Name: _________________________________________________ Adm. No.

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AGRICULTURE
FORM ONE

TIME: 2 HOURS

Instructions
1) This paper consists of THREE sections; A, B and C.
2) Answer all the questions in sections A, B and C.
3) Answers should be written in the spaces provided.
4) Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as
indicated and that no questions are missing.

SECTION A: 25 Marks

1. Give two characteristics of small scale farming. (1 Mark)

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2. Give two limitations of pastoral farming. (2 Marks)
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3. Give any four characteristics that make a plant suitable to use as green manure. (2 Marks)
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4. Give two disadvantages of using farmyard manure. (1 Mark)
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5. State three farming practices that can increase the amount of light reaching a plant.(3 Marks)
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6. State two physical characteristics used to classify soil. (1 Mark)
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7. Give three reasons for treating water in a farm. (3 Marks)
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8. State three advantages of drip irrigation in a farm. (3 Marks)

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9. State two factors which should be considered when siting a compost heap. (1 Mark)
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10. Name the breeds of livestock described below: -
a) A pig breed which is white in colour with straight snout and long ears dropping over the
face. (1 Mark)
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b) A beef cattle breeds deep red in colour, the face and part of the leg below the knees and
hocks are always white. (1 Mark)
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11. State four reasons for keeping health records in livestock production. (2 Marks)
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12. State two advantages of organic farming. (2 Marks)
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13. Name the exotic cattle breed with: -
i) Highest butter fat content: …………………………………… (1 Mark)
ii) Lowest butter fat content: …………………………………… (1 Mark)

SECTION B: 25 Marks

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 a) Name the parts labeled: - (3 Marks)
R - …………………………….
S - ……………………………..
T - ……………………………..

b) State three characteristics of an ideal dairy breed. (3 Marks)

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15. Fill in the table below. (5 Marks)
Animal Young one Mature male Mature female

i) Pig ________________ Boar __________________

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ii) Goats ________________ ________________ Nanny

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iii Cattle Calf Bull _________________

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iv) ___________ ________________ Ram _________________

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v) Rabbit Kindling ________________ _________________

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16. Diagrams M, N, P and Q represent some farm tools.

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 a) Identify the tools: -
M ……………………………..
N ……………………………..
P ……………………………..
Q ……………………………..

b) State the use of each of the tools named above. (2 Marks)

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c) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool M. (1 Mark)
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17. a) Describe four measures which should be taken to minimize water pollution on farm.
(4 Marks)
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b) Identify the following method of drainage. (1 Mark)

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c) State two reasons for carrying out drainage in water logged soil. (2 Marks)
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d) Mention two crops that can be planted in a farm which is water logged. (2 Marks)
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SECTION C: 50 Marks

18. a) What is soil profile? (1 Mark)

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b) Draw a well labeled diagram of soil profile. (5 Marks)

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 c) Which horizon holds the greatest amount of nutrients. (1 Mark)
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d) i) Which is the layer of accumulation? ( ½ Mark)
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ii) Why is it called the layer of accumulation?
(1 Mark)
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19. a) Explain how agriculture contribute to economic development in Kenya. (5 Marks)
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b) Outline five problems that hinder agriculture development in Kenya. (5 Marks)
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20. Define the following terms in land preparation: -

a) Rolling (1 Mark)
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b) Ridging (1 Mark)
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c) Harrowing (1 Mark)
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 d) Stumping (1 Mark)
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21. Distinguish between: -

i) Indigenous and exotic breeds. (1
Mark)
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ii) Soil texture and soil structure. (1 Mark)
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iii) Primary cultivation and secondary cultivation. (1 Mark)
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22. a) Give two types of inventories used on the farm for the purpose of accounting. (2 Marks)
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b) State four types of information that may be contained in a feeding record. (2 Marks)
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23. Outline the general uses of water in the farm. (5 Marks)

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24. Give any four factors that determine the number of secondary tillage operations on a piece of
land. (4 Marks)
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25. Give four negative effects of strong winds in agriculture. (4 Marks)

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26. a) Mention three processes of rock weathering. (1 ½ Mark)

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c) Outline the roles of organic matter in crop production. (6 Marks)

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AGRICULTURE FORM ONE –

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 MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A
1. Characteristics of small scale farming.
- Uses less labour
- Low production
- No mechanization (2 x ½ = 1 Mark)

2. Limitations of pastoral farming

- Drought and aridity
- Diseases and parasite attacks
- Attacks by wild animals
- Soil erosion due to overstocking
- Poor pasture species
- Inadequate land / over population (2 x 1 = 2 Marks

3. Characteristics of plants use as green manure

- Should be leafy
- Fast growth rate
- Able to rot quickly
- Easy to grow in poor soils
- Have a high nitrogen content e.g. legumes (4 x ½ = 2 Marks)

4. Disadvantages of farmyard manure

- Does not release nutrients easily
- Can facilitate spread of diseases from one animal to another especially during grazing
where manure has been applied.
- Its bulky and smelly thus not good on pastures. (2 x ½ = 1 Mark)

5. Practices to improve light penetration

- Pruning / staking / trelishing

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 - Thining / weeding / wider spacing (3 x 1 = 3 Marks)

6. Physical characteristics of classifying soil

- Soil colour
- Soil structure
- Soil texture (2 x ½ = 1 Mark)

7. Reasons for treating water

- To remove bad smell / taste
- To kill disease causing organisms
- To remove solid particles / impurities
- To remove excess chemicals of fluorine that causes hardness (3 x 1 = 3 Marks)

8. Advantages of drip irrigation

- Its water economical
- Use even when water is under low pressure
- Discourages fungal diseases
- Discourages growth of weeds between rows (3 x 1 = 3 Marks)

9. Siting a compost heap

- Drainage / free draining soils on site
- Type of soil
- Topograph / slope should be gentle (2 x ½ = 1 Mark)

10. a) Land race breed (1 Mark)

b) Hereford breed (1 Mark)

11. Health records – Importance

- To show health conditions of the animals
- Used in selection and culling of animals on health grounds
- Help trace the history of diseases for better treatment

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 - Show when to vaccinate, deworm, etc.
- Show costs on health of animals (4 x ½ = 2 Marks)

12. Advantages of organic farming

- Does not pollute the environment
- Cheap / not expensive
- Produce high market produce / high market price of produce
- Some materials used improve soil conditions e.g. soil fertility, structure
(2 x 1 = 2 Marks)

13. i) Highest butter fat – Jersey (1 Mark)

ii) Lowest butter fat – Friesian (1 Mark)

SECTION B
14. a) Parts labeled (1 Mark each)
R – Muzzle
S – Udder
T - Wither
b) Characteristics of dairy breed (3 x 1 = 3 Marks)
- Wedge / triangular shaped body
- Wide and well set hide quarters and narrow fore-quarters
- Thin bodies with little flesh
- Prominent milk veins
- Large udders with well spaced large teats
- Straight top line

15. Filling the table (10 x ½ = 5 Marks)

i) Piglet, Sow
ii) Kid, Billy
iii) Cow
iv) Sheep, Lamb, Ewe

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 v) Buck, Doe

16. a) Tools – Identity (4 x ½ = 2 Marks)

M – Sickle
N – Pruning saw
P – Steel float
Q – Mason’s trowel

b) Uses of the tools (4 x ½ = 2 Marks)

- Sickle – Harvesting rice, cutting back pyrethrum, grasses
- Pruning – Pruning hard branches e.g. coffee, fruit, trees
- Steel float – Smooth finishing of masonry work by spreading cement
paste over plastered floors, walls.
- Mason’s trowel – Applying mortar / laying and firming mortar between
joints of bricks / building stones.

c) Maintenance of M. (2 x ½ = 1 Mark)
- Wipe blade with oily rug
- Sharpening the teeth
- Ensure handle is firm
- Teeth setting
- Straighten blade if bent
- Proper storage

17. a) Minimising water pollution

- Avoid cultivating along water sources
- Prohibiting settlement of people near water bodies
- Encourage organic farming instead of chemicals
- Practicing soil conservation measures
- Planting vegetation along river banks
- Proper disposal of waste containers

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 - Proper treatment of waste before disposal (4 x 1 = 4 Marks)

b) Cambered bed (1 Mark)

c) Importance of drainage (2 x 1 = 2 Marks)

- Improves soil aeration
- Increases soil volume
- Raises soil temperature
- Minimize soil erosion
- Remove toxic substances

d) Crops – Arrowroots
- Rice (2 x 1 = 2 Marks)

SECTION C
18. a) Soil profile - Vertical arrangement of various soil layers / horizons (1 Mark)
b)

Drawing – 1 Mark – neat diagram

Labeling – 4 Marks

c) Top soil / Horizon A (1 Mark)

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 d) i) Sub-soil / B ( ½ Mark)
ii) Leached nutrients are deposited here by water (1 Mark)
19. a) Contribution of Agriculture to economic development
- Supply food to both rural and urban areas
- Offers employment – about 80% work directly on agri sector
- Earn foreign exchange from exported goods
- Provides market for industrial goods e.g. chemical industries
- Provide raw materials to industries which in turn becomes well established
(5 x 1 = 5 Marks)

b) Problems hindering agricultural development

- Inadequate capital to buy farm inputs / machinery
- Poor skills of farming due to low technology
- HIV/AIDS infection make many people weak to be productive
- Poor storage facilities
- Poor transport means
- Exploitation by middle men
- Low education level (5 x 1 = 5 Marks)

20. a) Rolling – Compaction of soil after fine seedbed has been achieved through secondary
cultivation.
b) Ridging – Digging soil in continuous line and heaping it one side to form a ridge.
c) Harrowing – Breaking of soil clods after ploughing
- Refinement of seedbed
d) Stumping – Removing of tree stumps after land clearing (1 Mark each)

21. i) Indigenous – Local animals originating within tropics

Exotic – Ones introduced in the country from other countries / imported – temperate region
(1 Mark)
ii) Texture – Relative proportions of mineral particles of different sizes in soil
Structure – Physical arrangement of soil particles (1 Mark)

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 iii) Primary cultivation – Initial opening of land
Secondary cultivation – Refinement of seedbed after primary cultivation (1 Mark)

22. a) Permanent goods inventory

Consumable goods inventory (2 x 1 = 2 Marks)

b) - Type of feed eaten

- Amount of feed given / animal
- Type of enterprises / livestock fed
- Dates of issue and receiving of feeds
- Period feeding
- Amounts of feed in store (4 x ½ = 2 Marks)

23. – Drinking by animals

- Domestic use e.g. cooking, sewage disposal, drinking by man
- Irrigation
- Fish rearing
- Diluting farm chemicals
- Mixing concrete for construction
- Cooling and running of machines / cooling animals body
- Processing of farm produce
- Recreation
- Washing utensils, equipment, cleaning calf pens, milking sheds, etc.
(5 x 1 = 5 Marks)

24. – Topography / slope of land

- Capital available
- Skill of operator
- Soil moisture content
- Type of soil
- Size of planting materials

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 - Liability of soil erosion
- Tools and implements available / used
- Vegetation cover after primary tillage (4 x 1 = 4 Marks)

25. Effects of strong winds

- Increasing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the soil
- Causing lodging in cereals and damage to crops
- Blowing away and brining rain-bearing clouds
- Acting as agent of seed dispersal
- Acting as agent of soil erosion
- Increasing evapotranspiration rate
- Increasing the spread of pests and diseases
- Destroying farm structures
- Areas with high humidity tend to be hotter but when wind takes away atmosphere
water, a cooling effect occurs. (4 Marks)

26. a) Processes of rock weathering

- Chemical weathering
- Physical weathering
- Biological weathering (3 x ½ = 1 ½ Marks)

b) Roles of organic matters

- Releases nutrients after decomposition / improves soil fertility
- Improves soil structure after decay
- Improves aeration after decay
- Reduces toxicity of soil chemicals e.g. herbicides, pesticides by humus after decay
- Modifies soil pH
- Modifies soil temperature
- Reduces water evaporation
- Provides food and shelter to soil organisms
- Controls soil erosion / splash erosion

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- Improves water holding capacity after decay (5 x 1 = 5 Marks)

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