Solids liquids and gases

Solid Liquid Gas

 Packed and close  Close together  They are arranged

together random far apart and random
 Vibration about a  They move around  They move quickly in
fixed point each other which any direction
 Strong forces of means they flow  They flow and
attraction and take the completely fill their
 They have a fixed shape of the container
shape and cannot container  They can be
flow  They cannot be compressed or
 They cannot be compressed or squashed
compressed or squashed  Low density
squashed  High density
 High density

The Changes of State

Melting- If you heat a solid the energy makes the particles to vibrate
faster until they are no longer able to hold them together

Freezing- If a liquid is cooled the particles will move more and more
slowly. Eventually they are moving slow enough that the forces of
attraction between them will hold them into a solid

Condensing- If a gas is cooled, the particles eventually move slowly

enough that the attractions between the hold them as a liquid.

Sublimation-is the transition from the solid phase to the gas phase
without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. This endothermic
phase transition occurs at temperatures and pressures below the triple
point.

Evaporation

 Evaporation is a slow process

 The Difference between evaporation and boiling points are:
o Boiling take place at a specific/ particular temperature
o However evaporation can take place at all temperatures

Diffusion

Diffusion- is the movement of a fluid from a higher concentration to an

area of lower concentration

The experiment that demonstrates diffusion is the reaction between

ammonium and hydrogen chloride gases to give white solid ammonium
chloride

Ammonium + hydrogen chloride  Ammonium chloride

NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)

Bits of cotton wool are soaked n concentrated ammonium solution and

concentrated hydrochloric acid. These are placed in the ends of a long
glass tube to stop the poisonous gases escaping
  The ring is closer to the hydrochloric end
 Ammonium particles have travelled further
 Ammonium particles are lighter than hydrogen chloride particles.
Light particles are faster than heavier particles

Diffusion in liquids

 Diffusion can also happen in liquids; this is because the particle in

liquids can move around each other, which means that eventually they
are mixed

 For example if you drop a little of paint into a jar of water. The colour
of the paint will spread slowly through the water

 Diffusion in liquid is slower than diffusion in gases because in a liquid

moves more slowly

 There is no diffusion in solids