RELATED LITERATURE

Solid waste management

In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to include all non-liquid wastes generated by
human activity and a range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as general
domestic garbage such as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of
in garbage; emergency waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other
emergency supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the
natural disaster; and allen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other
specialist wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also
need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note (World Health
Organization, 2011).

The Municipal Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management also
known as “Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.”The ordinance prohibits dumping of
garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of
unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption center/facility; discharging of human feces
along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads,
sidewalks and establishments; and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It
also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable solid wastes such
as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery
facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special
solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or
chemicals will be disposed in coordination with concerned government agencies according to
prescribed methods. The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and
non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them
to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility. Collection of
segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay (Saley, 2012).

3R’s (Reduce Reuse Recycle)

The Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three tiered approach for
managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount material headed
for final disposal. They are in order of importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid
waste.Don't create waste in the first place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid
heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy
the largest size package for those items that you use are often. REUSE, the better way to
manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they are completely worn out.
RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste.Recycle means taking something old and making
it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single family home can
recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums
can drop off their recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic
bottles, green, clear and brown glass bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be
recycled at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and
very worthwhile. Not only does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural
resources (Seminole County Government, 2012).

Australia may be a large country, but we live in a throw-away society that is rapidly filling it
with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable technology and
consume over-packaged products has continued unabated for decades. At the same time
however, there has been a trend away from both burning waste in incinerators and burying it in
landfills. Waste management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its
generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of our growing waste
problem and examines the waste and recycling practices of households, and includes many tips
on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal
and electronic waste (Healey, 2010).

DISPOSAL

There are many stringent regulations governing the treatment and disposal of waste in the
UK, both onshore and offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste
transfer and treatment require licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require
the proper kind of training that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if
not handled properly. Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to
emergency situations. By their very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is
about to occur. For that reason emergency response teams need to be on standby every hour
of every day, and every day of every year. Waste management disposal and treatment can
originate from both domestic and industrial sources (Rose, 2009).

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign studies
A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with
sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of
Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to SWM in Mysore was obtained
through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people and authentic record of
municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made about generation, storage,
collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This study reveals that the present
system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based on Municipal Solid Waste
Management & Handling Rules 2000 (Chandra, et al., 2009).

Another case study across North America conducted by Whoilistic Environmental Consulting
(WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all the ordinary garbage we throw
away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is almost equally divided between yard waste
(32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then
there's all the other organic stuff that could be composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding
made of organic fibers, plus wood, old furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83
million tons accounts for another 30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for
which figures are available, over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and
composted, as was 54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a
compost heap.

Local studies
The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a barangay
(village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered through an interview
with household members using open-ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with
garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an
average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly
generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass
bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes. The respondents segregate their wastes
into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform
composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by the respondents.
The households rely on garbage collection by the government. Collection is done twice daily,
except Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives.
However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-designated pick-up points, usually in
a corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing
organisms. Some household respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain
areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers and
household helpers are responsible for household waste management. Scavengers generally
look for recyclable items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of
income, which is generally not enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that
garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The results of the study
showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not
fully implemented in Metro Manila (Bernardo, 2008).

This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the solid waste
management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their compliance with the
Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in 2007. The findings of this study served
as basis in developing a handbook on solid waste management (Ballados, 2010).

The Motiong town government in Samar has vowed to intensify the implementation of its
Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen here took at one-day seminar-
workshop on the program. The activity was held at the Legislative Building here last
Wednesday, August 29.Motiong Mayor Francisco M. Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his
municipality attended said seminar-workshop sponsored by the town government conducted
Municipal Planning and Development Officer, Engr. NicasioPermejo. Langi said all the barangay
chairmen were educated on the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so that
they would be acquainted with and help implement the law in their respective barangays and
propagate environmental preservation. He said the town government will strictly implement
the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s barangays and urged the barangay
officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) where they can segregate bio-degradable
and non-biodegradable waste materials. Such materials can be turned into a livelihood as,
according to Langi, “there is money in junk” (Abrematea, 2012).