Population => Sample Space => Elements

Data => Qualitative, Quantitative {Discrete, Continuous}

Pie Chart

From raw data =>

Relative Frequency = Frequency / n

Percentage = RF * 100

Pie Chart Angle = RF * 360

Bar Chart => Report frequency for variables as is or in any order

Pareto => Calculate frequency => Relative Frequency => Percentage

Or as per frequency arrange Highest to Lowest

Draw Bar Chart (Highest to Lowest) {Pareto}

Sometimes information is collected for a quantitative variable measured on different segments of the
population, or for different categories of classification.

The pie chart displays how the total quantity is distributed among the categories, and the bar chart
uses the height of the bar to display the amount in a particular category.

When a quantitative variable is recorded over time at equally spaced intervals (such as daily, weekly,
monthly, quarterly, or yearly), the data set forms a time series. Time series data are most effectively
presented on a line chart with time as the horizontal axis. The idea is to try to discern a pattern or trend
that will likely continue into the future, and then to use that pattern to make accurate predictions for
the immediate future.

#Mental note: “baby boomers” (born in 1946), “Gen Xers” (born in 1965)

The simplest graph for quantitative data is the dotplot. For a small set of measurements—for example,
the set 2, 6, 9, 3, 7, 6. For a large data set the dotplot can be uninformative and tedious to interpret.

Stem and Leaf plot:

Stem and Leaf plot presents a graphical display of the data using the actual numerical values of each
data point.
How to look at a graph ->

1) Check Horizontal and vertical axis, check scaled values

2) Examine the location of data distribution (Where is the center of distribution, where are the
most values)
3) Examine the shape of the distribution
4) Look for any unusual measurements or outliers

Symmetric if the left and the right sides of distributions when divided form mirror images.

Skewed to the right if a greater proportion of measurements lie to the right of the peak value.

Unimodal (Single Peak) and Bimodal (Two peaks: Two different populations in the dataset)

CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION

Factors that identify when to use scatter diagram –

1) Objective: Describe the relationships between two variables

2) Data Type: Interval

Read Page 51, Which is better Mean, Median, Mode

Measures of skewness tells us the direction of the variation

Read Page 57, Interpreting the VARIANCE

Read Page 65 Interpreting correlation

READ PAGE 130 Approximating discrete distribution

Appendix BSTAT Keller
Absolute measures of
dispersion – 54
Addition Rule – 97, 105
Addition Rule for Measuring
Exclusive Events – 97, 105
Approximating discrete
distribution – 130
Approximating sample
distribution of a Sample
proportion - 161
Arithmetic mean - 46
Average – 5, 46
Averages of the second
order – 53
Bayes’ Theorem - 98
Bar Chart – 20, 21
Bell Shape – 30
Binomial Distribution – 114
Binomial Probability
Distribution - 115
Binomial Random variable –
115
Binomial Table - 116
Boxplot – 60, 61
Central Limit Theorem - 156
Chronological Classification-
17
Class Interval - 20
Class limits – 20
Class Width (Histogram) – 28
Classical approach to
probability - 90
Coefficient – 54
Coefficient of correlation -
63
Coefficient of mean
deviation - 54
Coefficient of quartile
deviation – 54
Coefficient of range – 54
Coefficient of variation – 54,
55
Complement Rule
(Probability) - 96
Conditional Probability - 94
Confidence Level – 7
Continuous Data – 17
Continuous Random variable
- 110
Covariance - 63
Cross sectional Data - 32
Cumulative frequency
distribution – 21
Cumulative Probability - 21
Data – 16
Datum - 16
Descriptive Statistics – 3, 4,
15
Direction - 36
Discrete Data – 17
Discrete Random variable –
110
Discrete Probability
Distribution - 111
Dispersion – 53
Expected Value - 113
External Data – 16
Event - 91
Frequency Distribution – 20
Frequency Polygon - 20
Grouped frequency
distribution – 20
Histogram – 20, 27
Independent Events – 94,
105
Inferential Statistics – 3, 6
Internal Data – 16
Interpreting Boxplot – 61
Interpreting correlation - 65
Interquartile Range – 54, 60
Intersection of Probability -
92
Interval Data/ Numerical/
Quantitative – 16, 18
Least square method - 36
Line Chart – 32
Linearity – 36
Mean – 46
Mean Binomial Distribution -
117
Mean Deviation – 54
Mean of the Sampling
distribution - 155
Measure of central
location/tendency - 5, 46
Measure of variability – 5
Measure of variability for
interval data - 57
Measure of variability for
nominal data - 57
Measure of variability for
ordinal data - 57
Median – 5, 46, 49
Mode – 46, 49
Multiplication Rule
(Probability) – 96
Normal approximation to
the Binomial Distribution -
159
Nominal Data – 17, 18
Normal Distribution - 130
Ogive (Cumulative frequency
distribution) - 21
Ordinal – 17, 18
Outliers - 60
Percentile - 58
Pie Chart - 21
Population – 3, 7
Population mean – 46, 113
Population Variance = 113
Primary Data – 16
Probability – 90
Probability Density Function
- 128
Probability Distribution -
111
Probability Tree – 99
Omitting the correction
factor - 161
Qualitative classification – 17
Quantitative Classification –
18
Qualitative/Categorical - 17
Quantitative/Interval/Interva
l Data – 16
Quartile deviation – 54
Random Experiment – 89
Random variable - 110
Range – 5, 54
Rectangular probability
distribution - 129
Relative measure of mean
deviation – 54
Relative frequency approach
of probability - 90
Sample – 4, 7
Sample mean – 46
Sample Space - 90
Sample variance – 56
Sampling distribution for
Inference - 158
Scatter Diagram – 34
Scatter Diagram with
covariance and coefficient of
correlation - 63
Secondary Data – 16
Shape of Histograms – 29
Skewness - 29
Significance Level – 7
Standard Deviation – 54, 57
Standard error of the mean -
155
Statistics – 3, 4
Statistical Inference – 7
Stem and Leaf Display – 30
Subjective approach to
probability - 91
Symmetry – 29
Time Series Data - 29
Ungrouped data/frequency
distribution – 20
Uniformed probability
distribution Function - 129
Union Probability – 95
Use of Statistics – 4
Variable – 16
Variance – 55
Variance of Binomial
Distribution – 117
Variance of sampling
distribution - 155
Values – 16
Weighted average - 48