IEEE PES 2009 PSCE
Automatic Generation Control System for an
Industrial Facility with Onsite Generation
JJ Dai M. IEEE, Hugo Castro, Jianjun Guo, Tanuj Khandelwal M. IEEE,
Shervin Shokooh M. IEEE, Farrokh Shokooh Fellow IEEE
Operation Technology, Inc.
Abstract — In a competitive electrical market, an onsite
generation facility must be equipped with an on-line automatic
generation control (AGC) system to maintain the frequency,
security, and economical operation within the plant while
honoring the scheduled power exchange with the power grid. A
successful AGC system requires support from State and Load
Estimation (SLE) and Economical Dispatch (ED) engines, and a
Load Frequency Control (LFC) scheme. This paper reports the
development and implementation of a comprehensive and fully
functional AGC system in an industrial facility that has both
onsite generation and connection to the power grid. The installed
system has an advanced monitoring system to provide SLE
results and is able to perform periodical on-line ED calculation of
co-gens based on real-time system operating conditions and tariff
with the power grid. The ED results are used as a base for LFC
to perform minute-to-minute control actions to achieve overall
system economical and stable operation requirements.
Index Terms—Onsite Generation Facility, Automatic
Generation Control, State and Load Estimation, Interchange
Scheduling, Economical Dispatch, Load Frequency Control,
Power Grid Contract, Tariff.
I. INTRODUCTION
As the system loading changes, the generator’s ability to
track the load variation is limited by physical and operational
considerations resulting in an imbalance between the actual
and the scheduled generation levels.
Any imbalance between power generation and consumption
will result in a frequency change within the network of the
synchronous area. As a result, over time, the system frequency
will continue to deviate from its set-point values when left
uncorrected. The magnitude of the frequency error is an
indication of how well the power system is capable of
balancing the system loading.
Within a few seconds of breaching the set point dead band,
the primary speed control or governor serves to damp out the
frequency excursions and to stabilize the frequency at a new
value, which is different than the synchronous frequency. At
the same time, the system dispatcher may coordinate power
exchange between various control areas or the power grid
based on hour-ahead, day-ahead or longer term contracts. Any
load change within the network or area when left uncorrected
Authors are with Operation Technology, Inc. (OTI), 17 Goodyear, Suite,
100, Irvine, CA 92618, USA (JJ Dai's e-mail: jjd@etap.com).
978-1-4244-3811-2/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE
1
can result in interchange power deviation from scheduled
values. The primary control process being unaware of
scheduled interchange flows will be unable to compensate for
this deviation.
Load Frequency Control (LFC) function is then deployed as
the secondary control process to maintain the frequency and
interchange errors within an acceptable bound. LFC adjusts
load reference set points of governors of selected units in the
control area and correspondingly adjusts their outputs.
Each control area measures the frequency and the net
interchange, typically at every 2–4 second intervals. These
measurements are used to evaluate the frequency and the net
interchange errors. The net interchange error is defined as the
difference between the net actual and the net scheduled
interchange with the connected control areas. Schedules are
available and tracked using an Interchange Scheduling (IS)
application. The area control error (ACE) is then computed by
taking into account the effects of frequency bias; it is the basis
for the control signals sent by the control area to the
generators participating in AGC.
Another major operating criterion is to minimize frequency
and interchange errors while minimizing the total cost of
electric production, transmission, and distribution. Economic
Dispatch (ED) optimizes the available mix of generation
resources and, as a result, maximizes the use of low cost
sources of electricity, while recognizing any operational
limits.
Even though ED and LFC have different time horizons,
they are not independent. ED transfers optimal unit base
points and economic participation factors to LFC. This
interaction between LFC and ED is aimed at minimizing the
fuel cost, while reducing the area control error (ACE) and the
number of unit control actions. The AGC system discussed
consists of ED and LFC algorithms.
This paper describes the development and implementation
of a state-of-the-art AGC system that utilizes a data
acquisition system which continuously updates a computer
based real-time system model. This system produces the
optimum solution for generation dispatch by combining output
from Economic Dispatch, Interchange Scheduling and Load
Frequency Control illustrated in Fig. 1.
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE
Fig. 1. AGC System Data Flow
II. AGC SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The inputs required by the AGC system include real-time
data and network topology. System data is collected from the
data acquisition system. This real-time data includes power
frequency, and voltage measurements at each generation,
power grid, interchange locations, main feeders, and critical
loads. In addition, switching device (circuit breakers, switches,
etc.) states are monitored throughout the system to provide the
latest system configuration status.
The other important parameters are the system topology and
electrical data. System topology and electrical data include: A)
Interconnection information for all generators, feeders, and
loads. B) Ratings and settings for all components involved,
such as tap settings for transformers, operating mode of
generators (droop, Isochronous), line/cable types,
configuration, impedance, and capacity. C) Metering
instrumentation including potential and current transformers.
III. AGC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
2
understandable interface. This interface, which will be used to
operate and coordinate the system, must be graphical and
tabular with the means to visualize the electrical distribution
via the system one-line diagram. The user interface must also
provide a summary of generation, loading, frequency, and set-
points for all participating units.
IV. LOAD AND STATE ESTIMATION
To perform generation fuel cost economical dispatch,
system operating states need to be determined first. These
states include system configurations, operating loads, non-
controllable variables and their settings (for example,
transformer fixed taps, power grid operating voltage levels,
fixed generation active and reactive powers, fixed capacitor
bank var ratings, etc.). System configurations can be
determined by monitoring circuit-breaker and switch status.
Non-controllable variable settings are also readily available.
Given the vast number of loads in a typical industrial
system, it is infeasible to have meter reading at every load
point. Hence, a special estimation method has to be utilized in
order to attain essential data and calculate the missing
information to ensure that the system is observable.
The traditional state estimation methods (based on least
squares minimization method) only estimate bus voltages
(both magnitudes and phase angles). Since this method
demands a relatively high meter redundancy ( roughly defined
as the ratio of metering points to the number of buses in the
system) and is incapable of handling large numbers of
unmeasured loads, it is virtually inapplicable to industrial
power systems.
The new method expands the system states to include loads.
Thus, using the available measurement data (generation,
power grid exchange, line flows, bus voltages and partially
measured loads), the system operating voltages and loads will
be estimated collectively. This method is called State and
Load Estimation. Equation (1) shows the objective function
for SLE:

∑  ,
  
The AGC system components consist of SLE, IS, ED, and
LFC. Real-Time data and system topology are fed to the State
and Load Estimation (SLE). SLE estimates the rest of the

missing parameters such as non-monitored power flows in less
critical feeders, consumption for loads, voltage levels at every
connection point in the system. The results are then fed to the
ED module as initial conditions. The ED takes the generator
heat rate curves to determine the efficiency of the unit with
respect to the generated output power. It also utilizes the fuel
cost per unit and the power exchange contract as defined
through IS application. ED then determines the optimum
(most economic) generator outputs which is fed to the Load
LFC system. LFC utilizes the ED outputs as the base settings
and corrects them for ACE reduction where the final output is
sent to the generator control systems. The voltage set points
are fed to the AVR control and respectively.
All of the above information must be made available to the
system dispatcher in a real-time, easy-to-use, concise, and

  
(1)
where  is a variable constrained by the load flow equation at

  
the point corresponding to each measurement  .  is the

function of bus voltage and load . Metering point is from

1 to . Apply network equation, measurement data set  ,  
and an appropriate optimization algorithm to equation (1), bus
voltage v and all system loads l will be solved.
The one-line diagram in Fig. 2 shows a substation at an
industrial facility where typically only the main feeders are
metered. Assuming that the network model, topological
relationships, and electrical parameters are properly defined,
the loading at each load can be estimated according to the
equation (1) through a specially developed optimization
algorithm.
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE 3

VI. ECONOMICAL DISPATCH

Typical ED deals with a system containing MW
controllable generators to achieve a solution with a minimal
overall generation fuel cost objective:
∑   
೒

 ೔ (2)
subject to:
,  0 (3)
 ,     ,  (  1,. . .,   ) (4)

where ೔ is the active power generation from the  

generator, the fuel cost function of the generator,  the 
number of generators on MW control, the system state 
Fig. 2. Example of SLE in a Substation with Partially Measured Loads.  
variable, the control variable, and  the number of control
variables. Equation (3) is load flow equation, and equation (4)
SLE usually runs in a time interval of 1 to 5 seconds, is the control variable range limits.
depending on nature of system transients. In certain types of To ensure ED solution is physically feasible, steady-state
industries, such as smelting plants, where system loading is security constraints should be applied to the optimization
changed erratically, a smaller time step between consecutive problem:
SLE runs should be used to capture the load variations. ,     
,  ( ) (5)  1, .. . ,
Whereas in industrial plants with gradual loading variation,
where y is the constrained variable, usually line flow and bus
allows for a use of a larger time step between the SLE runs.
The SLE result defines a complete system operating state

voltage magnitude, and  is the number of constrained
variables.
which in turn is used by the ED engine.
In an industrial power system, the network is normally
connected to one or several power grids at a common point
V. INTERCHANGE SCHEDULING
referred to as the point of common coupling (PCC). Under
In a competitive power market, industrial power systems such condition, ED optimization objective needs to be
with onsite generation are allowed to participate to a certain expanded to include the energy cost (power importing per unit
extent in the market operation depending on the regulations in of time) through the PCC boundary into the system:
the regional and national administrations. To bring in the
highest incentive as possible to its system, an industrial power
 ∑    ∑ !  "
೒

  (6)
ೠ
 

system would schedule a power exchange transaction with the where  is the power exchange at the # PCC, ! the per
ೕ


unit energy price at the PCC, and  the number of PCC. Note
power grid based on its onsite generation cost and the
that ! can be bilateral, taking a positive value when  $ 0

published energy price. The schedule specifies the location(s)
ೕ
of the transaction, type of the transaction (buy or sell), and
cost of the transaction (tariff or rate structure), as well as the (importing- power) and a negative value when  % 0 ೕ

duration of the schedule. (exporting).

The exchange schedule is dispatched via the IS system. IS
provides the capability to schedule energy transfer from one
location to another while considering energy usage, wheeling,
scheduling ancillary services, fuel cost, and financial tracking
of energy transactions. Fig. 3 illustrates a simplified data flow
for an IS system.
Fig. 4 depicts the model of a facility with onsite generation
exchanging power with the power grid. Once the power
exchange schedule is committed via the IS system, the party
initiating the transaction (in this case, the industrial facility
with onsite generation selling power to the connected power
grid) has to honor the contract. In this case, the ED calculation
is extended to the following constrained optimization problem:
 ∑    ∑ !  "
೒

 
ೠ
  (7)

 
  (&  1, …, )  (8)
,  0 (9)
  
,  (  1,…,  ,   ) (10)
,    (  1,. .. ,  )
,   (11)
where equation is added to count for the specified schedule at

power exchange lines with  the scheduled power exchange

at a total of  exchange lines.
Fig. 3. Interchange Scheduling System Data Flow
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE 4

VII. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

Load frequency control (LFC) has to achieve two primary
objectives, which are stated below in priority order:
1. Maintain frequency at the scheduled value
2. Maintain net power interchanges with neighboring
control areas at the scheduled values
3. Match generation to load
The first and second objectives are met by monitoring an
error signal, called area control error (ACE), which is a
combination of net interchange error and frequency error and
represents the power imbalance between generation and load
at any instant. Real-time measurements are used to calculate
ACE for each defined area under various modes.
In tie-line bias control, ACE is calculated as:
Fig. 4. A Model of Industrial Power System with ACE  +  +   10,-  - 
    (12)
Onsite Generation & Power Grid Contract. In flat tie-line flow control:
The ED calculation engine is periodically called by AGC
ACE  +  + 
  (13)
either at a pre-specified time or whenever the special events In flat frequency control:
are trigged such as changes in the schedules, variations in fuel ACE  10,-  - 
  (14)
cost, generator tripping, or major configuration changes. At
- +
where  is the actual frequency,  is the actual net
each execution, the most recent SLE result is used in the load
-
interchange;  is the scheduled frequency of the subsystem,
flow equation (9) and the schedules are applied as line
equality constraints in equation (8). The result is taken into the
+  is the scheduled net interchange of the area, , is the
frequency bias.
minimization problem of equation (7) which is solved
This raw ACE must be filtered or smoothed such that
simultaneously with other inequality constraints due to control
excessive and random changes in its value are not translated
range limits from equation (10) and steady state security limits
into control actions. Since these excessive changes are
from equation (11). In this process, schedules on the
different for different systems or subsystems, the filtered
interchange lines are honored, steady state security constraints
parameters have to be tuned specifically for each control area.
are met, and all control variables are within their limitation
The processed ACE is then used to obtain the proportional
ranges. The results from ED are the new power generation
plus integral control signal. This control signal is modified by
dispatch set points. The set points are also utilized by LFC to
limiters, dead-bands, and gain constants that are tuned to the
select a new base for the minute-to-minute generation control.
particular system. This control signal is then divided amongst
A functional flow chart for SLE and ED is presented in Fig. 5.
controllable generating units by using participation factors to
obtain unit control errors (UCE).
Do SLE?
The strategy of ACE provides a steady-state target
No according to which a control area meets its own load during
Yes
Meter Data normal conditions in the interconnection, contributes to
frequency regulation, and provides assistance to external areas
Formulate State when necessary. If there is an over generation in any area,
Estimation Model actual frequency will be higher than scheduled value and ACE
will be positive in that area. Intuitively, the action to be taken
Solve SLE Problem will be to reduce area generation. On the other hand, if there is
Eq. (2)
under-generation in any area, actual frequency will be lower
than the scheduled value and ACE will be negative in that
Do ED? area. The obvious solution will be to increase area generation.
On February 1, 1997 the North American Electric
No
Yes Reliability Council (NERC) replaced Control Performance
Load Flow Equation,
Controls, Constraints
Criteria (CPC) with Control Performance Standard (CPS). The
LFC function in addition to calculating ACE also utilizes CPS
Solve ED Problem oriented logics.
Eqs. (7) to (11) CPS1: Whenever a control area has a nonzero ACE and
there is a frequency deviation at the same time, a non zero
Set New Pg Base compliance factor (CF) is created. A positive CF means the
for LFC control area is acting as a burden to the interconnection and
Fig. 5. Functional Flow Chart of SLE and ED. vice versa. A CF value is calculated every clock-minute using
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE 5

one-minute average frequency error and ACE. At the end of

each month, the overall average CF for the past twelve months
is used to derive the area's CPS1 compliance which must have
no less than 100% compliance.
CPS2: This standard requires the average ACE for each of
the six ten-minute periods in an hour must be within a specific
limit called L10 and have compliance no less than 90%.
A two-layer control scheme was adopted for the LFC
function to satisfy NERC standards. The following diagram
(Fig. 6) shows the overall control structure deployed for this
industrial facility. CPS2, CPS1 control outputs have the same
formula:
MW  K ACE  K ∑CT/60 4 ACE
Δ      (15)
Fig. 7. Control Scheme Illustration.
where CT is the LFC calculation cycle time, ACE
 is the

current calculated ACE. Defining the 10-minute moving Control outputs can be distributed to regulating generators
average ACE as 56!  , the LFC function will take action
according to the ramping rate, generation margin, and fixed
only when 56! 56!
  and  both break the threshold and
participation factors respectively.
56!  4 56! $ 0
 . The graphical-user interface allows The total adjusting power:
∆  ∆   ∑89:; (16)
system integrators to adjust the threshold to satisfy control    !

objectives. Ramping Rate Approach:

<;=>?=  89:; " ೔

∑ " ೔
∆  (17)

Margin Approach:
<;=>?=  89:;  ! ೔

∑  ! ೔
∆  (18)

The generator set points can be also be distributed amongst

generators proportional to the nameplate rating of the
machines. Operators can choose to share the real power or
reactive power. Reactive power sharing is according to set
points from ED or manual control while real power sharing is
according to their operating base settings.

VIII. AGC SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

A. Auto Switch Area Control Mode
The system has been implemented in a large cement facility.
The facility consists of two plants located 32 kilometers apart.
The plants are tied together through a transmission line and
are connected to the power grid at a single PCC. Plant 1 has a
total of three steam turbine generators, two rated at 18MW and
the other rated at 6 MW. At Plant 2, there are three steam
turbine generators rated at 18MW each. In order to implement
AGC, the system was divided into two control areas; Plant 1
and Plant 2 were assigned to Area 1 and the power grid as
Area 2. Fig. 8 is a simplified overview of the network:

Fig. 6. Overall Control Structure.

Fig. 7 provides a simplified illustration of the control

scheme. When ACE goes from point A to point B, the ACE

and its integration is set to 0. The generator set point is reset

and kept constant until new ACE value breaks the control
standards or new base ratings set by ED. When ACE goes
from point A to point C directly, ACE
 is reset to ACE at point

C. But the integration of ACE will start from 0 again.

Fig. 8. Simplified System Overview.
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE
The system operates in two different modes; 1) In parallel
with the power grid and 2) Islanded from the power grid. One
of the main requirements of the AGC system was to operate in
both operating modes. When connected to the power grid, the
maximum import from the grid is 3 MW, and the maximum
export is 12 MW according to the power exchange contract.
The main reason this facility exports power to the power
grid is to wheel power to another location (Plant 3 – not
shown in Fig. 10) almost 100 kilometers away. The AGC
system must monitor the required power at Plant 3 and set the
export power from Plants 1 and 2 equal to the operating load
of Plant 3 plus the system losses. The facility imports power
when any of the generation units is down. The loading in the
facility is approximately 90% of the capacity of the
generators. Hence, if any of the generators is down, then there
is not enough generation to maintain the process requiring
power import from the power grid.
In addition to the main system generators, there are a total
of eight diesel generators used for cold start only. These
generators do not play a major factor on AGC and therefore
are excluded from the AGC scope.
B. Data Acquisition System Network
Prior to the implementation of the AGC system at the
facility, the plants were monitored through digital relaying,
metering and other intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) which
were not networked together. Therefore, the first task was to
establish a communication network amongst the various
plants. IEDs were networked via Modbus Ethernet and
connected to a central OPC Server. The AGC Software was
then connected to the OPC Server for data acquisition and
processing.
The required switching device statuses were collected by
four PLCs (two at each plant) including the main feeders and
tie circuit breakers. This allowed for the AGC system to
determine which generators are operating parallel or islanded
from the grid.
C. State and Load Estimation
The system visibility study was performed at the early
stages of the project to evaluate if sufficient metering points
were available throughout the network for SLE calculations.
SLE result was validated by running load flow simulation and
comparing them to actual measured data.
D. Automatic Generation Control System
When the plants operate in parallel to the power grid the
AGC system must:
1. Determine the output of each generator based on
economic constraints.
2. Honor the exchange schedules with the power grid.
When the plants are islanded from the power grid the AGC
system must:
1. Maintain the system frequency close to 50 Hz.
2. Determine the output of each generator based on
economic constraints.
6
Given the above requirements the AGC system was set up
to operate in an auto-switching mode. Under this mode AGC
would monitor both plants and determine whether or not they
are connected to the grid.
IX. SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
Before the implementation of the AGC system, in order to
make the tie-line active power conform to the schedule, the
control center dispatcher had to communicate with the
operators of the power plants by telephone. Moreover, the
existing manual adjustment could not trace the changes of the
different operation modes thus a large number of control
errors were observed for tie-line flows with no way to control
the cost of the dispatch between the generator units.
The AGC system which was implemented at the facility had
the necessary control capabilities to regulate the system
frequency and tie-line flow on an economical basis as
described below:
A. Auto Switch Area Control Mode
Amongst the many advantages of the implemented AGC
system is its ability to recognize changes in network topology
in real-time using a one-line diagram. This added capability
allows the system to determine when an area under AGC is
completely isolated from the rest of the network. AGC
controls for each area are automatically switched from flat tie-
line flow control mode (equation 13) to flat frequency control
mode (equation 14) when the area islands from the rest of the
network.
B. Multi-Console AGC Control
The facility utilizes a Power Management System (PMS)
with a distributed client-server architecture. The active PMS
Server tracks and controls the addition of consoles to the PMS
network. After the console is online, the active PMS Server
controls the operation of the console. It is the server’s
objective to maintain an active primary console, an active
AGC console along with other active consoles for each of the
online modules. Active console control allows an active
module like AGC to migrate from one console to another.
The AGC system also handles consistency of project and
operational data throughout the PMS. Operational consistency
addresses the following issues:
Data Mirroring – this provides the data distribution
framework that allows for rapid switching between one PMS
Server and another. It also provides data distribution of project
and operational data to allow various online functionalities to
be moved from one console to another.
Project/Operating Data Consistency – this provides the basis
for changing the project database and associated operational
data without the necessity of interrupting the entire complex to
reload the project database.
C.AGC View
An AGC view (as shown in Fig. 9) automatically displays
the real-time operating data while calculating the data from the
AGC/ED calculations. The view automatically detects the
areas and the subsystems (isolated networks) in order to
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE 7

prepare a hierarchical list of generators and interchanges in can switch between study cases without resetting the options
each area and/or subsystem. each time.

(a) MW Control Setting.

Fig. 9. AGC View.

Alarms and warnings are displayed when frequency,

operating reserves, etc. is outside operator-defined limits. The
view also allows the operator to monitor and change generator
control modes as well as perform time error corrections.
D. Generator Control Modes
Ten generator control modes were provided with pre- (b) Line Exchange Setting.
defined logics such that the system dispatcher can quickly
Fig. 11. AGC Study Case Editor and Settings.
switch any unit from one control mode to another based on the
state of the system. Offline and Fault control modes are
X. CONCLUSIONS
automatically determined based on network topology, Manual
Base and Test modes are the manual generator control modes This paper describes an automatic generation control
while the remaining modes are used for automatic generation system suitable for industrial facilities with onsite generation.
controls that depend upon the calculated ACE. This AGC system is capable of handling multiple control sub-
areas within a given facility as well as control areas between
the facility and the connected power grids. An advanced
online state and load estimation algorithm is applied to
determine the non-metered load while calculating the system
operating parameters based on real-time data. Based on the
SLE results, onsite generation fuel cost together with the
power exchange tariff between the power grid are minimized
for economical generation dispatch at each control area while
considering the constraints imposed by interchange schedules
between the facility and the connected power grids. This
Fig. 10. Generator Control Modes. process is preformed and updated for pre-scheduled tasks or
E. User-Configurable Solution Parameters for major system changes. In addition to the economical
generation dispatch, the load frequency control module
The AGC system is user-configurable and customizable for
calculates and monitors the area exchange error to provide
any other system with the help of a study case editor (Fig. 11).
minute-to-minute generation adjustments as required. The
The AGC study case editor contains solution control variables,
AGC system described has been installed in industrial
area definitions and settings, generator participation factors,
facilities and provided economical incentives with improved
and a variety of options for power flow constraints and alerts.
operational security to the facility owners.
The PMS allows the operator or system integrator to create
and save unlimited number of study cases. The AGC
calculations are conducted and reported in accordance with the
settings of the active study case. The operator or dispatcher
IEEE PES 2009 PSCE
REFERENCES
[1] Allen J. Wood and Bruce F. Wollenberg, Power Generation, Operation,
and Control, Wiley, John & Sons, 1996.
[2] Yong-Hua Song, Xi-Fan Wang (Eds.), Operation of Market-Oriented
Power Systems, Springer, 2003.
[3] North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) "Plicy 1 -
Generation Control and Performance", in Operating Manual, Dec. 1996.
[4] IEEE Recommended Definitions of Terms for Automatic Generation
Control on Electric Power Systems By IEEE Standards Board, IEEE
Power Engineering Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Power System Engineering Committee Published by Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1991.
[5] Alan Elliott Guile, William Paterson, B.Sc., Electrical Power Systems,
Pergamon Press, 1977.
BIOGRAPHIES
JJ Dai, PhD, PE
JJ Dai is Vice President, Advanced Technologies for Operation Technology,
Inc., and President of OTI-Far East. Dr. Dai is a member of IEEE, the
chairman of the Power System Analysis Subcommittee of IEEE Industrial
Applications Society (IAS), a chapter chairman of the IEEE Brown Book, and
a past chairman of the Harmonic Task Force of IAS. He is a registered
Professional Engineer in the state of California.
© 2008 Operation Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Certain names and/or logos used in this document may constitute trademarks, service marks, or
trade names of Operation Technology, Inc. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective holders.
8
Hugo Castro, B.S.
Hugo Castro is a Senior Electrical Engineer for Operation Technology, Inc.
He is a member of IEEE, Power Electronics Society, Tau Beta Pi (US
National Honors Society) and a member of the Society of Hispanic
Professional Engineers.
Jianjun Guo, PhD
Dr. Jianjun Guo is a Senior Electrical Engineer for Operation Technology, Inc.
He received his PhD in Electrical Engineering at the Missouri University of
Science and Technology in Rolla, Missouri.
Tanuj Khandelwal, M.S.
Tanuj Khandelwal is a Project Manager and Senior Electrical Engineer for
Operation Technology, Inc. Mr. Khandelwal is an active member of IEEE
Standards Association and IEEE subcommittees and working groups.
Farrokh Shokooh, PhD, PE
Farrokh Shokooh is President & CEO of Operation Technology, Inc. Dr.
Shokooh is a Fellow member of IEEE and is an active member of the IEEE
subcommittees and working groups. He is a registered Professional Engineer
in the state of California.
Shervin Shokooh, M.S., MBA, PE
Shervin Shokooh is Vice President of Engineering Consulting and Senior
Principal Electrical Engineer for Operation Technology, Inc. Mr. Shokooh is a
member of IEEE and a registered Professional Engineer in the state of
California.