Company Profile

BSES ( Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply ) is the part of Reliance ADA GROUP. BSES-Delhi
is the privatization of Delhi’s power sector and unbundling of the Delhi Vidyut Board in July
2002,the business of power distribution was transferred into two distribution companies(discoms)
BSES Yamuna Power Limited(BYPL) and BSES Rajdhani Power Limited(BRPL).These two
distribute electricity to customers in two thirds of Delhi. The Company acquired assets, liabilities,
proceedings and personnel of the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) as per the terms and conditions
contained in the Transfer Scheme.

BYPL BSES Yamuna Power Limited distributes power to an area spread over 200 sq kms with a
population density of 5953 per sq km. Its 11.9 lakh customers are spread over 14 districts across
Central and East including :
Chandni Chowk, Darya Ganj, Dilshad Garden, Jhilmil, Karawal Nagar, Krishna Nagar, Laxmi Nagar,
Mayur Vihar, Mayur Vihar – III, Nandnagri, Pahar Ganj, Patel Nagar, Shankar Road, Yamuna Vihar

BRPL BSES Rajdhani Power Limited distributes power to an area spread over 750sq km with a
population density of 2192 per sq km. its over 16.44 lakh customers are spread in 19 districts across
SOUTH(I and II) and West(I and II) including :
Alaknanda, Dwarka, Hauz Khas, Jaffarpur, Janak Puri, Khanpur, Mundka, Najafgarh, Nangloi, Nehru
Place, Nizamuddin, Palam, Punjabi Bagh, R.K. Puram, Saket, Sarita Vihar, Tagore Garden, Vasant Kunj,
Vikas Puri.

Key Statistics

Rib Particular Unit BYPL(East BRPL(South BSES Delhi

& Central) West)
1. Area Sq.Km 200 750 950
2. Customer Cons/sq Km 4230 1360 1964
Density
3. Total Lakhs 10.4 12.2 22.6
Registered
Customers
4. Peak MW 900 1420 2320
Demand
5. Consumption MU 5000 8000 130000
per year
Introduction

Delhi Supply Division

Delhi distribution Network

 66/33/11 kV Sub Transmission Network

 Receiving Stations

SALIENT FEATURES
1. Unit type system at 66/33/11 kV radial system
2. Open Ring Type System at 11 kV Mesh Network
3. Partial Ring Type System at LT Secondary Distribution lwvwl
4. Distribution System with overhead cum underground cable Network.

Operational Statistics

Supply Area 900 sq.km. (approx)

No. Of Consumers Above 22 lakhs
Population covered Above 80 lakhs
System Peak 5320 MW(approx)
Power Transformer 6024 MVA
No. Of Dist. Substation 9338(approx)
Dist. Transformer capacity 5178.411 MVA
Power Factor 0.99
66 kV Capacitors 459.91 MV Ar
33 kV Capacitors 226.52 MV Ar
11 kV Capacitors 852.97 MV Ar
LT Capacitors 297.20 MV Ar
HT Mains 6285 kms(approx)
LT Mains 12240 kms(approx)
Street Light Poles 298089(approx)
 Substation

The present day electrical power system is AC i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted &
distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power plant
stations which are located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is
delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission distribution.

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics eg voltage ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11kV or
33 kV) at the power station is set up to high volatge9say 220 kV or 132 kV) for transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (eg. Transformer etc) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumers localities,the voltage may have to be step down to
utilization. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation.

The most most common ways to classify substation are:

Types of Substaion

According to the service requirement;

1. Transformer substation
2. Switch Substation
3. Power factor correction substation
4. Frequency change substation
5. Converting substation
6. Industrial substation

According to the construction features

1. Indoor substation
2. Outdoor substation
2.1 Underground Substation
2.2 Pole mounted Substation
 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a voltage in a second coil. Power can be
transferred between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic connection
between the two circuits. Transformer are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage
and current level of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical
power being transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic circuit.

Fig. 2.1 Transfomer

Types Of Transformer

 Current Transformer –These instrument transformer are connected in ac power circuits to

feed the current coil of indicating and metering instruments (ammeter,wattmeter) and
protective relays. It consists of only one or few turns as its primary winding. This primary
winding can be of either a single flat turn, acoil of heavy duty wire wrapped around the
core. The secondary winding may have large number of coil turns wound on a laminated
core of low – loss magnetic material.
 Potential Transformer – These transformer are used for high voltage system to feed the
potential coil of indicating and metering instruments (voltmeter, wattmeter) and relays.
Primary winding of this transformer is connected to phase and ground. It has lower turns
windings at its secondary. The secondary terminals of the potential transformer are
connected to the measuring instruments like voltmeter, wattmeter.
 Distribution Transformer – It provides the final voltage transformation in the electric
power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the
level used by the customer.
 Rectifier Transformer – These have in – built Rectifier in the secondary side. The diodes
are mounted inside the transformer assembly itself. It is designed to fight back the issue
of eddy current and harmonics. It used in application which require high dc power such
as in dc traction system.
 Welding Transformer – This is a step down transformer that has thin primary winding
with a large number of turns and its secondary has more area of cross – section and less
number of turns ensuring less voltage and very high current in the secondary. It reduces
the voltage from the source voltage to a lower voltage that is suitable for welding.
Usually between 15 and 45 volts. The secondary current is quite high i.e usually between
200A to 600A, but it could be much higher.

Fig 1.2 Distribution Transformer Fig. 1.3 Rectifier Transformers

 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Distribution Transformer is an electrical isolation transformer which convert high voltage

electricity to lower voltage levels acceptable for use in homes and business. Its function is to step
down the voltage and provide isolation between primary and secondary. Electrical energy is
passed through distribution transformers to reduce high distribution voltage level down to end –
use level. These are found in all sector of economy: residential, commercial, and industrial.

These are categorized in several ways:

 Type of insulation – Liquid immersed or dry type

 Number of phases – Single phase or three phase
 Voltage level (for dry type) – Low or medium
 Mounting location – Pole, undergroung vault

They are either ventilated or totally enclosed, and are available with either aluminum or copper
winding in standard rating 160 kVA – 2500 kVA.

The transformers shall conform to the following specific parameters

Sl.No. Item 11 kV Distribution

Transformers

1 System voltage (max.) 12 kV

2 Rated voltage HV 11 kV
3. Rated voltage LV 433 - 250 V*
4. Frequency 50 Hz +/- 5%*
5 No. of Phases Three
6 Connection HV Delta
7 Connection LV Star (Neutral
brought out)
8 Type of cooling ONAN
Parts of Transformer

Fig Parts of Transformer

Conservator Tank

 It is a small tank which used in higher power transformers. It is connected above the main
tank of transformer. It is cylindrical in shape. Main tank and conservator tank connected
to each other through a pipe.
 It provide place for hot transformer oil to expand. It also provide oil in transformer after
oil become cool.
 It also used to decrease oxidation by reducing area of oil around air.
 Oxidized oil remain in conservator tank. Mirror tube is also connected with conservator
tank to read oil level in transformer.
 Due to oxidation sludge remain in conservator tank and does not enter in the main tank.

Steel Tank

 It is main part of transformer. It is steel made box. Transformer core is placed inside this
tank.
 It is filled with insulating oil (mineral oil). It is of cylindrical or cubical shape depending
on transformer construction.

Breather
  It is a device which used for breathing of transformer. It means air go in or out from
transformer with the help of breather.
 When hot oil expand air go out from transformer and when oil contracts after cooling air
enters in transformer that is why we need breather.
 Breather one side is connected with conservator tank. A mirror tube is placed inside it.
This mirror tube filled with calcium chloride or silica gel.
 Silica gel absorb moisture and only allow dry air to enter in transformer.
 In this way breather with the help of silica gel get stop moisture contain air to pass into
transformer and avoid oxidation in transformer main tank.

Bushings

 These are used to bring windings terminals out of tank and also used for insulation such
as porcelain, oil filled and capacitor type bushings.
 In above 34 KV transformer, completely sealed condenser type bushing are used.
 In less then 25KV transformer plain bushing are used.
 The bushing rods and nuts shall be made of brass material 12 mm diameter for both HT and
LT bushings.
 Minimum external phase to phase and phase to earth clearances of bushing terminals
shall be as follows:

Voltage Clearence
Phase to phase Phase to earth
33 kV 350 mm 320 mm
11 kV 255 mm 140 mm
LV 75 mm 40 mm

Tap changing switch

 It is used to regulate secondary voltage in case of low voltage in primary side of

transformer.
 Off load switch – It is used to change winding voltage ratio. Tap changing switch are
connected with high voltage side of transformer. It is only used in transformer off
condition.
 On load switch – On load tap changer switch can be used with on load transformer.

Buchholz Relay

 It is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay used on all oil immersed transformers
having rating more than 500 kVA.
  It is placed in the pipe connecting the conservator and the transformer tank.
 It consist of an oil filled chamber. Two hinged floats, one at the top of the chamber and
the other at the bottom of the chamber which accompanies a mercury switch each is
present in the oil filled chamber.
 It is used for the protection of transformer from the fault occurring inside the transformer
such as inter turn fault, core faults etc.
 Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer the oil in the transformer tank gets
overheated and gases are generated.
 The heat generated during the fault will be high enough to decompose the transformer oil
and the gases produced can be used to detect the winding faults.
 The gas colour indicate the type of fault such as -
 White fumes – insulation paper failure
 Yellow fumes – insulation fiber burn
 Black fumes – oil decomposition and burn out

Fig. 2.2 Buchholz Relay Fig. 2.2 Internal Working of Buchholz Relay

Radiator

 It is a bank of hollow pipe line which is used to transfer the thermal energy from one
medium to another for the purpose of cooling.
  Some bank are used at the power transformer for cooling the transformer oil as well as
reduces the winding temperature under loading condition.
 The radiators are connected to the transformer through pipe line at upper and lower side
of the transformer.
 When the transformer is under loading condition, the transformer will be heated
enormously and that heat has to be reduced under limited value otherwise the transformer
may be damaged due to over heating.
 The radiator can reduce the temperature of transformer oil as per heat transfer law.
 Warm oil increase in volume and comes to the upper portion of the main tank and this
heated oil enters in the radiator through top valve and cools down by dissipating heat
through the thin radiator wall.

Cable Boxes

 In case HV/LV terminations are to be made through cables the transformer shall be fitted
with suitable cable box on 11 kV side to terminate one 11kV/ 3 core aluminum conductor
cable up to 240 sq. mm.(Size as per requirement).
 Electrilo Heavy cable box compound is suitable for 3.3kV, 6.6kV,11kV, 22kV,33kV and
66kV high voltage
 Electrilo Heavy is a semi fluid compound specially formulated for use in cable boxes and
bus bar chambers.

 On the HV side the terminal rod shall have a diameter of not less than 12 mm. The material
of connecting rod shall be copper. HT Cable support clamp should be provided to avoid
tension due to cable weight.
 The bushings of the cable box shall be fitted with nuts and stem to take the cable cores
without bending them. The stem shall be of copper with copper nuts.
 Filled Fully Insulated boxes are designed for filling with transformer oil or an insulating
compound such as Guroflex.
 Unfilled boxes are designed for the dry termination of HV cables.
Fig 2.4 Three-core Cable

Explosion Vent

 It is used to expel boiling oil in the transformer during heavy internal faults in order to
avoid the explosion of the transformer.
 During heavy faults the oil rushes out of the vent. The level of the explosion vent is
normally maintained above the level of the conservatory tank.

Oil Temperature Indicator

 It provides local temperature of top oil. Instruments are provided with temperature
sensing bulb, temperature recording dial with the pointer and maximum reading pointer
and resetting device.

Cooling Classes Of Transformer

Cooling Class (IEC) Description

ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural Natural convectional flow of
hot oil is utilized for cooling
in radiator.
ONAF Oil Natural Air Forced Applying forced air flow on
the dissipating surface. . Fans
blowing air on cooling
surface is employed. Forced
air takes away the heat from
the surface of radiator and
provides better cooling than
 natural air.

OFAF Oil Forced Air Natural Heat dissipation is

accelerated by using forced
air on the dissipating surface
but circulation of the hot oil
in transformer tank is forced
to circulate within the closed
loop of transformer tank by
means of oil pumps.

ODAF Oil Directed Air Forced Oil circulation is directed for

more heat dissipation.

ODWF Oil Directed Water Forced Hot oil is cooled in cooler by

means of forced water
instead of air.
AN Air Natural Used with dry type
transformer.
AF Air Forced Used with dry type
transformer.
Transformer Testing

Routine Test

 It is mainly for confirming operational performance of individual unit in a production lot.

These are carried out on every unit manufactured. It include test as follows:-
 Measurement of winding resistance – This test measure the resistance of the HV and LV
windings. The value of resistance should be balance for all the three phase and should
match the designed values. It uses Digital resistance meter.
 Measurement of insulation resistance – Measure the insulation resistance of HV and LV
windings with respect to earth. Insulation Tester and Megger is used as the equipment.
 Measurement of voltage ratio – This test measure the voltage ratio as per the customers
𝑣1 𝑛1
requirement. 𝑣2 = 𝑛2 . The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio is measured with the
help of a turns ratio meter. Here Turns Ratiometer is used as the equipment.
 Measurement of no load loss and current – The iron losses and no load current are
measured in this test. The 433V winding is charged at 433V supply and the 11kV
winding is left open. The power consumed by the transformer at no ,load is the no load
loss in the transformer. The equipment used here is Wattmeter.

Type Test

 It confirms main and basic design criteria of a production lot. It include test as follows:-
  Lightening Impulse Test – All the dielectric tests check the insulation level of the job.
Impulse generator is used to produce the specified voltage impulse wave of 1.2/50 micro
seconds wave. One impulse of a reduced voltage between 50 to 75% of the full test
voltage and subsequent three impulses at full voltage. The current and voltage wave
shapes are recorded on the oscilloscope.
 Temperature Rise Test – Here the LV winding is short circuited. Then one thermometer
is placed in a pocket in transformer top cover. Other two thermometers are placed at the
inlet and outlet of the cooler bank. The voltage of such value is applied to the HV
winding that power input is equal to no load losses corrected to a reference temperature
of 75̊C.

Temperature rise Temperature rise Condition

limit for air as limit for water as
cooling medium cooling medium
Winding 55̊ C / 60̊ C 60̊ C / 65̊ C
When oil circulation is
natural / forced
Top Oil 50̊ C / 45̊ C 55̊ C / 50̊ C When transformer is
equipped with conservator /
not equipped with
conservator.
SUBSTATION PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS

LIGHTENING ARRESTER

 Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to
prevent the high voltage entering the main station.
 The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening
occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth.
 The lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the
ground. The lightening arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone.
Fig. 2.5 Lightening Arrestor

BUS BAR

 The bus bar term is used for the main bar or conductor carrying an electric current to
which many connections may be made.
 A bus bar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or aluminum that
conduct electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical
apparatus.
 Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to
dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross sectional area ratio.

ISOLATOR

 It is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when required.
These are used to open a circuit under no load.
 Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended
to be opened while current is flowing in the line.
 Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as-
 Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
 Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
 Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus
Fig. 2.6 Isolator

PROTECTIVE RELAY

 Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the
operation of circuit interrupting devices to isolate the defective equipment. Relays are
also used to detect abnormal or undesirable operating conditions
 There are different types of relays.
 Over current relay - The over current relay responds to a magnitude of current above a
specified value. There are four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating
disc, static, and microprocessor type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved by magnetic
attraction when the current exceeds a specified value. In the rotating induction-disc type,
which is a motor, the disc rotates by electromagnetic induction when the current exceeds a
specified value.
Fig. 2.7 Overcurrent Relay Fig. 2.8 Differential Relay
 Distance relay - The distance relay responds to a combination of both voltage and
current. The voltage restrains operation, and the fault current causes operation that has
the overall effect of measuring impedance. The relay operates on the magnitude of
impedance measured by the combination of restraint voltage and the operating current
passing through it according to the settings applied to the relay.
 Differential relay - The differential relay is a current-operated relay that responds to the
difference between two or more device currents above a set value. The differential relay
is used to provide internal fault protection to equipment such as transformers, generators,
and buses.
 Directional over current relay - A directional over current relay operates only for
excessive current flow in a given direction. Directional over current relays are available
in electromechanical, static, and microprocessor constructions. An electromechanical
overcorrect relay is made directional by adding a directional unit that prevents the over
current relay from operating until the directional unit has operated.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

  A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-
down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement
or to operate a protective relay.
 The device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split,
an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective
relay.
 The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high
voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for
connection to the instrumentation or protective relay.

Fig. 2.9 Capacitor voltage Transformer

Cicuit Breaker
They can be classified into:
Oil Circuit Breaker
1. Air-Blast Circuit Breaker
2. Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breaker (SF6)
3. Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Oil Circuit Breaker
A high-volatge circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc;the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil,generating a gas whose high
pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of elongation upon parting of contacts and because of
intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

Air Blast Cicuit Breaker

Fast operations,suitability for repated operation,auto reclosure,unit type multi break

construction,simple assembly,modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast
circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver.
The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, wher the
breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and
important lines where rapid operation is desired.
High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30kg/cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken
from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservioir
with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the
hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers
to each other in series and the pole to the neighbouring equipment. Since there exists a very high
voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly
is mounted on insulators

In such circuit, SF6 circuit Breaker breaker, sulphur hexafluoride(SF6) gas is used as the arc
quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free
electrons. The SF6 circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high
voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115kV to 230kV, power
rating 10 MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contracts. It has chamber, conating SF6 gas. When the contacts
are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the
arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through holes.
Rating of 132 kV SF6 circuit breaker:
Breaking Current: 50A
Making capacity: 80kA
Total break time< 60msec
Rated short circuit breaking current:
 Symmetrical: 31.5 kA
 Asymmetrical: 36.86 kA
Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec
Rated nominal current: 1250 A
Rated voltage: 145 kV
Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6 Kg

Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage
circuits from dangerous electrical situations.Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit
breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, thereby
preventing fires,power surges,and other problems which may emerge.These devices have been
utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even
safer and more effective.

Capacitor Bank
The load on the power syste is varying being high during morning and evening which increases
the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is
mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging occurs.
The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current,resulting in
additional losses. So in order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor bank, The capacitor
draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize reactive components of load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations
1. Supply reactive power
2. Increases terminal voltage
3. Improve power factor

Capacitor Bank