AISC Chapter H design examples

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H-1
Chapter H
Design of Members for Combined Forces
and Torsion
For all interaction equations in AISC Specification Chapter H, the required forces and moments must include
second-order effects, as required by Chapter C of the AISC Specification. ASD users of the 1989 AISC
Specification are accustomed to using an interaction equation that includes a partial second-order amplification.
Second order effects are now calculated in the analysis and are not included in these interaction equations.
Design Examples V14.1

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
H-2
EXAMPLE H.1A W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING ABOUT

BOTH AXES (BRACED FRAME)
Given:
Using AISC Manual Table 6-1, determine if an ASTM A992 W14 99 has sufficient available strength to support
the axial forces and moments listed as follows, obtained from a second-order analysis that includes P- effects.
The unbraced length is 14 ft and the member has pinned ends. KLx = KLy = Lb = 14.0 ft.
LRFD ASD
Pu = 400 kips Pa = 267 kips
Mux = 250 kip-ft Max = 167 kip-ft
Muy = 80.0 kip-ft May = 53.3 kip-ft
Solution:
From AISC Manual Table 2-4, the material properties are as follows:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
The combined strength parameters from AISC Manual Table 6-1 are:
LRFD ASD
p = 0.887 at 14.0 ft p= 1.33 at 14.0 ft
103 kips 103 kips

bx = 1.38 at 14.0 ft bx = 2.08 at 14.0 ft
3 3
10 kip-ft 10 kip-ft
by = 2.85 by = 4.29
103 kip-ft 103 kip-ft
Check limit for AISC Specification Equation H1-1a. Check limit for AISC Specification Equation H1-1a.
From AISC Manual Part 6, From AISC Manual Part 6,
Pu Pa
c Pn = pPu Pn / c
= pPa
0.887 1.33
= 3 400 kips = 3 267 kips
10 kips 10 kips
= 0.355 = 0.355
Because pPu > 0.2, Because pPa > 0.2,
pPu + bxMux + byMuy M 1.0 (Manual Eq. 6-1) pPa + bxMax + byMay M 1.0 (Manual Eq. 6-1)

H-3
LRFD ASD
1.38 2.08
0.355 3
250 kip-ft 0.355 3
167 kip-ft
10 kip-ft 10 kip-ft
2.85 80.0 kip-ft 1.0 4.29 53.3 kip-ft 1.0
3 3
10 kip-ft 10 kip-ft
= 0.355+ 0.345 + 0.228 = 0.355+ 0.347 + 0.229
= 0.928M 1.0 o.k. = 0.931M 1.0 o.k.
AISC Manual Table 6-1 simplifies the calculation of AISC Specification Equations H1-1a and H1-1b. A direct
application of these equations is shown in Example H.1B.

H-4
EXAMPLE H.1B W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING MOMENT

ABOUT BOTH AXES (BRACED FRAME)
Given:
Using AISC Manual tables to determine the available compressive and flexural strengths, determine if an ASTM
A992 W14 99 has sufficient available strength to support the axial forces and moments listed as follows, obtained
from a second -order analysis that includes P- effects. The unbraced length is 14 ft and the member has pinned
ends. KLx = KLy = Lb = 14.0 ft.
LRFD ASD
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
The available axial and flexural strengths from AISC Manual Tables 4-1, 3-10 and 3-4 are:
LRFD ASD
at KLy = 14.0 ft, at KLy = 14.0 ft,
Pc = cPn = 1,130 kips Pc = Pn = 750 kips
at Lb = 14.0 ft, c
at Lb = 14.0 ft,
Mcx = Mnx = 642 kip-ft
Mcx = Mnx / = 428 kip-ft
Mcy = Mny = 311 kip-ft Mcy = M ny = 207 kip-ft
Pu = 400 kips Pa 267 kips

c Pn 1,130 kips =
Pn / 750 kips
= 0.354 c
= 0.356
Pu Pa > 0.2, use AISC Specification Equation
>
Because c Pn 0.2, use AISC Specification Equation Because Pn / c
H1-1a. H1-1a.
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr 8 M rx M ry
+ + M 1.0 + + M 1.0
Pc 9 M cx Mcy Pc
9 M cx Mcy 53.3 kip-ft
400 kips 8 250 kip-ft 80.0 kip-ft 267 kips + 8 167 kip-ft +
+ +
1,130 kips 9 642 kip-ft 311 kip-ft 750 kips 9 428 kip-ft 207 kip-ft
= 0.354 + 8 0.389 + 0.257 = 0.356 + 8 0.390 + 0.257
9 9
= 0.928 < 1.0 o.k. = 0.931 < 1.0 o.k.

H-5
EXAMPLE H.2 W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING MOMENT

ABOUT BOTH AXES (BY AISC SPECIFICATION SECTION H2)
Given:
Using AISC Specification Section H2, determine if an ASTM A992 W14 99 has sufficient available strength to
support the axial forces and moments listed as follows, obtained from a second-order analysis that includes P-
effects. The unbraced length is 14 ft and the member has pinned ends. KLx = KLy = Lb = 14.0 ft. This example is
included primarily to illustrate the use of AISC Specification Section H2.
LRFD ASD
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
From AISC Manual Table 1-1, the geometric properties are as follows:
W14 99
A
= 29.1 in.2
Sx = 157 in.3
Sy = 55.2 in.3
The required flexural and axial stresses are:
LRFD ASD
fra Pu fra Pa
A A
360 kips2
240 kips 2
29.1 in. 29.1in.

12.4 ksi 8.25 ksi
frbx Mux frbx M ax

Sx Sx
250 kip-ft 12 in. 167 kip-ft 12 in.
3 3
157 in. ft 157 in. ft
19.1ksi 12.8 ksi

H-6
LRFD ASD
frby Muy frby M ay
Sy Sy
80.0 kip-ft 12in. 53.3 kip-ft 12 in.
3 3
55.2 in. ft 55.2in. ft
17.4 ksi 11.6 ksi
Calculate the available flexural and axial stresses from the available strengths in Example H.1B.
LRFD ASD
Fca c Fcr Fca Fcr
Pn
c c
A Pn
1,130 kips cA
2
29.1in. 750 kips
38.8 ksi 29.1in.2
b M nx 25.8 ksi
Fcbx
Sx Fcbx Mnx
642 kip-ft 12 in. b Sx
3
157 in. ft 428 kip-ft 12 in.
49.1ksi 3
ft
157 in.
b M ny 32.7 ksi
Fcby
Sy Fcby M ny
311kip-ft 12 in. b Sy
3
55.2 in. ft 207 kip-ft 12 in.
67.6 ksi 3
ft
55.2 in.
45.0 ksi
As shown in the LRFD calculation of Fcby in the preceding text, the available flexural stresses can exceed the
yield stress in cases where the available strength is governed by yielding and the yielding strength is calculated
using the plastic section modulus.
Combined Stress Ratio
From AISC Specification Section H2, check the combined stress ratios as follows:
LRFD ASD
f ra + frbx + frby M 1.0 (from Spec. Eq. H2-1) f ra + frbx + frby M 1.0 (from Spec. Eq. H2-1)
Fca Fcbx Fcby Fca Fcbx Fcby
12.4 ksi + 19.1 ksi +17.4 ksi = 0.966 < 1.0 o.k. 8.25 ksi +12.8 ksi +11.6 ksi = 0.969 < 1.0 o.k.
38.8 ksi 49.1 ksi 67.6 ksi 25.8 ksi 32.7 ksi 45.0 ksi

H-7
A comparison of these results with those from Example H.1B shows that AISC Specification Equation H1-1a will
produce less conservative results than AISC Specification Equation H2-1 when its use is permitted.
Note: This check is made at a point on the cross-section (extreme fiber, in this example). The designer must
therefore determine which point on the cross-section is critical, or check multiple points if the critical point cannot
be readily determined.

H-8
EXAMPLE H.3 W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND FLEXURE
Given:
Select an ASTM A992 W-shape with a 14- in. nominal depth to carry forces of 29.0 kips from dead load and 87.0
kips from live load in axial tension, as well as the following moments due to uniformly distributed loads:
MxD = 32.0 kip-ft
MxL = 96.0 kip-ft
MyD = 11.3 kip-ft
MyL = 33.8 kip-ft
The unbraced length is 30.0 ft and the ends are pinned. Assume the connections are made with no holes.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required strength is:
LRFD ASD
Pu = 1.2(29.0 kips) + 1.6(87.0 kips) Pa = 29.0 kips + 87.0 kips
= 174 kips = 116 kips
Mux = 1.2(32.0 kip-ft) + 1.6(96.0 kip-ft) Max = 32.0 kip-ft + 96 kip-ft
= 192 kip-ft = 128 kip-ft
Muy = 1.2(11.3 kip-ft) + 1.6(33.8 kip-ft) May = 11.3 kip-ft + 33.8 kip-ft
= 67.6 kip-ft = 45.1 kip-ft
Try a W14 82.
From AISC Manual Tables 1-1 and 3-2, the geometric properties are as follows:
W14 82
A = 24.0 in.2
Sx = 123 in.3
Zx = 139 in.3
Sy = 29.3 in.3
Zy = 44.8 in.3
Iy = 148 in.4
Lp = 8.76 ft
Lr = 33.2 ft
Nominal Tensile Strength
From AISC Specification Section D2(a), the nominal tensile strength due to tensile yielding on the gross section
is:
Pn = FyAg (Spec. Eq. D2-1)
= 50 ksi(24.0 in.2)
= 1,200 kips

H-9
Note that for a member with holes, the rupture strength of the member would also have to be computed using
AISC Specification Equation D2-2.
Nominal Flexural Strength for Bending About the X-X Axis
Yielding
From AISC Specification Section F2.1, the nominal flexural strength due to yielding (plastic moment) is:
Mnx = Mp
= FyZx (Spec. Eq. F2-1)
= 50 ksi(139 in.3)
= 6,950 kip-in.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
From AISC Specification Section F2.2, the nominal flexural strength due to lateral-torsional buckling is
determined as follows:
Because Lp < Lb M Lr, i.e., 8.76 ft < 30.0 ft < 33.2 ft, AISC Specification Equation F2-2 applies.
Lateral-Torsional Buckling Modification Factor, Cb
From AISC Manual Table 3-1, Cb = 1.14, without considering the beneficial effects of the tension force.
However, per AISC Specification Section H1.2, Cb may be increased because the column is in axial tension.
P 2
EI y
ey
Lb2
2
29,000 ksi 148 in.4
2
30.0 ft 12.0 in./ft
= 327 kips
LRFD ASD
1 Pu 1 1.0 174kips 1 Pa 1 1.6 116kips
Pey 327 kips Pey 327 kips
1.24 1.25
Cb 1.24 1 .14
= 1.41
Lb Lp
Mn = Cb M p M p 0.7Fy Sx M Mp (Spec. Eq. F2-2)

Lr Lp
3
30.0ft 8.76ft
= 1.416,950 kip-in. 6,950 kip-in. 0.7 50 ksi 123 in.
33.2ft 8.76ft
= 6,560 kip-in. < Mp
Therefore, use Mn = 6,560 kip-in. or 547 kip-ft controls
Local Buckling

H-10
Per AISC Manual Table 1-1, the cross section is compact at Fy = 50 ksi; therefore, the local buckling limit state
does not apply.
Nominal Flexural Strength for Bending About the Y-Y Axis and the Interaction of Flexure and Tension
Because a W14 82 has compact flanges, only the limit state of yielding applies for bending about the y-y axis.
Mny = Mp = FyZy M 1.6FySy (Spec. Eq. F6-1)

= 50 ksi(44.8 in.3) M 1.6(50 ksi)(29.3 in.3)
= 2,240 kip-in. < 2,340 kip-in.
Therefore, use Mny = 2,240 kip-in. or 187 kip-ft
Available Strength
From AISC Specification Sections D2 and F1, the available strength is:
LRFD ASD
b = t = 0.90 b = t = 1.67
Pc = tPn Pc Pn
= 0.90(1,200 kips) t
= 1,080 kips 1,200 kips
1.67
719 kips
Mcx = bMnx Mcx M nx
= 0.90(547 kip-ft)
b
= 492 kip-ft
= 547 kip-ft
1.67
328 kip-ft
Mcy = bMny Mcy M ny
= 0.90(187 kip-ft) b
= 168 kip-ft
187 kip-ft
1.67
112 kip-ft
Interaction of Tension and Flexure
Check limit for AISC Specification Equation H1-1a.
LRFD ASD
Pr Pu Pr Pa
t Pn t Pn Pn / t Pn / t
174 kips 116 kips
1,080 kips 719 kips
0.161 0.2 0.161 0.2

H-11
Therefore, AISC Specification Equation H1-1b applies.
Pr M rx M ry (Spec. Eq. H1-1b)

1.0
2Pc M cx Mcy
LRFD ASD
174 kips 192 kip-ft 67.6 kip-ft 1.0 116 kips 128 kip-ft 45.1 kip-ft 1.0
2 1,080 kips 492 kip-ft 168 kip-ft 2 719 kips 328 kip-ft 112 kip-ft
0.873 ≤ 1.0 o.k. 0.874 ≤ 1.0 o.k.

H-12
EXAMPLE H.4 W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE
Given:
Select an ASTM A992 W-shape with a 10-in. nominal depth to carry axial compression forces of 5.00 kips from
dead load and 15.0 kips from live load. The unbraced length is 14.0 ft and the ends are pinned. The member also
has the following required moment strengths due to uniformly distributed loads, not including second-order
effects:
MxD = 15 kip-ft
MxL = 45 kip-ft
MyD = 2 kip-ft
MyL = 6 kip-ft
The member is not subject to sidesway (no lateral translation).
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required strength (not considering second-order effects) is:
LRFD ASD
= 30.0 kips = 20.0 kips
Mux = 1.2(15.0 kip-ft) + 1.6(45.0 kip-ft) Max = 15.0 kip-ft + 45.0 kip-ft
= 90.0 kip-ft = 60.0 kip-ft
Muy = 1.2(2.00 kip-ft) + 1.6(6.00 kip-ft) May = 2.00 kip-ft + 6.00 kip-ft
= 12.0 kip-ft = 8.00 kip-ft
Try a W10 33.
From AISC Manual Tables 1-1 and 3-2, the geometric properties are as follows:
W10 33
A = 9.71 in.2
Sx = 35.0 in.3
Zx = 38.8 in.3
Ix = 171 in.4
rx = 4.19 in.
Sy = 9.20 in.3
Zy = 14.0 in.3
Iy = 36.6 in.4
ry = 1.94 in.
Lp = 6.85 ft
Lr = 21.8 ft

H-13
Available Axial Strength
From AISC Specification Commentary Table C-A-7.1, for a pinned-pinned condition, K = 1.0.
Because KLx = KLy = 14.0 ft and rx > ry, the y-y axis will govern.
From AISC Manual Table 4-1, the available axial strength is:
LRFD ASD
Pc = cPn Pc = Pn
= 253 kips c
= 168 kips
Required Flexural Strength (including second-order amplification)
Use the approximate method of second-order analysis procedure from AISC Specification Appendix 8. Because
the member is not subject to sidesway, only P- amplifiers need to be added.
B1 Cm 1 (Spec. Eq. A-8-3)

1 Pr / Pe1
Cm = 1.0
The x-x axis flexural magnifier is,
P 2 (from Spec. Eq. A-8-5)

EIx
e1 2
K1Lx
2
29, 000 ksi 171in.4
2
1 .0 14.0 ft 12 in./ft
= 1,730 kips
LRFD ASD
= 1.0 = 1.6
1.0 1.0
B1 1 1.0 30.0 kips / 1, 730 kips B1 1 1.6 20.0 kips / 1, 730 kips
= 1.02 = 1.02
Mux = 1.02(90.0 kip-ft) Max = 1.02(60.0 kip-ft)
= 91.8 kip-ft = 61.2 kip-ft
The y-y axis flexural magnifier is,
Pe1 2 (from Spec. Eq. A-8-5)

EI y
K1Ly 2
2
29, 000 ksi 36.6 in.4
2
1 .0 14.0 ft 12 in./ft
= 371 kips
H-14
LRFD ASD
= 1.0 = 1.6
1.0 1.0
B1 1 1.0 30.0 kips / 371kips B1 1 1.6 20.0 kips / 371kips
= 1.09 = 1.09
Muy = 1.09(12.0 kip-ft) May = 1.09(8.00 kip-ft)
= 13.1 kip-ft = 8.72 kip-ft
Nominal Flexural Strength about the X-X Axis
Yielding
Mnx = Mp = FyZx (Spec. Eq. F2-1)
= 50 ksi(38.8 in.3)
= 1,940 kip-in
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Because Lp < Lb < Lr, i.e., 6.85 ft < 14.0 ft < 21.8 ft, AISC Specification Equation F2-2 applies.
From AISC Manual Table 3-1, Cb = 1.14
Lb Lp
Mnx = Cb M p Mp 0.7Fy Sx M Mp (Spec. Eq. F2-2)
Lr Lp
3
14.0ft 6.85ft
=1.141,940 kip-in. 1,940 kip-in. 0.7 50ksi 35.0 in.
21.8 ft 6.85ft
= 1,820 kip-in. M 1,940 kip-in.
Therefore, use Mnx = 1,820 kip-in. or 152 kip-ft controls
Local Buckling
Per AISC Manual Table 1-1, the member is compact for Fy = 50 ksi, so the local buckling limit state does not
apply.
Nominal Flexural Strength about the Y-Y Axis
Determine the nominal flexural strength for bending about the y-y axis from AISC Specification Section F6.
Because a W10 33 has compact flanges, only the yielding limit state applies.
From AISC Specification Section F6.2,
Mny = Mp = FyZy M 1.6FySy (Spec. Eq. F6-1)

= 50 ksi(14.0 in.3) M 1.6(50 ksi)(9.20 in.3)
= 700 kip-in M 736 kip-in.
Therefore, use Mny = 700 kip-in. or 58.3 kip-ft
From AISC Specification Section F1, the available flexural strength is:

H-15
LRFD ASD
b = 0.90 = 1.67
b
Mcx = bMnx Mcx =M nx
b
= 0.90(152 kip-ft) 152 kip-ft
= 137 kip-ft
1.67
Mcy = bMny = 91.0 kip-ft
= 0.90(58.3 kip-ft) M ny
= 52.5 kip-ft Mcy =
b
58.3 kip-ft
1.67
= 34.9 kip-ft
Check limit for AISC Specification Equations H1-1a and H1-1b.
LRFD ASD
Pr Pu Pr Pa
Pc c Pn Pc Pn / c
= 30.0 kips = 20.0 kips
253 kips 168 kips
= 0.119 < 0.2, therefore, use AISC Specification = 0.119 < 0.2, therefore, use AISC Specification
Equation H1-1b Equation H1-1b
Pr M rx Mry (Spec. Eq. H1-1b) Pr M rx Mry (Spec. Eq. H1-1b)
+ + M 1.0 + + M 1.0
2Pc Mcx Mcy 2Pc Mcx Mcy
30.0 kips +
91.8 kip-ft +
13.1 kip-ft 20.0 kips +
61.2 kip-ft +
8.72 kip-ft
2(253 kips) 137 kip-ft 52.5 kip-ft 2(168 kips) 91.0 kip-ft 34.9 kip-ft
0.0593 + 0.920 = 0.979 M 1.0 o.k. 0.0595 + 0.922 = 0.982 M 1.0 o.k.

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H-16
EXAMPLE H.5A RECTANGULAR HSS TORSIONAL STRENGTH
Given:
Determine the available torsional strength of an ASTM A500 Grade B HSS6 4 4.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade B

Fy = 46 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
HSS6 4 4
h/t = 22.8
b/t = 14.2
t
= 0.233 in.
C = 10.1 in.3
The available torsional strength for rectangular HSS is stipulated in AISC Specification Section H3.1(b).
h/t > b/t, therefore, h/t governs

h/t ≤ 2.45 E
Fy
22.8 2.45 29,000 ksi
46 ksi
= 61.5, therefore, use AISC Specification Equation H3-3
Fcr = 0.6Fy (Spec. Eq. H3-3)
= 0.6(46 ksi)
= 27.6 ksi
The nominal torsional strength is,
Tn = FcrC (Spec. Eq. H3-1)
= 27.6 ksi (10.1 in.3)

= 279 kip-in.
From AISC Specification Section H3.1, the available torsional strength is:
LRFD ASD
T = 0.90 T = 1.67
TTn = 0.90(279 kip-in.) Tn 279 kip-in.
= 251 kip-in. 1.67
T
= 167 kip-in.
Note: For more complete guidance on designing for torsion, see AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of
Structural Steel Members (Seaburg and Carter, 1997).

H-17
EXAMPLE H.5B ROUND HSS TORSIONAL STRENGTH
Given:
Determine the available torsional strength of an ASTM A500 Grade B HSS5.000 0.250 that is 14 ft long.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade B

Fy = 42 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
HSS5.000 0.250
D/t = 21.5
t
= 0.233 in.
D = 5.00 in. C
= 7.95 in.3
The available torsional strength for round HSS is stipulated in AISC Specification Section H3.1(a).
Calculate the critical stress as the larger of:
Fcr = 1.23E
5
(Spec. Eq. H3-2a)
L D 4
D t
= 1.23 29,000 ksi
14.0 ft (12 in./ft) 21.5 4
5
5.00 in.
= 133 ksi
and
Fcr = 0.60E (Spec. Eq. H3-2b)
3
D2
t
0.60 29,000 ksi
= 3
21.5 2
= 175 ksi
However, Fcr shall not exceed the following:
0.6Fy = 0.6(42 ksi)

= 25.2 ksi
Therefore, Fcr = 25.2 ksi.

H-18
The nominal torsional strength is,
Tn = FcrC (Spec. Eq. H3-1)

= 25.2 ksi (7.95 in.3)
= 200 kip-in.
From AISC Specification Section H3.1, the available torsional strength is:
LRFD ASD
T = 0.90 T = 1.67
TTn = 0.90(200 kip-in.) Tn 200 kip-in.
= 180 kip-in. 1.67
T
= 120 kip-in.
Note: For more complete guidance on designing for torsion, see AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of
Structural Steel Members (Seaburg and Carter, 1997).

H-19
EXAMPLE H.5C RECTANGULAR HSS COMBINED TORSIONAL AND FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Given:
Verify the strength of an ASTM A500 Grade B HSS6 4 4 loaded as shown. The beam is simply supported and is
torsionally fixed at the ends. Bending is about the strong axis.
Solution:
ASTM A500 Grade B

Fy = 46 ksi
Fu = 58 ksi
HSS6 4 4
h/t = 22.8
b/t = 14.2
t = 0.233 in.
Zx = 8.53 in.3
LRFD ASD
wu = 1.2(0.460 kip/ft) + 1.6(1.38 kip/ft) wa = 0.460 kip/ft + 1.38 kip/ft
= 2.76 kip/ft = 1.84 kip/ft
Calculate the maximum shear (at the supports) using AISC Manual Table 3-23, Case 1.
LRFD ASD
Vr = V u Vr = V a
= wu l = wal
2 2
= 2.76 kip/ft 8.00 ft = 1.84 kip/ft 8.00 ft
2 2
= 11.0 kips = 7.36 kips
Calculate the maximum torsion (at the supports).
LRFD ASD
Tr = Tu Tr = Ta
= wu = wale
le
2 2

H-20
2.76 kip/ft 8.00 ft 6.00in. 1.84 kip/ft 8.00 ft (6.00 in.)

2 2
66.2 kip-in. 44.2 kip-in.
Available Shear Strength
Determine the available shear strength from AISC Specification Section G5.
h = 6.00 in. 3(0.233 in.) =

5.30 in.
Aw = 2ht from AISC Specification Section G5
=
2(5.30 in.)(0.233 in.)
=
2.47 in.2
kv = 5
The web shear coefficient is determined from AISC Specification Section G2.1(b).
h = 22.8 1.10 kv E
tw Fy
= 1.10 5(29,000ksi)
46 ksi (Spec. Eq. G2-3)
= 61.8, therefore, Cv = 1.0
The nominal shear strength from AISC Specification Section G2.1 is,
Vn = 0.6FyAwCv (Spec. Eq. G2-1)
= 0.6(46 ksi)(2.47 in.2)(1.0)

= 68.2 kips
From AISC Specification Section G1, the available shear strength is:
LRFD ASD
v = 0.90 v = 1.67
Vc vVn Vc Vn
= 0.90(68.2 kips)
v
= 61.4 kips
68.2 kips
1.67
= 40.8 kips
Available Flexural Strength
The available flexural strength is determined from AISC Specification Section F7 for rectangular HSS. For the
limit state of flexural yielding, the nominal flexural strength is,
Mn = Mp = FyZx (Spec. Eq. F7-1)
= 46 ksi(8.53 in.3)
= 392 kip-in.

H-21
Determine if the limit state of flange local buckling applies as follows:
b
t
= 14.2
Determine the flange compact slenderness limit from AISC Specification Table B4.1b Case 17.
p 1.12 E
Fy
= 1.12 29,000 ksi
46 ksi
= 28.1
p ; therefore, the flange is compact and the flange local buckling limit state does not apply.
Determine if the limit state of web local buckling applies as follows:
h
t
= 22.8
Determine the web compact slenderness limit from AISC Specification Table B4.1b Case 19.
p 2.42 29,000 ksi

46 ksi
= 60.8
p ; therefore, the web is compact and the web local buckling limit state does not apply.
Therefore, Mn = 392 kip-in., controlled by the flexural yielding limit state.
From AISC Specification Section F1, the available flexural strength is:
LRFD ASD
b= 0.90 b = 1.67
Mc bMn Mc M n
b
= 0.90(392 kip-in.) 392 kip-in.
= 353 kip-in.
1.67
235 kip-in.
From Example H.5A, the available torsional strength is:
LRFD ASD
Tc = TTn Tc Tn
= 0.90(279 kip-in.) T
= 251 kip-in. 279 kip-in.
1.67

H-22
= 167 kip-in.
Using AISC Specification Section H3.2, check combined strength at several locations where Tr > 0.2Tc.
Check at the supports, the point of maximum shear and torsion.
LRFD ASD
Tr = 66.2 kip-in. Tr = 44.2 kip-in.
Tc 251 kip-in. Tc 167 kip-in.
= 0.264 > 0.20 = 0.265 > 0.20
Therefore, use AISC Specification Equation H3-6 Therefore, use AISC Specification Equation H3-6
Pr Vr 2 Pr Vr 2
Mr Tr Mr Tr
+ +
+ + 1.0 + + 1.0
Pc Mc Vc Tc Pc Mc Vc Tc
11.0 kips 66.2 kip-in. 2 7.36 kips 44.2 kip-in. 2
0 0 + 0 0 +
61.4 kips 251 kip-in. 40.8 kips 167 kip-in.
= 0.196 ≤ 1.0 o.k. = 0.198 ≤ 1.0 o.k.
Check near the location where Tr = 0.2Tc. This is the location with the largest bending moment required to be
considered in the interaction.
Calculate the shear and moment at this location, x.
LRFD ASD
x 66.2 kip-in. 0.20 251kip-in. x 44.2kip-in. 0.20 167 kip-in.
2.76kip/ft 6.00 in. 1.84kip/ft 6.00 in.
= 0.966 ft = 0.978 ft
Tr 0.20 Tr 0.20
Tc Tc
Vr 11.0kips 0.966ft 2.76kips/ft Vr 7.36kips 0.978ft 1 .84kips/ft
8.33kips 5.56kips
2
Mr 2.76kip/ft 0.966ft 8.33kips 0.966 ft Mr 1.84kip/ft 0.978ft 2 5.56kips 0.978 ft
2 2
9.33kip-ft = 112 kip-in. 6.32kip-ft = 75.8 kip-in.
112 kip-in. 8.33 kips 2 75.8 kip-in. 5.56 kips 2
0 +
+ 0.20 0+ + 0.20
353 kip-in. 61.4 kips 235 kip-in. 40.8 kips
0.430 1.0 o.k. = 0.436 M 1.0 o.k.
Note: The remainder of the beam, where Tr M Tc, must also be checked to determine if the strength without
torsion controls over the interaction with torsion.

H-23
EXAMPLE H.6 W-SHAPE TORSIONAL STRENGTH
Given:
This design example is taken from AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members. As
shown in the following diagram, an ASTM A992 W10 49 spans 15 ft and supports concentrated loads at midspan
that act at a 6-in. eccentricity with respect to the shear center. Determine the stresses on the cross section, the
adequacy of the section to support the loads, and the maximum rotation.
The end conditions are assumed to be flexurally pinned and unrestrained for warping torsion. The eccentric load
can be resolved into a torsional moment and a load applied through the shear center.
Solution:
ASTM A992
Fy = 50 ksi
Fu = 65 ksi
W10 49
Ix = 272 in.4
Sx = 54.6 in.3
tf = 0.560 in.
w
= 0.340 in. J
= 1.39 in.4 Cw =
2,070 in.6 Zx =
t
60.4 in.3
From the AISC Shapes Database, the additional torsional properties are as follows:
W10 49
Sw1 = 33.0 in.4
Wno = 23.6 in.2
Qf = 12.8 in.3
Qw = 29.8 in.3
From AISC Design Guide 9 (Seaburg and Carter, 1997), the torsional property, a, is calculated as follows:

H-24
a ECw
G
J
(29, 000 ksi)(2,070 in.6 )
(11, 200 ksi)(1.39 in.4 )
= 62.1 in.
LRFD ASD
= 15.0 kips = 10.0 kips
Vu = P u Va = Pa
2 2
15.0 kips 10.0 kips
2 2
= 7.50 kips = 5.00 kips
M u = Pu l Ma = P a l
4 4
15.0 kips(15.0 ft)(12 in./ft) 10.0 kips(15.0 ft)(12 in./ft)
4 4
675 kip-in. 450 kip-in.
Tu = Pue Ta = Pae
= 15.0 kips(6.00 in.) = 10.0 kips(6.00 in.)

= 90.0 kip-in. = 60.0 kip-in.
Normal and Shear Stresses from Flexure
The normal and shear stresses from flexure are determined from AISC Design Guide 9, as follows:
LRFD ASD
ub = Mu (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.5) ab = Ma (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.5)
Sx Sx
= 675 kip-in. = 450 kip-in.
54.6 in.3 54.6 in.3
= 12.4 ksi (compression at top, tension at bottom) = 8.24 ksi (compression at top, tension at bottom)
ub web ab web
=Vu Qw (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.6) = Va Qw (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.6)
Ixtw Ixtw
= 7.50 kips 29.8 in.3 = 5.00 kips 29.8 in.3
272 in.4 0.340 in. 272 in.4 0.340 in.

= 2.42 ksi = 1.61 ksi
ub flange = Vu (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.6) ab flange = Va (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.6)
Qf Qf
I xt f I xt
f

H-25
= 7.50 kips 12.8 in.3 = 5.00 kips 12.8 in.3

272 in.4 0.560 in. 272 in.4 0.560 in.
= 0.630 ksi = 0.420 ksi
Torsional Stresses
The following functions are taken from AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members,
Appendix B, Case 3, with = 0.5.
l = 180 in.
62.1 in.a
= 2.90
At midspan (z/l = 0.5):
Using the graphs for , , and , select values

GJ 1 Tr l
For : +0.09 Solve for = +0.09
Tr l GJ
GJ a
Solve for = 0.44 Tr
For : 0.44
Tr GJ
GJ a
For : 0 Therefore = 0
Tr
Solve for = 0.50 Tr
2
GJ
For : a = 0.50
Tr GJa2
At the support (z/l = 0):
GJ 1 Therefore = 0
For : 0
Tr l Therefore = 0
GJ a
For : =0
Tr Solve for = +0.28 Tr
GJ
For : +0.28
Tr GJ
2 Solve for = 0.22 Tr
GJ a
For : 0.22
Tr GJa2
In the preceding calculations, note that the applied torque is negative with the sign convention used.
Calculate Tr/GJ for use as follows:
LRFD ASD
Tu = 90.0 kip-in. Ta = 60.0 kip-in.
GJ 11,200 ksi 1 .39 in.4 GJ 11,200 ksi 1 .39 in.4
= 5.78 x 10-3 rad/in. = 3.85 x 10-3 rad/in.
Shear Stresses Due to Pure Torsion
The shear stresses due to pure torsion are determined from AISC Design Guide 9 as follows:

H-26
t Gt (Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.1)
LRFD ASD
At midspan: At midspan:
0; ut 0 0; at 0
At the support, for the web: At the support, for the web:
ut
11,200 ksi 0.340 in. 0.28 5.78 rad at 11, 200 ksi(0.340 in.)(0.28)
3.85 rad
3 3
10 in. 10 in.
= 6.16 ksi = 4.11 ksi
At the support, for the flange: At the support, for the flange: 3.85rad
5.78 rad at 11, 200 ksi(0.560 in.)(0.28)

ut 11, 200 ksi(0.560 in.)(0.28) 3
3
10 in. 10 in.
= 6.76 ksi
= 10.2 ksi
Shear Stresses Due to Warping
The shear stresses due to warping are determined from AISC Design Guide 9 as follows:
w ESw1 (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.2a)

tf
LRFD ASD
uw
29,000 ksi 33.0 in.4 0.50 5.78 rad aw 29,000 ksi 33.0 in.4 0.50 3.85 rad
0.560 in. 62.1 in. 2 103 in. 0.560 in. 62.1 in. 2 103 in.
= 1.28 ksi = 0.853 ksi
At the support: At the support:
uw
29,000 ksi 33.0 in.4 0.22 5.78 rad aw 29,000 ksi 33.0 in.4 0.22 3.85 rad
0.560 in. 62.1 in. 2 103 in. 0.560 in. 62.1 in. 2 103 in.
= 0.563 ksi = 0.375 ksi
Normal Stresses Due to Warping
The normal stresses due to warping are determined from AISC Design Guide 9 as follows:
w EWno (from Design Guide 9 Eq. 4.3a)
LRFD ASD
2 2
0.44 5.78 rad 0.44 3.85 rad
uw 29,000 ksi 23.6 in. 62.1 in. 103 in. aw 29,000 ksi 23.6in. 62.1 in. 103 in.
= 28.0 ksi = 18.7 ksi
At the support: At the support:
Because0, uw 0 Because0, aw 0

H-27
Combined Stresses
The stresses are summarized in the following table and shown in Figure H.6-1.
Summary of Stresses Due to Flexure and Torsion, ksi

LFRD ASD
Location Normal Stresses Shear Stresses Normal Stresses Shear Stresses
uw ub ut uw ub aw ab at aw ab
fun fuv fan fav
Midspan
Flange |28.0 |12.4 |40.4 0 -1.28 |0.630 -1.91 |18.7 |8.24 |26.9 0 -0.853 |0.420 -1.27
Web ---- ---- ---- 0 ---- |2.42 ±2.42 ---- ---- ---- 0 ---- |1.61 |1.61
Support
Flange 0 0 0 -10.2 -0.563 |0.630 -11.4 0 0 0 -6.76 -0.375 |0.420 -7.56
Web ---- ---- ---- -6.16 ---- |2.42 -8.58 ---- ---- ---- -4.11 ---- |1.61 -5.72
Maximum |40.4 -11.4 |26.9 -7.56
Fig. H.6-1. Stresses due to flexure and torsion.

H-28
LRFD ASD
The maximum normal stress due to flexure and torsion The maximum normal stress due to flexure and torsion
occurs at the edge of the flange at midspan and is equal occurs at the edge of the flange at midspan and is equal
to 40.4 ksi. to 26.9 ksi.
The maximum shear stress due to flexure and torsion The maximum shear stress due to flexure and torsion
occurs in the middle of the flange at the support and is occurs in the middle of the flange at the support and is
equal to 11.4 ksi. equal to 7.56 ksi.
Available Torsional Strength
The available torsional strength is the lowest value determined for the limit states of yielding under normal stress,
shear yielding under shear stress, or buckling in accordance with AISC Specification Section H3.3. The nominal
torsional strength due to the limit states of yielding under normal stress and shear yielding under shear stress are
compared to the applicable buckling limit states.
Buckling
For the buckling limit state, lateral-torsional buckling and local buckling must be evaluated. The nominal torsional
strength due to the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is determined as follows:
LRFD ASD
Cb = 1.32 from AISC Manual Table 3-1. Cb = 1.32 from AISC Manual Table 3-1.
Compute Fn for a W10 49 using values from AISC Compute Fn for a W10 49 using values from AISC
Manual Table 3-10 with Lb = 15.0 ft and Cb = 1.0. Manual Table 3-10 with Lb = 15.0 ft and Cb = 1.0.
Mn
bMn = 204 kip-ft 136 kip-ft
b
Fn = Fcr bMn (Spec. Eq. H3-9) Fn = Fcr (Spec. Eq. H3-9)
= Cb = Cb b Mn / b
Sx
b Sx
1.32 204kip-ft 12in. 1.32 1.67 136kip-ft 12in.
0.90 54.6in.3 ft 54.6in.
3
ft
65.8 ksi 65.9 ksi
The limit state of local buckling does not apply because a W10 49 is compact in flexure per the user note in AISC
Specification Section F2.
Yielding Under Normal Stress
The nominal torsional strength due to the limit state of yielding under normal stress is determined as follows:
Fn = Fy (Spec. Eq. H3-7)

= 50 ksi
Therefore, the limit state of yielding under normal stress controls over buckling. The available torsional strength
for yielding under normal stress is determined as follows, from AISC Specification Section H3:

H-29
LRFD ASD
T = 0.90 T = 1.67
TFn = 0.90(50 ksi) o.k. Fn 50 ksi
= 45.0 ksi > 40.4 ksi 1.67
T
= 29.9 ksi > 26.9 ksi o.k.
Shear Yielding Under Shear Stress
The nominal torsional strength due to the limit state of shear yielding under shear stress is:
Fn = 0.6Fy (Spec. Eq. H3-8)

= 0.6(50 ksi)
= 30 ksi
The limit state of shear yielding under shear stress controls over buckling. The available torsional strength for
shear yielding under shear stress determined as follows, from AISC Specification Section H3:
LRFD ASD
T = 0.90 T = 1.67
TFn = 0.90(0.6)(50 ksi) o.k. Fn 0.6 50 ksi
= 27.0 ksi > 11.4 ksi 1.67
T
= 18.0 ksi > 7.56 ksi o.k.
Maximum Rotation at Service Load
The maximum rotation occurs at midspan. The service load torque is:
T Pe
2.50 kips 7.50 kips 6.00 in. =
60.0 kip-in.
From AISC Design Guide 9, Appendix B, Case 3 with = 0.5, the maximum rotation is:
Tl
0.09 GJ
0.09 60.0 kip-in. 180 in.
11,200 ksi 1 .39 in.4
0.0624 rads or 3.58
See AISC Design Guide 9, Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members for additional guidance.

H-30
CHAPTER H DESIGN EXAMPLE REFERENCES
Seaburg, P.A. and Carter, C.J. (1997), Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members, Design Guide 9, AISC,
Chicago, IL.


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Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.1A W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING ABOUT

103 kips 103 kips

From AISC Manual Part 6, From AISC Manual Part 6,

Design Examples V14.1

= 0.928M 1.0 o.k. = 0.931M 1.0 o.k.

Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.1B W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING MOMENT

Pu = 400 kips Pa 267 kips

Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.2 W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING MOMENT

29.1 in. 29.1in.

frbx Mux frbx M ax

Design Examples V14.1

Combined Stress Ratio

Design Examples V14.1

Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.3 W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION AND FLEXURE

From Chapter 2 of ASCE/SEI 7, the required strength is:

Try a W14 82.

Nominal Tensile Strength

Design Examples V14.1

Nominal Flexural Strength for Bending About the X-X Axis

Lateral-Torsional Buckling Modification Factor, Cb

Mn = Cb M p M p 0.7Fy Sx M Mp (Spec. Eq. F2-2)

Design Examples V14.1

Mny = Mp = FyZy M 1.6FySy (Spec. Eq. F6-1)

Check limit for AISC Specification Equation H1-1a.

Design Examples V14.1

Therefore, AISC Specification Equation H1-1b applies.

Pr M rx M ry (Spec. Eq. H1-1b)

Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.4 W-SHAPE SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE

The member is not subject to sidesway (no lateral translation).

Try a W10 33.

Design Examples V14.1

Available Axial Strength

Required Flexural Strength (including second-order amplification)

B1 Cm 1 (Spec. Eq. A-8-3)

The x-x axis flexural magnifier is,

P 2 (from Spec. Eq. A-8-5)

Pe1 2 (from Spec. Eq. A-8-5)

Mnx = Mp = FyZx (Spec. Eq. F2-1)

From AISC Manual Table 3-1, Cb = 1.14

Therefore, use Mnx = 1,820 kip-in. or 152 kip-ft controls

Nominal Flexural Strength about the Y-Y Axis

From AISC Specification Section F6.2,

Mny = Mp = FyZy M 1.6FySy (Spec. Eq. F6-1)

Therefore, use Mny = 700 kip-in. or 58.3 kip-ft

Design Examples V14.1

Check limit for AISC Specification Equations H1-1a and H1-1b.

Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.5A RECTANGULAR HSS TORSIONAL STRENGTH

Determine the available torsional strength of an ASTM A500 Grade B HSS6 4 4.

ASTM A500 Grade B

h/t > b/t, therefore, h/t governs

Tn = FcrC (Spec. Eq. H3-1)

= 27.6 ksi (10.1 in.3)

Design Examples V14.1

EXAMPLE H.5B ROUND HSS TORSIONAL STRENGTH

ASTM A500 Grade B

Calculate the critical stress as the larger of: