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SUMMARY
This experiment was conducted briefly with the purpose of understanding pressure
measurement and calibration system. It is important to analyze gas pressure properties and
differentiate between Gage pressure, where the reference is atmospheric pressure (psig or
kPag), Absolute pressure, where the reference is complete vacuum (psia or kPa) and
Differential pressure, which represents the difference between two pressure levels.
Calibration system is important in obtaining accurate readings without any errors. It
compares a measurement made by an instrument being tested to that of a more accurate
instrument to detect errors in the instrument being tested. Errors are acceptable if they are
within a permissible limit. Manometer used to obtain pressure while transmitter used to
convert pressure value to electrical output correctly. In this experiment, seven Run carried
out with different suggested pressures and each measurement was taken twice to obtain
average values. Following the theory, the results shows that the gage pressure is always lower
than absolute pressure (gage pressure + vacuum pressure). This is due to the pressure
deviation that always exists throughout whole experiment. This is due to factors such as
sensitivity of instruments and leakage from connecters.
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
Pressure is measured as a force per unit area. Pressure measurements are important
not only for the monitoring and control of pressure itself but also for measuring other
parameters, such as level and flow (through differential pressure). Pressure measurement is
one of the most common measurements made in process control. It is also one of the simplest
in terms of which measuring device to select. One of the key items to consider is the primary
element for example strain gage and the Bourdon tube. Primary-element materials should be
selected to provide sufficient immunity from the process fluids and at the same time the
required measured accuracy under the process conditions they will encounter.
2) Transmitters
A typical pressure transmitter consists of two parts: the primary element and the
secondary element. The primary element (which includes the pressure sensor or pressure
element) converts the pressure into a mechanical or electrical value to be read by the
secondary element. It is the part that is most subject to failure since it faces the process
conditions. The secondary element is the transmitter’s electronics: basically, a transducer to
convert the output from the primary element into a readable signal such as 4-20 mA.
Typically, electronic-based sensors such as strain gages have a better response and a higher
accuracy than mechanical- based types such as Bourdons (which are still acceptable in many
applications).
Conclusion
This experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between gauge pressure,
absolute pressure, and diferential pressure. Pressure measurement and calibration system is
mainly studied in this experiment. Pressure measuring instrument like manometer and
transmitter which involve in converting physical to electrical output was plays great role in
measuring pressure. It is also proved that gauge pressure always lower than absolute pressure.
This experiment conducted in two way where Experiment 1 for pressure measurement and
Experiment 2 and 3 for calibration system. Experiment 1 shown that gauge pressure always
smaller than absolute pressure (gauge pressure + vaccum pressure). Eventhough, experiment
1 runs for seven time with pressure,psig 30.00, 25.00,20.00, 15.00, 10.00, 5.00 and 0.00 each
twice to obtain average result but there is always present deviations. Value of deviations quite
high. This due to some factors such as sensitivity of the pressure measuring instrument
(manometer in this experiment) and the leakage in connecters which not well fixed to gas
tank. As for Experiment 2 and 3, most of the percentage deviation is above the permissible
limits. Desired output values unable to achieved, which cause most of them fail except
calibration at 0.30/ 15.00 at 25.0% is pass for PT1 and for PT2 pass at 15.00 at 50.0% and
30.00 at 100.0% respectively. The lowest percentage deviation is 0.0625. This situation or
error occurred during pressing external hand pump to generate desired pressure. Constant
force have to applied to achieve the targeted pressure but unable to achieve due tired of
This situation might be lead by some factors. One of the factors is the sensitivity of
the pressure measurement instrument which is pressure meters and manometers. It always
leads to trouble in terms of pressure measurement accuracy. Besides that connecter from
manometer to PT1 sometime unable to fix well hence there is leakage occurs which affect the
results that must be achieved.
CONCLUSIONS
This experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between gauge pressure,
absolute pressure, and difRerential pressure. Pressure measurement and calibration system is
mainly studied in this experiment. Pressure measuring instrument like manometer and
transmitter which involve in converting physical to electrical output was plays great role in
measuring pressure. It is also proved that gauge pressure always lower than absolute pressure.
This experiment conducted in two way where Experiment 1 for pressure measurement and
Experiment 2 and 3 for calibration system. Experiment 1 shown that gauge pressure always
smaller than absolute pressure (gauge pressure + vaccum pressure). Eventhough, experiment
1 runs for seven time with pressure,psig 30.00, 25.00,20.00, 15.00, 10.00, 5.00 and 0.00 each
twice to obtain average result but there is always present deviations. Value of deviations quite
high. This due to some factors such as sensitivity of the pressure measuring instrument
(manometer in this experiment) and the leakage in connecters which not well fixed to gas
tank. As for Experiment 2 and 3, most of the percentage deviation is above the permissible
limits. Desired output values unable to achieved, which cause most of them fail except
calibration at 0.30/ 15.00 at 25.0% is pass for PT1 and for PT2 pass at 15.00 at 50.0% and
30.00 at 100.0% respectively. The lowest percentage deviation is 0.0625. This situation or
error occurred during pressing external hand pump to generate desired pressure. Constant
force have to applied to achieve the targeted pressure but unable to achieve due tired of
First of all, the system must be checked regularly to be in good condition where it
canuse in future. Maintenance have to do on system if needed. Make sure the pressure
measuring instrument present in good condition with correct accuracy, because it will give
fault result if not checked well. There must be insulation made on the hand pump handle to
reduce the friction between handle and hand palm. This will prevent the hand palm from
getting injured and force can be applied continuously without tired fastly. More ever,
makesure that the readings becomes stable become record any measurements. Connecter
from manometer to gas tank must be in proper condition without any leakages.
TUTORIAL
1 ) State whether the pressure is higher/lower/equal at the bottom of a tank filled with a
gas then at the top .
Pressure is equal at the bottom of a tank fill with gas as well as at the top . This is
because, at any point in a cold ( liquid and gas ) the pressure is the same in all
direction
2) Differentrate absolute and gauge pressure .
3) If the contents of a tank holding 20 m3 of gas are transferred to a tank twice as much
volume and all other factory remain unchanged , what will happen to gas pressure ?
The gas pressure will be reduce . This is explained by Boyle’s Law that states , the
pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional
to the volume of the gas .
4) If the gas in a tank heated and all other factory remain unchanged , what will happen
to the gas pressure ?
The gas pressure will increase . This is explained by Gay- Lussac’s Law . Which
state that when a fixed volume of gas is heated , the kinetic energy of the gas
molecules increase which then increase the hitting with the tank causing the pressure
to increase .
6) Discuss briefly the possible erroes affecting the accuracy in the pressure
measurement as observed in the experiment
The reading at the manometer and pressure gauge were not stabilized yet , but MVG
value was already fully shut
The reading taken once again were not stabilized , however the vent value were
already shut , and reading was recording .
For the site calibration experiment , the reading should be taken fast as the
manometer reading continuously reducing . This was not achieved and that is why the
experiment fail .
REFERENCES