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Industrial Ecology

CBGD: TS. Lâm Văn Giang

Contents
weeks chapter References

3,4 Industrial Ecology [1], [4]

References:
[1] Robert U. Ayres and Leslie W. Ayres, (2002). A Handbook of
Industrial Ecology. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc, Cheltenham, UK
• Northampton MA, USA.
[4] Sanjay K. S., Ackmez M. (2010). Green chemistry for
Environmental sustainability, CRC Press 2011 by Taylor and
Francis Group, LLC.

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Review

Sustainable
development

Industrial
ecology

Green
Engineering

Green
chemistry

Figure . Integrated multiscale approaches toward sustainable development.

H. Tony Bi (2005)

Review

Component of Industrial Ecology

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• Pollution prevention,
Cleaner • Source reduction,
products • Life cycle assessment,
• Waste minimization,
• Sustainable development.
VS
• Wastes as raw materials throughout
Industrial the product life cycle to the production
Ecology of goods, to the use of those goods, to
the management of the resulting wastes

Journal of Industrial Ecology (published by The MIT Press)

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Content
• 2.1 Concept and Definition
• 2.2 Approaches
• 2.3 Case study of Industrial Ecology

2.1 Concept

Concept- 01:
Industrial ecology looks to non-human ‘natural’
ecosystems as models for industrial activity (Frosch and
Gallopoulos -1989)
Many biological ecosystems are especially effective at
recycling resources and thus are held out as exemplars
for efficient cycling of materials and energy in industry.

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Concept- 02
The second sense of ‘ecological’ links industrial ecology to
carrying capacity and ecological resilience, and how and to what
degree technological society is perturbing or undermining the
ecosystems.

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Definitions

FIGURE : SYSTEM TYPES

Source: Braden R. Allenby,
“Industrial Ecology: The
Materials Scientist in an
Environmentally
Constrained World,” MRS
Bulletin 17, no. 3 (March 1992

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Summaries
• A systems view of the interactions between industrial and ecological systems
• The study of material and energy flows and transformations
• A multidisciplinary approach
• An orientation toward the future
• A change from linear (open) processes to cyclical (closed) processes, so the
waste from one industry is used as an input for another
• An effort to reduce the industrial systems’ environmental impacts on ecological
systems
• An emphasis on harmoniously integrating industrial activity into ecological
systems
• The idea of making industrial systems emulate more efficient and sustainable
natural systems
• The identification and comparison of industrial and natural systems hierarchies,
which indicate areas of potential study and action

Viewpoints
• Is an industrial system a natural system?

• Is industrial ecology focusing on integrating industrial systems into natural

systems, or is it primarily attempting to emulate ecological systems? Or both?

• Current definitions rely heavily on technical, engineered solutions to

environmental problems. Some authors believe that changing industrial systems

will also require changes in human behavior and social patterns. What balance

between behavioral changes and technological changes is appropriate?

• Is systems analysis and material and energy accounting the core of industrial

ecology?

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Goals of Industrial Ecology

Sustainable Use of Resources

Ecological and Human Health

Environmental Equity

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2.2 Approaches
2.2.1 Industrial Ecology as a Field of Ecology
2.2.2 System analysis
2.2.3 LCA method
2.2.4 ISO and environment
2.2.5 Green chemistry

2.2.1 Basic concepts of Ecology

• Ecology has been defined by the as: The
scientific discipline that is concerned with the
relationships between organisms and their past,
present, and future environments.
• These relationships include physiological
responses of individuals, structure and dynamics
of populations, interactions among species,
organization of biological communities, and
processing of energy and matter in ecosystems.
Ecological Society of America (1993)

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Principles of Ecological Engineering

Energy signature The set of energy sources or forcing functions

which determine ecosystem structure and function

Self-organization The selection process through which ecosystems

emerge in response to environmental conditions
by a filtering of genetic inputs

Preadaptation The phenomenon, which occurs entirely

fortuitously, whereby adaptations that arise
through natural selection for one set of
environmental conditions just happen also to be
adaptive for a new set of environmental
conditions

A TYPICAL ENERGY SIGNATURE OF AN ECOSYSTEM.

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Classification of Eco-technology

Fig. An illustration of the four types of ecological engineering.

Reproduced by permission of Elsevier

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Supporting ecosystem recovery

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Supporting ecosystem recovery

the largest constructed treatment wetland in Calgary, Canada

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FIGURE: The realm of ecological engineering as defined by relative

design contributions. Mitsch (1998b)

FIGURE : Locations of various wastewater treatment technologies along gradients of

energy input. (From Knight, R. L. 1995. Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H.
T. Odum. C. A. S. Hall (ed.). University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO. With permission.)

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Comparison of Costs for a Treatment Wetland vs. a Conventional Wastewater Treatment

Plant Using Emergy Analysis Energy Input (fossil fuel Kcal/gal)

Treatment Wetland Conventional Treatment Plant

Fossil fuel energy input 3.28 25.3
Natural energy input 3.30 0

Note: The inputs are expressed in equivalent units so that direct comparisons can be made
between the different energy types.

Source: Adapted from Mitsch, W. J. 1977. Proceedings of the International Conference on

Energy Use Management. R. Fazzolari and C. B. Smith (eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.

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Applications of New Ecosystems in Ecological Engineering

Activities and Types of Constructed Ecosystem

Soil bioengineering: Fast growing riparian tree species for bank

stabilization and erosion control
Bioremediation: Mixes of microbial species and/or nutrient
additions for enhanced biodegradation of toxic chemicals
Phytoremediation: Hyperaccumulator plant species for metal
and other pollutant uptake
Reclamation of disturbed lands: Communities of plants, animals,
and microbes that colonize and restore ecological values
Compost engineering: Mechanical and microbial systems for
breakdown of organic solid wastes and generation of soil
amendments

Activities and Types of Constructed Ecosystem (cont.)

Ecotoxicology: Ecosystems in microcosms and mesocosms

for evaluating the effects of toxins
Food production: Facilities and species for intensive food
production including greenhouses, hydroponics, aquaculture, etc.
Wetland mitigation: Wetland ecosystems that legally compensate
for damage done to natural wetlands
Environmental education: Exhibits and/or experiments involving
living ecosystems in aquaria or zoos
Wastewater treatment: Wetlands and other aquatic systems for
degradation of municipal, industrial, or storm wastewaters

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2.2.2 System analysis

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FIGURE : SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF ARSENIC PATHWAYS IN THE U.S. (METRIC TONS), 1975.

TABLE : WORLDWIDE ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS OF TRACE METALS (THOUSAND

TONNES/YEAR)

Source: J.O. Nriagu, “Global Metal Pollution: Poisoning the Biosphere?” Nature
338 (1989): 47–49. Reproduced with permission of Haldref Publications.

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TABLE : GLOBAL FLOWS OF SELECTED MATERIALS*

2.2.3 Life cycle assessment

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2.2.2.1 LCA methodology

The life-cycle stages

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Information service provider environmental life cycle

Source: Based on data from BT Annual Report, www.bt.com/corinfo/enviro/fact/index.htm.

2.2.4 ISO
ISO/TC 207 has relationships with over 30 international org.:
• Asian Productivity Organization
• Confederation of European Paper Industries
• European Commission
• Environmental Defense Fund
• Global Eco-labelling Network
• International Aluminium Institute
• International Chamber of Commerce
• International Institute for Sustainable Development
• International Iron and Steel Institute
• Org. for Economic Co-operationand Development
• United Nations Environment Programme
• World Business Council for Sustainable Development
• World Health Organization
• World Resources Institute
• World Trade Organization.

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Environmental and economic benefits

• Reduced raw material/resource use

• Reduced energy consumption
• Improved process efficiency
• Reduced waste generation and disposal costs
• Utilization of recoverable resources.

Scope of ISO/TC 207’s work

• Environmental management systems
• Environmental auditing and related
• Environmental investigations
• Environmental performance evaluation
• Environmental labelling
• Life cycle assessment
• Environmental communication
• Environmental aspects of product design and development
• Environmental aspects in product standards
• Terms and definitions
• Greenhouse gas management and related activities
• Measuring the carbon footprint of products.

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Plan

Do

Act

Check

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2.3 Case study of Industrial Ecology

2.3.1 Industrial Ecology at material levels
2.3.2 Industrial Ecology at national levels

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