E-COMMERCE

Mohammad Wasay
BBA Vth Semester

Topics:-
• World wide web
• Inter service provider
• Domain Naming System

Ques:- Write in detail /explanation and information of network

Infrastructure?

Ques:- how to build a Web site? Also describe Software and

Hardware utilized currently?
World Wide Web:

Internet and Web Information Systems (WWW) is an International, archival, peer

reviewed journal that covers all aspects of the Web, Including issues related to
architectures, applications, Internet and Web Information systems and
communities. It provides in-depth coverage of the most recent developments in
the Web, enabling readers to keep up-to-date with this dynamically changing
technology. The journal also focuses on all database- and information-system
topics that relate to the Internet and the Web, particularly on ways to model,
design, develop, integrate, and manage these systems.

Appearing quarterly, the journal publishes papers describing original ideas and
new results, vision papers, reviews of important techniques in related areas,
innovative application papers, and progress reports on major research projects. It
offers the ideal forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners
to share their rapidly developing knowledge and report on new advances.
INTER SERVICE PROVIDER
An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an

Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers

access to the Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using a data

transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet protocol

Paradigm, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-

speed interconnects.ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users

which allow them to communicate with one another by sending and

receiving electronic messages through their ISP's servers. ISPs may provide

services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of theircustomers, as

well as other services unique to each particular ISP.

End-user-to-ISP connection
ISPs employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to connect to their
network.

For users and small businesses, the most popular options include dial-up,
DSL (typically Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL), broadband
wireless, cable modem, fiber to the premises (FTTH), and Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface).

For customers with more demanding requirements, such as medium-to-large

businesses, or other ISPs, DSL (often SHDSL or ADSL), Ethernet, Metro

Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN (BRI or PRI), ATM, satellite
Internet access and synchronous optical networking (SONET) are more
likely to be used.

Internet connectivity options from end-user to Tier 3/2 ISP's

Typical home user connection

• Broadband wireless access

• Cable Internet
• Dial-up
o ISDN
o Modem
• DSL
• FTTH
• Wi-Fi

Typical business-type connection

• DSL
• Ethernet technologies
• Leased line
• SHDSL
DOMAIN NAMING SYSTEM

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed hierarchical naming

system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or

a private network. It associates various information with domain names

assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain

names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers

associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and

addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the

Domain Name System is that it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet

by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For

example, www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.32.10 (IPv4)

and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6).

The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to

groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each user's

physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks

and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if
the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a

mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than

IPaddresses such as 208.77.188.166 (IPv4) or

2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). People take advantage

of this when they recite meaningful URLs and e-mail addresses without

having to know how the machine will actually locate them.

The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain

names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating

authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are

assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can

assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This

mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped

avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and

updated.

In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information,

such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain.
By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service,

the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of

the Internet.

Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in

email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all

potentially utilize DNS.

The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the

functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS

protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication

exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).

Infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures
needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and
facilities necessary for an economy to function. The term typically refers to
the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, water supply,
sewers, power grids, telecommunications, and so forth. Viewed functionally,
infrastructure facilitates the production of goods and services; for example,
roads enable the transport of raw materials to a factory, and also for the
distribution of finished products to markets. In some contexts, the term may
also include basic social services such as schools and hospitals. In military
parlance, the term refers to the buildings and permanent installations
necessary for the support, redeployment, and operation of military forces.

In this article, infrastructure will be used in the sense of technical structures

or physical networks that support society, unless specified otherwise.

Types of "hard" infrastructure

Chicago Transit Authority control tower 18 guides elevated Chicago 'L'

north and southbound Purple and Brown lines intersecting with east and
westbound Pink and Green lines and the looping Orange line above the
Wells and Lake street intersection in the loop.

The following list is limited to capital assets that serve the function of
conveyance or channelling of people, vehicles, fluids, energy or information,
and which take the form either of a network or of a critical node used by
vehicles, or used for the transmission of electro-magnetic waves.
Infrastructure systems include both the fixed assets and the control systems
and software required to operate, manage and monitor the systems, as well
as any accessory buildings, plants or vehicles that are an essential part of the
 system. Also included are fleets of vehicles operating according to
schedules such as public transit busses and garbage collection, as well as
basic energy or communications facilities that are not usually part of a
physical network (oil refineries, radio and TV broadcasting facilities).

Transportation infrastructure

• Road and highway networks, including structures (bridges, tunnels,

culverts, retaining walls), signage and markings, electrical systems
(street lighting and traffic lights) and edge treatments (curbs,
sidewalks, landscaping)
• Railways, including structures, terminal facilities (railyards, train
stations), level crossings, signalling and communications systems
• Canals and navigable waterways requiring continuous maintenance
(dredging, etc.)
• Seaports and lighthouses
• Airports, including air navigational systems
• Mass transit systems (Commuter rail systems, subways, tramways,
trolleys and bus transportation)
• Bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways;
• Ferries.

Energy infrastructure

• Electrical power network, including generation plants, electric grid,

substations and local distribution;
• Natural gas pipelines, storage and distribution terminals, as well as the
local distribution network. Some definitions may include the gas
wells, as well as the fleets of ships and trucks transporting liquified
gas;
• Petroleum pipelines, including associated storage and distribution
terminals. Some definitions may include the oil wells, refineries, as
well as the fleets of tanker ships and trucks;
 • Coal mines, as well as specialized facilities for storing and
transporting coal;
• Steam or hot water production and distribution networks for district
heating systems.

Water management infrastructure

• Drinking water supply, including the system of pipes, storage

reservoirs, pumps, valves, filtration and treatment equipment and
meters, including buildings and structures to house the equipment,
used for the collection, treatment and distribution of drinking water
• Sewage collection and disposal
• Drainage systems (storm sewers, ditches, etc..)
• Major irrigation systems (reservoirs, irrigation canals)
• Major flood control systems (dikes, levees, major pumping stations
and floodgates)

Communications infrastructure

• Postal service, including sorting facilities.

• Telephone networks (land lines) including switching systems
• Mobile phone networks
• Television and radio transmission stations, including the regulations
and standards governing broadcasting;
• Cable television physical networks including receiving stations and
cable distribution networks. (Does not include content providers or
"networks" when used in the sense of a specialized channel such as
CNN or MTV).
• Internet backbone, including high-speed data cables, routers and
servers as well as the protocols and other basic software required for
the system to function. (Does not include specific websites, although
may include some widely-used web-based services, such as Social
network services and online search engines).
 • Communication satellites
• Undersea cables
• Major private, government or dedicated telecommunications
networks, such as those used for internal communication and
monitoring by major infrastructure companies, by governments, by
the military or by emergency services
• Pneumatic tube mail distribution networks
• Server farms computing infrastructure

Waste management

• Municipal garbage and recyclables collection;

• Solid waste landfills
• Solid waste incinerators
• Materials recovery facilities
• Hazardous waste disposal facilities;

Earth monitoring and measurement networks

• Meteorological monitoring networks

• Tidal monitoring networks
• Stream Gauge or fluviometric monitoring networks
• Seismometer networks
• Remote sensing satellites
• Geodetic benchmarks
• Global Positioning System

Types of "soft" infrastructure

"Soft" infrastructure includes both physical assets such as highly specialized
buildings and equipment, as well as non-physical "systems" such as the body
of rules and regulations governing the various systems, the financing of
these systems, as well as the systems and organizations by which highly
 skilled and specialized professionals are trained, advance in their careers by
acquiring experience, and are disciplined (if required) by professional
associations (professional training, accreditation and discipline).

Institutional infrastructure

• The financial system, including the banking system, the payment

system, exchanges, the money supply, financial regulations;
• The system of government and law enforcement, including the
political, legislative, law enforcement, justice and penal systems, as
well as specialized facilities (government offices, courthouses,
prisons, etc.) and specialized systems for collecting, storing and
disseminating data, laws and regulation;
• Emergency services, such as police, fire protection, ambulances, etc.,
including specialized vehicles, buildings, communications and
dispatching systems.

Industrial infrastructure

• Manufacturing infrastructure, including industrial parks and special

economic zones, mines and processing plants for basic materials used
as inputs in industry, specialized energy, transportation and water
infrastructure used by industry, plus the public safety, zoning and
environmental laws and regulations that govern and limit industrial
activity;
• Agricultural, forestry and fisheries infrastructure, including
specialized food and livestock transportation and storage facilities,
major feedlots, agricultural price support systems (including
agricultural insurance), agricultural health standards, food inspection,
experimental farms and agricultural research centers and schools, the
system of licencing and quota management, enforcement systems
against poaching, forest wardens and fire fighting.
Social infrastructure

• The health care system, including hospitals, the financing of health

care, including health insurance, the systems for regulation and testing
of medications and medical procedures, the system for training,
inspection and professional discipline of doctors and other medical
professionals, public health monitoring and regulations, as well as
coordination of measures taken during public health emergencies such
as epidemics;
• The educational and research system, including elementary and
secondary schools, universities, specialised colleges, research
institutions, the systems for financing and accrediting educational
institutions;
• Social welfare systems, including both government support and
private charity for the poor, for people in distress or victims of abuse.

Cultural, sports and recreational infrastructure

• Sports and recreational infrastructure, such as parks, sports facilities,

the system of sports leagues and associations;
• Cultural infrastructure, such as concert halls, museums. libraries,
theatres, studios, and specialized training facilities;
• Business travel and tourism infrastructure, including both man-made
and natural attractions, convention centers, hotels, restaurants and
other services that cater mainly to tourists and business travellers, as
well as the systems for informing and attracting tourists, travel
insurance, etc.
Economics, management and engineering

The following concerns mainly "hard" infrastructure and the specialized

facilities used for "soft" infrastructure.

Ownership and financing

Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private

companies, such as public utility or railway companies. Generally, most
roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage
networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications
networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for
from taxes, tolls or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is
generally paid for by metered user fees. Major investment projects are
generally financed by the issuance of long-term bonds.

Note that government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed

and operated in the private sector or in public-private partnership in addition
to in the public sector.

In the United States, public spending on infrastructure has varied between

2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950
10 Steps to create a web site

Commitment

A high-quality website requires a lot of commitment and effort. Good

content requires a lot of commitment and effort. Your users and visitors
demand commitment and effort. A website can be compared to a pet – think
about whether you really want one before you get one. (But you are right,
pets that are not treated well certainly hurt much more.)

Planning

So you have decided that you really want a website and that this website
should really be of an acceptable standard. What you need to do now is a
plan:

• What is the goal of your website?

• What is the target audience of your website?
• What content do you intend to offer?

Information Architecture

After the planning phase has been completed, don’t immediately start
designing and implementing: First, you need to create, test, verify, and
reconsider the structure and architecture of your site. To do this, read a
good book about information architecture, look at a few heuristics and have
at least 15 users do some card-sorting. Even at this early stage, don’t forget
to keep an eye on localization and internationalization. Document the
structure you have elaborated and validate it – by testing it while you are
designing the website.
Design

Design is a set of fields for problem-solving that uses user-centric

approaches to understand user needs (as well as business, economic,
environmental, social, and other requirements) to create successful solutions
that solve real problems. Design is often used as a process to create real
change within a system or market..

Consider a few additional points before you start the design process:

• It doesn’t hurt to have a look at a few principles, whether specific

ones by Tufte or Tognazzini or abstract ones like the golden ratio or
wabi-sabi.
• It is essential to keep accessibility in mind, even during the design
phase. It is easy to address color blindness, photosensitive epilepsy or
sufficient contrast during this stage.
• Test your drafts (don’t wait until the final version). Carry out tests,
whether with five users, with more than five because that’s not
enough, with n users, just as long as it is cheap, or with none because
you place your trust in experts. Test and read through basic rules
about usability.
Programming

After completing the design process, which should have led to a well
operating design, you can now start the implementation. (It is, however,
possible, that you start this at an earlier stage already.) In addition to
environment (server) and dynamics (script languages), you need to consider
the following points:

• Choose a suitable document type for your documents. If in any doubt,

be inspired by Jeffrey Zeldman or Eric Meyer. If this doesn’t help you
– just use any valid document type.
• Use HTML elements according to their semantics.
• Write structured code and get used to coding guidelines. This is
particularly important if more than one person are working on the
project.
• Validate. Everything. Consider it as a taboo to publish documents and
style sheets that haven’t been validated.
• Whatever you do, always keep accessibility in mind. Accessibility
heuristics can be useful, but unfortunately they are not
comprehensive.
Quality Assurance

After having worked out an elaborate, high-quality information offer on the

basis of the aforementioned points, you should still absolutely and definitely
carry out Quality Assurance (QA). The launch of your offer is part of this
phase, ideally after a final QA. It may be possible to launch your website
immediately after having carried out the QA, but only if you have focused
on quality from the beginning.

Control and optimize the following:

• Technical validity and compliance of all resources.

• Accessibility, ideally with the help of real users, but automated tests
can be useful as well.
• Links. Linkrot has never been fashionable.
• Load time.
• Just about everything. Your website should stand for quality and
value-added user experience. Make sure that you’ve got it.

Public Relations

Market your website without feeling guilty. Your HTML should already be
suitable for search engines (semantics and accessibility). Use a moderate
link strategy from this point on and perform conventional Public Relations
(PR). I know, this is easy to be said, but it has to be done. Furthermore,
don’t get upset if your website doesn’t have great success from the very
beginning, such as ten times more users accessing the site – plan on a long-
term basis.
Success Control

Make sure that the “key performance indicators” (KPI) you determined at
the beginning are measured. If your existing statistics don’t determine these
numbers, ensure that they do. There are some useful statistics tools: A few
good ones are free of charge (Google Analytics), only fractionally more
good inexpensive ones (Mint), and a handful of good expensive ones
(WebSideStory).

Maintenance

Maintain your website. Update your website. Look after your website. Add
new content on a regular basis. Furthermore, check old content. You need to
proofread new and old content. Never cease to question your offer. At the
end of the day, it is once more all about …

Quality Assurance

That’s right, quality assurance is a process. Keep validating, checking, and

testing your documents, contents, and design … again and again.