1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Rationale

The internet is a very useful partner for a student to conduct research and

other school related works. Also, the internet is a world-wide tool for

disseminating information and interactions of people all around the world (Leiner,

et al. 1997). Though internet is very useful, there are also negative things that

are alarming to the society and the most rampant is Cyber Pornography, this is

the distribution of websites and file sharing that sends pornographic contents

through the use of internet (Anita, 2011).

Cyber-pornography can spread rapidly, especially, through the internet via

browsing of websites. This is defined as any media with sexual activity or nudity

that can cause sexual arousal among those people who are exposed by its

contents (Ferguson, et al. 2009). A survey states that 93% of all adolescents and

students in United States ages 12 to 17 use the internet; 63% go online daily and

36% are online several times a day, which means that adolescents and students

have greater chance to access pornography websites with the help of the internet

(Owen, et al. 2012). Commented [L1]: contributed by: Hara Pacaña

Most people that are affected by pornographic contents are students this

is due to the easy access of pornographic websites and materials. Sexual

behavior among peers is one case that is alarming, this causes them to become

more aggressive and show inappropriate behavior towards their peers (Ybarra, et
 2

al. 2005). Another reason is the lack of parent involvement with regards to

children getting exposed to pornographic contents, the most crucial reason why

this is a problem is because of cultural differences (Haney, 2006). Some parents

seeing their children exposed to pornography would do nothing to intervene,

because, they lack the initiative to solve such issue. Another factor is religious

orientation society assumed that religiosity can protect children from being

exposed to pornography through self-regulation and moral values (Hardy, et al.

2011). This implies that children that are much less religious in their early stages

have greater risk of accessing pornographic contents, due to the lack of

guidance. On the other hand, children that are more exposed to religious

practices about moral and self-regulation can prevent their selves from getting

addicted to these malicious sites.

In the Philippines, Cyber-pornography is successfully spreading and

becoming a major issue. This is also getting harder to stop, because of the major

contributions it has to the industry. As statistics shows, the Philippines is in the

8th spot for the largest revenue that came from Pornography which has about 50

billion pesos worth of revenue as of 2016 (Bernarte, et al. 2016). This adheres to

the growing concern of children, specifically, students getting addicted to

pornographic contents. They are the number one group that are affected by this

issue in society and what is worst, this issue will only grow more in the following

years, since it offers a big revenue to the industry. Commented [L2]: contributed by: Godinez, Althea

For this reason, groups which have higher positions in society should take

action with the growing concern of Cyber-pornography such as, the school,
 3

government and church. Moreover, students should inherit the moral aspects of

life through religious orientation, because, this will enable them to become more

disciplined and conscious about their actions. Alas, Cyber-pornography can be

prevented if a child as early as adolescents should be oriented by the parents,

church and school about the negative effect of Cyber-pornography. And also the Commented [L3]: contributed by: Sesbreño, Rengelie

behavior, attitudes and the family formation values it can also their beliefs

towards the surroundings. It can help them through the aspects of religious to

active to their action. Commented [L4]: addedd by: Aniñon, elvie

Theoretical Background

It is evident that cyber-pornography is caused by the easy access of

internet usage nowadays but still, it is important to take into consideration what is

a person’s personal background including; the religious orientation and

personality. Sigmund Freud’s theory about psychosexual development explains

how sexual drives are built from childhood to adulthood (Cherry, 2018). Freud

(1905) proposes that psychosexual development takes place in a series of

stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.

Freud (1905) believes that the development of sexual pleasure which

leads to different social behaviors such as addiction. He concludes that life is

built around tension and pleasure and this is build-up through libido or sexual

energy (Mcleod, 2017). If a person’s sexual needs aren’t met then, a person is

forced to exercise it through different way such as the usage of pornographic

contents. Mostly, people experience this when reaching the genital stage which

is the last phase of Freud’s psychosexual development stages. Pornography is Commented [L5]: contributed by: Pacaña, Hara
 4

where people could get into curiosity, we're it could be a merely fact that they can

apply through exposure that can be apply into once taste. Everybody does seen

pornography perhaps captured different images in their minds they may use

these as part of interpreting to others Commented [L6]: addedd by: terante sheryln
 5

Psychosexual Development
(Freud, 1905)

Demographic Profile:
 Gender
 Religious Orientation

Cyber-Pornography
Usage pertaining to:
Religious Orientation
 Compulsivity
 Intrinsic
 Social
 Extrinsic
 Isolation
 Guilt
 Efforts

Religious Oriented

Figure 1. Schema of the Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study

 6

As presented in figure 1, Erickson explains that the difference between a

person who is addicted to sex and a person who is not is based on how they are

psychologically intact. Religiosity greatly affects how a person is psychologically

handles the exposure to cyber-pornography. The framework of the study shows

that those students who are more religious gets a sense of discipline when

exposed to pornographic contents and can control their libido, on the other hand,

those students who are less religious are likely to experience guilt and show

negative social behaviors (Erickson, 1905). This theory leads to the effects of the

two proposed kinds of students which are religious and non-religious students on

cyber-pornography.

Based on the framework, outcomes may differ in the religiosity of a

student. The positive outcomes are as follows; Self-discipline, self-regulation,

awareness and respect. These outcomes are observable on a student who is

more religious, because, they are more aware of the social norms and negative

effects of pornography to a person. This leads to students having an open mind

to the issue about cyber-pornography addiction. Whereas, students that are less

religious are affect by guilt and anti-social behavior which often leads to addiction

and sexual abuse on their opposite sex to whom they attracted to.

There should always be an involvement of religious orientation in order to

pacify the growing issue which is cyber-pornography. The religiosity of a person

can help educate him about how to handle these temptations, especially, the

addiction of such contents. Commented [L7]: contributed by: Godinez, Althea

 7

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the cyber-pornography usage and religious

orientation of Grade 12 GAS students in the University of Cebu Private- Campus

of first semester of S.Y 2018-2019.

The following research questions guided the study:

1. What is the cyber-pornography usage of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 compulsivity;

1.2 social;

1.3 isolation;

1.4 guilt; and

1.5 efforts?

2. What is the religious orientation of the respondents?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the students’ cyber-pornography

usage and their religious orientation?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the students’ compulsivity on cyber-

pornography use and their religious orientation?

5. Is there a significant relationship between students’ social interaction

pertaining to cyber-pornography and their religious orientation?

6. Is there a significant relationship between students’ isolation viewing on cyber-

pornography and their religious orientation?

7. Is there a significant relationship between students’ guilt towards viewing on

cyber-pornography and religious orientation?

 8

8. Is there a significant relationship between students’ efforts on viewing cyber-

pornography and religious orientation?

Null Hypothesis

At 0.05 level of significance, the following hypotheses were tested:

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the students’

compulsivity on cyber-pornography use and their religious orientation.

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between students’ social

interaction pertaining to cyber-pornography and their religious orientation.

Ho3: There is no significant relationship between students’ isolation

viewing on cyber-pornography and their religious orientation.

Ho4: There is no significant relationship between students’ guilt towards

viewing on cyber-pornography and religious orientation.

Ho5: There is no significant relationship between students’ efforts in

viewing on cyber- pornography and their religious orientation.

Significance of the Study

This study can enhance the perspective of students with regards to the

effects of accessing pornographic contents. It can illuminate them to limit or

discipline their selves about cyber-pornography.

The results from this study can also serve as a reference for parents to

orient them about the growing concern of cyber-pornography. This will help them
 9

widen their perception and knowledge about how religious orientation and cyber-

pornography influences their children, especially, in places such as school

This study is also helpful to those whose courses are aligned to solving

cyber-pornography issues in society and this is also helpful to those who have

higher position in religious groups to have a wide variation of the religious

orientation of an individual that influences the use of cyber-pornography. And

also it can gain more knowledge to know what is the impact of the cyber-

pornography and the influences of this especially of the student. The influence of

the cyber pornography it can cause too much, so it can help us to those who

have in the higher position in religious orientation to an individual. It will help

them to control their addiction of watching porn every now and then. Moreover, Commented [L8]: added by: terante sheryl
Commented [L9]: added by: aniñon, elvie
experts in these fields can also use this study as a reference for doing further

research.

Lastly, this is also a helpful study to future researchers whose aim is to

provide specific solutions to the growing concern about cyber-pornography. Commented [L10]: contibuted by: pacaña, hara

Scope and Limitation

The study focused on how religious orientation and cyber pornography

influences students. It narrows down the relationship of what religious orientation

can affect students’ indulgence of pornographic contents. This study conducted a

test to compare between which religious orientation of students are more

exposed and weak against the exposure of cyber-pornography

 10

The participants that were chosen are Grade 12 GAS students in

University of Cebu, Senior High School, Private Campus. This is one limitation,

because, the researcher cannot generalize the whole topic of the study, since, it

only conducted a survey within one area or school.

The present study included all males and females in all section of Grade

12 GAS students. This is to ensure that there is no gender bias, because, when it

comes to pornography males are dominant when using accessing such contents. Commented [L11]: contributed by: sesbreño, rengelie

Definition of Terms

The terms are operationally and conceptually defined based on how they

are used in the study:

Cyber-pornography is in simple words defined as the act of using

cyberspace to create, display, distribute, import, or publish pornography or

obscene materials (Ramanuj, 2015).

Religiosity is the quality of being excessively or ostentatiously religious

(Webster’s New World College, 2014)

Pornographic Contents material (such as books or a photograph) that

depicts erotic behavior and is intended to cause sexual excitement (Merriam-

Webster, 1828).

Psychosexual Development the process during which personality and

sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal

stage and then phallic stage and finally the genital stage (Princeton University,

2012). Commented [L12]: contibuted by: Godinez, althea

 11

Intrinsic is defined as being an ultimate end in itself, for those involved in

this type of religion. These people are mainly encouraged by a promise for

personal spiritual development and for a deeper, more meaningful relationship

with God (Hills et al., 2004; Hunter & Merrill, 2013).

Extrinsic is defined as a means of achieving some self-serving end, as a

tool that promotes social support, comfort and self-esteem (Hills et al., 2004;

Hunter & Merrill, 2013).

 12

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents literature and a study that includes ideas, finished

thesis, generalization, conclusions and methodologies, which are relevant to our

study. Those were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that

will defined conceptually and operationally for clarity and also to assess the

strength of evidences of Cyber-Pornography. Commented [L13]: contributed by: zapanta, jurvin

Related Literature

In the past several years, one of the valuable tool is the internet that

individuals usually use especially on students. It can be dangerous to those

people who are adolescents and students due to numerous online

hazards. Students and adolescents that are highly expose to pornographic

websites with the use of Internet has big impact. People nowadays has an instant

access of the internet especially students and adolescents in this generation.

(Dowbrowskie et al.2007). Commented [L14]: paraphrased by: Rengelie Sesbreño

Exposure to pornography will affect a one human being like committing a

sexual harassment and rape. If the amount of internet pornography keeps on

increasing, this effect will not overcome due to some people who will engage on

that websites. Meanwhile, the individual factors were found to be related to self-

regulate to the internet pornography as well as the measures of being dependent

and amount of exposure to internet pornography had no detachable relationship

with the dependent misogynist attitude measurement (Barak et al. 1999). Commented [L15]: paraphrased by: Rengelie Sesbreño
 13

Almost only a few students considered how a religious life is may actually

be shape by a frequent, regular, or poor consumption. Among the exceptions,

several studies explored the relationship between the religion and pornography

among adolescents. Among those who viewed pornography were 43 % of males

who felt that viewing pornography worsened their relationship with God

compared to 20% of females (Perry, 2015). Commented [L16]: added by: hara pacaña

Cyber pornography plays in negative social issues including child abuse,

violence against women, relationships, rape, inequality and family breakdown.

Otherwise, the lack of jurisdictional boundaries and the sheer volume of traffic

that internet can handle, as well as the potential for anonymity have resulted in a

complete lack of control over what appears on the web at the click of a mouse

button before there was no liability of cyber cafe owner but with the introduction

of the information technology amendment Act 2008 the responsibilities of cyber

cafe owners have only increased. This papers deals with the cyber pornography

and it's legal implication and the liability of cyber cafe owner (Verma,J. 2008). Commented [L17]: paraphrased by: pacaña, hara

This study examined the narrative cyber pornographer users and also to

define major ways of distress as self-group in the internet. It uses narrative

analysis methodology to 2000 messages sent by 302 individuals’ member in an

Italian self-help internet community for cyber pornography dependents. This

paper is directly focuses on the narratives of cyber pornography dependents, as

they define themselves to analyze more about the major patterns of distress

(Cavaglion 2007). Commented [L18]: paraphrasaed by: Godinez, Althea

 14

According to Carroll, J. et al. (2008) found that, among emerging adults,

both male and female, religiosity is somewhat strongly negatively correlated with

acceptance of pornography it means that religiosity is not the basis for being an

addict to cyber-pornography. Also, there is a sample from some of the

universities in the United States, found a weaker correlation than the strength of

negative correlation by accepting cyber-pornography acceptance and religiosity,

saying that many religious people who do not accept Internet pornography but

still use to watch pornography.

Related Studies

In particular, conservative protestant and those American religious are the

most historically ardent opponents of the production of pornography,

dissemination and use. Hence, conservatism religious American are committed

and theologically the less likely view pornography than others. Some

evangelicalism and other sectarian Protestantism mostly believed that the

pornography is morally wrong in terms of religious traditions. However, the

difference was often not as great consistent given strong moral stance that might

supposed to (Perry S. 2018) Commented [L19]: paraphrase by: Hara pacaña

Religious individuals’ prior work tends to be critical of internet

pornography. Additionally, people who are harbor in negative views with their

own IP use are more likely experienced religiously spiritual struggles and

distress. It is also said that being perceive to addiction in internet pornography

 15

rather than actual IP use can be related of having a lower self-esteem, more

anger, and more anger directed toward God (Wilt J., et al. 2016) Commented [L20]: paraphrased by: zapanta jurvin

Religious beliefs and moral attitudes to sexual functioning are often

related. It was expected that perceived addiction to internet pornography would

indeed predict such struggles, both overtime and cross-sectionally, but the use of

actual pornography would not. However, it is revealed that internet pornography

perceived of addiction predicted to have a unique variance in overtime struggles,

even when the baseline levels of struggles and other variables that are related

held to be constant (Grubbs et al 2017). Commented [L21]: paraphrase by: godinez, althea
 16

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains all the methodologies used in the study. This

specifically discusses the research design, environment, respondents, instrument

including the procedure of data gathering and analysis. Commented [L22]: contibuted by: codilla ann

Research Design

The goal of this study is to determine the influence of cyber-pornography

usage and religious orientation. The researcher used a comparative type of

research to present the factors who are involved in this study to examine the

experiences of the respondents on the usage of cyber-pornography. The study of

Freud (1905) examined the causes of indulgence in pornography and how the

religious orientation affects students from accessing these contents. Commented [L23]: paraphrase by: pacaña, hara

Research Environment

The study was conducted at the University of Cebu-Pri Campus locamted

at J Alcantara St. Cebu City. It is premier educational institution in the Visayas

region. It was founded by Atty. Augusto W. Go 1964 as an institution og higher

learning committed to authentic education. The University offers basic education

programs specifically, Pre elementary, Elementary, Junior and Senior High

School, and Graduate Degrees. For Senior High School, the programs offers are

academic, technical and vocational, and arts and design tracks. The researcher
 17

chose this institution, since; it has a large population of students, specifically in

the GAS strand. For this reason, the data that was gathered can provide

sufficient information to support the study.

Research Respondent

The participants were chosen purposively to answer the questionnaire. It

consist of 30 students that are studying in University of Cebu- Private Campus.

According to Gay (1976) stated that correlational research in which 30

respondents were given is one of the acceptable size for any types of research.

The research use the purposive sampling wherein selective students had a

chance to be a part of this study. According to Payls (2008), purposive sampling

is virtually synonymous with qualitative research, researchers select only the

respondents who are suitable for this topic.

Research Instruments

Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (Grubbs et al. 2010) was used in order

to determine the different ways on how the respondents’ view cyber-pornography

based on the first variable stated in the objectives of the study. These consist of

5 categories: compulsivity, social, isolated, guilt and efforts. 7 likert scale and 4

likert scale was used in order to determine their response. Intrinsic or Extrinsic

Religious Orientation Scale (Darvyri et al. 2014) was used in order to determine

the religious orientation of respondents. 4 likert scale was used in order to

determine their response.

 18

Data Collection Procedure

The researcher first identified who are the Senior High School students

that were part of the selection. The researchers ask the permission of the

principal of the school for the conduction of their study being granted. The

researchers also made the letter for the participants and explain the purpose why

they conducted that study and also the procedures to be followed are stated

thoroughly. The data were administered with questionnaires and are given

instruction on how to fill out the given questionnaires. The researchers make sure

that each participants clearly understood the instruction so that the participants

can establish uniformity in filling out the questionnaire. The researcher also

discuss and ensure the participants about the confidentially of their responses

and information. Each participants were given one (1) set of questionnaire that

contained questions related to Cyber-pornography usage and Religious

Orientation of the participants. The result of the responses being gathered was

then calculated. Commented [L24]: contibuteed by: codilla, ann

Data Analysis Procedure

Pearson R test was use to examine the relationship between two

variables. The first one if there is the relationship between the cyber-pornography

and religious orientation.

Linear regression is a relationship between two variables and used when

there is a significant relationship between the x and y variables and also it used

in predicting the value of y, given the value of x. As stated by De la Cruz-

 19

Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), this test was used to determine the significant

relationship between the Cyber-Pornography and Religious Orientation.

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was utilized

to compute the Pearson R result between cyber-pornography and religious

orientation. SPSS is the most popular statistical package which can analyze

properly with simple instruction. After the result computed, interpretation on the

result was discussed in each tables with supporting citation and relevant studies.
 20

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter contains and discusses the tables that are made which

present the result of the gathered data, the analysis of the study and also the

interpretation of the data being collected and gathered.

Students’ Cyber-Pornography Usage

Table 1. Compulsivity of using Cyber-Pornography

Statements Mean SD
I have made promises to myself to stop using the
4.57 2.431
Internet for pornography.
I see no purpose in viewing online pornography. 4.20 2.280
I have punished myself when I use the Internet for
pornography (e.g. time-out from computer, cancel 3. 97 2.327
Internet subscription, etc.)
Even when I do not want to view pornography online, I
3.70 2.200
find myself.
I feel unable to stop my use of online pornography. 3.63 2.189
I have no problem controlling my use of online
3.60 2.313
pornography.
Pornography has sometimes interfered with certain
3.60 1.993
aspects of my life.
I believe I am addicted to Internet pornography. 2.50 2.047
I sometimes use pornography as a reward for
accomplishing something (e.g., finish a project, stressful 2.40 1.217
day, etc.)
It is easy for me to turn down chance to view online
2.00 .743
pornography
11. When I am unable to access pornography online, I
1.43 .430
feel anxious, angry or disappointed.
Total Weighted Mean 3.2177
Overall Standard Deviation .94300
Ranges for the Weighted Mean

Range Description
6.1- 7.00 Very High
5.25- 6.0 High Compulsivity
4.40- 5.24 Moderate
3.55- 4.39 Neutral
2.70- 3.54 Below
 21

1.85- 2.69 Low

1.00- 1.84 Very Low

Table 1 shows that statement 1 state that the highest value of the mean

that contributed by respondents is 4.57 and 2.431 is the whole quantity of

standard deviation calculated from the respondents who promise to stop using

internet for pornography. It determines that the respondents weighted mean is

calculated the whole quantity of 3.2177, therefore it is below compulsivity. As the

whole, we calculated the presented database on the questionnaire the mean and

the standard deviation. Which is the total or the result the highest is the weighted

mean 3.2177 while the standard deviation is .94300.

Table 2. Social Interaction pertaining to Cyber-Pornography

Statements Mean SD
I have met face to face with someone I met online for
.57 1.073
romantic purposes.
I have participated in sexually related chats. .37 .718
I have increased the risks I take online (give out name
.33 .661
and phone number, meet people offline, etc.)
I have a sexualized username or nickname that I use on
.23 .568
the Internet.
I use sexual humor and innuendo with others while
.20 .551
online.
Total Weighted Mean .3400
Overall Standard Deviation .56361

Ranges for the Weighted Mean

Range Description

3.20- 4.00 Very High

2.40- 3.19 High
1.60- 2. 39 Average
0.80- 1.59 Low
0.00- 0.79 Very low

Table 2, It shows the Standard Deviation and the Mean. Meanwhile by

solving using SPSS base on what participants perspective regarding Cyber-

 22

Pornography it was proven in the final result that the Standard Deviation is higher

than the total Weighted Mean. Standard Deviation get a total of .56361 and the

Weighted Mean get a total of .3400.

Table 3. Isolated In Terms of Watching Pornography

Statements Mean SD
I have stayed up after midnight to access pornography
.77 1.305
online.
I try to hide what is on my computer or monitor so others
.60 .855
cannot see it.
I search for pornography through an Internet search tool. .57 1.104
I masturbate while looking at pornography on the
.50 .939
Internet.
Total Weighted Mean .5833
Overall Standard Deviation .81031

Ranges for the Weighted Mean

Range Description

3.20- 4.00 Very High

2.40- 3.19 High
1.60- 2. 39 Average
0.80- 1.59 Low
0.00- 0.79 Very low

Table 3 shows the isolation of the respondent’s in terms of watching

pornography. It shows that every each question was resulted that Standard

Deviation has a good standard when it compare to the mean and it was proven in

the final result that Standard Deviation has a total high result than the total

Weighted Mean. It also appears that respondents have higher result on staying

up after midnight to access pornography online.

 23

Table 4. Guilt towards viewing on cyber-pornography

Statements Mean SD
I avoid situations might someday discover my secret of
1.73 1.680
viewing online pornography.
I feel ashamed after viewing pornography online. 1.60 1.499
I feel depressed after viewing pornography online. 1.53 1.655
The subject of Internet pornography does not make me
1.50 1.757
uncomfortable.
I feel sick after viewing pornography. 1.33 1.647
After viewing pornography online, I clear my browser’s
1.30 1.466
history.
I feel no negative emotions after viewing pornography
1.17 1.392
online.
I fear that someone might someday discover my secret
1.10 1.348
of viewing online pornography.
I feel good after viewing pornography online. 1.07 1.437
When I am unable to access pornography online I feel
1.07 1.388
relieved that I did not sin.
Viewing pornography online does not bother me. 1.03 1.474
I am very uncomfortable when the subject of Internet
.47 937
pornography comes up.
Total Weighted Mean 1.2417
Overall Standard Deviation .83430

Ranges for the Weighted Mean

Range Description

3.20- 4.00 Very High

2.40- 3.19 High
1.60- 2. 39 Average
0.80- 1.59 Low
0.00- 0.79 Very low

Table 4 shows the result of the respondent’s feels guilt while watching

pornography. Based on their answer to the following statements, it shows the

total weighted mean and the total standard deviation. As a result, the total

weighted mean is 1.2417 based on the range.

 24

Table 5. Efforts on Viewing Cyber-pornography

Statements True % False % Total
I have rearranged my schedule do
that I would be able to view
7 70 23 23 100%
pornography online without being
disturbed.
At times, I try to arrange my
schedule so that I will be able to be
8 80 22 22 100%
alone in my room to view
pornography
I have gotten up earlier or gone in to
bed later than my roommates to view 8 80 22 22 100%
pornography.
I have refused to go out with friends
or attend certain social functions to 5 50 25 50 100%
have the opportunity.
I have put off studying or other
important priorities to view 8 80 22 22 100%
pornography.
Total Weighted Mean 1. 7667
.34873
Overall Standard Deviation

Table 5 shows how the respondents show their will of watching porn or

visiting a porn site. With this regard, the table also shows several percentages

based on how the respondents respond to the questions whether they are going

to incline or decline the said questions.

 25

Table 6. Religious Orientation of the Respondents

Statements Mean SD
I have often had a strong sense of God’s presence. 3.40 1.102
I pray mainly to gain relief and protection. 3.20 1.186
I enjoy reading about my religion. 3.00 1.050
It is important to me to spend time in private thought and
2.97 1.159
prayer.
I try to live all my life according to my religious beliefs. 2.87 1.106
It doesn’t much matter what I believe so long as I am
2.83 1.341
good.
I try hard to live all my life according to my religious
2.83 1.177
beliefs.
My whole approach to life is based on my religion. 2.60 1.192
Although I believe in my religion, many other things are
2.57 1.305
more important in life.
Although I am religious, I don’t let it affect in my daily life. 2.43 1.406
I go to church because it helps me to make friends. 2.20 1.375
I go to church mostly Ito spend time with my friends. 1.90 1.470
I go to church mainly because I enjoy seeing people I
1.87 1.408
know there.
Total Weighted Mean 2.6667
Overall Standard Deviation .96550
Ranges for the Weighted Mean

Range Description

3.20- 4.00 Very High

2.40- 3.19 High
1.60- 2. 39 Average
0.80- 1.59 Low
0.00- 0.79 Very low

As shown in Table 6, it resulted that the participants has the strong sense

of Gods presences; this has a weighted mean of 3.4 which belongs to very

excellent religious oriented people this is because participants are very into

religious event and activities and do have strong beliefs in God.

 26

Table 7. Relationship of Students’ Cyber-Pornography Usage and their

Religious Orientation
Unstandardized Standardized
Model Coefficients Coefficients T Sig.
B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) .658 1.332 .494 .626

Compulsivity .110 .223 .107 .492 .627

Isolated -.152 .381 -.127 -.398 .694

Efforts .975 .552 .352 1.765 .090

Social -.145 .532 -.085 -.272 .788

Guilt .058 .274 .050 .210 .835

As shown in Table 7, the researchers in University of Cebu Senior High

School Grade 12 GAS, uses linear regression to see if there is a significant

relationship between cyber-pornography usage and their religious orientation. At

0.05 level of significance, the following hypotheses were tested, the significant

relationship between the students’ compulsivity on cyber-pornography use and

their religious orientation, the significant relationship between students’ social

interaction pertaining to cyber-pornography and their religious orientation, the

significant relationship between students’ isolation viewing on cyber-pornography

and their religious orientation, the significant relationship between students’ guilt

towards viewing on cyber-pornography and religious orientation, and the

significant relationship between students’ efforts in viewing on cyber-

pornography and their religious orientation. The result are .627 .694 .090 .788

.835 level of significance, it means that there are no relationship between

students’ cyber-pornography and their religious orientation. According to Carroll,

 27

J. et al. (2008) stated that “among emerging adults, both male and female,

religiosity is somewhat strongly negatively correlated with acceptance of

pornography”
 28

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study, the conclusion being

concluded based on the results gathered and the solutions being recommended

for all the possible respondents and people who benefits this study.

Summary of Findings

First and foremost, the cyber-pornography usage of the respondents were

determine on how the respondents view cyber-pornography in terms of

compulsivity, social, isolation, efforts and guilt.

Second, the religious orientation of the respondents, It was identifies that

most of the respondents are religiously in high Intrinsic Orientation. Dominantly,

intrinsic type of orientation appeared to have higher mean score.

Next, is the significant relationship between the students’ Cyber-

Pornography usage and their religious orientation where apparently accepted.

The hypothesis resulted that there is no significant relationship between the two

variables.

Another, the significant relationship between the students’ compulsivity on

Cyber-Pornography use and their religious orientation. This was also identified

that there is no significant relationship between two variables as what the result

of the hypothesis.
 29

At this juncture, the significant relationship between students’ social

interaction pertaining to cyber-pornography and their religious orientation. This

was also identified that there is no significant relationship between the two

variables. Therefore, the decision for null hypothesis is accepted.

Moreover, the findings of the study also showed that there were no

significant relationship between the students’ isolation viewing on cyber-

pornography and their religious orientation.

There was also no significant relationship between students’ guilt towards

viewing on cyber-pornography and religious orientation.

Lastly, in terms of students’ efforts on viewing cyber-pornography and

religious orientation where it was in accordance with their will, was also resulted

as no significant relationship.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, the cyber-pornography usage of the respondents

and their religious orientation. Both male and female, religiosity is somewhat

strongly negatively correlated with acceptance of pornography. It is also

presumed that there was no correlation between religiosity and viewing on cyber-

pornography it’s because of today’s generation. Students’ religion orientation

does not affects on viewing cyber-pornography. Students may inherit the moral

aspects of life by being a religion-oriented. This kind of nurturing molds the

students’ religiosity and by that it can make a big impact on students’ lives.
 30

Recommendation

Based on the results, the following recommendations are drawn:

 Religious orientation can somewhat help them through moral aspects of

life that they can enable to become more disciplined and they can improve

their behavior.

 Religions may conduct some orientations or seminar on how to lessen the

students’ viewing on cyber-pornography so that they can be more open to

what are the results of watching pornography.

 Internet café’s may not allowed students’ who are watching pornographic

sites because sometimes it can give them bad effects towards their

attitudes.

 Guidance in school may conduct an orientation or seminar by section,

regarding on why viewing on cyber-pornography should can be stopped,

and what can it affects students’ attitudes.

 31

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 33

APPENDICES

Appendix A

Transmittal Letter

University of Cebu - Pri

Senior High School Department
J. Alcantara St., Cebu City

July 25, 2018

DR. ABELARDO T. TEJO JR.

Senior High School Principal
University of Cebu – Pri
J. Alcantara St. Cebu City

Sir:

Good day!

The undersigned, a students of Grade 12 GAS 1P-Providence of University of Cebu Pri-

Campus would like to humbly ask from your good office to conduct a survey among the
Grade 12 GAS students in this school. This is related to our study entitled “Cyber-
Pornography Usage and Religious Orientation of Grade 12 GAS Students”.

The survey would last only about 5-10 minutes and will be performed at a convenient
time of the students. The said survey is voluntarily and assured that all information
provided by the students will be highly kept confidentially and it is only use for research
purposes.

I’m looking forward to your favorable response with regard to this matter. Thank you very
much for your support.

Sincerely yours,

MS. HARA MARIE B. PACAÑA

Research Group Representative

Noted:

ALVIN G. CUÑADO, MAEd-ELT

Research Adviser

DR. ABELARDO T. TEJO JR.

Senior High School Principal
 34

Appendix B

Survey Questionnaire

Dear Respondents:

We want to inform you that we are conducting a study entitled “Cyber-

Pornography Usage and Religious Orientation of Grade 12 GAS Students”.
Please don’t leave any items unanswered. We assure that all answers you
provide will be kept in the strictest confidentiality and will be used only for
research-related purposes.

Conforme: I do herby conform to provide valid responses and answer the

questions below with all honesty.
Name: _______________ Signature: _____________
Section: _____________ Session: ______________
Gender: Male Female (Please put a check inside the box.)

Religion: _________________

Cyber- Pornography Use Inventory

Instructions: For each of the following statements put a check mark based on
the scale for each statement. Be reminded that do not leave items unanswered.
Answer with all honesty.

Compulsivity: 1=strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Somewhat Disagree, 4=

neither agree nor disagree,5= Somewhat Agree, 6= Agree, 7= Strongly Agree

Item
Statements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No.
Pornography has sometimes interfered with certain
1
aspects of my life.
I sometimes use pornography as a reward for
2 accomplishing something (e.g., finish a project, stressful
day, etc.)
3 I see no purpose in viewing online pornography.
I have made promises to myself to stop using the Internet
4 for
pornography.
When I am unable to access pornography online, I feel
5
anxious angry, or disappointed.
It is easy for me to turn down the chance to view online
6
porngraphy.
 35

I have punished myself when I use the Internet for

7 pornography (e.g. time-out from computer, cancel Internet
subscription, etc.)
Even when I do not want to view pornography online, I
8
find myself.
9 I feel unable to stop my use of online pornography.
I have no problem controlling my use of online
10
pornography.
11 I believe I am addicted to Internet pornography.

Social: 0=Never, 1= Rarely, 2=Sometimes, 3= Frequently, 4= Always

Item
Statements 0 1 2 3 4
No.
1 I use sexual humor and innuendo with others while online.
2 I have participated in sexually related chats.
I have a sexualized username or nickname that I use on the
3
Internet.
I have increased the risks I take online (give out name and
4 phone
number, meet people offline, etc.)
I have met face to face with someone I met online for romantic
5
purposes.

Isolated: 0=Never, 1= Rarely, 2=Sometimes, 3= Frequently, 4= Always

Item
Statements 0 1 2 3 4
No.
1 I search for pornography through an Internet search tool.
I try to hide what is on my computer or monitor so others cannot
2
see it.
3 I have stayed up after midnight to access pornography online.
4 I masturbate while looking at pornography on the Internet.

Guilt: 0=Never, 1= Rarely, 2=Sometimes, 3= Frequently, 4= Always

Item
Statements 0 1 2 3 4
No.
I am very uncomfortable when the subject of Internet pornography
1
comes up.
The subject of Internet pornography does not make me
2
uncomfortable.
3 After viewing pornography online, I clear my browser’s history.
 36

I avoid situations in which my pornography usage could be

4
exposed or confronted.
I fear that someone might someday discover my secret of viewing
5
online pornography.
6 Viewing pornography online does not bother me.
7 I feel no negative emotions after viewing pornography online.
8 I feel ashamed after viewing pornography online.
9 I feel depressed after viewing pornography online.
10 I feel sick after viewing pornography online.
11 I feel good after viewing pornography online.
When I am unable to access pornography online I feel relieved
12
that I did not sin.

Efforts: How likely are the following statements applicable to you?

1=True, 2=False
Item
Statements 1 2
No.
I have rearranged my schedule so that I would be able to view
1
pornography online without being disturbed.
At times, I try to arrange my schedule so that I will be able to be alone in my
2
room to view pornography.
I have gotten up earlier or gone to bed later than my roommates to view
3
pornography.
I have refused to go out with friends or attend certain social functions to
4
have the opportunity to view pornography online.
5 I have put off studying or other important priorities to view pornography.

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale

Instruction: For Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale use the scale to
answer. Be reminded that do not leave items unanswered. Answer with all
honesty.
0=Never, 1= Rarely, 2=Sometimes, 3= Frequently, 4= Always
Item
Statement 0 1 2 3 4
No.
1 I enjoy reading about my religion.
2 It is important to me to spend time in private thought and prayer.
3 I have often had a strong sense of God’s presence.
4 I pray mainly to gain relief and protection.
5 I try hard to live all my life according to my religious beliefs.
6 I try hard to live all my life according to my religious beliefs.
7 I go to church because it helps me to make friends.
8 I go to church mostly to spend time with my friends.
 37

9 My whole approach to life is based on my religion.

10 I go to church mainly because I enjoy seeing people I know there.
11 It doesn’t much matter what I believe so long as I am good
12 Although I am religious, I don’t let it affect my daily life
Although I believe in my religion, many other things are more
13
important in life.
 38

CURRICULM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Michelle Grace Allanic

Home Address : Basak Pardo Cebu City
Birthday : July 28, 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu-Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School

Elementary Education
Don Vicente Rama Memorial Elementary School
 39

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Elvie Aninon

Home Address : Andress, Abellana, Extension
Birthday : February 20, 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu-Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Saint Pius X School Of Samboan Inc.
Poblacion, Samboan, Cebu

Elementary Education
Bulangsuran, Elementary, School
Bulangsuran, Samboan,
 40

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Laiza Ann Codilla

Home Address : Inayawan, Cebu City
Birthday : November 30, 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu-Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Saint Pius X School Of Samboan Inc.
Poblacion, Samboan, Cebu

Elementary Education
Bulangsuran, Elementary, School
Bulangsuran, Samboan, Cebu
 41

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Althea G. Godinez
Home Address : Zone 6 San Pio Village Dumlog Talisay
Birthday : May 09, 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu- Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Talisay City National High School
Poblacion Talisay City Cebu

Elementary School
Bagong Lipunan Elementary School
Juan Luna Avenue Mabolo Cebu City
 42

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Hara Marie Pacana

Home Address : HillsView Village Tisa Cebu City
Birthday : May 26. 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu-Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

University of San Carlos Basic Education- South Campus
Tisa National High School

Elementary Education
Little Angles Montessori School of Cebu- Punta Princessa
 43

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Rengelie G. Sesbreno

Home Address : Subangdaku, Mandaue City
Birthday : July 3, 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu-Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Tipolo National High School
C.D Seno St. Cebu City

Elementary Education
Subangdaku Elementary School
Subangdaku, Mandaue City
 44

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Sheryl C. Terante

Home Address : San Isidro Talisay City Cebu
Birthday : October 1, 1998
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu-Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

SaintTeresa School

Elementary Education
Talisay City Central School
 45

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Ace Mark G. Viagedor
Home Address : 18-E General Lorega, Gastardo
Compound
Birthday : October 06, 2000
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School

University of Cebu- Senior High School Campus

J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Masbate Southeastern Institute

Elementary School
Masbate Southeastern Institute
 46

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Jurvin Zapanta
Home Address : 3B Modesta St. Brgy Guadalupe
Birthday : January 30, 2001
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Senior High School
University of Cebu- Senior High School Campus
J. Alcantara St, Cebu City

Junior High School

Guihulngan National High School – Poblacion

Elementary School
Guihulngan National High School – Poblacion