NARRATIVE CV OF PER-SIMON KILDAL,

OR
THE STORY OF MY PROFESSIONAL LIFE AS AN ANTENNA ENGINEERING SCIENTIST

I have in this narrative CV described how my

scientific contributions have built one on the other;
one contribution has stimulated the next. I have in
other words not followed trends, at least not before I
saw that the trend related to what I had started earlier
than the trend itself. I have started research topics that
later have become trends, although under different
names than my original contributions, and also after
independent original but related contributions of
people with other backgrounds. My research has
always been application-oriented and design-related,
but the design works have always been preceded by a
general characterization that has become long-lasting scientific contributions, and often also by
theoretical formulas from which I have seen application opportunities. Also, I have early introduced
general simplifications and defined concepts that later has shown their scientific value and
usefulness, such as the concept of soft and hard surfaces. I have been loyal to my own early ideas,
and this has paid off much later both economically and scientifically, in spite of much resistance.
I was born on 4th July 1951, and grew up in Drammen, a city close to Oslo in Norway. I had high
grades in primary school and high school, so I could follow my dream to study for Master degree in
Electrical Engineering at The Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in Trondheim. I moved to
Trondheim Autumn 1971 after having served one year´s military service.
I was hard working and serious in my studies in Trondheim, and this gave in 1975 an exam with
distinction and notification to the King of Norway. I can in particular thank Professor Tor Hagfors
for this, because he gave me a challenging Master thesis related to a signal processing hardware for
an HF radar for ionosphere research in Tromsö, North Norway. I continued afterwards to work for
him as a PhD student. From 1979 I was employed as a researcher at ELAB (part of the research
institute SINTEF in Trondheim), and continued working with Tor Hagfors on ELAB projects paid
by EISCAT and Norwegian research councils.
During my PhD study I followed colloquium groups on moment methods (MM) and time-
harmonic electromagnetic fields using R. F. Harrington´s books, and uniform geometrical theory of
diffraction (UTD) based on Kouyoumjian and Pathak’s works. Associate Professor Jon Anders Aas
organized these guided self-studies, and we were very thorough in trying to understand everything
deeply. This period gave me a therefore a very basic understanding of EM field theory that has been
very useful in all my research.
I received a Professorship at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden in
1989, and moved to Gothenburg with my family. Since then I have been at Chalmers. During this
period at Chalmers I have supervised 19 graduate students to a PhD in antennas, and 7 are ongoing.
I have started several company, among which Bluetest AB is the most successful till now with 23
employees and an annual turnover of 40 MSEK last fiscal year. The companies are founded on
patent-protected innovations, all handled via my holding company Kildal Antenn AB.

 
 List  of  Contents  

1.   Design of large cylindrical reflector for EISCAT .................................................................... 2  

2.   Definitions of characterizing efficiencies of feeds and reflector antennas .............................. 3  
Feed subefficiencies: ................................................................................................................... 3  
Decoupling efficiency: ................................................................................................................ 3  
Compact formulas for diffraction efficiencies of multi-reflector antennas:................................ 3  
3.   Innovative feed antennas: ......................................................................................................... 4  
Dipole-disk with ring and resonant reflector antenna: ................................................................ 4  
The story of the successful hat feed with corrugated soft surface brim: ..................................... 4  
Almost octave bandwidth choke horn with constant beamwidth (soft surface): ........................ 6  
Innovative scalar horn with shaped lens: .................................................................................... 6  
Invention of decade bandwidth Eleven feed for VLBI2010 and SKA: ...................................... 7  
4.   Synthesis and analysis of Gregorian dual-reflector feed for radio telescope in Arecibo ......... 8  
5.   Development of concept of artificially soft and hard surfaces ................................................. 9  
Asymptotic boundary conditions and applications to hard horns: ............................................ 10  
Introduction of canonical surfaces (PEC/PMC/EBG/soft&hard): ............................................ 10  
Cloaking vision (1988) and dual-polarized wideband cloaking realization (1997): ................. 10  
6.   Gap waveguides, a fundamentally new quasi-TEM transmission line .................................. 11  
7.   Reverberation chamber for OTA measurements .................................................................... 12  
8.   Algorithms and software for Spectrum of 1D and 2D solutions ............................................ 14  
9.   References .............................................................................................................................. 15  

1. Design  of  large  cylindrical  reflector  for  EISCAT  

Tor Hagfors is a major Norwegian

ionosphere physicist, with experience from US
and international research institutes and
observatories, some of which he directed. He
worked in Norway during the period 1973-1982
where he built up and directed the European
Incoherent SCATtering facilities EISCAT in
North Scandinavia. EISCAT needed large VHF
antennas for ionospheric incoherent scattering
research, and I became involved to determine
antenna geometries that could satisfy scientific
requirements as well as economic constraints.
Figure 1. EISCAT VHF antenna  
The final chosen and built antenna was a
cylindrical reflector antenna of 40 m width and
120 m length (actually 4 sections of 30 m length), fed by a linear arrays of in total 128 crossed
dipoles. The antenna was mechanically steerable in one plane and electrical in the other. The latter
was initially done by a novel concept of permuting fixed phase cables [1]. The antenna is of course
still in operation and has produced a lot of interesting results for EISCAT.
My work with EISCAT was very stimulating with a great potential for innovative solutions, and
I got quite free hands within the EISCAT antenna working group involving also specialists from
England, Germany and France, although everything had to be rooted with the scientific board of
EISCAT. This research resulted in my “doctor ingenieur” degree (dr.ing., a Norwegian equivalent
to PhD) in 1982, including 3 major journal articles [2-4] and a patent that was transferred to the
German company building the line feeds, and a later article describing the whole antenna system
together with Tor Hagfors [5]. The basic paper [2] received surprisingly a best paper award that
year in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. The factorization of the aperture
efficiency into subefficiencies in [3] was later extended to feeds for paraboloids and Cassegrains in
[6], and the formulation of the radiation patterns of the line feeds in [4] was later extended to a
method for analyzing antennas on cylindrical structures [7].

2. Definitions  of  characterizing  efficiencies  of  feeds  and  reflector  antennas  

Feed  subefficiencies:  
The subefficiencies defined in [6] (1985) has returned in all my feed designs and is really
convenient when optimizing and diagnosing feed antennas, being based on an original factorization
of Art Ludwig. One of the subefficiencies was also used to uniquely define a phase center of the
feed as the phase reference location that maximizes the directivity of the whole reflector antenna
system [8]. Several years later in 1985 I found it necessary to define a new subefficiency, referred
to as the BOR1 efficiency, accounting for directivity losses due to non-rotationally symmetric feed
geometries or excitations [9]. The BOR1 efficiency became later the most important characterizing
value of the eleven feed and similar wideband feeds for future radio telescopes.

Decoupling  efficiency:  
The latest development of the subefficiency approach is the definition of an embedded
decoupling efficiency for MIMO and beamforming arrays in 2009 [10, 11]. The decoupling
efficiency specializes to the mismatch efficiency for a classical array, in which all elements are
excited with the same amplitude and linear phase, and to an embedded element efficiency (when
one element is excited and the rest terminated) used to characterize MIMO arrays, see [12]. See
more about this in the section about OTA measurements.

Compact  formulas  for  diffraction  efficiencies  of  multi-­‐reflector  antennas:  

I have a solid foundation in UTD from courses at NTH during my PhD studies. This made me
interested in formulating the radiation from the line feeds of the EISCAT antennas as a cylindrical
(or rather conical when phase steered) wave plus spherical endpoint diffraction contributions [13].
This was based on a mathematical formulation of endpoint diffraction similar to the UTD
formulation [14]. The latter paper also considered double endpoint diffraction, such as appearing
when a main reflector has its rim at the illumination boundary caused by the edge of a subreflector
(or by the endpoint of a line feed). This was in [3] used to formulate a subefficiency accounting for
line feed endpoint diffraction and blockage in the EISCAT line feeds. Later, the same formula was
used to derive an analytical diffraction and blockage efficiency of a symmetrical Cassegrain
antenna [15]. The simple analytical formula accounts very accurately for edge diffraction losses
when compared to analysis by physical optics integration over the subreflector. This diffraction
efficiency approach was later developed to an asymptotic transition region theory [16, 17] and
applied to the dual-reflector feed of the radio telescope in Arecibo, see Section 4.
 3. Innovative  feed  antennas:  
Dipole-­‐disk  with  ring  and  resonant  reflector  antenna:    

The radiation pattern of the linear dipole array feed of the EISCAT
antenna was improved in the transverse plane by using two parallel
metal “beam-forming rods” [18]. These rods shaped the transverse
patterns of the longitudinal dipoles (i.e. H-plane patterns) to become
equal to the transverse (i.e. E-plane) patterns of the transverse dipoles.
The same idea was a couple of years later in 1982 used in the form of a
beam-forming ring to improve the radiation pattern of a single crossed
dipole disk feed for a paraboloid [19]. This was also patented and gave
a development contract for use in the INMARSAT L-band ship earth
station of the Norwegian company Elektrisk Bureau, later known as EB
NERA, ABB NERA and finally NERA. Here it was in addition
Figure 2. Resonant reflector fed by
dipole with beam-forming ring possible to make use of the multiple-resonances between the feed and
used for INMARSANT L-band the reflector in order to maximize the directivity [20], and the resulting
terminal.
antennas was so efficient that the volume of the radome around the
antenna could be reduced by a factor 2 after changing from the old microstrip antenna feed to the
new dipole-disk with ring. The project gave me SINTEF’s annual award in 1984. The antenna was
in the market for at least 15 years. EBs main competitor in the market, Japan Radio Company JRC,
copied the dipole-disk with ring. Their engineer Kazama moved the ring to another location, and
was able to also get some improvement. He later visited me in Gothenburg, and took me out for
dinner and Japanese theatre with his wife when I visited Japan in 2007.
The dipole-disk with ring became quite well known, and when I in 1997 visited several institutes
in China, engineers at a research institute in Nanjing could show me a translation to Chinese of the
article in [19] as well as the article about the feed subefficiencies [6]. Researchers at Radiophyzika,
a research institute in Moscow, also showed me a dipole-disk with ring in their laboratory when I
visited there in the beginning of the 1990s.
When numerically designing the whole resonant reflector with dipole-disk feed, I used a moment
method program for rotationally symmetric geometries to compute the whole geometry including
reflector. I think it was the first time anyone analyzed and optimized a complete reflector antenna
with moment method, even though codes for bodies of revolution (BOR) had been around for a few
years. The dipole feed made the geometry non-rotationally symmetric, but a vector-field based
BOR code could still be used by treating the dipole as a source. Similar simplifications are quite
common in my research, which has made it possible to achieve major design results with limited
computational resources.

The  story  of  the  successful  hat  feed  with  corrugated  soft  surface  brim:  
During the 1980s I studied the theory of corrugated horns, at that time also called scalar horns,
and I designed some corrugated horns on industrial projects. While reading UTD course I had been
exposed to the soft and hard diffraction coefficients needed to describe diffraction for the
tangential-to-edge and orthogonal-to-edge polarizations, respectively. I was interested in analyzing
corrugated horns by UTD, and found out that diffraction from the edge of a corrugated surface had
to be treated by a soft diffraction coefficient for both polarizations, i.e. a scalar diffraction
coefficient. Thus, the transverse corrugated surface was a soft surface according to the UTD
terminology originating from acoustics. So, I began thinking about generalizing the corrugated
surfaces and finding more applications of them. This became in 1988 the concept of soft and hard
 surfaces [21], see the separate section below, and a new application of
the soft surface was the so-called hat feed.
There were several projects on developing cost-effective satellite-
TV antennas in the Nordic countries during the second half of the
1980s. Reflector synthesis methods were developed by other
Norwegians and resulted in an offset dual-reflector antenna that was
successful on the international market for many years, and this
stimulated me to start work on reflector synthesis as well, see the
section about this on page 8 below.
Tor Hagfors moved in 1982 to USA to become director of the
National Astronomy and Ionesphere Center (NAIC) at Cornell
University, which operates the 300m diameter radio telescope in
Arecibo. He gave me via SINTEF a contract to work with the project of
upgrading the Arecibo telescope with broadband feeds. In order to
understand the characteristics of the existing line feeds (that had been
Figure 3. Hat-fed reflector originally
developed for satellite-TV
developed by Alan Love in the 1950s), I derived an analytical model
reception. for their element patterns by using a spectrum of conical wave
solutions, according to theories in R.F. Harrington´s “Time-Harmonic
Electromagnetic Fields”. I found out that the isolated element pattern of one of the circumferential
slots in Alan Love´s line feeds could be described as radiation from a circumferential slot in a metal
cylinder [22]. I thought I could construct a new feed antenna based on these formulas, making use
of only one element and not an array of them like in Alan Love´s Arecibo line feed.
The mathematical formulations and studies in [22] was the background of the later so successful
hat feed. The hat feed is a dual-mode antenna, and its principle of radiation was published in [23],
but the interior geometry of the hat sketched there was extremely narrowband. Therefore, we went
for another interior solution with a tuneable conical vertex in the form of a screw, the position of
which we could experimentally optimize. The hat feed radiates in terms of two circumferential
aperture modes, and these must be balanced in amplitude and phase in order to get a good radiation
pattern with low cross-polarization in the 45 deg plane. This balancing
was done experimentally, at the same time as the return loss was
matched, and it was very time-consuming to optimize both these
parameters, but we succeeded. Finally, we got a contract from NERA to
develop a hat-fed reflector for a military radio link system [24].
After I moved to Chalmers in Gothenburg I continued the work with
the hat feed, and developed a satellite-TV model that was to be
produced in steel in Germany by the pots & pans manufacturer Fissler,
but in the end the project was cancelled. They finally came to the
conclusion that it would be too expensive in the market with a satellite-
TV antenna in steel, which was the material Fissler worked with.
The numerical methods and software developed fast during the
1990s, and we got access to the FDTD software Quick-Wave V2D
which could be used for vector BOR structures, and we were able to
optimize the hat feed numerically including the whole interior structure
for good excitation and return loss; what we previously had to do
experimentally. We could even make some computer runs on the whole
antenna including a large reflector, which was unheard of at that time,
Figure 4. Hat-fed reflector antenna
developed for COMHAT AB. but we could do it by making use of the rotational symmetry. The hat
antenna is a BOR1 antenna.
We progressed now fast, and Ericsson became interested in using the
hat antenna in their MINILINK product. The development project is reported in [25], and they
wrote a non-exclusive license agreement. This allowed me also to start the spin-off company
Comhat AB in 1997, together with an entrepreneur. Comhat merged with a local reflector antenna
manufacturing company in year 2000, and Arkivator AB acquired them in 2007. Ericsson also
started production of hat antennas abroad. The hat antennas (or rather hat-fed reflectors) have been
extremely successful for both Arkivator AB and Ericsson AB. There has till date been
manufactured more than 900 000 hat antennas for Ericsson’s MINILINK. The volume has gine
down the last years, but Arkivator has invested in reducing production cost, and it looks as if the
volume will increase again in 2013.
There has been one important further development of the hat feed lately. Master student Martin
Denstedt improved its bandwidth from around 12% to 33% by optimization using Quick-Wave-
V2D and genetic algorithms [26]. His achievements were incredible, so I nominated him for the
“Lilla Polhemspriset”, a Prize for the best Master thesis in Sweden, all areas, in 2007, and he got it.
Very well deserved.

Figure 5. Hat-fed reflector antennas used in Ericsson´s MINILINK.

Almost  octave  bandwidth  choke  horn  with  constant  beamwidth  (soft  surface):  
My co-workers and myself have designed some standard
corrugated horns. The wideband choke horn in [27] is worth
mentioning. It was the first almost-octave 1.8:1 bandwidth horn
with constant beam width over the whole band. Unfortunately, it
is not very well known, but many prime focus radio telescopes
could have benefitted from using it. However, the wide
bandwidth and compact size is only achievable with rather wide
beamwidths, so the reflector should be rather deep. It is used to
feed the dual-reflector Gregorian feed of the Arecibo radio
telescope.
Figure 6. Wideband soft choke horn feed used in
The frequency-independent beam width property is the result
ARECIBO radio telescope. of a simple Gaussian beam model of a corrugated horn [28],
through which the wideband behavior can be associated with a
flare-angle controlled beam. In contrast, long horns with almost-constant phase over their apertures
radiate aperture-controlled beams with a beam width that varies inversely proportional to frequency.

Innovative  scalar  horn  with  shaped  lens:  

While I was in Trondheim I designed a corrugated horn with Meniscus lens for an Earth Station
[29] on an industrial project with EB NERA. The lens was included to make the horn more
compact, i.e. to achieve constant phase over the aperture with a shorter horn, and thereby a narrower
beam width. The use of a lens to control the far field gave me the idea to try to synthesize a lens to
 achieve a sector beam from a horn antenna. The goal was to
achieve an aperture field in the form of an Airy disk with one
included sidelobe [30]. Therefore, the lens had a discontinuity to
create the 180 deg phase reversal in the Airy disk sidelobe. The
sector beam was experimentally validated, but the sidelobes had
increased due to diffraction from the discontinuities in the lens.
The principle of generating sector beams by Airy disk aperture
distributions is today used in focal plane arrays for feeding large
reflectors under study for use in Square kilometer Array (SKA)
[10].
Figure 7. Horn with shaped lens for producing
sector beam.  

Invention  of  decade  bandwidth  Eleven  feed  for  VLBI2010  and  SKA:  
In 2003 Professor Sander Weinreb from Caltech contacted me. He wanted me to look into a log-
periodic feed that was designed for use in the Allen telescope array in USA. This had decade
bandwidth, but he believed that its phase center variations would be detrimental for performance.
Our simulations confirmed his anticipation. However, I thought it should be possible to make
compact log-periodic antennas, by making use of a ground plane. I remembered a dual-dipole feed
above a ground plane that I had seen before in a book on radio telescopes by Christiansen and
Högbom. The two dipoles were parallel with 0.5 wavelength spacing, and this gave a symmetric
radiation pattern with phase center in the ground plane. I
thought that the same performance should be maintained
over large frequency if the dipoles were extended log-
periodically in the direction almost-along the ground
plane, orthogonal to the direction of radiation, and not in
the direction of radiation like in all other log-periodic
antenna designs. I got a student involved, and after some
trials we found out that it would work if the dipoles were
cascaded folded dipoles. This became then the so-called
eleven antenna [31], named after its original two-parallel-
dipoles configuration. The name eleven feed came from
Figure 8. 200-800 MHz Eleven feed designed for use in these eleven-related facts: the directivity was 10-11 dB,
GMRT radio telescope in India.
the return loss could be better than 11 dB over its whole
decade bandwidth or even larger bandwidth, and it was actually exactly 11 times smaller in height
than the existing log-periodic feed for the Allan radio telescope array that had inspired to our
development. The eleven feed has since then been developed for different applications at Chalmers,
with different supporters. Several versions of it has been
realized and tested in radio telescopes [32, 33]. The last years
there has been a focus on developing a 1-14 GHz eleven feed
for use in radio telescopes for VLBI 2010 and Square
Kilometer Array (SKA) [34-36]. The latter paper is very
comprehensive and describes a complete cryogenic eleven feed
system with low noise amplifiers located inside a cryostat.
Some more compact solutions have also been developed, the
most promising being the circular eleven feed.
Omnisys Instruments AB in Gothenburg provides today
Figure 9. 2-13 GHz eleven feed developed for use
in VLBI2010 radio telescope, now productified commercially the latter cryogenic eleven feed system with
together with Omnisys Instruments AB in LNAs for VLBI 2010 radio telescopes, and their first order has
Gothenburg, together with LNA in cryostat.
been received for the German VLBI station in Wettzell. The eleven feed is also regarded as a major
candidate for use in SKA radio telescopes, in which case there will be needed some thousand of
them, but since we started there has evolved competitors, both of log-periodic nature, but also based
on other principles such as an optimized quad-ridge horn. The eleven antenna is the most compact
though, and it no physical restrictions to bandwidth, except that it becomes very complicated to feed
dipoles above 14 GHz due to the small dimensions at its twin-wire ports.
The previously mentioned BOR1 efficiency has been very important for the characterization and
developments of the eleven feed [9].

4. Synthesis   and   analysis   of   Gregorian   dual-­‐reflector   feed   for   radio  

telescope  in  Arecibo  
Professor Tor Hagfors moved to
USA to become director of the
National Astronomy and Ionesphere
Center (NAIC) at Cornell University
in 1982, as already mentioned. I
continued to work for him from
Trondheim after he left, because he
needed help with upgrading NAIC’s
radio telescope in Arecibo with a
dual-reflector feed that should replace
the old narrowband line feeds. I
studied first the line feeds, using the
previously mentioned formulation of
the isolated element patterns in [22],
and later also the improved element
patterns in [37]. In addition I used the
formulas in [14] to formulate a
Figure 10. Gregorian dual-reflector feed of radio-telescope in Arecibo. stationary-phase GO (Geometrical
Optics) contribution and UTD-like endpoint diffraction corrections of the radiation from the line
feeds in order to determine the illumination of the spherical reflector [37, 38]. These studies were
pre-studies of the actual dual-reflector development, in order to understand the general focusing
properties of spherical reflectors. Thereafter, I developed GO ray tracing methods to synthesize and
analyze the dual-reflector feed itself [39, 40], and the paper on synthesis won the Schelkunoff best
paper award in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation in 1990. The synthesis approach
was rather challenging due to the complex geometry of one given spherical reflector and two offset
subreflectors, the shapes of which were to be determined. I developed my own GO synthesis
method that was very analytical, obtained by solving linear equations determining the principle
curvatures and directions of curvature of the reflectors locally at each numerically specified
reflector points in a ring around the central ray, and from these to determine the next circular ring of
points. The dual-reflector feed was in parallel mechanically designed by others, and it was built and
tested, the results of which are included in [41, 42]. The GO ray tracing analysis code was extended
by tracing of the extents of the UTD transitions regions via reflectors, using the formulas from [16,
17]. A physical optics analysis code was also developed for validation of the GO ray tracing code.
Both analysis codes were used for a thorough study of diffraction effects in the dual-reflector feed
in [43]. The codes were later also used for studying near-field focusing and cluster feeds [44, 45].
The Gregorian dual-reflector feed was inaugurated in 1997 and has since been used for many
interesting radio-astronomical studies. It represented a major bandwidth improvement of the
Arecibo radio telescope, because the old line feeds only had about 1% bandwidth, whereas the
Gregorian dual-reflector feed could cover the whole bandwidth from 500 MHz to 8 GHz with five
choke horn feeds [27], each of which having a relative bandwidth of 1.8:1.
The developed synthesis and analysis software were also extended to study a dual-reflector feed
for the spherical-planar radio telescope in Nancay in France [46], and a special feed horn was
developed that was aperture-controlled in the vertical plane and flare-angle-controlled in the
horizontal plane [47]. The synthesis and analysis methods can of course also be used for normal
symmetric or offset dual-reflector antennas, actually for any multi-reflector antenna with two
unknown reflectors, and the rest having known shapes.

5. Development  of  concept  of  artificially  soft  and  hard  surfaces  

The most long-term research interest during my carrier has been artificially soft and hard
surfaces. I defined these surfaces already in 1988 [21]. This was a result of my work with
corrugated horn antennas and UTD. I was modeling the line
feeds of the radio telescope in Arecibo [22]. The model
included radiation from a circumferential slot in a metal
cylinder, and I found out that this could create a good primary
feed pattern if I located a corrugated reflector at one end of it.
Also, this reflector could be included in the radiation pattern
model of the slot by using GO and UTD, but only if the
reflection coefficient was chosen to be -1 for both the vertical
and horizontal polarizations relative to the corrugated surface,
and similarly the edge diffraction coefficients for these
polarizations both had to be chosen equal to the soft diffraction
coefficient [23]. I found a physical explanation: the corrugated
surface was a scalar soft surface like these surfaces appear in
acoustics. The thoughts went further, and I asked the question
if a hard surface could exist as well, in analogy with acoustics.
Figure 12. Circumferential slot with soft reflector This resulted in the definition of soft and hard surfaces in [21],
radiating around soft cylinder (upper) , and
hard cylinder (lower) for verifying soft and
and the more thorough introduction of this as a concept in [48].
hard surface performance. I also argued from the start that the equivalent hard surface
could be realized as longitudinal corrugations filled with dielectric material; the soft surface being
the transverse corrugations that did not need to be filled with dielectric material. The main
application of the hard surface was believed to be in compact horn antennas with high aperture
efficiency [49, 50]. My colleague Erik Lier worked during this time with alternative realizations of
both soft and hard horn antennas, but they were not very successful from the application point of
view. The initial hard horns were very narrowband. He has during
the last years taken this up again and can now produce very
wideband hard horn antennas, or more generally meta-horn
antenna. Personally, I verified the hard surface performance both
for a planar reflecting surface and for propagation along a
corrugated cylinder by using a circumferential slot in a corrugated
cylinder with a corrugated reflector at one side of it, i.e. the hat
antenna geometry. The measured patterns agreed with the
Figure 11. Multimode hard horn for Ka-band
theoretical models developed using ideally soft and hard surfaces
satellite application. for transverse and longitudinal corrugations relative to the
propagation direction [51].
 Asymptotic  boundary  conditions  and  applications  to  hard  horns:  
After I moved to Gothenburg in 1989 I continued to work with soft and hard surfaces, and in
particular I was a Distinguished Lecturer in IEEE AP-S during 1991-1994 offering lectures on soft
and hard surfaces, and the ray techniques used to design the Gregorian dual-reflector feed of the
radio telescope in Arecibo. During these years until 1996 we developed asymptotic boundary
conditions that model corrugated surfaces as an anisotropic smooth boundary [52], so that e.g.
longitudinally corrugated horn antennas could be modeled with BOR software, and analytic
solutions could be derived for many hard surface waveguides and combined to mode matching
algorithms and software for antenna design [53-56]. These methods and software were used to
design the multimode hard horn in [57] according to Ka-band satellite antenna specifications, and
extended to treat the miniaturized hard horn elements in [58-60].
Introduction  of  canonical  surfaces  (PEC/PMC/EBG/soft&hard):  
The continued developments of the soft and hard surface concept was around year 2000
stimulated by others introducing the Electromagnetic BandGap (EBG) surface that has similar
characteristics as the soft surface, but in an isotropic manner. This caused that Professors Kishk,
Maci and myself proposed a special issue in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation on
“Artificial magnetic conductors, soft/hard surfaces and other complex surfaces”, which appeared in
January 2005. As editors, we introduced a table visualizing the characteristics of different ideal
artificial surfaces such as perfect magnetic conductors (PMC), soft and hard surfaces and EBG
surfaces [61]. Actually, I had already earlier introduced this table in a slightly different form in [62].
The table illustrates mainly the characteristics for propagation along the surface, in which case the
hard surface enhances propagation (i.e. a “go” or GO surface), and the soft and EBG surfaces STOP
wave propagation, i.e. a “stop” or STOP surface. The ideal canonical representation of both the soft
and the hard surface is the PEC/PMC
Canonical Surface E-field Polarization strip grid, being a soft STOP surface
VER or TM HOR or TE when the strips are oriented transverse to
PEC the direction of wave propagation, i.e.
PMC they work as current fences, and being a
hard GO surface when the strips are
PEC/PMC
Strip grid
oriented along the direction of wave
propagation, i.e. they work as current
PMC-type grazing lanes.
EBG
close to normal PMC
The term “canonical surfaces” was
introduced in the above papers, as an
Figure 13. Comparisons of performance of different canonical surfaces. idealized simplified boundary condition
describing the performance under ideal conditions. The canonical soft and hard surfaces are uniaxial
current grids supporting both electric and magnetic currents in one direction, i.e. parallel electric
and magnetic conducting strips of zero period. A similar canonical representation of an EBG
surface is in the process of being developed [63, 64]. This will have a major influence on the
opportunities of using EBG surfaces in complex designs, because the computation time can be used
on the modeling of the large-scale structure and not on the details of the realized EBG surface, at
least for initial and conceptual designs.

Cloaking  vision  (1988)  and  dual-­‐polarized  wideband  cloaking  realization  (1997):  

The soft and hard surfaces were defined in 1988 [21]. In a corresponding conference paper the
application of the hard surface to make “Invisible struts” is specifically mentioned [65]. I wrote
during the next years several conference papers presenting blockage reduction using hard struts,
 first together with Aas, and then Kishk. I presented a paper
Illustrations of superstealth technology at a Nordic antenna conference in 1994 where the hard
(from presentation at Nordic conference Antenna 94 in Sundbyholm)

• Object subject to radar waves (green rays), and

surface cloaking is referred to as Super-stealth [66]. The

Radar side Radar side

the backwards reflected and forward scattered
waves (red rays).
• Common stealth technology directs reflected
Observer
invisibility work was completed during 1994-1995 when
Kishk had a sabbatical year at Chalmers, and it resulted in

Observer
rays (red) away from radar.

an extensive journal article appearing in 1996 [67]. The

• Radar absorbing material removes reflected
reviewers did not like the term superstealth, so we instead
Radar side

Observer
rays.

• Superstealth technology leaves the object

invisible also to observers on the opposite side
used the description “reduction of forward scattering by
of the object, i.e. the waves flow around the
using hard surfaces”, or simply “blockage-reduction”. This

Observer
Radar side
object and removes the appearance of it. This
can be realized with a so-called hard surface,

journal article is together with the first articles on soft and

for small objects..

hard surfaces among my most cited articles.

Figure 14. Copy of viewgraph about superstealth from
Nordic conference in 1994, nowadays referred to as
In 2006 the journal Science reports that researchers now
cloaking.   can make objects invisible by using metamaterials, CNN
reported it as well and associated it with Harry Potter’s invisibility cloak, and in October the same
year the web journal Science Express published the now well known paper by Schurig, Pendry,
Smith et al. There is no reference to my previous works, although our invisible struts actually
worked with a significant blockage reduction over 20% bandwidth for arbitrary polarized waves,
whereas the new results published in Science
only considered a single linear polarization, and
actually even for that case the authors could not
show any measureable improvement compared
to the original blocking geometry. Science
Express writes on their web page that they
allow submission of letters commenting
published articles. I did that, but they did not
want to publish my comment informing about
my own previous invisibility work, and instead
Figure 15. Invisible hard struts realized for dual-polarization and 20%
bandwidth in 1997. Science Magazine appointed the Invisibility
concept of Schurig, Pendry et al the Fifth
breakthrough of the year in science in 2006. Personally, I instead published at IEEE AP-S
Symposium in Hawaii in June 2007 a comparison between cloaking in my way and in the new
metamaterial way under the title “…Harry Potter’s cloak or the emperor’s new clothes” [68].

6. Gap  waveguides,  a  fundamentally  new  quasi-­‐TEM  transmission  line  

The concept of soft and hard
surfaces resulted in 2008 in the
invention of a new quasi-TEM
transmission line referred to as a
gap waveguide [69]. The invention
is also a result of interactions with
Professor Alejandro Valero at UPV
in Valencia, Spain, who used the
longitudinally corrugated surface in
a parallel-plate waveguide, and he
could detect local parallel-plate
waves along the ridges [70]. Dr
Sipus and myself had previously
Figure 16. Gap waveguide demonstrator for 10-20 GHz (left) shown with smooth lid detected surface waves following
removed, and three gap waveguide components (right) shown without smooth lid; five
poles filter at 15 GHz, 180 deg coupler at 15 GHz, and 38 GHz 3 dB coupler. the grooves, so the local waves
following the ridges were a new discovery.
I then saw how this could be extended to a new waveguide principle: the longitudinal
corrugations were replaced by a single ridge surrounded by a periodic structure that was used to
create a cut-off, or actually a stopband, for global parallel-plate modes. Thereby, a quasi-TEM wave
could follow the ridge within the stopband of the global parallel-plate modes. I named the new
waveguide a gap waveguide, and it exists in three variants: the original ridge gap waveguide having
similarities with microstrip lines, the groove gap waveguide being similar to rectangular
waveguides, and microstrip gap waveguides representing packaged normal microstrip circuits or
suspended microstrip circuits, the latter with field lines in air [71]. The stopband of the parallel-
plate modes can be octave or larger, and it can be realized by a texture in one of the plates, such as
metal posts (we call them pins) or other periodic structures some of which are investigated in [72].
The advantages of the gap waveguides are clear: it is possible to make RF-shielded waveguides or
to package normal transmission lines without requiring conductive contact between the two parallel
plates supporting the waves. This will reduce manufacturing costs at high frequency. I received a
large Swedish grant to investigate the gap waveguides, and since then we have evaluated it
experimentally [73], studied it analytically by classical EM theory [74], and by plane wave spectral
domain theories [75]. We have also shown its superiority for packaging without resonances in the
cavity [76, 77], and we have realized components such as filters [78], and couplers. We have also
proven experimentally that the gap waveguides have low losses [79]. We are presently working
with realizing slot antenna arrays, moment method approaches tailored to the parallel-plate
geometry, and realizing gap waveguide components by micromachining at frequencies above 100
GHz. I expect that this research field will grow during the next decade due to all the different
research groups already involved: Prof Alejandro Volareo at UPV Valencia, Prof Eva Rajo at
Carlos III University in Madrid, Prof Stefano Maci at University of Siena, Prof Zvonimir Sipus at
Zagreb University, and Prof Ahmed Kishk at Concordia University in Montreal. I received in
November 2012 a large prestigious 2.5 M€ Advanced Investigator grant from European Research
Council to explore the gap waveguides further.

7. Reverberation  chamber  for  OTA  measurements  

Figure 17. Bluetest reverberation chamber for OTA measurements of MIMO antennas and wireless
devices for LTE systems with MIMO and OFDM.

I have since Spring 2000 worked with reverberation chambers for characterizing antennas and
wireless devices that are designed for use in multipath environments. Such measurements of active
devices are normally today referred to as OTA (over-The-Air) measurements, in contrast to cable-
bound (conductive) measurements. We were for several years the only research group publishing
papers about accurate measurements in reverberation chambers, although it had previously been
used for EMC measurements for which measurement accuracy is not that strict [80]. We started by
inventing platform stirring and polarization stirring that improved accuracy [81, 82], and we
developed measurement procedures and characterization methods for diversity and MIMO antennas
[12, 83-86]. The definition of apparent and effective diversity gain is widely accepted, and also that
the major performance parameter is the embedded element efficiency and not really the correlation.
We have introduced simple formulas for computing effective diversity gain if efficiency and
correlation are known [87, 88], and we have shown that our directly obtained results agree with
those indirectly obtained from radiation pattern measurements in anechoic chambers [89]. We can
also measure total radiation efficiency of other types of multiport antennas, such as focal plane
arrays for future radio telescopes (SKA), including our defined decoupling efficiency [10].
The reverberation chamber emulates a rich isotropic
multipath environment [12], which also can be emulated
in other ways, e.g. by multi-probe anechoic chambers. I
have in several invited conference presentations (e.g.
[90]) proposed this rich isotropic multipath environment
as a new reference environment for characterizing
wireless terminals with small antennas, thereby
complementing the anechoic environment, which is
more suitable for characterizing antenna systems
mounted on roof-tops and masts for use under Line-Of-
Sight (LOS). The description of the rich isotropic
environment (now referred to under the acronym RIMP)
and what we can measure there is the main topic of the
invited journal article [91] in a special issue in IEEE
Figure 18. Illustration of one realization of a rich isotropic Proceedings about antennas for wireless
multipath environment using ViRMlab software.
communications. We have developed special software
referred to as ViRMlab for studying the characteristics of the rich isotropic environment relative to
different real-life environments. We have also introduced a new uncertainty model for reverberation
chambers, which has been used to improve the Bluetest chamber [92, 93].
An important part of the characterization of a reverberation chamber for measuring receiver
sensitivity and throughput is the control of the time delay spread. We can control this by
introducing loads in the chamber. We have introduced an average mode bandwidth that
characterizes the loaded chamber well, and we have shown that this is equal to the coherence
bandwidth of the emulated multipath environment, determining thereby also the time delay spread
[94].
The characterization of active wireless devices started very early by measuring radiated power
[95] and total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) [96]. The latter paper introduced also an average fading
sensitivity (AFS) characterizing performance during fading, and the same setup is today used for
measuring throughput of LTE devices [97]. The ultimate result of the OTA measurement research
project is that we have introduced a new system model for predicting throughput of LTE systems
with MIMO and OFDM diversity [98]. The model is very simple, but can still predict throughput
curves versus received power within a few tenths of dBs from measured curves, including both
MIMO and OFDM diversity. We are sure that this model will become very important in the future
because it helps antenna engineers to assure quality of OTA measurements. It provides a simple
theoretical explanation of the most important characteristics of the throughput curves.
We have developed moment method based computation codes to compute transfer functions
between antennas in reverberation chambers. This is a very time-consuming task, but by including
the chamber itself in the Green’s function we could do it [99, 100]. The first of these codes were
used for some fundamental numerical studies of absorption cross-sections and position stirring [99,
101], and to validate David Hill’s transmission formula for reverberation chambers. Our research
builds to a large extent on Hill’s earlier theoretical works.
I started already in 2000 the company Bluetest AB that provides reverberation chambers for
OTA measurements. The company has today 23 employees, and has delivered 103 reverberation
chamber systems for OTA measurements to companies worldwide, most of them to the major
mobile phone providers. Bluetest is today the major provider in the world of measurement
equipment for LTE systems with OFDM and MIMO. We have through the years participated in
several Round Robin tests, and the results have always been favorable for the Bluetest reverberation
chamber, in particular when compared to small anechoic chambers. The reverberation chamber is
smaller, more cost-effective and faster for OTA measurements than anechoic chambers, and in
addition it can measure performance during fading which is not possible with normal anechoic
chambers.

Figure 19. Laptop with USB LTE device located in Bluetest

reverberation chamber for throughput tests.

8. Algorithms  and  software  for  Spectrum  of  1D  and  2D  solutions  
My group developed during the 1990s methods for computing radiation characteristics of
antennas on and in different classes of structures with specific symmetries, see the figure below.
Antennas in cylindrical 2D structures were solved by using a spectrum of vector 2D solutions (kz
spectrum) [7, 102], and this method was applied to design waveguide slot antennas and base station
antennas [103-107]. The method has also been used to design radar antenna in the Danish company
Terma. Antennas in 1D planar, cylindrical and spherical structures were analysed using a spectrum
of plane, cylindrical and spherical waves,
respectively [108]. The latter approach
uses the same so-called G1DMULT
algorithm for the multilayer planar,
cylindrical and spherical structures, the
only difference between the different
three implementations being two
homogenous-region subroutines (core
subroutines). The 1D spectral domain
approach has been further developed by
Prof Sipus to analyse a lot of different
conformal antennas [109, 110], as well as
to study surface waves in corrugated
structures [111], and local waves in ridge
Figure 20. Classification of structures with different symmetries in 1D and 2D gap waveguides [75], and several more
types for generating spectral 1D and 2D solutions to speed up the numerical
simulations. papers authored solely by Sipus and his
co-workers.
 9. References  

[1] P. S. Kildal, "Discrete phase-steering by permuting precut phase cables," IEE Proceedings
H (Microwaves, Optics and Antennas), vol. 128, pp. 218-20, 1981.
[2] P. S. Kildal, "Radiation characteristics of the EISCAT VHF parabolic cylindrical reflector
antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, pp. 541-52, 1984.
[3] P. S. Kildal, "Aperture efficiency and line feed phase center of parabolic cylindrical
reflector antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, pp. 553-
61, 1984.
[4] P. S. Kildal, "A formula for efficient computation of radiation from a current source in
proximity to cylindrical scatterers," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
AP-32, pp. 754-7, 1984.
[5] T. Hagfors, P. S. Kildal, H. J. Karcher, B. Liesenkotter, and G. Schroer, "VHF parabolic
cylinder antenna for incoherent scatter radar research," Radio Science, vol. 17, pp. 1607-21,
1982.
[6] P. S. Kildal, "Factorization of the feed efficiency of paraboloids and Cassegrain antennas,"
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-33, pp. 903-8, 1985.
[7] P. S. Kildal, S. Rengarajan, and A. Moldsvor, "Analysis of nearly cylindrical antennas and
scattering problems using a spectrum of two-dimensional solutions," IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 44, pp. 1183-92, 1996.
[8] P. S. Kildal, "Combined E- and H-plane phase centers of antenna feeds," IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-31, pp. 199-202, 1983.
[9] P. Kildal and Z. Sipus, "Classification of Rotationally Symmetric Antennas as Types BOR0
and BOR1," Antennas and Propagation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 37, p. 114, 1995.
[10] M. V. Ivashina, M. Kehn, P. S. Kildal, and R. Maaskant, "Decoupling efficiency of a
wideband vivaldi focal plane array feeding a reflector antenna," IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, pp. 373-82, 2009.
[11] M. N. M. Kehn, M. V. Ivashina, P. S. Kildal, and R. Maaskant, "Definition of unifying
decoupling efficiency of different array antennas: Case study of dense focal plane array feed
for parabolic reflector," AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications,
vol. 64, pp. 403-12, 2010.
[12] P. S. Kildal and K. Rosengren, "Correlation and capacity of MIMO systems and mutual
coupling, radiation efficiency, and diversity gain of their antennas: simulations and
measurements in a reverberation chamber," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 42, pp.
104-12, 2004.
[13] P. S. Kildal, "Diffraction corrections to the cylindrical wave radiated by a linear array feed
of a cylindrical reflector antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
AP-32, pp. 1111-16, 1984.
[14] P. S. Kildal, "Asymptotic approximations of radiation integrals: endpoint and double
endpoint diffraction," Radio Science, vol. 19, pp. 805-11, 1984.
[15] P. S. Kildal, "The effects of subreflector diffraction on the aperture efficiency of a
conventional Cassegrain antenna-An analytical approach," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, vol. AP-31, pp. 903-9, 1983.
[16] P. S. Kildal, "Asymptotic transition region theory for edge diffraction. II. Calculation of
diffraction losses in multireflector antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 1359-65, 1990.
[17] P. S. Kildal and J. J. Stamnes, "Asymptotic transition region theory for edge diffraction. I.
Tracing transition regions via reflectors," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
vol. 38, pp. 1350-8, 1990.
[18] P. S. Kildal and E. Sorngard, "Circularly polarized feed for cylindrical parabolic reflector
antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-28, pp. 210-15, 1980.
[19] P. S. Kildal and S. A. Skyttemyr, "Dipole-disk antenna with beam-forming ring," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-30, pp. 529-34, 1982.
[20] P. Kildal, "A small dipole-fed resonant reflector antenna with high efficiency, low cross
polarization, and low sidelobes," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-
33, pp. 1386-91, 1985.
[21] P. S. Kildal, "Definition of artificially soft and hard surfaces for electromagnetic waves,"
Electronics Letters, vol. 24, pp. 168-70, 1988.
[22] P. S. Kildal, "Study of element patterns and excitations of the line feeds of the spherical
reflector antenna in Arecibo," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-
34, pp. 197-207, 1986.
[23] P. S. Kildal, "The hat feed: a dual-mode rear-radiating waveguide antenna having low cross
polarization," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-35, pp. 1010-16,
1987.
[24] P. S. Kildal and T. Jensen, "Efficient small reflector with hat feed," in Sixth International
Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP 89) (Conf. Publ. No.301), 4-7 April 1989,
London, UK, 1989, pp. 154-7.
[25] J. Hansen, A. A. Kishk, P. S. Kildal, and O. Dahlsjo, "High performance reflector hat
antenna with very low sidelobes for radio-link applications," in IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society International Symposium. 1995 Digest, 18-23 June 1995, New York,
NY, USA, 1995, pp. 893-6.
[26] M. Denstedt, T. Ostling, Y. Jian, and P. S. Kildal, "Tripling bandwidth of hat feed by
genetic algorithm optimization," in 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, 9-15 June 2007, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2008, pp. 2197-200.
[27] Z. Ying, A. A. Kishk, and P. S. Kildal, "Broadband compact horn feed for prime-focus
reflectors," Electronics Letters, vol. 31, pp. 1114-15, 1995.
[28] P. S. Kildal, "Gaussian beam model for aperture-controlled and flareangle-controlled
corrugated horn antennas," IEE Proceedings H (Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation),
vol. 135, pp. 237-40, 1988.
[29] P. S. Kildal, K. Jakobsen, and K. Sudhakar Rao, "Meniscus-lens-corrected corrugated horn:
a compact feed for a Cassegrain antenna," IEE Proceedings H (Microwaves, Optics and
Antennas), vol. 131, pp. 390-4, 1984.
[30] P. S. Kildal and K. R. Jakobsen, "Scalar horn with shaped lens improves Cassegrain
efficiency," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-32, pp. 1094-100,
1984.
[31] R. Olsson, P. S. Kildal, and S. Weinreb, "The eleven antenna: a compact low-profile decade
bandwidth dual polarized feed for reflector antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 54, pp. 368-75, 2006.
[32] R. Olsson, P. S. Kildal, and M. Shields, "Measurements of a 150 to 1700 MHz low loss
Eleven feed for the 42 m radio telescope at Green Bank," in 2006 IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Society International Symposium, 9-14 July 2006, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2006,
pp. 347-50.
[33] P. S. Kildal, R. Olsson, and Y. Jian, "Development of three models of the eleven antenna: a
new decade bandwidth high performance feed for reflectors," in Proceedings of the
European Conference on Antennas and Propagation EuCAP 2006, 6-10 Nov. 2006,
Noordwijk, Netherlands, 2006, p. 6 pp.
[34] Y. Jian, C. Xiaoming, N. Wadefalk, and P. S. Kildal, "Design and realization of a linearly
polarized eleven feed for 1-10 GHz," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.
8, pp. 64-8, 2009.
[35] J. Yang and P. S. Kildal, "Optimization of Reflection Coefficient of Large Log-Periodic
Array by Computing Only a Small Part of It," Antennas and Propagation, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 59, pp. 1790-1797, 2011.
[36] J. Yang, M. Pantaleev, P. S. Kildal, B. Klein, Y. Karandikar, L. Helldner, N. Wadefalk, and
C. Beaudoin, "Cryogenic 2-13 GHz Eleven Feed for Reflector Antennas in Future
Wideband Radio Telescopes," Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 59,
pp. 1918-1934, 2011.
[37] T. Ulversoy and P. S. Kildal, "Improved element pattern for the line feeds of the spherical
reflector antenna in Arecibo," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, pp.
1624-7, 1989.
[38] P. S. Kildal, "Diffraction analysis of line feeds for spherical reflectors," IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 1366-73, 1990.
[39] P. S. Kildal, "Synthesis of multireflector antennas by kinematic and dynamic ray tracing,"
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 1587-99, 1990.
[40] P. S. Kildal, "Analysis of numerically specified multireflector antennas by kinematic and
dynamic ray tracing," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 1600-
6, 1990.
[41] P. S. Kildal, L. Baker, and T. Hagfors, "Development of a dual-reflector feed for the
Arecibo radio telescope: an overview," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 33,
pp. 12-18, 1991.
[42] P. S. Kildal, L. A. Baker, and T. Hagfors, "The Arecibo upgrading: electrical design and
expected performance of the dual-reflector feed system," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 82,
pp. 714-24, 1994.
[43] P. S. Kildal and S. A. Skyttemyr, "Diffraction analysis of a proposed dual-reflector feed for
the spherical reflector antenna of the Arecibo Observatory," Radio Science, vol. 24, pp. 601-
17, 1989.
[44] P. S. Kildal and M. M. Davis, "Characterisation of near-field focusing with application to
low altitude beam focusing of the Arecibo tri-reflector system," IEE Proceedings-
Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 143, pp. 284-92, 1996.
[45] P. S. Kildal, M. Johansson, T. Hagfors, and R. Giovanelli, "Analysis of a cluster feed for the
Arecibo trireflector system using forward ray tracing and aperture integration," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 41, pp. 1019-25, 1993.
[46] P. S. Kildal, "Synthesis and analysis of a dual-reflector feed for the radiotelescope in
Nancay," IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 144, pp. 289-96,
1997.
[47] J. Salomonsson, J. Hirokawa, and P. S. Kildal, "A corrugated soft sector horn with different
beam properties in the two principal planes," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium. 1995 Digest, 18-23 June 1995, New York, NY, USA, 1995, pp.
544-7.
[48] P. S. Kildal, "Artificially soft and hard surfaces in electromagnetics," IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 38, pp. 1537-44, 1990.
[49] E. Lier and P. S. Kildal, "Soft and hard horn antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 36, pp. 1152-7, 1988.
[50] P. S. Kildal and E. Lier, "Hard horns improve cluster feeds of satellite antennas,"
Electronics Letters, vol. 24, pp. 491-2, 1988.
[51] T. Ulversoy and P. S. Kildal, "Radiation from slots in artificially soft and hard cylinders,"
IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 37, pp. 1628-32, 1989.
[52] P. S. Kildal, A. Kishk, and Z. Sipus, "Asymptotic boundary conditions for strip-loaded and
corrugated surfaces," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 14, pp. 99-101, 1997.
[53] S. P. Skobelev and P. S. Kildal, "Eigenmodes of circular waveguide with "hard" wall based
on strip-loaded dielectric layer," Radio and Communications Technology, vol. 5, pp. 72-6,
2000.
[54] S. P. Skobelev and P. S. Kildal, "Analysis of a hard strip-loaded conical horn by the method
of generalized scattering matrices," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
51, pp. 2918-25, 2003.
[55] S. P. Skobelev and P. S. Kildal, "Analysis of conical quasi-TEM horn with a hard
corrugated section," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 51, pp. 2723-31,
2003.
[56] S. P. Skobelev and P. S. Kildal, "Modal solutions in dual-depth longitudinally corrugated
hard waveguide," IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 1, pp. 827-31, 2007.
[57] O. Sotoudeh, P. S. Kildal, P. Ingvarson, and S. P. Skobelev, "Single- and dual-band
multimode hard horn antennas with partly corrugated walls," IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, pp. 330-9, 2006.
[58] M. N. M. Kehn, P. S. Kildal, and S. P. Skobelev, "Miniaturized dielectric-loaded rectangular
waveguides for use in multi-frequency arrays," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
Symposium, 20-25 June 2004, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2004, pp. 803-6.
[59] M. N. M. Kehn and P. S. Kildal, "Miniaturized rectangular hard waveguides for use in
multifrequency phased arrays," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 53,
pp. 100-9, 2005.
[60] M. N. M. Kehn, M. Nannetti, A. Cucini, S. Maci, and P. S. Kildal, "Analysis of dispersion
in dipole-FSS loaded hard rectangular waveguide," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 54, pp. 2275-82, 2006.
[61] P.-S. Kildal, A. A. Kishk, and S. Maci, "Special issue on artificial magnetic conductors,
soft/hard surfaces, and other complex surfaces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 53, pp. 2-7, jan. 2005.
[62] P. S. Kildal and A. Kishk, "EM modeling of surfaces with STOP or GO characteristics -
artificial magnetic conductors and soft and hard surfaces," Applied Computational
Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 18, pp. 32-40, 2003.
[63] P.-S. Kildal, A. A. Kishk, M. Bosiljevac, and Z. Sipus, "The PMC-amended DB boundary -
A canonical EBG surface," Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES)
Journal, vol. 26, Feb. 2011.
[64] M. Bosiljevac, Z. Sipus, and P.-S. Kildal, "Simple General Boundary Condition for
Canonical EBG surface - PMC–backed Uniaxial Medium," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, submitted in September 2011.
[65] P. S. Kildal, E. Lier, and J. A. Aas, "Artificially soft and hard surfaces in electromagnetics
and their application," in AP-S International Symposium 1988. 1988 International
Symposium Digest: Antennas and Propagation (Cat.No.88CH2563-5), 6-10 June 1988, New
York, NY, USA, 1988, pp. 832-5.
[66] P.-S. Kildal and A. Tengs, "Super-stealth and how to apply it to struts and masts," in Nordic
Antenna Conference ANTENN94, Sweden, 1994.
[67] P. S. Kildal, A. A. Kishk, and A. Tengs, "Reduction of forward scattering from cylindrical
objects using hard surfaces," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 44, pp.
1509-20, 1996.
[68] P. S. Kildal, A. Kishk, and Z. Sipus, "RF invisibility using metamaterials: Harry Potter's
cloak or the emperor's new clothes?," in 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, 9-15 June 2007, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2008, pp. 2361-4.
[69] P. S. Kildal, E. Alfonso, A. Valero-Nogueira, and E. Rajo-Iglesias, "Local metamaterial-
based waveguides in gaps between parallel metal plates," IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 84-7, 2009.
[70] J. I. Herranz, P. S. Kildal, A. Valero-Nogueira, and E. Alfonso, "Experimental
demonstration of local quasi-TEM gap modes in single-hard-wall waveguides," IEEE
Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 19, pp. 536-8, 2009.
[71] P. S. Kildal, "Three metamaterial-based gap waveguides between parallel metal plates for
mm/submm waves," in 2009 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation.
EuCAP 2009, 23-27 March 2009, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009, pp. 28-32.
[72] E. Rajo-Iglesias and P. S. Kildal, "Numerical studies of bandwidth of parallel-plate cut-off
realised by a bed of nails, corrugations and mushroom-type electromagnetic bandgap for use
in gap waveguides," IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 5, pp. 282-9, 2011.
[73] P. S. Kildal, A. U. Zaman, E. Rajo-Iglesias, E. Alfonso, and A. Valero-Nogueira, "Design
and experimental verification of ridge gap waveguide in bed of nails for parallel-plate mode
suppression," IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 5, pp. 262-70, 2011.
[74] A. Polemi, S. Maci, and P. S. Kildal, "Dispersion characteristics of a metamaterial-based
parallel-plate ridge gap waveguide realized by bed of nails," IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, pp. 904-13, 2011.
[75] M. Bosiljevac, Z. Sipus, and P. S. Kildal, "Construction of Green's functions of parallel
plates with periodic texture with application to gap waveguides-a plane-wave spectral-
domain approach," IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol. 4, pp. 1799-810, 2010.
[76] E. Rajo-Iglesias, A. U. Zaman, and P. S. Kildal, "Parallel plate cavity mode suppression in
microstrip circuit packages using a lid of nails," IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components
Letters, vol. 20, pp. 31-3, 2010.
[77] A. Algaba Brazales, A. U. Zaman, and P.-S. Kildal, "Improved Microstrip Filters Using
PMC Packaging by Lid of Nails," IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and
Manufacturing Technology, vol. 2, p. July, 2011.
[78] A. U. Zaman, A. Kishk, and P.-S. Kildal, "Narrow-band microwave filter using high Q
groove gap waveguide resonators with manufacturing flexibility and no sidewalls," IEEE
Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, vol. 2, pp. 1882-
1889, November 2012 2012.
[79] E. Pucci, A. U. Zaman, E. Rajo-Iglesias, P.-S. Kildal, and A. Kishk, "Study of Q-Factors of
Ridge and Groove Gap Waveguide Resonators," IEEE Transactions on Components,
Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, submitted in April 2012.
[80] M. Bäckström, O. Lunden, and P.-S. Kildal, "Reverberation chambers for EMC
susceptibility and emission analyses," Review of Radio Science 1999-2000, pp. 492-452,
2003.
[81] K. Rosengren, P. S. Kildal, C. Carlsson, and J. Carlsson, "Characterization of antennas for
mobile and wireless terminals by using reverberation chambers: improved accuracy by
platform stirring," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.
2001 Digest, 8-13 July 2001, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2001, pp. 350-3.
[82] K. Rosengren, P. S. Kildal, C. Carlsson, and J. Carlsson, "Characterization of antennas for
mobile and wireless terminals in reverberation chambers: improved accuracy by platform
stirring," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 30, pp. 391-7, 2001.
[83] K. Rosengren and P. S. Kildal, "Erratum [Radiation efficiency, correlation, diversity gain
and capacity of a six-monopole antenna array for a MIMO system: theory, simulation and
measurement in reverberation chamber]," IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 153, p. 400, 2006.
[84] K. Rosengren and P. S. Kildal, "Radiation efficiency, correlation, diversity gain and
capacity of a six-monopole antenna array for a MIMO system: theory, simulation and
measurement in reverberation chamber," IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 152, pp. 7-16, 2005.
[85] P. S. Kildal and K. Rosengren, "Electromagnetic analysis of effective and apparent diversity
gain of two parallel dipoles," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 2, pp.
9-13, 2003.
[86] P. S. Kildal, K. Rosengren, B. Joonho, and L. Juhyung, "Definition of effective diversity
gain and how to measure it in a reverberation chamber," Microwave and Optical Technology
Letters, vol. 34, pp. 56-9, 2002.
[87] N. Jamaly, P. S. Kildal, and J. Carlsson, "Compact Formulas for Diversity Gain of Two-port
Antennas," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 9, pp. 970-3, 2010.
[88] X. Chen, P.-S. Kildal, and J. Carlsson, "Fast converging measurement of MRC diversity
gain in reverberation chamber using covariance-eigenvalue approach," IEICE Transactions
on Electronics, vol. E94-C, pp. 1657-1660, October 2011.
[89] X. Chen, P. S. Kildal, J. Carlsson, and J. Yang, "Comparison of Ergodic Capacities From
Wideband MIMO Antenna Measurements in Reverberation Chamber and Anechoic
Chamber," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. 446-449, 2011.
[90] P. S. Kildal, "OTA measurements of wireless stations in reverberation chamber versus
anechoic chamber: from accuracy models to testing of MIMO systems," in International
Workshop on Antenna Technology: "Small Antennas, Innovative Structures and Materials"
(iWAT 2010), 1-3 March 2010, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2010, p. 4 pp.
[91] P.-S. Kildal, C. Orlenius, and J. Carlsson, "OTA Testing in Multipath of Antennas and
Wireless Devices with MIMO and OFDM," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 2145-
2157, July 2012 2012.
[92] P.-S. Kildal, X. Chen, C. Orlenius, M. Franzén, and C. Lötbäck Patané, "Characterization of
Reverberation Chambers for OTA Measurements of Wireless Devices: Formulation of
Channel Matrix and Uncertainty," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
60, pp. 3875-3891, August 2012.
[93] P. S. Kildal, L. Sz-Hau, and C. Xiaoming, "Direct coupling as a residual error contribution
during OTA measurements of wireless devices in reverberation chamber," in 2009 IEEE
International Symposium on Antennas & Propagation & USNC/URSI National
Radio Science Meeting, 1-5 June 2009, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2009, p. 4 pp.
[94] X. Chen, P. S. Kildal, C. Orlenius, and J. Carlsson, "Channel sounding of loaded
reverberation chamber for over-the-air testing of wireless devices : coherence bandwidth
versus average mode bandwidth and delay spread," IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, vol. 8, pp. 678-81, 2009.
[95] N. Serafimov, P. S. Kildal, and T. Bolin, "Comparison between radiation efficiencies of
phone antennas and radiated power of mobile phones measured in anechoic chambers and
reverberation chamber," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium, 16-21 June 2002, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2002, pp. 478-81.
[96] C. Orlenius, P. S. Kildal, and G. Poilasne, "Measurements of total isotropic sensitivity and
average fading sensitivity of CDMA phones in reverberation chamber," in 2005 IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 3-8 July 2005, Piscataway, NJ,
USA, 2005, pp. 409-12.
[97] A. Skårbratt, J. Åsberg, and C. Orlenius, "Over-the-Air Performance Testing of Wireless
Terminals by Data Throughput Measurements in Reverberation Chamber," in 2011
European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP2011), Rome, 2011.
[98] P. S. Kildal, A. Hussain, X. Chen, C. Orlenius, A. Skarbratt, J. Asberg, T. Svensson, and T.
Eriksson, "Threshold Receiver Model for Throughput of Wireless Devices With MIMO and
Frequency Diversity Measured in Reverberation Chamber," IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, vol. 10, pp. 1201-1204, 2011.
[99] U. Carlberg, P. S. Kildal, and J. Carlsson, "Study of antennas in reverberation chamber
using method of moments with cavity Green's function calculated by Ewald summation,"
IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 47, pp. 805-14, 2005.
[100] K. Karlsson, J. Carlsson, and P. S. Kildal, "Reverberation chamber for antenna
measurements: modeling using method of moments, spectral domain techniques, and
asymptote extraction," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 54, pp. 3106-
13, 2006.
[101] U. Carlberg, P. S. Kildal, A. Wolfgang, O. Sotoudeh, and C. Orlenius, "Calculated and
measured absorption cross sections of lossy objects in reverberation chamber," IEEE
Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 46, pp. 146-54, 2004.
[102] Y. Jian and P. S. Kildal, "A fast algorithm for calculating the radiation pattern in the
longitudinal plane of antennas with cylindrical structure by applying asymptotic waveform
evaluation in a spectrum of two-dimensional solutions," IEEE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, vol. 52, pp. 1700-6, 2004.
[103] J. Hirokawa, L. Manholm, and P. S. Kildal, "Analysis of an untilted wire-excited slot in the
narrow wall of a rectangular waveguide by including the actual external structure," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 45, pp. 1038-44, 1997.
[104] J. Hirokawa and P. S. Kildal, "Excitation of an untilted narrow-wall slot in a rectangular
waveguide by using etched strips on a dielectric plate," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 45, pp. 1032-7, 1997.
[105] J. Wettergren and P. S. Kildal, "Admittance of a longitudinal waveguide slot radiating into
an arbitrary cylindrical structure," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.
43, pp. 667-73, 1995.
[106] J. Hirokawa, J. Wettergren, P. S. Kildal, M. Ando, and N. Goto, "Calculation of external
aperture admittance and radiation pattern of a narrow slot cut across an edge of a sectoral
cylinder in terms of a spectrum of two-dimensional solutions," IEEE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, vol. 42, pp. 1243-9, 1994.
[107] K. Forooraghi, P. S. Kildal, and S. R. Rengarajan, "Admittance of an isolated waveguide-fed
slot radiating between baffles using a spectrum of two-dimensional solutions," IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 41, pp. 422-8, 1993.
[108] Z. Sipus, P. S. Kildal, R. Leijon, and M. Johansson, "An algorithm for calculating Green's
functions of planar, circular cylindrical, and spherical multilayer substrates," Applied
Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, vol. 13, pp. 243-54, 1998.
[109] S. Raffaelli, Z. Sipus, and P. S. Kildal, "Analysis and measurements of conformal patch
array antennas on multilayer circular cylinder," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 53, pp. 1105-13, 2005.
[110] Z. Sipus, N. Burum, S. Skokic, and P. S. Kildal, "Analysis of spherical arrays of microstrip
antennas using moment method in spectral domain," Microwaves, Antennas and
Propagation, IEE Proceedings -, vol. 153, pp. 533-543, 2006.
[111] Z. Sipus, H. Merkel, and P. S. Kildal, "Green's functions for planar soft and hard surfaces
derived by asymptotic boundary conditions," IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 144, pp. 321-8, 1997.