by hugh neill
o
oii..ob-iбзо, пionoiy to saiйoййittr a24-hour mesЬage
йui ouititteЬ .no how ь ordеr аie аr,ai|ab|e at Www.teaсhy0ursrlf.сo.uk +.lt
ForUsAorderenquiries:p|easeсontaсtп,сGrаw-Hi||CustomerServiсes,P0Box_545'
ЬЬйiйi..bйi0d+-oЪцd, usд. i.rЬphone: 1-800-722 -4726,Faх1-614-755-5645.
э
r+
o
torCaпadaorderrnquiries:р|easrcontaсtlvlсGraw.t|i|IRyersonLtd,300Waterst'
430 5000. Faк 905 430 5020.
i,',iй;.o;йтш sЁ6' йdoa.тe|ephone:905 prcfaGG vПl
leшning - wщ щqI.9 t'y.10
Loпo reпownеd as the authoritative sourсe for se|f.guided 01 historical backgruund
;jiiilй;;;ййййй
1
]tr.i й.h yoшrseffЪeries iпc|udes over 300titIes in the
сrafts, hobbies, business, сomputing and rduсаtion'
introduсtion 2
iiiiii.Ыi,йs'iG,
what is trigonometцp 3
Bitish Libnrу Cahloguing in Publication Data:
i сйogus rЪоord tй tris title is avai|ab|e from the British шbrary. the origins of figonometry 3
radiаns
&l indeх 16:!
08
84
introduсti0n
84
radians
84
length of a сirоuIar аrс
86
сonverting from radians to degreеs
87
arеа of a сirсular seсt0r
90
09 relations between the rаtios
91
introduсtion
91
seоant, сoseсant and сotangent
96
10 ratios of сompound апgles
97
сompound angles
formulaе for sin (A + $ -0
and sin(A 97
o
-
{r
q)
o
o Ъaсh Yourself Trigonomеtry has bееn suЬstantially revisеd аnd
,.-ii...', to takе aЪ.oo,,t of modеrn nееds and reсеnt devеlоp-
mеnts in thе subjесt.
will havе aссеss to a sсiеntifiс
It is antiсipatеd that еvery readеr
;;i;;i;;;ЬiЫ ь"' sines, соsinеs and tangеnts' and thеir Цr
й.,,",. It is also important that thе сalсulator has a memory сг J
a
;;.;й;i";"'mеdiatе?еsults сan bе stored aс|urately. No sup- II
ЬЬ,t h"' been givеn about how to use thе сalсulator,-еxсеptin
iЁ;;;-*;ial terms. Calсulators vary сonsiderably in thе s)
i;;;Ы;hi.ь tь.y usе, and what is appropriatе for onе сal-
1+
o
.ui,to' may bе inappropriate for anothеr. о
Thеrе arе many workеd ехamplеs in thе. Ьook, with сomplеtе, х
dеtailed answеrs to all the quеstions. At фе end ot еaсh worкro
;;;;;ь: will find thе Ъymbol l to indiсate that thе сxam- GI т
o
ple has beЪn сompletеd, and what follows is tеxt.
fl
o g)
'.u
Somе of thе еxerсisеs from thе original Teaсh Yourself -
i;й";";y h"u. been usеd in this rJvised text.' but аll thе
;;;й;"Ь
C П
b..'' rеwoгked to takе aссount of the grеatеr
aссuraсy availaЬlе with сalсulators.
I would likе to thank Linda Мoore fоr her hеlp in rеading
.o'i.сi''g
and
the tеxt. But thе rеsponsiЬility foг еrrors is mine. 5
Hugh Nеill
Novembеr 1997 o.
ln this chаpter you will learn:
. what trigonometry is
. a Iittle about its origins.
1.2 What is trigonometry?
1.1 lntroduction Trigonomеtry is thе branсh of mathеmatiсs whiсh dеals with
onе of thе еarliеst known examplеs-of thе P.raсtiсal 1PPliсa.tion thе rеlationships Ьetwееn sides and angles of trianglеs.
ot onе ot fnе
of gеomеtry was the problеm of finding thе hеtsht
Еsvotian Dyramros. iъi;;;; 'Ьlu"j by ThЪlеs, thе Grееk For ехamplе, if yоu havе a right.anglеd trianglе with sidеs 7сm
(с.640 вс to 550 вс) using sim- and 5сm as shorpn in Figurе 1".2, trigonomеtry еnables you to сal-
;f,ilБ;;;i'",',,"J-,tь.-atiсian
ilar trianglеs. сulatе thе angles of йе trianglе and thе lеngth of thе othет sidе.
figurc 1.2
э
1+ In
.
this chapter you will learn:
what a tangent is
. the meanings of 'opposite',
.adjaсent'and
'hypotenuse' in right-
angled triangles
. how to solve problems
using tangents.
2.1 lntroduсtion ffi = z.os.
Thе method usеd by Thalеs to find thе hеight of thе
pyramid in
today. Thеrеforе PQ=2.05ХQB.
anсiеnt timеs is еssеntially thе samе as thJ mеthod usеd
i;l;.h.;;i;'. rмorth .""йi''i,.g more сlosеly. Figurе 2.1 is thе
samе as Figure 1.1.
2'2 Тhe idea of the tangent rat.o
The idеa of a сonstant ratio for evеry angle is thе kеy to thе
developmеnt of trigonometry.
Lеt PoQ (Figure 2.2) Ьe any aсute anglе 0o. From points А, B,
C on onе arm' say OQ, draw perpendiсulars АD, BЕ, СF t'o
the othеr arm, OP. As thеsе pеrpеndiсulars arе parallel, thе tri-
angles AoD, BoЕ and CoF arc similar.
Thеrеforе
АD BE, CF
oD-- oE -- oF'
figure 2.1
You сan assumе that the sunЪ rays arе parallеl Ьесausе the sun
islй;;;;-fio- th. еarth. In.Figw€ 2.tfаlling
it follows that thе
on thе tops of
ilj,iа ""6ipЫ*ьi.й ,.p,.'.''. thБ rays
thе objесts are parallеl.
Thеreforе, angle PBQ = angle АCB (thеy arе сorrеsponding
;;;й;j. fЁ"'еЪnglеs йсh reprеsent thе altitudе of thе sun.
DЕF
As anglеs PQB and ABC arc right anglеs, triangles PQB and nguJe2.2
АBC are similar, so
Now take any point У, it does not mattеr whiсh, on the arm
'&=#"'#=#. oQ. For that anglе 0o the ratio of thе pеrpеndiсular ХY drarмn
from Y on thе arm oQ to thе distanсе oХ interсeptеd on thе
Thе height PQ of thе Pyrаmid.is indеpеndеnt of thе lеngth
оf
othеr arm oP is сonstant. Seе Figurе 2.3.
;й;;i;l.ъъ1f yoo Ёh,''g. the lеnglh АB of the stiсk, thе
i.'*ii'_.r its shajow will Бе сhangеd in propоrtion. .You сan
;ь;;;i; makе thе following important gеnеral dеduсtion.
by Еxerсise 2.1
Thеn thе tangent of thе angle 0o, writtеn tan9", is dеfined ln questions 1 to 6, use your сa|сulator to find the va|ues of the
tangents of the fol|owing ang|es. Give your answers сorreсt to three
,^no =I.
deсima| places.
You сan sее from thе dеfinition that if 0 = 0 the y-сoordinatе оf I tan 20" 2 tan 30"
P is 0, so tanO = 0. 3 tan 89.99" 4 tan 40.43"
If0=45,thеnx=},So
5 tan 62o 6 tan 0.5'
tan 45" = 1.
|n questions 7 |o 12, use your сalсu|ator to find the ang|es with the
Thеn anglе PoQ is thе anglе of еlevation and еquals 38.25..
tangents. Give your answer сorreсt to the nearest one
tolЁwing
hundredth of a degree.
Thеn Ь
fu=tan38.25.
7 0.342 I 2 h = 168 x tan 38.25'
9 6.123 10 0.0001
12 lГз = 168 x 0.788зз64..-
11 1
= 1З2.44052,.. .
llowеver' in this сhaptеr and thе nехt, thе еxtra linе will Ье
Hеrе arе somе еxamples whiсh illustra.tе the use of tangеnts insеrtеd as a hеlp to thе rеadеr.
,"j iь" tесhnique of йlving problems with thеm.
Ехamp|e2.2
Exаmple 2.1 A pеrson who is 168сm tall had a shadow whiсh rлras 154сm
A;;;.y* who is standing at a point measures 168m h"'i::"liJЦ^d':; lt>ng. Find the anglе of еlеvation of thе sun.
;;;i';;.мi".i-Ъr aiall towеr the-angle of
r.--..:^-
;й";i;;.ithе^J rL^ "^. of
top tЬд inrrrрr яq ЗR
^f thе tower as 38.25o. 2-5o. Find the height
hеisht ln Figurе 2.6 |et PQ Ье the pеrson and oQ bе thе shadorм. Thеn
sround of thе top
the ground
яЬоve thе
abovе of thе torлrеr. /,o is thе sunЪ ray and 0o is thе anglе of еlеvation of thе sun.
You should always draw a figurе. In Figurе.2.5, Pis thе tч o{ф9 P
wluсп
towеr and Q is thе boшom. Thе survеyоr ls standrng at L,,
;;' th" levеl as
';й Q. Let йе hеight of thе towеr be h metrеs.
168 сm
ligure 2.6
168 m
ligшъ 2.5
Then tan0" =т54
1,68 Thеrеforе: tan32o =2,
= 1.09090... so *=#ь
0 = tan-l1.09090...
= 47.489... . =- I
0.624869...
Thеreforе thе anglе of еlеvation of thе sun is approximatеly = 11.2023... .
47.49".1
out a
Thе roof span is 2ш metres, that is approximate|у 22.4m.I
Notе onсe again that you с1n usе thr сalсulator and lеavе
you еxplanation to
,'oйb.' of siеps, p'ouid"d that givе еnough. Еxerсise 2.2
;Б;; h.* yori obiain your rеsuit. Thus you сould writе 1 The angle of elevation of the sun is 48.4". Find the height of a
flag staff whose shadow is 7.42m long.
1a11Q'=$
- 154 2 A boat leaving a harbour travels 4 miles east and 5 miles north.
Find the bearing of the boat from the harbour.
3 A boat whiсh is on a bearing of 038" from a harbour is 6 miles
o =и"'(ffi) north of the harbour. How far east is the boat from the harbour?
4 A ladder resting against a wall makes an angle of 69' with the
= 47.489... ground. Тhe foot of the ladder is 7.5 m from the wal|. Find the
height of the top of the ladder.
Example 2.3 From the top window of a house whiсh is 1.5 km awаy from a
Fisurе 2.7 reprеsеnts a seсtion of a symmetriсal roof in whiсh tower it is observed that the angle of elevation of the top of the
АЕ;h; 'p",''' "''d oP thе risе. Р is tЬe mid-point of АB. tower is 3.6o and the angle of depression of the bottom is 1.2".
Find the height of the tower in metres.
Thеriseоfthеroofis7manditsanglеofslopeis32..Findthе From the top of a с|iff 32 m high it is noted that the angles of
roof span.
depression of two boats |ying in the line due east of the с|iff are
21'and 17'. How far are the boats aparl?
Тwo adjaсent sides of a reсtang|e are 15.8 сm and 1 1 .9 сm. Find
the ang|es whiсh a diagonal of the reоtangle makes with the
sides.
P and Q are two points direсt|y opposite to one another on the
banks of a river. A distanсe of 80 m is measured a|ong one bank
figшв2.7 at right angles to PQ. From the end of this line the angle
subtended by PQ is 61'. Find the width of the river.
As thе roof is symmetriсal'oAч is an isosсеles trianglе, so
OP A |adder whiсh is |eaning against a wall makes an ang|e of 70"
is pеrpеndiсulai to АB. Call thе lеngth АP, tll metrеs. with the ground and reaсhes 5 m up the wal|. The foot of the
|adder is then moved 50сm c|oser to the wa|l. Find the new
angle that the ladder makes with the ground.
2.7 opposite and adiaсent sides
Sometimеs thе trianglе with whiсh yоu havе.to
work is not сon-
an еxample of
;j;;,l'y;й"й"i.i. p"g..гig"'.2.8a shows
this.
А
/l
/ 1,.'
ang|е 0f focus adjacent
Ь1
flgшrc 2.9a figure 2.9b
= 10.391... .
'
|n
figurc 2.11
Foсus on thе ang|e 24". Thе oppоsitе sidе is a and thе adjaсеnt
sidе is 6 сm. ----1"'
scm
#
,r,'1or
Then tan24" = Ч
6 3 П-__qJ_9щ--.-?- 4 т 4.8 сm
a = 6 tan24" hсmt"""
---. 4.2cm.---7
*.. u,"
= 6х0.4452...
*,fuf
lro
l" \
6 /сm 6
=2.671.... .
Lт---__-_- - \xсm
д^tt
Therеforе а = 2.67 cm,сorrесt to 3 signifiсant figures. l 2сm/
o
B
flgure 3.1
oa
'|ust as for a fixеd anglе 0o thе ratio
4Д i,.o,,,1"nt, (and еqual to
tan 0") wherеvеr А is, so also thе p,that
o
is
'i{i" \JI\ nypotеnusе
Пl is сonstant.
ao
,Гhis
ratio is сallеd thе sinе of thе anglе 0o and is written sinOo.
э
f
g)
o
э
a a
э
a. sin0o =
opposite
= с0s0o = Д
adiacent
=
hypotenuse Б hypotenuse b
tlgure 3.2
-
.\B adiaсent
|n this сhаpteryou wil| leam: Similarly, thе ratio !{, г::t::::. ' is also сonstant
|JI\that is nypoЕеnuse for
. what the sine and сosine are thе angle 0o.
. how to use the sine and 'Гhis ratiо is сallеd thе сosinе
cosine to find lengths and of the angle 0o and is wriшеn сos 0o.
angles in right-angled .Гhus g,
sin9o = Jpp'osце сos9o = Дn,,"t =g.
.
triangles
how to solve multistage
nypofеnrrsе= D hypotеnusе b
problems using sines'
сosines and tangents'
3.2 Definition of sine and сosine о Using PythagorasЪ йеorеm on trianglе oPN givеs * +f = 1.
[n Sесtion 3.1 thеrе is a short disсussion introduсing thе sinе and Thеrеfore sin2Oo сos20o = 1,
+
сosinе ratios. In this sесtion thеre is a more formal dеfinition.
where sin2 0" mеans (sin 0.)2 and means сos2 0o mеans
Dгaw a сirсlе with radius 1 unit, and сеntrе at thе origin O. (сos0.)2.
Draw thе radius OP at an anglе 0o to the x-аxis in ai anti-
сloсkwise dirесtion. Sеe Figure 3.3. Thе еquation sin2 0" + сos2 0o = 1' is oftеn сallеd Pythagoras's
thеorеm.
Finding thе valuеs of the sinе and сosinе of anglеs is similar to
finding thе tangеnt of an anglе. Use your сalсulator in thе way
that you would еxpесt. You саn ujе the funсtions sin-1 and
сos-l to find thе invеrsе sinе and сosinе in thе same wav that
you used tan-1 to find thе inversе tangent.
that is sin(90_0)o=сos0o.
Similarly сos(90_0)o=sin0o.
figurc3.4
Thе anglе сonсеrnеd is 51"; rеlativе to thе angle of 51o, thе sidе Example 3.3
2..5 сrrr is thе adjaсеnt, and thе sidе markеd x сm is thе A 30m laddеr on a firе engine has to rеaсh a.V/hat
window 26m
ltyp<ltсnusс. Thе ratio сonсеfnеd is thе сosinе. from thе ground whiсh is horizontal and lеvеl. anglе, to
thе nеarеst degreе, must it makе with the ground and how far
St:rrt Ьy writing сos51" =2'5 . from thе Ьuilding must it Ье plaсеd?
х
Thеn solvе this еquation fоr x. Lеt thе laddеr be AP (Figurе 3.6), lеt 0. bе thе anglе that thе
laddеr makеs with thе ground and lеt d mеtrеs bе the distanсе
* = -2!L- = 3'972"' of thе foot of thе laddеr from thе window.
'
сos.)l-
Thе lеngth of thе sidе is 3.97сm аpproхimatеly. l
Еxample 3.2
Thе lеngth оf еaсh lеg of a stеp laddеr is 2.5 m. !Иhеn thе lеgs
arе opеnеd out' thе distanсе Ьеrwееn thеir fееt is 2 m. Find thе
anglе bеrwееn thе lеgs.
АB АС
Аdm
In Figurе 3.5, lеt and Ье thе lеgs of thе laddеr. As thеrе
figurв 3.6
is no right anglе, you havе to makе onе Ьy dropping thе pеr.
pendiсular Аo from А to thе Ьase BC. Thе trianglе АBC is
isosсеlеs, so Аo Ьisесts thе anglе BAС and thе basе BC. As thе sidеs 25m and 30m arе thе oppositе and the hypotеnusе
Thеrеforе for thе anglе 0o, you neеd the sinе ratio.
Jo"'
3.4 Тrigonometriс ratios of 45o, 30"
7---7 r------7
bу<r 4 4'*,'V^K and 60"
You сan сalсulatе thе trigonomеtriс ratiоs еxaсtly for somе
'
I:у<;; I ,' \
/сm ,Ьt simplе anglеs.
{-_---7 / 6 \xсm
/*.
,.d\
Sinen Gosine and tаngent of 45"
"f--^
Figurе 3.8 shows an isosсеles right-anglеd triangle whose еqual
sidеs are eaсh 1 unit.
13сm
N'1o1
1зсm
.-.\\ {,,^
\,/z'lз',. '.^v
11 A сirс|e of radius 45mm has a сhord of |ength 60mm. Find the figurв 3.8
sine and the сosine of thе ang|e at the centre of the сirс|e
subtended by this сhord.
Using PрhagorasЪ thеorеm, thе hypotеnuse has lеngth {2 units. 3.5 Using the сalсulator acсurateIy
Thеrеforе thе trigonomеtriс ratios fоr 45. arе given by Whеn you usе a сalсulator to solvе an еquation suсh as sin 0" =
is important to Ьe ablе to gеt аs aссurate afl answеr as
sin45o = 1},
сos45" =#,иn45o = ].. #,'.
you сan.
You сan, if you wish, usе the equivalеnt valuеs
Wrong method
sin 45o =$,,o,45" =Ч,tan 45o = 1. sin,o =
fl = o.вzz
Thesе valuеs arе oЬtainеd from thеir prеvious valuеs by noting sin0o = З8.46.
that
1. lт 12 Gorreсt method
a,=a,' E=т'
1,
sin,o =
ff = o.вztв27621,6
0 = З8.43.
Sine, сosine and tangent of 30" and 60" \07hat has happеnеd? Thе proЬlеm is that in the wrong method
Figurе 3.9 sholмs an еquilatеral trianglе of side 2 units. thе сorrесtеd answеь 0.622, a thrеe-signifiсant-figurе approxi-
mation, has bееn usеd in thе sесond part of the сalсulation to
find thе anglе, and has introduсеd an еrror.
Yoц сan avoid the еrror Ьy not writing dоrмn thе thrеe-signifiсant-
figure approximation аnd by using thе сalсulator in thе follow.
lng way.
sinl =ff
0 = 38.43.
'I 1
In this vеrsion' thе answе usеd dirесtly to сalсulate thе
figure 3.9 ' '" {was
anglе, and thеrеfore all the figйiеs wеrе prеsеrvеd in thе proсess.
Thе perpendiсular from thе vеrtеx bisесts the basе, dividing thе Somеtimеs it may bе neсеssаry to usе a сalсulator memory to
origiЬal.trianglе into two trianglеs with anglеs of 30o, 60" and storе an intеrmеdiatе answеr to as many figures as you nееd.
90; and sidеs of lеngth 1. unit, 2 units and, using Pythagoras's
theorеm, V3 units. tt is not nесеssary in this саsе, Ьut you сould сalсulate a"d
ff
Thеrеfore thе trigonomеtriс ratios for 30o are givеn by put the rеsult into mеmory А. Thеn you сan сalсulatе sin-1 А to
нсr an aссuratе answеr.
sin3Oo =
},
сos30. =$,tan30. =
тЬ "'f .
Y<lu nееd to bе awarе of this point for thе multistage problems
in Sесtion 3.8, and espeсially so in Chaptеr 07.
Thе samе ratios for 60" arc givеn by
sin 60o =
f, сos 60 " =
\,
tan60o = {З .
3.6 Slope and gradient
It is usеful еithеr tо rеmеmber thеsе rеsults' or to be ablе to get l;igurе 3.10 rеprеsеnts a side viеw of thе seсtiоn of a rising path
thеm quiсkly. AB is horizontal and BС is thе vеrtiсal risе.
^С'
As aor0t =
ff,
АC = АB cos9"
so ЕF = AB сosOo.
f,guш 3.10
Еxercise 3.2
l-еt thе anglе Ьеtwеen thе path and thе horizontal bе 0o. Тhis is a misсe|laneous exerсise involving sines, сosines and
tangents.
Thеn 0o is сallеd thе anglе of slopе or simply thе slоpе оf thе path.
In questions 1 to 10, find the marked angle or side.
Thе ratio tan 0o is сallеd thе gradient of thе path.
2
Somеtimеs, еspесially by thе side of railways, thе gradiеnt is
givеn in thе form 1 in 55. This mеans
+.
--/-1,.rr'
4оm
oсm
*55
sradiеnt = 4сm
5.1 cm 4.B сm
.!Иhеn
the anglе of slopе 0" is very small, as in thе сasе of a rai|-
way and most roads' it makеs littlе praсtiсal diffеrеnсе if you | --'- 4.2cml -,.
pp-/псn
takе sin 0" instеad of tan 0" as thе gradiеnt.
IY
sin0. (Ьy mеasuring BC
In praсtiсе also it is еasiеr to mеasurе
д\
and AС), and thе differеnсе Ьеtwееn AС and АB is rеlativеly ГI------ /=- хcm/
3.52,^|вв'l"'1 \
small provided that 0" is small. 160' \
4.2cm
You сan use your сalсulator to see just how small thе diffеrеnсе 1)r
is Ьеfwееn sinеs and tangеnts for small anglеs. ,о.t
уcn/ / Хсm
/5o.l' \ ,/ .lз
p.\
3.т Projeсtions
cm
10
In Figurе 3.7\,|et / bе a straight linе, and lеt AB Ьe a straight
linе sеgmеnt whiсh makеs an anglе 0. with /.
This sесtion givеs examplеs of multistagс proЬlеms whеrе you Also sinO'= .
neеd to think out a strategy bеfore you start. f
You nееd also to bе aware of the adviсе given in Sесtion 3.5 Substituting for x sinoo =:rЭ40.
aЬout thе aссuratе usе of a сalсulator.
so 0=27.З3....
Example 3.5
АBCD is a kite inwhiсh AB = АD = 5сmandBC = СD =7сm. Angle BCD = 20o = 54.66o, сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs. l
Anglе DАB = 80o. Calсulatе anglе BCD.
Example 3.6
}.igurе 3.13 rеpresеnts Part of a symmеtriсal roof frame.
PА = 28 m, АB = 6m and ang|e oPА = 21". Find thе lengths
of oР and oA.
Еxerсise 3.3
1 ABOD is a kite in whiсh AB = AD = 5 сm, BC = CD = 7оm and
ang|e DAB = 80". Ca|culate the length of the diagonalАC.
2 ln the diagram, find the |ength of АC.
t
4сm
figurc 3.13
I
Lеt OP= lm, PB trm xnd oА hm. B*8сm.+
= =
To find / you neеd to find ang|e oPB1' to do this you nееd first 3 ln the diagram, find the angle 0.
to find ang|e АPB. Lеt anglе АPB= d".
i
A ladder of length 5 m is |eaning against a vertiсa| wal| at an
angle of 60' to the horizontal. The foot of the Iadder moves in by
50сm. By how muсh does the top of the |adder move up the
wall?
PQЕS is a trapezium, with PQ parallelto RS. The angles at P
.|30.
and Q are 120. and respeсtively. Тhe length PQ is 6.23cm
and the distanсe between the parallel sides is 4.92 cm'
Ca|сu|ate the length of ЕS.
o. э
fl
fl
1+
Цr
o
з
J
a
э o -
rl o
o
a
this сhapteryou will learn:
э In
. the impoftanоe of good
diagrams in solving three-
dimensional problems
. how to break down three-
dimensional problems into
two-dimensional problems
. how to solve problems by
using pyramids, boxes and
wedges.
4.1 lntroduction Thеrе arе a numbеr of fеaturеs you should notiсе about this
\DИorking in thrее dimеnsions introduсеs no new trigonomеtriс diagram.
idеas, Ьut you do nееd to bе ablе to think in thrее dimеnsions о Thе diagram is largе еnough to avoid points bеing .on top
and to Ье aЬlе to visualizе thе proЬlеm сlеarly. To do this it is a of onе anothеr'.
grеat hеlp to Ье aЬlе to draw a good figurе.
о Thе vеrtеx V shоuld bе abovе thе сеntrе of thе Ьasе. It is
You сan solvе all thе proЬlеms in this сhaptеr by piсking out bеst to draw thе basе first, draw thе diagonals intersесting
right-angled trianglеs from a thrеe-dimеnsional figurе, drawn, at O, and thеn put V vertiсally abovе O, siting V so that
of сoursе, in two dimеnsions. thе edgе VС ot thе pyramid does not appеar to Pass
through B.
This сhaptеr will сonsist mainly of ехamplеs, whiсh will inсlude
сеrtain typеs of diagram whiсh you shоuld Ьe aЬlе to draw о Note that thе dimеnsions havе not bееn put on thе mеas-
quiсkly and еasily. ufеmеnts whеrе, to do so, would add сluшеr.
To solvе thе problеm' You must dеvеlop a stratеgy whiсh
nvolvеs сrеating or rесognizing right-angled trianglеs.
4.2 Pyramid problems
i
Thе anglе АVC is thе vеrtiсal anglе of thе isosсеlеs triang|e АVС
Thе first type of diagram is the pyramid diagram. This diagram whiсh is bisесtеd Ьу VО.If you сan find thе lеngth Аo, you
will work for all problеms whiсh involvе pyramids with a сan find ang|e AVС. But you сan find Аo by using the faсt tЬat
squarе Ьase. ABСD is a squarе. Sее Figurе 4.2.
Еxаmple 4.1
,/"1\'-lxl
ABCD is thе square base of sidе 5 сm of a pyramid whosе
Yertex V is сm direсtly abovе thе сеntrе o of thе squarе.
6 ,Ьtt
Calсulatе thе angle АVC.
Thе diagram is drawn in Figurе 4.1.
А g с А-5сm-в
ligure 4.2
If you find that you сan sоlvе thе problеm without drawing thе
subsidiary diagram in Figurе 4.2, then do so. But many people
figure 4.1 find that it hеlps to sее what is happеning.
All squarе-bаsеd pyramid problems сan be solved using this As Po = ,PR, and, using PщhagorasЪ thеorеm gives
diаgram.
PR = {FУ;тsz =la +т =^[61.
Example 4.2
РQRI'V is a pyramid with vеrtеx V whiсh is situatеd symmеtri you find Po = +{6псm.
сally aЬovе thе mid-point o of thе rесtangular Ьasе PQRS. Thе
lеngths of PS and RS arе 6 сm and 5 сm, and thе slant hеight VP
is 8 сm. Find thе anglе that thе еdgе VP makеs with the ground.
Thеn сosсo =P;i =+,
Figurе 4.3 shows thе situation. so q,
= 60.78.
Thеrefore thе еdgе VP makеs an angle of 60,78" with thе hori
zontal. I
figure 4.3
Let the rеquirеd anglе VPo bе d". Thеn you сan find d from
triangle vPo if you сan find еithеr PO or Vo. You сan find flgшв.|.5
PO from thе reсtangle РQRs.
Thе usuаl way to draw thе box is to draw two idеntiсal rесtan.
gles, onе .bеhind' the othеr, and thеn to join up thе сornеrs
appropriatеly. It сan bе usеful to makе sоmе оf rhe lines dottеd
to makе it сlеar whiсh faсе is in front.
tand" =Z
4.4 Wedge problems
and d = 21.80.
Thе third typе оf problеm involvеs drawing а wеdgе. This
Thеrеforе thе diagonal makеs an anglе of 2]".80. with thе floоr. l wеdge is rеally only part оf a box, so you сould think of a
Somеtimеs the problеm is a Ьox proЬlеm, Ьut may not sound wedgе pтoblem as a speсial сasе of a box problеm, but it is
likе onе. еаsiеr to think of it in a sеparatе сatеgofy.
ЕxampIe 4.4
The top, P, of a pylon standing оn lеvеl ground suЬtends an
angle of 10o at a point S whiсh is 50m duе south, and 5o at a
pоint W lying wеst of thе pylon. Calсulatе thе distanсе STV'сor-
rесt to thе nеarеst mеtrе.
flgшв4J
figure 4.7'
ttample 4.5 Aс=
The line of greatest slopе of a flat hillside slopes at an anglе of Бzб*mi.
20o to thе horizontal. To rёduсe the anglе of сlimb, a walkеr
walks on a Path on the hillside whiсh makes an angle of 50o In triаngle АBC sinс =;fu = = sin20oсos50"
with thе line of grеatest slope. At what angle to the horizontal sin 20o сos 50o
doеs the walkеr сlimb on this path?
Ес so а = |2.70.|
Thе walkеr walks at |2.7" approximatеly to фе linе of grеatеst
slopе.
You may fiпd it еasiеr to follow if you еvaluatе АE and АC as
you go along, but it is bеttеr praсtiсе tо avоid it if you саn.
Exerсise 4
1 A pyramid has jts vertex direсtly above the сontre of its square
base. The edges of the base are вaсh 8сm, and the vertiсal
hвight is 10сm. Find the ang|e between the s|аnt faсe and the
base, and the anglo between a slant edg6 and the base.
fiцп{9 2 A symmetriсal pyramid stands on a square base ol side 8 сm.
Тhe sIant height of the pyramid is 20cm. Find the angle between
I-еt АЕ bе thе linе of greatest slope, and АC bе thе path of the the s]ant edge and the base, and the angIe between a s]ant faсe
walker. Thе angle that you neеd to find is anфe BAС. Call this аnd the base.
angle do. As there are no units to the problеm, let the hеight BC 3 A square board is suspended horizontally by four equаl ropes
bе 1 unit. attaсhed to a point P direсtly above the оentre of thв board.
Еaсh rope has length 15m and Ь inсlined at an ang|e of 10" with
To find d you neеd to find anothеr length (apart from BC) in the vertiоal. Calсulate the tengith of the side of the square board.
trianglе BАC. This п,ill сome first from thе rфt-angled trianglе 4 A pyrаmid has its vertex direсtly above the сentreo' its square
DAE, and then from tгianglе AЕC, shown in Figure 4.10. Note
,
base' Тhe edges of the base аre eaсh 6 оm, and the vertiсa]
that angle DAE = 20o as АЕ is a line of greatеst slope. height is 8оm. Find the angle between two adjасent slant faсes.
6 Find the angle that a main diagonal of a сube makes with the
base. 1д56u'e that the сube has sides of length 1 unit.)
0A pylon is situated at a сornar of a reсtangular fie|d with
dimensions 100m by 80m. The angle subtended by the pylon at
;,,-J^7'
the furthest сorner of the field is 10". Find the angles subtended
by the pylon at the other two сorners of the field,
т A regulаr tetrahedron has a|} its edges 8 оm in length. Find the
angIes whiсh аn edgв makes with the bаse.
ngп:з410
8 Allthe faсes of a square-based pyramid of side 6сm.slope at an
of 60'to the horizontal. Find the height of the pyramid, and the
11 angle between a sloping edge and the base.
АЕD АЕ
In triangle sin2Oo =
7i so =
6fuа. A vertical flag pole standing on horizontal ground has six ropes
7 attaсhed to it at a point 6m from the ground. Тhe other ends of
ЕАC the ropes are attaоhed to points on the ground whiсh lie in a
/r'W=;йт?,
In triangle сos50o = ".^2
AC regular hexagon with sides 4 m. Find the angle whiоh a rope
makes with the ground.
Тhe diagram shows a roof struсture. PQЕS is a horizonta|
reсtangle. Тhe faces ABRQ' AB9P' АPQ and BЛS a|| make an
angle of 45'with the horizontal.
Find the angle made by the sloping edges with the horizontal.
эql
s.а.
эo
=o
eq
ogl ln this сhapter you will lэarn:
. howtoextendthe
definit.ons of sine, сosine
and tangent to anglos
э gвatorthan 90o and |ess
than 0o
ч . the shape of the graphs of
sine, оosine and tangent
. the meaning of the terms
.period' and .periodiс'.
5.1 lntroduction Thеn sin 0. = } and сos 0o =
сosinе foг any sizе of the anglе'с0..
ate thе dеfinitions of sinе and
Thеn for аny givеn anglеs suсh аs 60o,210" аnd -140", you сan
assoсiatе a quadrant, namеl5 thе quadrаnt in whiсh thе radius
5.2 Sine and cosine for any angle сorrеsponding to the angle liеs.
In Seсtion 3.2,the following сonstruсtion was given as the basis
of thе dеfinition of sine and сosine.
Draтy a сirсle with radius 1 unit, and сentrе at thе origin o.
Draw thе radius oP at an angle 0" to thе x-axis in an аnti-сloсk-
wisе dirесtion. See Fфrе 5.1. Let P havе сoordinatеs (r, y).
flgшвe3
Thе еasiest way to find thе sinе and сosine of angles suсh as
90o, 540" and -90. is to rеturn to the definitions, that is sin0o =
y and сosOo = x. Sее Figurе 5.4. You сan sеe that the graph of y = 569o has thе form of a wavе.
l\/R\
As it repеats itself evеry 360o, it is said to bе periodiс, with
/Т\
(0'1) у^ pеriod 360". As you would expeсt from Sесtion 5.2, thе value
rlf sin 0o is positive for first and sесond quadrant angles and
L_@-I,
nеgative for third and fourth quadrant anglеs.
0
щ:r+,
/ \0 i (-1,0) I F.igurе 5.6 shows thе graph of y = gq5@o drawn for valuеs of 0
from -90 to 360.
\=-/ \:/
(0, -1)
tigшre 5.4
Thеn you sеe from thе lеft-hand diagram that the radius for 90.
ends at (0, 1), so sin90o = 1 and сos90o = 0.
Similarly, thе radius for 540o еnds up at (-1' 0), so sin.540o = 0
and сos540o = -1.
Finall5 thе radius for -90" ends up at (-1' 0), so sin(-90") = -1
and сos(-90") = 0. figuв 5.6
onсe again, you сan сhесk thеsе rеsults from your сalсulator.
As you сan sее' thе graph of' у = сosO" also has thе form of a
wavе. It is also pегiodiс, with peгiod 360". Thе valuе of сos0"
is positive for first and fourth quadrant angles and nеgativе for
5.3 Graphs of sine and сosine funсtions sесond and third quadrant anglеs.
As thе sinе and сosine funсtions arе definеd for all anglеs you lt is thе wavе form of these graphs and thеir periodiс propеrties
сan draw their graphs.
whiсh make thе sinе and сosinе so useful in appliсations. This
Figure 5.5 shows thе graph of у = sinOo drawn for valuеs of 0 point is takеn furthеr in physiсs and еnginееring.
from -90 to 360.
Еxercise 5.1 lf thе anglе 0" is a first quadrant anglе, tanOo is positive. For a
ln questions 1 to 8, use your сa|сulator to find the fo|lowing sines sесond quadrant anglе, y is positivе and r is nеgativе, so tanOo
and сosines. is nеgativе. For a third quadrant angle, y and х are both nеga-
tivе, so tan 0o is positive. And for a fourth quadrant angle, y is
1 siп 130. 2 cos 140"
nеgative and x is positivе, so tan0o is negative.
3 sin250" 4 сos370"
5 sin(-20)' 6 cos 1000'
7 sin36000' I сos(-90)"
ln questions 9 to 14, say in which quadrant the given angle Iies.
5.5 Graph of the tangent funсtion
.lust as you сan draw graphs of thе sinе and сosine funсtions,
I 200" 10 370" you сan draw a graph of thе tangеnt funсtion. Its graph is
11 (-300)" 12 730" shown in Figuтe 5.8.
13 -6000 14 1000"
ln questions 15 to 20, find the following sines and сosines without
using your сalсulator.
15 cosO 16 sin 180"
17 cos270" 18 sinфO).
19 cos(-180)" 2!l sin450"
t^nO =I,
oo
дI o
you сan seе that
tanOo =
# Еquation 1
П
Еquation 1 will bе used rеpеatеdly throuфout thе rеmaindеr of
Е
thе book.
пI t!
Exerсise 5.2
questions 1 to 4, use your сalсulator to find the foIIowing tangents. t э
o GT
|n
П!
1 tan120' 2 tan(r3O)"
3 4
a
tan200' tan1000'
5 Attempt to find tan9Oo on your сa|сu|ator. You shouId find that it
a
gives some kind of eror message. э
6 Calсu|ate the value р1 ,rm'.
sin 12o
сos 1000o
-t
7 CalсuIate the vаIue .)т
.
Бj;тбб6'.
!n ffis chapter you will learn:
з . how to solve simple
equations involving sine,
т' сosine and tangent
o
t . the moaning of .prinсipaI
angle'
. how to uso the prinсipal
angle to find all solutions of
the equation.
6.1 lntroduсtion
This сhaptеr is about solving equations of thе typе sin 0o = 0.4,
сosOo = 0.2 and tanOo = 0.3.
lt is еasy, using a сalсulаtor, to find thе sinе of a givеn angle.
It is also еаsy, with a сalсulator, to find one sоlution of аn
еquation suсh as sin0o = 0.4. You usе the sin-1 kеy and find
0 = 23.57.... Sо far so good.
Thе problеm is that Figurе 6.1 shows therе arе many anglеs,
infinitеly many in faсt, for whiсh sinO" = 0.4. You havе found
onе of them - how do you find the othеrs frоm thе anglе that flgurв 6.2
vou hаve found?
So thе quеstion posed in Seсtion 6.1 is, .Given the prinсipal
angle for whiсh sin 0o = 0.4, how do you find all thе otЬеr
Y= sin 0o anglеs?'
Look at the sine graph in Figurе 6.1. Notiсe that it is symmеtri-
сal about thе 90o point on the O-axis. This shows that for any
anglе ao
sin(90 - d|" =sin(90 + с)". фuation 1
у', If youwгitе х =90 -d, thеn d =90 -ff' so 90 + а = 180 -x.
figшo6.1
Еquation 1 then beсomеs, for any d"
ang|e
sino"=sin(180-с)". Еquation 2
Figurе 6.1 shows thаt therе is anothеr anglе lying bеtwееn 90o Еquation 2 is thе kеy to solving equations whiсh involvе sines.
and 180. sаtisfying thе еquаtion sinOo = 0.4, and thеn infinitеly Rеturning to the graph of у = sinOo in Figurе 6.1, and using
many othеrs' rеpеating every 360". Еquation 2,уoll сan sее that thе other anglе between 0 and 180
with sin0"= 0.4 is
6.2 $olving equations involving sines 180 sin-10.4 = 180 - 23.57... = L56.42... .
-
Now you сan add (or subtraсt) multiples of 360. to find all the
Prinсipa| angles other anglеs solving sin0o = 0.4, and oЬtain
Thе angle givеn Ьy yоur сalсulator whеn you press thе sin-l key 0 = 23.57, 1 56.42, 383.57, 576.42,...
is сallеd thе prinсipal an8lеs. сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs.
For thе sinе funсtion the prinсipal аngle liеs in thе intеrval
-90<0<90. Summary
If you draw thе graph of y = 5i1-t x using your сalсulator valuеs To solvе an еquation of thе foгm sinffo = с rмherе с is given:
you gеt thе graph shou,n in Figurе 6.2. о find thе prinсipal angle
о use Еquation 2 to find anothеr anglе for whiсh sinffo = с
о add or subtraсt any mulфle of 360.
Example 6.1 Еxerсise 6.1
Solvе the еquation sinffo = -0.2, giving all solutions in thе intеr- ln questions 1 to 8, find the so|utions of the given equation iп the
val from -1.80 to 180. intervalfrom 0 to 360.
The prinсipal anglе is -11.54. I sinOo = 0.3 2 sin0" = 0.45
з sinOo = 0 4 sinO" = 'l
From Еquation2,180 -
(-11.54) = 1'97.54 is also a solution,
5 sin 0o -1 6 sinOo = -0.1
but this is outsidе thе rеquirеd range. Howеvеr, as you сan add =
and subtraсt аny multiplе of 360, you сan find thе solutiоn
7 sinOo = -0.45 8 sinOo = -0.5
bеtwееn -180 and 180 by subtraсting 360. In questions 9 to 16, find the solutions of the given equation in the
intervalfrom -180 to 180.
Thеrеforе thе required solution is
797.54-360=-168.46.
9 sinO'= -0.15 10 sin0' = -O.5
11 sin0" = 0 12 sinOo = 1
Thеrеforе thе solutions arе -168.46 and -11.54. l 13 sinO" = -1 14 sin0o = 0.9
15 sinOo = -0.9 16 sinO' = -0.766
Еxample 6.2 In questions 17 to 24, find the solutions of the given equation in the
Solvе thе еquаtion sin2xo = 0.5, giving аll solutions from 0 to intervalfrom 0 to 360.
360.
17 sin2xo = 0.5 18 sin20'= 0.45
Stаrt by lеtting !
2х. Thеn you havе first to solvе for y thе
= 19 sin3Oo = 0 20 sin20'= -1
еquation sin y" = 0.5. Notе also that if .r liеs bеtwееn 0 and
21 sinl0'= 0.5 2I2 sin|Ф =t
360, thеn y, whiсh is 2x, liеs bеtwееn 0 and720.
23 sin30" = -0.5 24 }sin2s<" =2
Thе prinсipal anglе for thе solution of siny. = 0.5 is sin-10.5 = 30. 25 Тhe height h in metres of the water in a harbour t houв after the
water is at its mean level is given by h = 6 + 4 sin(3Ot)'. Find the
Fтom Еquation 2, 180 - 30 = 150 is also a solution. first positivo value of t for Whiоh the height of the water first
Adding multiples o{ 360 shоrлrs thаt 390 and 510 arе also solu. reaches 9 metres.
tions for y. 26 Тhe length / hours of a day in hours t days after the beginning of
the year is given approximately by
Thus У =2х = 30, 150,390' 510
so r 15,75,'J,95,255.1
h=12-о (ffit)..
= "o"
Find the approximate number of days per yeаr that the length of
Еxаmple 6.3 day is longer than 15 hours.
Find thе smallеst positive root of thе еquation sin(2r + 50). = 0.1.
Substitutе У = 2х + 50, so you solvе sinyo = Q.t.
From y 2х + 50 yоu find that * - s0).
6.3 Solving equations involving Gosines
= = }{y
To solvе an equation of thе form сosOo = 0.2 it is helpful to
As x ) 0 for a positivе solution, *0- so) ) 0, so y > 50. look at thе graph of the соsinе funсtion in Figurе 6.3.
Thе prinсipal anglе solving sinyo - 0.1 is 5.74.
From Еquation 2, 180 - 5.74 = 774.26 is thе first solution
grеatеr than 50.
Asr=r1(y-so),
х =\1tт+.zв - 50) = 62.1'3..
Summary
To solvе an еquation оf thе form сosOo = с whеrе с is givеn;
о find thе prinсipal anglе
o use Еquation 3 to find anothст anglе for whiсh сosOo = с
о add or subtraсt any multiplе of 360.
Exаmple 6.4
figшв6.3 Solvе thе еquation сos0o = -0.1 giving all solutions in the intеr-
val -180 to 180, сorrесt to two dесimal plaсеs.
For thе сosinе the prinсipal anglе is in thе intеrval 0 < 0 < 180.
For thе еquation сos0" = 0.2, thе prinсipal anglе is 78.46... . For сos0o - -0.1, the prinсipal anglе is 95.74... .
If yоu draw thе graph of у = сos-1 x using your сalсulator Using Еquation 3, thе othеr angle in thе rеquirеd interval is
-95.74... .
The solutions' сorrесt to two dесimal plасеs, are -95.74 and
95.74.4
Еxample 6.5
Find all thе solutions of the еquation 2 сos 3х" = 1 in thе intеr-
val 0 to 360.
The equаtion 2 сos3*" = 1 саn bе written in the form сosyo = },
whеrе y = }х.Ifx liеs in thе intеrvаl0 to 360, thеn y, whiсh Ь
3x, liеs in thе intеrval 0 to 1080.
Thе prinсipal anglе fоr the solution of сos3l" - } is сos_l Ь= 60.
figшв6.4 From Еquаtion 3, -60 is also a solution of соsyo = ].
Adding multiplеs of 360 shows that 300; 420, 660,780 and
valuеs, you gеt thе graph shoтvn in Figuге 6.4.
1'020 arе also solutions for y.
Thе symmetry of thе сosine gгaph in Figure 6.3 shows that
Thus У =3х = 60,300, 42o,660,78o,1020
сos(-9.) Еquation 3
= сos@o. so х =20,100' 140' 220,260,340. l
If you usе Еquation 3, you find that сos(-78.46...)o = 0.2.
If thе interval for whiсh vou nееd thе solution is from -180 to
180, you have two solutions, -78.46... and78.46... . 6.4 Solving equations involving
[f you need solutions bеtween 0 and 360, you сan add 360 to tangents
the first solution and obtain 78.46 aлd281.54, сorreсt to two To solvе an equation of thе form tan 0o = 0.3 it is helpful to
dесimal plaсеs. loоk аt thе graph оf thе tangеnt funсtion, Figurе 5.8.
The symmеtry of thе tangеnt graph shoц,s thаt
tanOo=tan(180+0)'. Еquation 4
For the tangеnt the prinсipal angle is in thс intеrval -90 < 0 < Exerсise 6.2
90. For the equation tan0o = 0.3, thе prinсipal anglе is L6.70... . In questions 1 to 10, find all the solutions to the given equation in the
interval0 to 360 inclusive.
Using Еquation 4 you find that thе othеr angle bеtwееn 0 and
360 satisfyingtanil = 0.3 is 180 + 1.6.70... = 796.70... . 1 сos0" -3 = 2 |anхo =2
3 сosс"=i 4 tanp" = -O.5
Summary 5 сos20.=} 6 tan20" = 1
To solve an еquation of thе form tanOo =с where с is givеn: 7 сos}O. = -0.2 8 tan Jx" = 1.1
, \,, \,
figшro 7.1
o 1+
In this сhaptец thе anglеs will bе measurеd in dеgrеes: thus, in
Figurе 7.1, А = 95" арProхimatеly.
oo
Цl
J Thе sidеs may bе mеаsurеd in any units you сhoosе, providеd
o
t}еy аrе аll mеasurеd in thе samе units. In somе of thе diagrams
that follow thе units of length arе оmittеd.
o
Yоu ате familiar with thе formula
э
jxbasехhеiфt
-t
{r o
э foт thе аrea of a trianglе, whethет it is aсutе-anglеd or оbtusе-
аnglеd.
э
o.
triangles whiсh arэ not right.
angled Figurе 7.2 shоws an асute-angled trianglе rпith thе pеrpеndiсular
з
C
. how to use the sine and draц,n frоm .Д оnto BC. Lеt the lеnф of this pеrpеndiсulat bе h.
cosine formu|ae for a triаngle' Lеt thе area thе tтiangle Ьe Д, so Ь = |аh.
of'
and how to flnd the area of a
triangle To find h уou сan usе thе lеft-hand riфt.anglеd шianglе.
.
o
some applications of the sine
-)
ц and сosine formulae for a Thus, sinB =L,
triangle. so h = csinB.
figure7.2 B
tigurэ 7.3 с
Lеt thе arca of the trianglе be A, so Ь = lаh. Gase 3: Area of any triangle
To find h уou can use thе largеr right-angled trianglе. Thus, the area Ь of any triangle, aсute-angled or obtuse-angled, is
ь=lbсsinA =L,саsnB =tabsinC. Еquation 7
Thus, sinB =Ц,
If you think of this formula as
so h = сsinB. Arеa x produсt of sidеs x sine of inсludеd anglе
=}
thеn it is indеpеndеnt of thе lеttеring of thе partiсular trianglе
involvеd. The units of area will bе dеpendеnt on thе unit of
length that is usеd.
Example 7.1
Find thе аrеa of the triаngle with a = l2crrl, D = 11сm and C = 53".
Thе arеa Aсm2 of thе trianglе is A
figrtrG78
so h=dtanФo.
Тhkе a point P on the samе levеl as B, and mеasurе a horizontal
distanсe РQ in any suitablе direсtion. Lеt this distanсe be d.
2 The point on the ground veЁiсally beneath
At P mеasurе angle
the top of the obieсt is not accessible ф" , tЬe anglе of elеvation of А, and angle у ,
In Figuте 7.9 АB is thе hеight tо bе found and B is not aссеssi- At Q measurе angle 0".
blе. To flш'd AB you сan proсееd as follows. о In triangle APQ you сan usе thе sinе formula to find АP.
From a suitablе point Q, usе a thеodolitе to mеasurе thе anglе 0o. o In trianglе APB уou сan usе the sinе formula to сalсulate Й.
You сan alsо сalсulatе the distanсеs PB and.QB if you neеd'
them.
,<6=iv
Then mеasure a distanсе PQ, сall it d, so that B, P and Q arе in
'\s^
a straight linе.
Тhеn mеasure thе anglе фo.
a In trianglе APQ, you сan сalсulatе the lеngth АQ.
О Thеn, in tтianglе АQB,уoaсan сalсulatе Й. flгn7.|1
Mеasurе a distanсе PQ, саll it d, in a сonvеniеnt direсion, and
angle 0.. Also measure ang|e ф".
In trianglе APQ, you сan use thе sinе formula to сalсulatе АP.
Similaф in triangle BPQ you сan find QB. By rеpeating this proсеss with othег points' you сan сreatе a
network of triangles to сover a wholе distriсt.
Thеn in trianф АQB, you сan usе the сosinе formula to find AB.
As all the mеasuremеnts of distanсe are сalсulatеd from thе
original distanсе d, it is еssеntial that you mеasurе thе basе line
with minutе aссuraсy. Similarly you nеed to mеasurе the
7.1O Triangulation anglеs еxtrеmely aссuтatеly. You should build in сhесks at еaсh
Thе methods еmployеd in thе last two examplеs arе' in prinсi stаge, suсh as adding the angles of a triangle to seе if йeir sum
plе, thosе whiсh are usеd in triangulation. This is thе namе is 180".
given tо thе method usеd to survey a distriсt, and tо сalсulatе As a furthеr сheсk at thе еnd of thе work ot at аny сonvenient
its arеa. In praсtiсе, you nеed сorreсtions to allolлl for sea level, '
stage'-onе of the lines whosе lenф has beеn found by сalсula-
and, оvеr largе areas, thе сurvafurе of thе earth, but ovеr small tion, foundеd oп prеvious саlсulations' сan bе used as a basе
arеas, the errors arе small. linе, and the whole survеy workеd baсkwards, finishing with
thе сalсulation of йе original measurеd base linе.
Example 7.8
Two points liе due wеst of a stationary ballоon and arе 1000m
apart. The anglеs of еlevation of the balloon at the two points
are 2L.25" and 18.. Find the hеight of the balloon.
А
d
B
fi$rэ 7.15
sin 18"=_Jbът-'
sin 3.25"
so O6 _ 1000sin21.45'
sin 1.75'
т
1
h,
In trianglе АPQ =AQ
r*\J=ltiF.
tan53.42o
so
a
^ 1000 sin 18'
so
Ь h AQ tan53.42o 1000 sin 21.45'sin 53.42'
ABQ' sh21.25" = = 2419.7.
[n trianglе
fu
=
= sin 11.75"
Thе height of the Ьalloon is therеforе 242a mettes appтox-
imatеly.l
so h=АQsin21.25"=
Ж =|976.
Example 7.10
Thе height of thе balloon is approximatеly L976 mettes. I
A survеyor who wishes to find the width of a river mеasurеs
along a level stretсh on опе Ьank а linе АB, 150m long.
Exаmp|e 7.9
A balloon is oЬservеd from two stations А and B at thе samе From А the survеyor obsеrvеs that a Post P on thе oppositе
horizontal lеvеl, А bеing 1000m north of B. At a givеn instant Ьank is plaсеd so that angle PАB = 51.33o, and_angle
the bеaring of thе Ьalloon from А is 033.2" and its angle of еle- PBА = 69.20". what was the тvidth of thе rivеr?
vation is 53.42", while from B its bearing is 021.45.. Calсulatе
In Figure 7.|6' AB is thе mеasured distanсe, 150m. P is thе
thе hеight of thе balloon. post.on thе other sidе of the river. PQ, whiсh is drawn pefpen-
diсular to AB, is thе width ul of the river. Thе angles а aid B
arе 51.33. and 69.20..
A and B are two points on opposite sides of swampy ground.
From a point P outside the swamp it is found that PА is 882
metres and PB is 1008 metres. Тhe ang|e subtended at P bу AB
is 55.67". ca|сulate the distanсe between A and B.
A arld B are two points 1.8 km apart on a Ieve| pieсe of ground
along the bank of a river. P is a post on the opposite bank. lt is
+t50m+ found that ang|e PAB = 62" and ang|e PBА = 48o. Ca|сulate the
figurc7.16 width of the river.
Тhe ang|e of elevation of the top of a mountain from the bottom
To find PQ, first сalсulate АP from triangle АPB. of a tower 180 m high is 26.42". From the top of the tower tho
angle of e|evation is 25.3.. calсulate the height of the mountain.
Thеn
sin69.20"
- sin (180 - 51.33 - 69.20)" Two observers 5 km apart measure the bearing of the base of
AP
=#
150 the baI|oon and the angle of elevation of the ba|loon at the sаme
instant. One finds that the bearing is 04'lo, and the elevation is
AP= 150sin69.20" ' 24".The other finds that the bearing is 032', and the elevation is
sin59.4f 26.62'. Calculate the height of the balloon.
Two landmarks А аnd B are observed from a point P to be in a
Then sin51.33" =
fr. |ine due east. From a point Q 4.5km in a direоtion 060" from P,
150 sin 69.20" sin 5 1.33o А is observed to be due south whi|e B is on a bearing 128". Find
so |p = АP sin51.33o = = 127.'1,. the distanсe between А and B.
siп59.47"
At a point P in a straight road PQ it is observed that two distant
Thеrеfore thе width of thе river is |27 mеtres approximatеly. I objeсtsА and B are in a straight Iine making an angIe of 35" at P
with PQ. At a point C 2km along the road from P it is observed
Еxerсise 7.3 that angleАCP is 50o and ang|e BCQ is 64o. Ca|сulate the
I A surveyol who measures the angle of elevation of a tree as 32" distanсe between А and B.
and then walks 8 m diroсtIy towards the tree, finds that the new 11 An object P is situated 345m above a level p|ane. Two people' А
ang|e of elevation is 43". Calсulate the height of the tree. and B, are standing on the pIane, А in a direction south-west of
2 From a point Q on a horizontal plane the angle of elevation of P and B due south of P. The angles of elevation of P as
the top of a distant mountain is22.3". At a point P, 500m turther observed at А and B are 34" and 26. respectiveIy. Find the
away in a direсt horizontaI line, the angIe of elevation of the distanсe between A and B.
mountain is 16.6'. Find the height of the mountain. 12 P and Q are points on a straight сoast line, Q being 5.3km east
3 Two peop|e, 1.5 km apart' stand on opposite sides of a сhurсh of P. A ship starting from P steams 4 km in a direсtion 024.5".
steop|ё and in the same straight |ine with it. From one, the angle Ca|сu|ate: (a) the distanсe the ship is now from the coast-|ine;
of elevation of the top of the tower is 15.5" and, from the other, (b) the shipЪ bearing from Q; (с) the distanсe of the ship from Q.
28.67'. Calculate the height of the steeple in metres. 13 At a point А due south of a chimney staсk, the angle of elevation
4 A surveyor, who wishes to find the width of a rivel stands on of the staсk is 55o. From B, due west of А, such that АB = 100
one bank of the river and measures the angle of elevation of a
m, the elevation of the staсk is 33.. Find the,height of the staоk
high building on the edge of the other bank and direсtly
and its horizonta| distance from А.
opposite as 31". After walking 110 m away from the river in the Ba
straight line from the building the surveyor finds that the angle of
АB is a base |ine 0.5 km |ong and B is due west of A.
point P has bearing з35.7". The bearing of P from А is 314.25..
^t
e|evation of the bui|ding is now 20,92". Calсu|ate the width of
the river. Нow far is P from А?
15 A horizontal bridge over a river is 380m |ong. From one end, А,
jt is observed that the angle of depression of an objeсt, P, on
the surfaсe of the water vertiсaIly beneath the bridge, is 34o.
From the other end, B, the angle of depression of the objeоt is
62". What is the height of the bridge above the water?
16 A straight line АB' 115m long, lies in the same horizontal pIane
as the foot Q of a сhurоh tower PQ. The angle of elevation of the
top of the towor at А is 35.. Angle QAB is 62" and ang|e QBА is
48'. What is the height of the tower'?
1т A and B are two points 1500 motres apart on a road running due
west. A soldier at А observes that the bearing of an enemyЪ
battery is 295.8o, and at Еl, 301.5o. Тhe range of the gr.ms in the
battery is 5km. How far сan the soldier go a|ong the road from А
before being within range and what length of the road is within
range?
gt
-
сL
TI
q)
a
э
Example 8.1
o is thе сrntrе of a сirсlе of radius 3 сm. The points A and B liе
on its сirсumfеrenсе and anglе AОB = 2 rad. Find thе lenф of
thе pеrimеter of thе sеgment Ьoundеd by thе arc АB and the
сhord AB.
fiшrв&1
Then it follows that 2пr = r0, so that thе anglе at thе сеntrе is
2tt rad. Thе arеa А units2 is a fтaсtion of thе arеa of thе wholе сirсle. As
thе arеa оf thе whole сirсlе is ntr* uпitsz, and thе anglе at the
But as thе anglе at the сеntrе of thе сirсlе is 360",
сеntrе is 2lt rad,whеn thе angle at thе сеntrе is 0 rad thе shadеd
2п nd = 360o. .e
arеa is a fraсtion arеa ofthе сirсlе.
Thеrеforе lt nd
f;oftЬetotаl
= 18О".
Therеforе the aтеа, in units2, of thе сirсular arс is
This еquation, It tad - 180", is thе onе you should rеmеmbеr
urhеn you nеed to сhange from degrees to radians, and viсе ='Рo. Еquation 2
vеrsa. f,xпР
[n many сasеs, whеn anglеs suсh as 45o and 60" are givеn in Examp|е 8.2
radians thеy are givеn аs multiplеs of z. That is o is tЁе сеntrе of a сiгсlе of radius 3сm. Thе pointsА and B liе
on its сirсumferеnсe and anglе AoB = 2 lзd. Find the area ot
|п lз,d= 45o and !п rad= 60". thе sеgrnеnt Ьounded Ьy the arс АB and thе сhоrd АB.
You сan also work out 1 radian in degrееs from thе еquation Fisure 8.3 shows this situation. Thе area of thе sеgmеnt must
ltrrad = 180'. You find that ЬeЪund by finding thс аrea of the wholе sесtor oАB, and thеn
1 rad = 57.296'. subtraсting thе arеa of thе triangle ОAB.
18 Find in radians the аng|e subtended at the сentre of a сirсIe of
radius 2.4сm by a cirоu|ar arc of |ength 11'4сm.
19 Find the |ength of the сirсu|ar arc whiсh subtends an ang|e of
0.31 rad at the сentre of a оirоle of radius 3.6сm.
20 Find the area of the circular seсtor Whiоh subtends an arо of 2.54
rad at the сentre of a оirсIe of radius 2.3cm.
21 Find in radians the ang|e that a оirоu|ar seсtor of area 20сm2
subtends at thв оentre of a cirсle of radius Scm.
2 A сircular arс is 154сm |ong and the radius of the arс is 252cm.
fgurc 8.5 Find the angle subtвnded at the сentre of the оirc|e, in radians
and degrees.
'Thе
arеa Аcm2 of thе sесtor oАB is givеn by using Еquatiоn 2, 2з The angIes of a triangle are in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5. Еxpress them
A =ьРo =tx3? x2 = 9. in radians.
24 A сhord of |ength 8 cm divides a оirоle of radius 5 сm into two
To find thе area of trianglе OАB, usе the formula
given on page 65.
tаb sin С, parts. Find the area of each paft.
26 Тwo сirоIes each of radius 4 сm overlap, and the |ength of their
Thеn common сhord is a|so 4сm. Find the area of tha оver|apping
region.
area of triangle oAB = |аb sin C =Ьх32 x sin2 = 4.092. 26 A new five-sided coin is to be made in the shape of figure 8.6.
Thе area of thе shaded sеgmеnt is thеn givеn by
arca of'sеgmеnt = area of seсtor oAB - arca ot triang|e oАB
= (9 - 4.092) сm2 = 4.908cmz.I
Exercise I
|nquestions 1 to 6, write down the number of degrees in eaсh of the
ang|es whiсh are given in radians.
ttrп z*п
32o 4Зo А
ln questions 7 to 12, find the values of the given ratios. Тhe point А on the cirсumfersnсe of the coin is the сentre of the
7 Jzsin 8 сos }z
arc CD, which has а radius of 2 сm. Simi|arly B is the сentre of
the arс DЕ and so on. Find the arоa of one faсe of the сoin.
9 sinfrz 10 сoslz
11 sinQп+f,п) 12 sinfп
13 Give the ang|e 0'2З4 rad in degrees сorreсt to two deсima|
p|aсes.
tan} =щ.
сos 0
[n Sесtions 6.2 to 6.4, pagеs 55, 58 and 59, you saw that
sin0" = sin(180-0)",
сos0o = сos(- 0).,
.т
o
tanOo=tan(180+0)".
q)
o
сг - In this сhapter' yоu will explorе thеse and other rеlations, as
r+ +
wеll as mее1ing thе nеw ratios sесant' сosесant and сotangеnt.
f
rt
o 1+
You will also lеarn to solvе a widеr vaгiеty of trigonоmetriс
ц) еquations, using thеse rules to help.
aoo {
-l
Sоme of the rеlations givеn abovе hold whatеvеr units are used
for mеаsuring angles. Еxamplеs аrе sinz 0 + сosz 0 = 1 and
o
smЧ tan0..!Иhеn this is the сasе no units for anglе arе given.
сosU =
Howеver, for some of thе relations the anglеs must bе measurеd
a
э in dеgrees for thе relation to be truе. This is the сase for
sin(90 - 0)o = сos0o and sin(180 - 0)o = sin0". In thesе сasеs,
э dеgrеe signs will Ье used.
1+
Цr 9.2 Seсant, сosecant аnd сotangent
J
o
The three rеlatiоns seсant' сosесant and сotangеnt, usually
abbrеviatеd to seс' сosес and сot' are dеfinеd by the rulеs
ln this chapter you will leam:
. some rclations between the
sine and сosine of аn angle
seсO =
*,
. the trigonometriс form of
.
PythagoвsЪ theorem сoseс0 =
*.,
the meaning of seсant'
cosecant and сotangent.
сoto =
#, [f yоu substitutе сos20o.= 1 - sin2Oo you obtain an еquation in
whiсh еvery tеrm' exсept thе сonstant, is a multiplе of a Power
provided сos0' sin0 and tanO arе not zero. of sin0, that is, a polynomial еquation in sinOo. Yоu сan solvе
this Ьy thе usual mеthods.
]n t.hе еarly part of thе twеntieth сеntury, tablеs rмerе usеd to
find valuеs of thе trigonomеtriс ratios. TЬеre usеd to bе tаblеs Thus 3сos20o=1-2sinO"
for.sе.с, сosес and сot, but thesе have now all but disappеarеd,
aдd !f .you want-thеir valuеs frоm a сalсulator, you nеed. to u." 3(1-sin20o)=1-2sin0o
the dеfinitions abovе. 3 sinzOo - 2 sinOo -2 = 0.
You саn writе PрhagorasЪ thеorеm, sin20 + сos20 = 1, in tеrms This is a quadratiс equation in sinO. Using thе quadratiс еqua-
ot thesе nеw ratios. tion formula,
Dividе еvеry tеrm of sin2 0 + сos2 0 = 1 by сos2 0 to obtain sinOo=2!{Й.
6
so
.oЕ-;m=й'
sin20 сos20
- - 1' singo = 1.2L5... or sin9o = -0..5485... .
Thе first of thеsе is impossiЬlе. Thе prinсipal angle сorrespon-
whiсh simplifies to tan20 + 1 = sес20. ding to thе sесond is -33.27.
limilarly, by dividing sin2 0 + сos2 0 = 1 by sin2 0 you сan shorм Then 180 - {_33.27) = 2|з.27 is also a solution. (See page 55.)
that But this is outsidе thе rсquired rangе' so subtraсt 360 to gеt
1'+co*0=Cos€C20. 2L3.27-36O=-146.73.
Example 9.1 Thus thе solutions arc -33 .27 and, I
-1'46 .7 3 .
Lеt сosx = l. г;nd thе possible values of tanx, sесx and сosесx.
Using Pythagoras's thеorеm, sin2л
Еxаmple 9.3
+ сos2ff = 1, thе valuе of sin
f,rs Solve фе equation сos0o = 1 + seсOo grving all the solutions iп
thе intеrval from 0 to 360.
sinr=tffi=t$.
Notiсе that if you writе sес0o thе tеrms in the equa-
=
БЬ aШ
tanх=#=+=t].
5 сos20o=соsOo+1
As sесr = а#, ,.." = } =;. сos20o-сosOo-1=0
1j.6
5
Example 9.5
Solvе the еquation tan9 = 2sin0 giving all solutions bеtwееn
-lt and z inсlusivе.
It is oftеn usеful to writе equations in tеrms of thе sine and
сosinе funсtions, bесausе therе are so many morе simplifying
еquations whiсh you сan usе.
So tan9=2sin0
sino"
2 sino.
сos t, =
Multiplying both sides of this equation by сosO givеs
sin0-2sin0сos0=0.
Faсtorizing, sinO (1 - 2 сosO) = 0
so , sin0=0orсos0=}.
Using thе mеthods of Seсtions 6.2 and 6.3, solvе thеsе two
rquations for 0.
when sino = 0,0 = -1I or 0 or itriwhenсoso = l,0 = -\x ot \п.
Thеrеfore 0 = -Itr, -\o, o,tп ot п.I
10.1 Gompound angles
A сompound anglе is an angle of thе form А + B or А - B. This
сhaptеr is аbout finding the sinе, сosine and tangent of А + B or
А - B in terms of the sine, сosinе and tangеnt' as appropriatе'
of thе individual anglеs A and B.
Notiсе immеdiatеly that sin(А + B) is not еqual to sinА + sinB.
You сan шy this for various angles, Ьut if it wеrе tгue, thеn
sin180" = sin90o + sin 90o
=1+\=2,
whiсh is сlеarly falsе.
It is diffiсult to give general proofs of formulaе for sin(А + B)
and сos(А + B), and this is not attеmptеd in this book. Proofs
rмhiсh apply only to anglеs in a rеstriсted rangе arе givеn. Thе
formulaе obtainеd will thеn bе assumеd to bе truе for all
o
angles.
g)
o
-
ц) 1O,2 Formulae for sin(A + B) and
э
t+ sin(А - B|
GT
o
fl
Supposе that anglеs A and B arе both Ьеtwееn 0 and 90.. In
o a
П з Figurе 10.1, thе anglеs А and B arе drawn at thе point Q, and
thе linе QN is drawn of lenф Й. PR is pеrpendiсular to QN,
aoo
and mееts QP and QR at P and R respeсtivеly.
т'
Lеt the lеngths of PQ, QR, PN and NR be r, p, х and у rеspeс-
C {r
tivеly, as shown in the diagram.
сL
+
tanИ +B) knowing the values
of the sine, cosine and
tangent ofA and I PffiR
. how to modify thosэ formulaэ
for sin(А - B), сos(А - B} and
tanИ.8) figum 10.1
. how to find the values of
sin2A, cos2А and tan2A The stratеgy for dеriving thr formula for sin(А + B) is to sаy
knowing the values of the that the arеa of triangle PQR is the sum of thе arеas of triangles
sine, cosine and tangent of А. PQN and RQN.
Sinсe thе formula for arеa of a trianglе is )аb sinC, thе arеa оf 10.3 Formulae for Gos(А + в) and
triangle PQR is }rp sin(A + B) and of trianglеs PQN and RQN
arc|rh sinА. and |Ph sinв rеspесtivеly.
cos(A - Bl
Suppose that angles А and B are both bеtwеen 0 and 90o. In
Thеn arеa of trianglе PQR = arca of trianglе PQN + arca of вi- Figure 10.3, whiсh is thе samе as Figure 10.1, thе anglеs А and
anglе RQN so B arе drаwn at the point Q, and thе linе QN is drawn of length
Й. PR is pеrpеndiсular to QN, and meеts QP and QR at P and
lrp sin(A \rh sinA +lph sinB.
+ B) =
R rеspeсtivеly.
Thеn, multiplying both sidеs of thе еquatiоn by 2, and dividing
Ьoth sidеs bу rp gives Lеt thе lengths of. PQ' 8R, PN and NR be r, p, х and у rеsPес.
tivеly, as shown in thе diagram.
sin(А + B)'pr
=b^sinА + b.. sinB.
Although Еquation 1. has Ьееn proved only for angles А and B figutз 10.3
whiсh arr aсute' thе геsult is aсtually true for all anglеs А and B,
positivе and negativе. Frоm now on you may assumr this rеsult. The stratеgy in this сase is to usе the сosinе formula to dеrive
You сan use a similar mеthod basеd on thе diffеrenсe of two an еxprеssion for сos(А + B).
arеas to dеrivе a formula for sin(А - B) from Figure 10.2. (You In trianglе PQR
arе askеd to dеrivе this formula in Еxerсise 10.1, quеstion 15.)
@ + у)2 - f * p, - 2rpcos(A + B),
so, simplifying, and using PythagorasЪ thеorem
2rp сos(A+ B) = f * p, - @+ fl,
=* +Pz-х2-2ху-уz
_
=1Р х2) * (Р2 - fI -2ху
Yоu сan usе Еquations 1 and 3 tо derive a formula for tan(А + B), =f"E-Ч"tr
starting frоm the formula
tanl =дцg.
=*it-
сosU Тo find сos 15o, you сould еithеr notе that сos0" = sin(90 - 0).,
and thеrеforе сos15o - sin75o, or you сould say that
Then tan(A + вl = 'i"(l1* ёl
соs (А + B) сos 15o = сos(45o - 30.)
- sinАсosB + сosАsinB
= сos4.5oсos30o + sin45osin30o
сosАсоsB - sinАsinB.
Nоrv dividе thе numеrator and dеnominator of this fraсtion bv
сosА сosB. Thеn
=E"E .*"*
tan(А +u' - sinАсosЦ сos4slnЕ
+ - ^'!6 t^'!2.1
сosАсоsB - sinАsinB
sinАсosB . соsАsinB Example 10.2
;БасdE--ББsB. Let thе anglеs с and B Ьe aсutе, and suсh that сosd = 0.6 and
сosp = 0.8. Calсulаte the еxасt valuеs of sin(с + B) and
сosАсosB sinAsinB сos(с + B).
dАсo-;в.- сos,ПБв
First you nееd thе valuеs of sinс and sinB. You сan do this by
tanА+ tanB
=--
1-tanAtanB-
using Pдhagoras's thеorеm in thе form
sin20+сos20=1.
Thеrеfore tan(A +B1 = .tanА+j4ц4. Еquation 5 Thеn sin20=1-сos2d
1-tanАtanB.
As with thе formulae for sin(А - B) аnd сos(А - B), you сan usе =1-0.36=0.64.
a similar mеthod to dеrivе a formula for tan(А - B). (You aге As a is aсute, sind is positivе, so sinс = 0.8.
asked to derive this formula in Еxеrсise 10.1, question 17.)
Yоu would thеn gеt the formula
You сan Put Еquation 9 into othеr forms using Pythagoras's thе- In half-anglе form, this is
orеm, siл2А + сos2 А = 1. Vriting sin2А = 1 - сos2А in Еquаtion
9 you obtain Eanu= ^ ztan\O
Еquation 18
f,t^*g
cos2A=сos2А-sin2А
Еxerсise 10.2
= - (1 - сos2А)
сos2А .l Given that sinА 2j,
= t, and that А is aоute, find the values of sin
=2сos2A_t cos2А and tan2А.
so cos2A = 2 сosz A - 1. фuation 10 2 Given that sinА - t, and that А is obtuse, find the va|uвs of sin
24,cos2A аnd tan2А.
On thе other hand, if you put сos2А = 1 - sin2А in Еquation 9
you get 3 Find sin20, cos20 and tan20 when sinO = 0.25 and 0 is aсute.
4 Given the values of sin 45o and сos 45o, use the formulae of the
cos2А=сos2А-sin2А previous seоtions to сa|сulate sin g0" and сos 90..
= (1- sin2А) - sin2А 5 Given that сosB = 0.66, and that 8 is acute, find the va|ues of
_2 sinzА sin28 and сos2B.
=|
6 Given that сosB 0.66, and that B is not aсute, find the vaIues
so сos2А - | -2 sin2А. Еquation 11 of sin28 and сos2B.
=
You сan also wгite Еquations 10 and 11 in the forms 7 Find the va|ues of 2sin36" сos36" and 2 оos236" - 1.
1+cos2A=2cos2A фuation L2
I Given that сos24 = t, find the two possible values of tanА.
and 1-сos2А =2sin2А. фuation 13 I Prove that sin,10 = -lryand сos 2e = +]@..
If you write Еquations 9, 10 аnd 11 in half-аngle form, you get to Given that coso = },find sin |0 anасos}e.
сosO= cos2\0_si*\0, Еquation 14 tl Given that сos20 = o.2B, find sin0.
ГГ- сoЬ40ъ
сos0= 2cos2\0- \ Еquation 15 12 Find the value of
/iй.
and сosO= 1-2sinzL,o. Еquation 16
1O.7 ldentities Exаmple 10.5
1+ сosА
It is often еxtrеmely useful to Ье ablе to simplify a trigon- Provе thе idеntity. -'.ЩА
r-сosд =ТinА
.
The morе сompliсated sidе is the right.hand sidе, so thе strat- Starting from thе left-hand sidе, and using Method 1,
egy rvill be to usе Mеthod 1 and to prove that this is еqual tо LHS =
thе lеft-hаnd sidе.
In the work whiсh follows. LHS will bе usеd to dеnote the lеft-
i:"!; :#')(сos2 ф + sin2 ф)
сos2Ф x 7
hand.Jide of an equation and RHS thе right.hand sidе. =
5=5. Using the mеthods of Seсion 6.2,уo:u сan solve thеse equations
for 0.
As this is truе, thе original statеmеnt is true, so 2 = J. t
W,hen sinOo = 0.5, 0 = 30 or 150, and whеn sinO" = -L,0 = -90.
This is oЬviously absurd, so the argumеnt itsеlf must bе invаlid.
Nеvеrthеlеss' many students usе just this argumеnt whеn Thеreforе 0 =-9О,30 or 150. l
attempting to prove somеthing whiсh is true. Bеware! Howevеr,
if you stiсk to thе argumеnts involvеd with Мethods 1 and 2, Exeпвise 10.4
you will be safе. |n questioпs 1 to 10, solve the given вquation for 0, giving your
answers in the interval from -180 to 180.
Exerоise 10.3 I sin20o = cosOo 2 2coszх"-1=,1
In questions 't to 7, prove the given identities.
3 сos20o sin0o сos0o 4 4 sinOo coS0o =
1 sin(А + B) + sin(А - B) = 2 sinА сosB
= 1
с9"Ч,=CoSА-sinА
3 сosА+sInА 7cos20"=сoS0o 8 3sinfl=4sinзOo
sinА. сosА 2
'- сosА sinА sin2А
o 1 . coso=me-
^ ъiБэ.. lo
ъБe "o" Z
, оosO * сosO
- 2sin(0+Ф)
sinф сosф sin2ф
Example 10.8
Solve the equation cos2Oo = sinOo giving all solutions betwееn
-180 and 180 inсlusivе.
You сan replaсе thе сos20" tеrm by 1 - 2 sin20" (Еquation 11)
and you rшill thеn hаvе an еquation in sinO.
1 1.1 lntroduсtion
If you havе a graphiсs сalсulator avаilable, try drawing
thе graphs of funсtions of the form y = 2sinх + 3 сosx and
У = 3 sinx - 4 сos r. Thеse two graphs arе shown in Figure 1 1.1.
у
5
y= зsiп ,Y" - 4c0s x"
4
a
-t
-2
+
-3
q)
5
-4 У=2sin х. + зcos xo
ao
-5
figutэ 11.1
{r
Both graphs havе the сharaсtеristiс wave properties of the sine
-t and сosinе funсtions. They have Ьeen enlargеd in thе y.direс-
o
э tion, Ьy diffеrеnt amounts' and translated in thе r-diгeсtion, by
diffеrеnt amounts.
х
+
't This suggests that you may be able to writе both of thеsе funс-
tions in thе form
y = Rsin(r + с)o
з for suitablе valuеs of thе сonstants R and d,, wherе thе valuе of
R is positivе.
Ф
o
This idеa is pursuеd in the nеxt sесtion.
ln ilris сhapter you will learn:
. thatthegraphof
o
graph of a sine or a cosine
. how to expross If you try to фoose thе values of R and a so фat thе funсtion
asinx + bcosx in the form y = R sin(х + с) is idеntiсal with y = аsinх + bcosх, you сan
B sin(x + с)' and find B and с start by expanding sin(r + a) so that
in terms of a and b Rsinr сosс + Rсosr sinс
х . howto usetheform
У=
B sin(x + с) in appliсations. or у = (Rсosс)sinx + (Rsina)сosx.
If this is thе samе funсtion as у = сl sin x + b cos х for all valuеs Thеsе еquations' in whiсh сos d and sin d arе both positive,
оf r thеn show that с is a first.quadrant anglе, and that
Rсosс=dandRsind=b, d= 56.31..
that is сosd=
ftandsina=ft. Therеforе 2 sinxo + 3 сosro : r/13 sin(x + с)
You сan intеrprеt thеse two еquations by thinking of а and b as
the adjaсent and opposite of a trianglе whiсh has R as its whеrе d = 56.31..1
hypotеnuse. Notе that thе symbol .='
is usеd to mеan
.idеntiсally еqual to'.
Thеrе аrе two main advantagеs in writing somеthing likе sinr - 3 сosx = {Ш sin(x _ 1.249|.
sinx + сosr in any one of thе four forms Rsin(r + с), Rsin(x - с), Thе quеstion now bесomеs: Find thе maхimum and minimum
Rсos(x + с) and Rсos(х - с). valuеs of V10 sin(x - 1'.249) and the values of r for whiсh thеy
oссur.
It enablеs you to solvе еquations easil1 and to find thе maxi
mum and minimum valuеs of thе funсtion without furthеr You know that thе maximum of a sine funсtion is 1 аnd that it
work. oссurs when thе ang|e isL,lt.
Herе arе somе еxamples.
Thus thе maхimum valuе of fiO sin(x - 1'.249| is {Ш, and this
Example 11.4 oссurs whеn х _ |.249 = )п, that is, whеn х = 2.820.
Solve thе equation 5 sinx" + 8 сosxo = 3 giving all thе solutions
Similaтly the minimum valuе of a sinе funсtion is -1, and this
bеtwееn 0 and 350.
oссurs whеn thе ang|e is!п.
Using thе method of Seсtion 11.2,уou саn write 5sinх" + 8сosro
as Thus thе minimum value of {10 sin(x - 1,259) is -{Ш, and this
{g9 sin(x + 57.991". oссurs whеn.т _ 1,.259 = }п, thatis, whеn х = 5.96|. I
Thе еquation thеn bесomеs
Bеgin by writing У = 2хз the equation beсomes 1 sin0" + cos0" = 1 2 sinO. + r/3 сosOo = 1
3сosyo _4sinуo =)
3 3сosOo-2sinOo=1 4 12 sinO" - 5 оosOo = 5
5 -8 сos0o - 7 sinOo = 5 6 сos20o - sin20. = -1
with solutions for y neеded in thе intеrva| -360 to 360.
n questions 7 to 12, solve the given equation for 0, giving the value
Vriting 3 сos yo _ 4 sin y" in thе form R sin(y - с)o using thе
f
x
-173.35,-59.78,6.65, !20.22.
=
Notе that фе deсision about whethеr to round up or to round
dowп thе final figurе on dividing by 2 was madе by kеeping
morе signifiсant figures оn the сalсulator. !
Еxamp|e 11.7
Show that thе еquation 2sinх + 3сos'r = 4 has no solutions.
You сan rмritе this equation in thе form
fi3 sin(x + al = |
for а suitablе valuе of с.
You саn thеn rеwritе thе еquаtion in thе fоrm
sin(x+с)=ТТЗ.
^
l
IL
A. > 1, thеrе is no solution to this equation.
тiз
12.1 The first set of faсtor formulae
ln Еxетсisе 10.3, question 1, you wеrе askеd to provе thе idеntity
{r
2 sinАсosB = sin(А + B) + sin(А - B). Еquation 1
o
rr+ This is thе first formula of its type. Thеsе formulae enablе you
Цr to movе from а produсt of sines аnd сosinеs, to a sum oт diffет-
.I J
o
enсе of sinеs and сosinеs еqual to it.
Example 12.1
Usе Еquation 1 to simplify 2 sin 30. сos 60o.
o
= sin90o + sin(-30)'
Е =1-sin30o
П
1-\
r+ = =tr..
oo
ц)
In thе middlе of фе ехample, the fасt that sin(4) = - sinO for
any anglе 0 was usеd to сhangе sin(.30)" to sin30o.
.т If you subtraсt thе еquations
!n this chapter you will loam:
. how to oxprcss the sum and sin(А + B) = sinA сosB + сosА sinB
differэnce of two sines or and sin(А - B) = sinA сosB - сosА sinB
сosines in an altemative form
as a produсt you obtain sin(А + B) . sin(А - B) = 2 сosА sinB,
. how to do this pюсess in is
roverse
фat 2 сosA sinB = sin(А + B) - sin(А - B). Equation 2
. howtouseboththo If you had usеd Еquation 2 to solvе Еxample 12.|, уotl would
pкюesses in solving say
problems.
2 sin30" сos60o = 2 сos60o sin30" Notе thе following points.
.diffеrеnсе,
= sin(60 + 30)'- sin(60 - 30)' o In Еquations 1 and 2, it is importаnt that thе
is found Ьy suЬtraсting B from А.
= sin 90o - sin 30o
о In Еquations 3 it is not important whеthеr you
and 4
=1 - sin3Oo А - B оr as B _ A: the еquation
take thе differenсе as
сos(_O) = сos 0 for all anglеs 0 ensurеs that
=|-ь=*. сos(B_А)=сos(А_B).
TWo othеr formulaе сome frоm thе еquivalеnt formulaе for о The ordеr of thе right-hand sidе in Еquation 4 is diffеrеnt
сos(А + B) and сos(А - B), from thе othеr formulaе.
сos(А + сosА сosB - sinА sinB
B) = ЕxаmpIe 12.2
and сos(А - B) = сosА сosB + sinА sinB. Еxprеss sin 50 сos 30 as thе sum of two trigonоmеtriс ratios.
First adding, and then subtraсting, thеsе еquatiоns gives Using Еquation7,2 sinА сosB = sin(А + B) + sin(А + B), givеs
сos(А + B) + сos(А -B| = 2 сosА сosB sin 50 сos 30 = } 12 sin 50 сos 30)
and сos(А + B) - сos(А -B) = - 2 sinА sinB. = }1sи{s0 +30) + sin(50 _30))
.W-hen
you rewrite thesе еquations you havе = }1slniв0) + sin(20)). l
2 сosА сosB = сos(А + B) + сos(А - B) Еquation 3
Еxample 12.3
and 2 sinA sinB - сos(А + B). Еquation 4
= сos(А - B) Сhangе sin70o sin20" into a sum.
Notе thе fоrm of thеsе four equations whiсh are gatherеd Using Еquation 4,2 sinА sinB = сos(А - B) _ сos(А + B), givеs
togеthеr for сonvеnienсе сos20.)
sin 70o сos20o = } 12 sin 70"
2 sinA сosB = sin(A - B)
+ B) + sin(А Еquation 1
= }(сos(70.
_20") -сos(70. +20"))
2 cosA sinB = sin(А + B) - sin(A - B) Еquаtion 2
= } (сos 50. - сos 90")
2 cosACoSB = сos(А + B) + сos(А - B) Еquation 3 50" _ 0)
= } (сos
2 sinA sinB = соs(А - B) - сos(А + B). Еquation 4
= }сos50.. l
Thеsе formulae arе often rеmеmbеrеd as
Еxerсise l2.1
2 x sin Х сos = siл(surп| + sin(dфrenсe|, In questions 1 to 8, express the given expression as the sum or
2 х сos x sin = sin(sum| - sin(differeпсе|, differenсe of two trigonometriс ratios.
sin(А + B) + sin(А _ B) 2sinА сosB. Using Еquation 5, sinC sinD - 2 sin 9/,8iu.,
Ч.o,
= +
PutА+B=CandA_B=D.
Thеn thе identity Ьeсomes sin25" + sin18" = 2sin ,J+у.o' Z5fl
sinC + sinD = 2sinА соsB.
= 2 sin21.5o сos 3.5". l
If you сan rмritе А and B in tеrms of C and D yоu will obtain a
formula for thе sum of two sinеs. Еxample l2.5
Change сos30 - сos70 into a produсt.
Frоm thе equаtions
A+B=C Using Еquation 8, сos С - сosD = 2 sin 9* sin Lt', вivеs
and A-B=D, 30 t^ 70 3a
сos 30 _ cas70 = -2-2
2 sin in70 :-
you сan usе simultanеous еquations to dеduсе that
sinC* sinD = 2 sin C; D .o, C 1 D. Еquation 6 Thе solutions of сos20o = 0 arе _ 135, - 45,45,135 and thе
2-""2 solutions of sin0" = 0 arе _180, 0, 180.
Similar mеthods appliеd tо Еquations 3 and 4 givе Thеrеforе thе solutions оf thе original equation arе
сosC+сosD= z,o'ff.o.f Еquation 7 -180, - 135, - 45,0,45,135, 180. 1
You сould also havе еxpandеd sin30 in thе form 3sin0 - 4 sin30
and сosC- сosD =z
D' С. Еquation 8 and thеn solvеd thе еquation 4 sin30 _ 2 sinO = 0 to gеt the
"inC iD,i,, samе rеsult.
ExаmpIe 12.7 Еxercise 12.2
Provе that if А + B + C = 180. thеn ln questions 1 to 6, express the given sum or differenсe as the
produсt of two trigonometriс ratios.
sinА sinB - sin C _ tanА tanB
sinА
+
+ sinB + sinC =
1 sin4А + sin2А 2 sinSА - sinА
3 сos4o-сos20 4 сosА-оosSА
LHS tslд4tsЩьllщ
= (sinА 5 сos47o + сos35o 6 sin49o - sin23"
+ sinB) + sin C
|n questions 7 to 0, use the faоtor formulae to simp|ify the given
.t
1+
o o tl flgure 13.1
g) o
To сalсulatе thе radius R of thе сirсumсirсlе, drop thе perpеndi
- сular from o on to thе sidе BC to mееt BC at N. Sее Figure 13.2.
+o П
-l
П
s)
a .т
э
GT
o П ln this chapter you will leаrn:
s)
o o+
f . that the сirоumсirсle is the
сirсle which passes through
the vertices of a triangle
. that the inсirс]e and the three figure 13.2
a.
eсirоles all touсh the three
sides of a triangle
. how to calсulate the radii of As BoC is an isosсеlеs trianglе, bесausе two of its sidеs arе R,
these сirc]es from infomtation the linеoN biseсts thе basе. Thеrеfore BN = ]t{C = }a.
about the triangle.
In addition, angle BoC, the angle at the сentre of the сirсlе Usingsin2С=1_сos2C,
standing on thе arc BC, is twiсе thе anglе BАC' whiсh stands
on thе same arс. Thus anglе BoC = 2A, so angle BON = А.
sin2C= t-*=#
BoЩ
Therеfore, in triangle
I
so sinc= ,'164 Б
2p = .а_.
2R = -ц.you
srnU-' obtain
.D 6 76
sln.at L^=т]т=trт'
You will reсognize that thе right-hand sidе of this formula for R -в-
also oссurs in thе sinе formula.
Thus thе radius R of thе сirсumсirсle is
fiсm. l
Thеrеforе
аbс
...-sinА-sinB-sinС. Еquation 1 Еxample 13.2
Thе anglеs A, B and С of, a trianglе arе 50o, 60. and 70o, and
Еquation 1, whiсh еnaЬles you to сalсulate the radius R of thе thе radius R of its сirсumсirсlе is 10 сm. Calсulatе thе arеa of
сirсumсirсlе, is what somе pеople undеrstand Ьy thе sinе for- thе trianglе.
mula fоr a trianglе, rather than thе shortеr vеrsion on page 66. Thе standard formula for the area Ь,of a trianglе is Ь = |аb sinC.
Notе thаt thе еquation zR = 4т
srnА
would itself givе you a prоof You сan hnd а and b from thе full vеrsion of thе sinе formula.
of thе sinе formula for thе trianglе. For, by symmеtry' thе
тadius оf thе сirсumсirсlе must bе a property of the trianglе as a Thus'. from 2p =
srnА= L'
-.а- sln б.
whole, and not .biasеd' towards onе partiсular vertex.
Therеforе, if you had started with another vertех' you would а - 2R sinА = 20 sin50"
=2R2(2sir*A"l
= (2RsinA')2
= d =lllS.
DV
Sinсе RHS = LHs, thе idеntity is truе. l L
f,gure 13.4
Еxerсise l3.1
1 Ca|culate thr radius of the сirсumсirc|e of the triang|e А8C given Using the formula } ba'е х hеight, thе arеa of the trianglе B/C is
thata = 10cm and thatangleА = 30..
2 Find the exaсt radius of the сirсumcirс]e of а triangle with sides 2 zаr.
сm, 3сm and 4сm, |eaving square roots in your answer. Similarly, the areа of thе trianglеs CIА and AIB are
3 Тhe area of a triangle А8C is 40сm2 and ang|es B and C are 50" L,br andL,сr.
and 70o respeсtively. Find the radius of the сirсumсirсle.
4 Prove that а = bоosO + ссos8. Adding thеsе you gеt A' thе arca of thе triangle АBC. Therеforе
5 Lets = }1a + b + с). Provethat s = 4Rсos}Асos.l вcos}с. Ь=tаr *tb, *\"'
.-а+b+с
=rх_-.
Dеnoting the exprеssi on
o* , Ьy s, (fоr sеmi-pеrimеtеr), Thе сentrе of the есirсlе oppositе А will bе denotеd Ьy Io and
you find that Lч* its radius will bе dеnotеd Ьy rд.
/S=4. Еquation 2
Еquation 2 is used to dеrivе rеsults сonсerning thе inсirсlе of a
triangle.
Example 13.4
The sidеs of a triangle ate 4 сm,5 сm and 6 сm. Calсulatе thе
radius of the inсirсlе.
36=16+25_2x4x5сosC
whiсh lеads to .o'C = *.
=2xlrдs -2хlro$ - c) b|
4s(s_a)(s _b)(s*с)
=rа(s_(s*с)-(s-b)) o'r'
=rд(b+c-s) Thеrеforе
= rд\s - а). t =\bс sinA
Thеreforе Ь= rдG _ а|, Еquation 3
r ,. . .. V4,Gl7П' - Ц' _ с)
Therе are rеlatеd formulae fot rg and rg. = ^-
'Ос
= {16- r)(rl bXr -
").
13.4 HeronЪ formula: the area of a Thеrеforе A = {ф - aр _lр j. Еqu atton 4
triangle
Еquation 4 is сalled Hеron's formula.
A numЬеr of thе formulae in thе previous sесtion involvеd thе
sеmi-pеrimetеr of a trianglе, that is, s. Thеre is a vеry famous You сan use thе four еquations еstablishеd in this сhaptеr,
formula, сallеd Hеron's formula, involving s for thе area af a togеthеr rмith the teсhniquе usеd in Ехamplе 73.4,to еstaЬlish
triangle. It is most of фе formulaе you nеed.
A ={s(s _а)(s_b)(s_ с),
Example 13.5
Thе mеthod of estaЬlishing Heron's formula сomеs from firрt Find thе radii of thе thrее inсirсlеs of thе trianglе with sidеs of
using thе сosinе formula to сalсulatе сosА. Thе value of sinА is 4сm,5сm аnd 6сm.
thеn сalсulatеd using sinzА = 1- сos2-А. Finally this valuе is
substitutеd in thе foйula for arеa, ь=\bс sinА. Letа=4,b=5andс=6.
Rеarranging thе сosine formula а2 = b2 + ё _2bс сosA givеs Thеn s =t{а + b + с| =t,' - o =|,s - | = }and s - c =*.
-|Ф+d2-а2|(а2_(b_d2|
Similarly ,u=$,t=Ч
4b2l
and ,"=s,з=Ч.
5{ l Exerсise 13.2
Thе radii of thе inсirсlеs arе
#,-,Ч,* a,d c^. 1 For the triang|e with sides of length 2 сm, 3 сm and 4 сm, find the
Notiсе that thе arca of this trianglе was found Ьy an alternativе area and the radii of the inсircle and the three eсircles.
mеthod in Еxample 1'3.2.1. 2 Find the radius of the inсirс|e of the triang|e with sides 3 сm'
4 сm with an angle of 60o between them.
Exаmple 13.6
3 Prove thatrrnryr"= А,z'
Provе that sin *А =
4 Prove thatr= 8B sin }А sin lв sin }C.
Usе the сosinе formula to find сo-sА, and thеn usе Еquation 16 5 Prove that r" = 4B cos }я сos ,lв sin ]c.
in Chaptеr 1.0, сosА = 1' - 2 sina )А, to find sin jА.
_ 2bс сosА givеs
6 ln Examp|e 13.4,2 a formula for sin }А is derived. Use a similar
Rеarranging thе сosine formula а2 = bz + с2 method to derive a formula for cos !,А, and then use both of
сosA =
b2 Ц- а2. them to find a formula tor tan\A.
7 Provetheformulatan }{в-O =
fficot }я.
Thеrеforе 7 -2 sir}+o =Ч# 8 Prove that r = (s - a) tan }А.
so 2 sin2 |А =
_u, t.,'*i o, .
'
Therеforе
2bc_b2-с2+а2
4bс
_(2(s * cl)t2(s
_
4bс
- b))
Thеrеforе sin }А =
14.1 The equation sin 0 = sin s
In еarliеr сhaptеrs you havе always, whеn askеd to solvе an
еquation, been givеn an intеrvаl suсh as -180 to 180 оr 0 to
360 in whiсh to find thе solutions. In this сhaptеr thе task will
be to find a way of giving all solutiоns of a trigonomеtriс еqua-
tion, not just those solutions сonfinеd to a givеn intеrval.
For ехamplе, if you arе givеn thе еquation sin0" = 0.6427...
yOu сan immediatеly look up the сorrеsponding prinсipal
anglе, in this сasе 40. You сan thеrеforе rеplaсе thе equation
sin0o = 0,6427.., Ьy thе equation sinOo = sin 40o and thе prob.
lеm оf finding all solutions of sinOo = 0.6427... Ьy finding all
solutions of sin 0o = sin 40o.
In Sесtion 6.2 уou saw thаt if 40 is a solution, thеn 180 - 40 = 140
is also a sоlution, and that you сan add anу wholе numЬеr multi
ple of 360 to givе all solutions.
o a GI
Thus all solutions of sinO" = sin 40o arе
o
..., -320, 40, 4oo, 60,...
o
7
and
-a
...,-220,140,500,860,...
g C
.
o q)
.I 1x180-40
П 2x180+40
э 3x18O-40
ao
э
Thе pattеrn works baсkwards also, so all solutions fall into thе
{r patтеrn :
-2х 1'80 + 40
-1x180-40
In this сhapter you wil| learn:
. 0x180+40
how to find all the solutions
of simp|e trigonometriс 1x180-40
equations 2x180+40
о $enerol formulae for these
3x180-40
solutions.
You сan usе this pattеrn to writе аll thе solutions in onе for- Thе prinсipal angle is {z. So thе solution of the еquation is
mula as
У = пIt + (-1)" \lt.
L80n + (-1.\" 40
whеrе (_1), takes thе valuе -1 whеn z is odd and +1 whеn z is Therеfore 20 + f,п = nпtr + {-1Y ь7т
еvеn.
You сan geneta|ize this rеsult furthеr. If you solvе for 0 thе
so 0 =\пlт + (-1)" 2o _ Ьo (и an intеgег). I
еquation sin 0o = sin do to givе the solutions in tеrms of с you
would oЬtain
0 = 180n + (-1)"a (n an integer). Еquation 1
14.2 The equation сos 0 = coS 0
It is сonvеniеnt to сonsidеr thе еquation сos0o = 0.7660...,tЬat
Notiсе that in the formula 1'80п + (*1)"a thеrе is no rеason is, thе equation соsOo = сos 40o.
why d should Ье an aсutе anglе. Using thе mеthod of Sесtion 6.3, thе solutions of this еquation
If thе оriginal angle had bееn 140, thе formula are
..., *320,40,400,760,...
0=1.80n+{*1.)1.40
цrherе п is an intеgеr givеs thе solutions and ..., -400, 40,320,680,... .
.,., _З60 + 740, -180 _ 140, 0 + t40,180 - 1'40' 360 + \40, ... Yоu сan write thеsе solutions in thе form
or ...,-220,-320,\40,40,500,.... 40 + 36Оn and40 + 360п (z an integer).
You сan sее that thеsе sоlutions arе thе samе sоlutions as thosе
in thе middle of pagе 139, but thеy arе in a diffеrеnt order. Thе pattеrn for thеse solutions is еasiеr to follow than that for
thе sinе funсtion. It is
Thеrеforе the formula 180n + (-7)"а rмhеrе n is an intеgеr givеs
you all solutions of thе equation sin 0o = sin с" providеd yоu 0 = 360n + 40 (и an integеr).
havе onе solution a. You сan gеnеralizе this further, as in thе сase of thе sinе funс-
In radians, thе samе formula givеs tion. Thе solution оf thе еquation сosOo = сosd" is
as thе solution оf thе equation sin0 = sinс. In radians, thе samе formula givеs
0 = 2п1tr
+ а (n an intеgеr) Еquatioп 4
Example 14.1
Find ail thе solutions in dеgrееs оf thе еquation si'Oo= -1. as thе solution of thе еquаtion сosO = сosс.
The prinсipal solution of the еquation sinOo= -} ь -30.
Using Еquation 1, all solutions arc 780n + (-1),(-30) or altеr-
nativеly, Т80n . (-1. )"30 for integet n. I 14.3 The equation tan 0 = tan q,
Considеr thе еquation tanOo = tan40",
Еxample 14.2
Find ail solutions in radians оf thе еquation sin(20 Using thе method of Sесtion 6.4, the sоlutions of this еquation
+ |п) = \^{1.
arе
Lеt'у = 20 +tп, Thеn thе еquation bесomеs siny = }Г} ..., -320, -1.40, 40, 220, 400, 580, 7 60,... .
An altеrnativе form is Exаmple l4.4
н"J.Ё. g""еral solution in radians of the equationtan2х - -Гe
40 + I80n (п anirrteger).
Let 2х = y. Thе prinсipal angle for еquation talу - -l1 }п, so
Thе solution of thе еquation tanOo = tanflo is the gеnеral solution for y is
0 = |80п + d (n an intеgеr). Еquation 5 У = nItr x(1п) (и an intеgеr).
In radians, thе samе formula givеs This is thе samе 2S y = nI !ьп (z an intеgеr).
7I1т + q' (z an intеgеr) Еquation 6 Thеrеforе, * =Ьу, х =|nп *[п 1n an intеger). l
^'
as thе solutiоn of thе еquation tan9 = tand,.
ЕxampIe 14.5
Solvе in radians thе equation cos20 = Cos0.
Hеrе is a summary оf thе rеsults of thе prеvious sесtions. Taking thе positive sign givеs
Q = 2n1I (п an intеger),
Thе gеnеral solution in degrееs of thе еquation sinOo = sinс" is
and thе nеgative sign 30 = 2n7t (z an integer).
0 = 1"80п + (-1,|"а, {n an integet). Еquation 1
Thereforе thе сomplеtе solution is 0 =lnп (z an integеr). l
Thе genеral sоlution in radians of thе еquation sin 0 = sin d is
Notiсе that thе sоlution givеn, Q =\nlt (r an
intеger), inсludеs,
0 = ппtr + (-7)"а (n an iлteger). Еquation 2 whеn z is a multiplе of ihrее, thе Ьolution obtainеd Ьy taking
thе positive sign.
Thе gеnеral solution in degrееs of thе еquation сos 0o = сos do is
Еxerсise 14
anglе of еlevation The anglе of еlevation of B from А, wherе B
ln questions 't to 10 find the general solution in degrees of the given
is aЬove А, is thе anglе 0 that thе linе АB makеs with thе hori-
equation.
zonta|. Sее Figurе 15.2.
I = l{3 2 сos}" -|
"ino"
3 tanO" = -'1 4 sin(20 - 30г = -1
5 сos30" = -1 6 tan(30 + 60). = -]r/З
7 tan20 = tanO" 8 сos30" = GoS2Oo
Inquestions '1
1 to 20 give the general solution in radians of the given Ьеaring Thе Ьеaring 0 of B from А is the anglе in degrееs
equation. Ьеtwееn north and thе linе AB, mеasured сloсkwisе from thе
north. Sее Figure 15.3.
11 sin20 = -l 12 сos30 = 0
13 tan(20 +ltt)=O 14 sin(30 +f,п)=t п0rth
figure 15.3
сorrеsponding angles !Иhеn two parallеl lines, АB and CD, arе
travеrsеd Ьy а linе XY, thе marked angles in Figurе L5.4 are
сallеd сorrеspоnding anglеs, and arе еqual.
figure 15.7
/\^
/\
figure 15.8
similar trianglеs Two trianglеs whiсh havе еqual anglеs аrе sim-
/\
B-с ilar. Thе sidеs of similar trianglеs arе proPortional to eасh
othеr. In Figurе 15.9, trianglеs АBC and XYZ arе similar, and
figurо 15.5
BС СА AB
kitе A kitе is a quadrilatеral whiсh has onе linе of rеflесtivе YZ Zх хY
-=-=--
.!.5.6,
sylrmetry. In Figurе ABCD is a kitе with АC as its axis of с
symmetry.
/хz
/,\ /х
a
/ \ ,/ \
B\,
figure 15.9
, '\ , ,'/"
slant hеight, of a сonе Thе slant hеight of thе сonе is thе lеngth
figurc 15.6
of thе sloping еdge АB in Figurе 15.10.
periodiс, pеriod A pеriodiс funсtion /(x) is a funсtion with thе
property ihat thеrе ехists a numbеr с suсh that f(х) = f(х + с)
ior Ъll valuеs of r. The smallеst suсh value of с is сallеd thе
pеriod of thе funсtion.
Pythagoгas's theorеm Рythagoras's thеorеm states that in a
right-anglеd trianglе with sidеs а, b and с, wherе с is the
hypotenusе, cZ = а2 + b2, See Figure 15.7. figure 15,10
сos(А + B) = CosА сosB - sinА sinB
tl
11481
сos(А - B) = сoSА сosB + sinА sinB
сл =-|tanA tanB
+
tan(А B)
C
+
-tanAtanB
tanA - tanB
з
tan(А - B) =
т;;;БrГB
з Multiple angles
q) sin2А=2sinАсosА
Relations between the ratios
-
ч< titO=
сos2A=сoszА-sin2А
t"rrO =
o
{r
сos U cos2A=2coszА-7
cos2А = 1-2 sinz A
equation
i+ ffihagorasЪ sin20 + сos20 = 1 tanlA - 'L 2tan4
-tantA
|+tan20=sес20
GI
=.
o L+co*0=CоS€C20 Faсtor formu|ae
2 sinА сosB sin(А + B) + sin(А - B)
э =
=
sin(А
сos(А
+
+
B) _ sin(А _ B)
B) + сos(А - B)
з
o
+.ф
сos0 =
tan9o=tan(180+0)'
сos(-0) 2 sinА sinB
sinC sinD
= сos(А - B) - сos(А
z rin C I D.o,
+
C; D
B)
+ =
2---2
o
=. Solution of triangles sinc* sinD z *tff sin 9/
rfr
=
ь=\bс sinА \са sinB =\аb sinC
o
=
C D .o* C- D
rl sinА-sinB-sinC сosC + сosD = 2.o, l/'2
a b- с
з -2bc cosA сosC_сosD z sin C 1 D,i,, D ] C
а2 = b2 + с2 =
2--'2
Е b2 = с2 + а2 -2са cosB
sin(А + B) = sinА сosB + сosА sinB The gеnеral solution in radians of thе еquation sinO = sinс is
sin(А - B) = sinА сosB - сosА sinB 0 = пntr + (_I|"а (и an integer).
Thе general solution in dеgrеes of thе еquation сos 0" = сos d" is
0 = sin 360n + а (п an intеger). ш
Thе gеnеral solution in radians of thе еquation сos0 = сosс is g)
0 2nlт ! а, (n an intеgеr).
=
э
Thе gеnеral solution in degrееs of thе еquation tan0o
0 = 180п + d (п an intеgеr).
= tando is
U'
o
Thе gеneral solution in radians of thе еquation tan0 = tand is €
0 = пnt + d (п' an intеgеr). Answеrs involving lеngths arе givеn eithеr сorrесt to thrее sig.
nifiсant figurеs or to thrее dесimal plaсеs, whiсhеvеr sееms .т
Radians
E tad = 180 dеgrееs
morе apprЬpriatе. Answеrs fоr anglеs arе usually given сorrесt
to two dесimal plaсеs. o
Еxerсise 2.1 (page 9)
1 0.364 2 0.577
Length of arc 3 5729.578 4 0.852
s=r0 5 1.881 6 0.009
7 18.88" 8 63.43'
Area of сirсular sector I 80.72" 10 0.01"
11 45" 12 600
д =\Р0
Exercise 2.2 (pаge 13}
Radius of сirсumсircle 1 8.36 m 2 038.66"
5 2.1'l cm 6
7.97 cm 25 2.9O cm2 26 3.03 cm2
7 I
28.96",46.57"104.47" 40.11", 57.90", 81.99' Exerсise 9 (page 95}
9 62.19", 44'44",7З.З7" 10 28.91.,31.99., 119.10.
2
1t 't06.23" 12 43.84" 1 -0.5735 tз.180
k
13 You get аn error message from the сalсu|ator beсause the +1.077
"t- lPl
сosine of the |argest angle is -1'029' whiсh is impossible. Тhe
probIem arises beсause the triang|e is impossible to draw, as a+
a 1 {s2-1
the longest side is longer than the sum of the other two sides. -^,11 ' ----l-.
+P- -=-!- - r/s2-1' s
14 5.93 km 15 52.01',88.05',39.93"
^,!1+t2' ^,!1+t2
8
16 45.17" , 59.60', 7 .25 cm 't 7 56.09' 7 -120, -60, 60, 120
I
-135' -45' 45, 1з5
10 -180,0, 180
18 16.35 m,13.62 m 19 41.04'
11
-180,0,30, 150, 180
38.17,141.83 12 -116.57,63.43
20 Two triangles' 66.82., 63.18" and 29.13 сm
1 6.82., 1 1з.1 8. and 9.44o сm
13 -153.43,26.57 14 -75.52,0, 75.52
't5 -60,30,60, 150
21 98.34 m 22 5.71 m,6.08 m
23 3.09 mm 24 7.98 оm, 26.32. and 29.93.
Еxercise 10.1 (page 102}
25 3.81 сm, 4.2o cm,7.81 cm2 2в 4.5'l hours
l -0.749 t6-tt t6-ta
27 4.41km 28 0.305 m2 0.663, 2
т,4
29 49.46',58.75' 3 Еxpanding gives sin(90 - 0)" = sin90. сos0o - сos90o sin0o
= 1 x сos0o -0 x sinO. = CoSOo
Еxerсise 7.3 (page 80) 4 -0.997 5 0.894, 1.999
1 15.2 m 2 546m
3 276m 4 192m о 3*€o, €Д
3-V3 or2+l3 7 #= 3.oтт,2* = l'sцl
5 889m 6 '1.26 km {3 - 1
=-1 +сos0
-'-щz
to get сosz Ь0 = and the result follows. sin 0
10 !ь'*ьФ 11 t0.6 2c:s2Ь0
12 tan2О" =2 sin}0сosi0= (12 & 8)
сos10
Exerсise 10.3 (page 108) = ---!- = RHS
ln the solutions to the identities, the reason for eaсh step is given by sin i0
plaсing an Еquation number from Chapter 10 in bold-faсed type in сosQ
braсkets. Where no reason is given, either an aIgebraiо
7 LHs = "jng *'
sinф сosф
simp|ifiсation or the use of sin2А + сos2А = 1 is involved.
sin0сosФ+sinФcos0
1 -
sinИ + B) + sinИ _ 8)
-]iБfi;oФ-_
LHs =
=
= sinА сosB + сosА sinB + sinА cosB - сosА sinB(1 & 2) sin(O +
16 12 at х = -22.5 and 157.5' _ц[2 at х = -112'5 and 67.5 = z sinlC 1сos}(А - s) - sin}с)
17 7 atх = 36.87, -3 atx = -144'13 = z sinz1C 1сos,1И -в) - cos}(А + в))
18 4.7З2 at x = -1 7.63 and 1 62'37' 1'268 at х = -1 07.63 and 7 2.37 = z sinlC (2 sin}А sin}в1
= + sin }А sin ,1в sin } C = RHS
Еxerсise 12.1 (pagel2l}
1 l(sin40 + sin20) z (sin в0. - sin
.10")
Exerсise l3.1 (pagel3O)
1
}
3 }(сos80" + 4 ; (sin
sin20") s0 - sin 20) 10сm
I
5 }(оos3(C + D) + сos(C - D)) 6 }(sin90. - sin30.) = ] 2 {Gсm
7 cos2A - сos4А в !(sinос - sin 10D)
9 2 сosO sinD = sin(C + D) - sin(C-D) --
sin50"sin60'sin 70"
em
-"'
10 2 оosC оosB = сos(C + B) + cos(C. B)
RHS =bcosC+ссosB
Еxerc se 1 2.2 |page1 25|
i = 28 sin8 сosO + 2R sinO сosB
1 2 sin3А сosА 2 2 сosЗA siп2A = 2Е(sinB оosO + sinO сosB)
3 -2 sin30 sinO 4 2 sin3А sin2А C)
= 2R(sin(B +
5 2 сos41" сos6" 6 2 оos36. sin.t3. =2ЯsinА=2=LHS
7 сot15" в tant@ + Р) 5 LHS =g
9 tan0 10 tan20 =!r@+b+c)
11 0,120,240,360 12 0,120,180,240,360 B(sinА + sinB + sinC)
1з 0' 90' 120' 180' 240'27o,360
=
сostИ -в)-сos21И + B)
2ЕsinАx2RsinBxsinC
2RsinA+2Rsin8+2RsinC
=8Е
sinАsinBsinC
= ^h
Zг1ъinА
+-ъiБЕ_;ъ;n" 4Есos}Асos,1вsin}о RHS
= =
=@^"inlТ
z сos - c)', сos }1!
4вsin}Аsin}вsin}c RHS (B + с1 sin (B
= = } }
-x-j
sin !я sin}tв - C) .- cos}z\A
сosЁtлcos|tB_C).' sin}А
I
sinl(B - c)
=;щ
_ tan}{в - C) = LHS
I RHS =(s-a)x t'*l
tl
tl
э
_ r1"-\БG-aXs-bDF-с)
a.
s
s
A
o
=r=LHS х
Еxerсise 14 (page 1Ц|
ln all the answers to this exerсise, л and m are integers. |t is adjaсent 14 ecirсles 132
possible that your answer might take a different form from the one cosx= c 57
ambiguous сase 68 equation
given and still be оorreсt.
angle of depression 145 equation CoSX= сosсr 141
l 180л + (_1),60 2 360л + 60 anglr of elevation 1tl5 equation sinx= с 54
3 180л-45 4 180m or 180m + 120 angle offoсus 14 equation sinx= sinсr 139
tаnx= с 59
angle of slopе 28 equation
5 120л + 60 6 60n-30 area of triangle 63, 134 equationtаnx= tanсr 141
7 18On I 72n Aryаbhata | 4 equations 92,108
9 180mor90m+45 1O (4m + 1)45 or $m + 1)221 asinx+ 0сosx 111
faсtor formu|ae 119
11 |nп - $Fl)"lт 12 |nп !f,п
bearing 145 faсtorformuIae, second set 122
1з |nп-}п fi |mп orltzm + 1)п -f,п box problems 39
15 f,nп 16 |nп + f;п general solution of equations 139
1s _ сa|сulator, use of 27 gradient 28
17 lnп +\п iЪ(4л + 1)п or |{+n l|lт
сhords 3
19 tnп 2o 2'nп
сirсular arс, |ength of 8.4 height of distant objeсt 73
сirсular seсtor, area of 87 Heron's formula 134
сirсumсirсle 127 Hipparсhus 3
сompound angle 97 horizontal distanсe 75
сorresponding ang|es 145 hypotenuse 15
cos45o, оos30o, cos60o 25,26
cos(t+ fl 99 identities 106
сos(,4 - 0 100 il|ogiсa| method of proof 108
сosecaпt 91 inсirсle 131
оosine 19,20,46 inverse сosinе 21
сosine formuIa 69 inverse sine 21
оotangent 91 inverse tangent 9
English, |nsbnt' for spапish spеаkrrs Human fuвbrтry & Ptrysi0|фy Phi|oфрt|y 0f Re|igш' фaпiфsиterкit
Еng|ish, тeасhing One b 0nе Hunщian Phi|шphy0f scitrlсе фаniфVffhs
|оeIandiс Phi|шoрhy' 101 lGy ld€as sраnish voсаbu|ary
Efiiсs
Hrad Mаssаge Phobs|iaрrry sprаking m фedi{ OссasiorБ
@ &сel2ш2 |rtdiаn
yourself
lntсmet' Ihе Piano sъlisliсs
tilm Studies
lrish Phr'еb Svahili
tinаnсr for n0n-Finаnсial Mапаgеrs
hiаm Phnпing Yourwedding $vаhi|i Dixionа'y
tinпish
lhliаn Pdisfr $vdish
Fleхiblе Working
вФiпnds Pditis Тasа|0s д)
:t
1+ tlou/erAnanging lhliаn'
lhlian Glammаr Porfuguese Таi clhi
o
Frenф
Frrnф' щinnеr's lйlian' hstant Portuguеse' Beginnerъ таnriс s0(
Р.
g
lh|hn Quiс* Fiх Pшfuguеse Gвmrnar тrафing EЛg|ish аs a Foreign
я)
G|1ammаr'
Frenф GramrтW
lи|ian Lаnguage, Life& сulture Porшguese' Brаzi|i.an иЛgUаge
N
I Frenф Grammш, Quiсk Fk
o
lh|hnveфs Porn$uese, Insbnt ТеarrБ аnd Тeаm.Wbfl{iпg
Frenф иnguagе' tjfe & cu|tlre
tft culture тhai
o
lиliaлvffibu|аry Pon.Цurse lаnguаgе &
Frenф sъrter Kit
Jаpаnes8 Pш1rrюdemism Imei/lanag€ment
-h
l\fril€апs christiаnity
Frenф Verbs
Jарanrse' вeginnrr's Pottery ТIасingушrFami}yHisb{y
a
o
a,+ trenсh V0саbu|аry
Pot\l€IDoiпt2ш2
з
Aсcеss 2002 Clаssica| Musiс Jарaлese' |nshnt Тralв|Writiщ
trenф, |nstaпt
д) Aссounting' Bаsiс Cop)Дмriting Jаpanrse иngЩge' шfe &сulfure Prrsrпling foг Profеssi}вh ТrigonorrЕty
o Psyсfio|ogy, фр|ied
iг
Gеolщш,
Arаbiс &ript' Brginnr/s croаtian Jlxblsrn Ukrаiniаn
o
Astronomy с?rch tаfiп 0uiШщ tjrdu
Germаn Grammar
a
Beпgа|i Drsktop Publishing lзtn' вrginnefъ Rеflo(фgy voharюrs
{i Grrmаn, |nstant
Bettrr ch€ss Digitа| Photograфy иtn Dlсtbnаry вeiki Wаtеrсфur Pаintiщ
Better Hалd$/riting DjgihIVidф & Pc Editing
Germаn илguagr, Life & culfure
tэsn Grаmrnаr Rebаtlxl Weight Cоnto| hюugh Dirt and
!l
Biology DrаWing
Gеrmаn Verbs
Lslter WritirЕ ski||s Rehining Shtf Еjercisr
э
BФ Lаnguage Drram |пterprehtion
Germаn Voсаbu|аry
шЦUls{сs Rorrвniaп WeЬh
a.
o
Go .l
в00k Kerping Dutсh l.JЦubtсs' 01 K€y |drаs RorпаniаЛ вr./сAss PK 2ЕD lve|sh Dixioflаry
э
Golt сдss 2ЕD lffguаgo шe & сulшrr
вook Keepiпg & Aссounting Dлф' щinnels шgаfure' 101 lФy ldeаs RomaniaЛ Ws|sh
Greek вUssian Wi|b аnd Pr0bate
BrаzlIiаn Pofiuguesе DlЛф Diсtimary tt&hJmg
Briфe
Greеk, Anсiеflt
sтess Russiaл, в€ginner's Wine тasting
*
э
Dutсh Grаmmаr t\,lалаging
Grerk' щinnеrъ
o
Buddhism Еa$rm Phi|osoЁry tvlаrictirц Rшsiаn Grаmгпаr Winning аt |пtervirt/.,s
"|0b
Grеek, |nstаnt lnsbnt Word 2002
Buddhism' 10] Key ldeаs ЕсDL lril.assаgr Russian,
Gгeek, NeW Тestаment RшsiаnN&vЕditionB00K Wш|dFаihs
Б
BU|gariап Е_с0mmerсe мahematiсs
Business sfudiеs Eсonomiсs'
,10,l
lrcy пeаs Greek sсript' Beginnеr's iilahrmаlics' ваsiс Rшsiаn илguage tjfe & culfure Writiщ a Nшеl
Fdt
Bшsinrss sfudies, 1 01 Key ldeаs Е|eсtroniсs Guihr
GuffАrаbiс
[4dhStudies вussian sgipt' вeginner's
saпsklit
Wlitjng for сhi|фen
Writing Poefy
g.
o
C++ Еnglish as a Гoreign Language il,t€dihtion
Calсu|ш Hаnd Reflexoi0gy [,kБаbs sсrffiWritin0 Xh06а
.a
Еnglish Grаmrnar as a Foreign
Cаrd Gаmrs Еnglish for lntemationаl Business Herbal |\4rdiсine ll€еd|шаft sеttinguраsrnallBlБinrss Zeп сл
Cahiаn Еnglish Grammаr Hisщlyphiсs Negotbtiпg stюrtЕrd' Pitmш 2000 zu|U
Chemistry'101 Keyldеаs Еnglish Lаnguаge, Life & Culfure l-iindi N€pа|i si|фism
Chess Еng|ish Verbs Hindi, Beginner's I'lоlWфhn spапish
Chi КUng Eng|ish Vocаbu|щ Hindi sсript' вфinпels 0ligаmi spаnish, Beginnеr's
chinеsr English' Ameriсаfl' аs a Foreign Hinduism Pаn,iфi stsnistl Grаmпвr
chinеsе, веginne/s |-angUаge Hi$0ry 1 01 Key |drаs Prlsiaл, l4odem Spaniф Grаmrrиr' Quid< tix
Chin€se sff ipt' Beginпrrъ Еnglish' furrrсt HoW t0 Win аt l.lorse Raсing
trigonometry
p. abbott & hugh neill