Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Senior High School

Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings in Facebook:

The experiences of UST catholic HUMSS students

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Senior High School
University of Santo Tomas
Manila, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Subject of
Practical Research 2

by
Aquino, Aldrich T.
Loudlow, Alexandra Marie T.
Palma, Jose Gabriel B.
Roxas, Emmanuel Robert F.

December 2, 2017
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 2

ABSTRACT

After President Rodrigo Duterte declared war-on-drugs, instances of

extrajudicial killings as well as the political activism of the students increased. This study

aims to know what the role of sympathy is on UST Catholic HUMSS students by

gathering their experiences upon viewing victim cases in Facebook along with the

context of extrajudicial killings, religion, social media, and religion. This phenomenology

will utilize agenda-setting theory and thematic analysis to analyze the response of the

participants during an interview that uses open-ended questions.

Keywords: sympathy, extrajudicial killing, religion, social media

Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Problem Rationale 4
1.2 Significance of the Study 5
1.3 Statement of the Problem 6
1.4 Research Impediments 6
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Framework 8
2.2 Extrajudicial Killings 8
2.3 Social Media Depiction 9
2.4 Religion 10
2.5 Culture 11
3.0 Research Methods
3.1 Design 12
3.2 Selection 12
3.3 Study Site 13
3.4 Instrumentation 13
3.5 Ethical Consideration 13
3.6 Data Gathering Procedure 14
3.7 Mode of Analysis 14

References 16
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 4

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Rationale

Extrajudicial killing is an injustice act (Parena, 2017) wherein children and teenagers

(Galivan, 2017) are both victims (Villa, 2017; Masters, 2017; Quiano, 2017). In the

Philippines, a report made by the International Human Rights stated that President Rodrigo

Duterte assigned the act of extrajudicial killings in his war on drugs (Geronimo, 2017)

resulting to the Philippines ranked as the most dangerous country in Asia (Saladero, 2009).

However, the Duterte regime keeps on ignoring the killings brought by the fascist policies

and campaigns, which should be stopped immediately (Palabay, 2017). As cases of

extrajudicial killings appeared in social media sites, the quantity of political activists

increased (Sandoval-Almazan & Gil-Garcia, 2014; Valenzuela, 2013; Gerbaudo, 2012;

Bennett, 2012).

The Roman Catholic Church is one of the biggest institution in the Philippines that

opposes EJK (Aurelio; 2017; Baldwin & Mogato, 2017) and promotes human rights, (Santos,

2017; Aurelio, 2017; Morella, 2017). According to the Catholic Bishop Conference of the

Philippines (CBCP), killing is not the solution but to help the poor with its needs (Santos,

2017; Weiss, 2017). Moreover, the church emphasizes the fifth commandment of God

(Weiss, 2017).

Furthermore, being that Facebook is the most popular social media network (Hutt,

2017), it can influence majority of people (Jarrett, 2015) with different kinds of information

(Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn & Hughes, 2009; Nadkarni & Hofmann, 2012). However, news

depiction in social media seems to be problematic because of fake news (Pamintuan, 2017),
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 5

social bots (Ferrara, Varol, Davis, Menczer & Flammini, 2016), and biased content creators

(Blank, 2013).

1.2 Significance of the Study

This study will redound to the welfare of the society considering talks about news and

media; thus, this study aims to determine if the news about extrajudicial killings in

Facebook are effective, understandable, convincing, and efficient (Witschge, Fenton &

Freedman, 2010; Lule, 2001; Schudson, 1989). Therefore, the study will benefit the

following:

 Academe: The findings of this study will help the students, teachers, and academic

personnel to be aware of what is happening around their surroundings that may

help them stay alert at all times (Parena, 2017).

 Journalists: The journalists and news publishing companies will have ideas and data

on how news about EJK or crime can be effective and convincing (Federico, 2017).

 Citizens of the Philippines: The citizens will be informed through the issues of news

and extrajudicial killings so that they could be vigilant and aware about the issue

(Appadurai, 2006).

 Future Researchers: The results of this study will serve as facts, basis and

background for researchers that aims to study similar topics with this research

(Keller & Lehmann, 2006; Brown & Eisenhardt, 1995; Marsh, 1987).
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1.3 Statement of the Problem

In our modern age, millennials tend to share or repost what they saw on Facebook

without looking in-depth about the post in hand (Shao, Ciampaglia, Varol, Flammini, &

Menzer, 2017; Karnowski, Kümpel, Leonhard, & Leiner, 2017; Moghavennemi, Sharabati,

Paramanthan, & Rahin, 2017; Asghar, 2015; Shahjahan & Christy, 2014). Furthermore, news

about EJK tend to make people prosocial (Yao & Yu, 2016; Holloway, Tucker & Hornstein,

1977; Hornstein, LaKind, Frankel & Manne, 1975) and terrified (Silove, Nickerson, & Bryant,

2016; Kimmerle & Obafunwa, 2014). Consequently, the following question will be

addressed in this research:

What makes the students feel sympathy when viewing victim cases of EJK in

Facebook?

1.4 Research Impediments

The scope of this study emphasizes on determining the students’ experience of

sympathy upon knowing victim cases about EJK on Facebook. Likewise, it seeks to examine

the aforementioned prosocial behavior and how they are depicted by the students (Prot,

Gentile, Anderson, Suzuki, Swing, Lim… & Liau, 2014). Furthermore, the aspects that were

looked into are Philippine context of EJK, news about victim cases of EJK depiction is social

media, moral concept of religion, and Filipino culture.

Moreover, the study is bounded to the bygone and inconsistent descriptions and

definitions of EJK for it might be an ephemeral issue in the Philippines and the prevalence

of blind and blank spots about this study (Romero, 2017; Romero, 2017; Tupas, 2017).
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 7

Thus, the answer of the respondents may be inconsistent and inaccurate. Additionally, the

study does not involve news on other social media networks, other modes of media, other

types of posts about EJK, fake news, social bot posts, and other court cases in relation to

EJK.
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored to Agenda-Setting Theory by Maxwell McCombs and Donald

Shaw (1993). The mentioned theory states that the agenda which is presented in the

media, traditionally or electronically, shapes the public agenda; thus, influencing the

behavior and opinion of the public while considering communitarian ethics (McCombs &

Shaw, 1993).

The study will utilize the aforementioned theory to determine if the students

adapted or cultivated sympathy (Galen, 2012; Todd, 2012; Gervais & Norenzayan, 2012)

when viewing news about extrajudicial killings in Facebook while considering religious

(McCullough & Willoughby, 2009; Koole, McCullough, Kuhl &Roelofsma, 2009) and cultural

(Cao, 2016; Polavieja, 2015; Cornelio, 2014) concepts.

2.2 Extrajudicial Killings

Extrajudicial killings is a method of execution that violate human rights, (Islam,

2017; Kamruzzaman, Khan, & Das, 2016; Ladan, 2013; Volkmann, 2012; Mcneal, 2012;

Moore, 2012; Tesón, 2012; Guiora, 2012; Montague, 2012; Otto, 2011; Lanfer, 2010;

Datsun, 2009; Englehart, 2009; Parena, 2009), causes mental trauma (Kimmerle &

Obanwfa, 2014; Congram, Passalacqua, & Ríos, 2014), includes impunity, corruption,

witness protection, police accountability, and targeted killings (Zoettl, 2017;

Kamruzzaman, Khan, and Das, 2016; Stapele, 2016; Kimmerle & Obafunwa, 2014; Osuyi
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 9

& Oritsedere, 2012; Moore, 2012; Alston, 2010; Englehart, 2009), promotes violence

(Holden, 2012; Englehart, 2009; Dursun, 2009), and mostly caused by police brutality

(Zoettl, 2017; Stapele, 2016; Osuyi & Oritsedere, 2012; Waldron, 2012; Alston, 2010).

Nevertheless, EJK also has positive effects for it is a form of risk management

(Kamruzzaman, Khan, and Das, 2016; Kessler, and Werner, 2008). It also avoids long trail

process, (Shrawat, 2017; Kamruzzaman, Khan, and Das, 2016) and jail overcrowding

(Shrawat, 2017; Kamruzzaman, Khan, and Das, 2016).

2.3 Social Media Depiction

Facebook is one of the many social networks that most of the users are teenagers

called millennials (Kim, Giurcana, & Fernandez, 2017; Herring &Kapidzic, 2015) who shared

different forms of content (Hur, Kim, & Karape, 2017; Cionea, Piercy, & Carpenter, 2017;

Karnowski, Kümpel, Leonhard, & Leiner, 2017; Moghavennemi, Sharabati, Paramanthan, &

Rahin, 2017; Asghar, 2015; Shahjahan & Christy, 2014), produce and reproduce political

content (Kim, Giurcana, & Fernandez, 2017), spread news that may or may not be validated

(Choi, Lee, & Metzgar, 2017; Shao, Ciampaglia, Varol, Flammini, &Menczer, 2017; Lee &

Ma, 2012), appealing and engaging (Kümpel, Karnowski, &Keyling, 2015; Marchi, 2012),

believe that Facebook posts is a primary news in society (Moghavvemi, Sharabati,

Paramanathan, & Rahin, 2017; Hong, Cheng, & Li, 2017 Rousseau, Eggermont, & Frison

2017 Muller, Schneiders, & Schafer, 2016), and tend to not search for any further

information about a specific news or social content (Karnowski, Kümpel, Leonhard, &

Leiner, 2017; Choi & Lee, 2015; Lee & Ma, 2012).
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Furthermore, Facebook posts that receive more likes tends to validate the post to

be true (Zell & Moeller, 2018; Hong, Cheng, and Li, 2017; Koroleva & Kane; 2017; Kim &

Yang 2017; Gosling, Augustine, Vazire, Holtzman, & Gaddis, 2011) even if these news tend

to be more of a gossip than a factual information (Shao, Ciampaglia, Varol, & Menczer,

2017; Fu, Wu, & Cho, 2017; Debatin, Lovejoy, Horn, & Hughes, 2009). Lastly, social bots are

forms of artificial intelligence (A.I.) that can generate content from different sources of the

internet (Ferrara, Varol, Davis, Menczer, & Flammini, 2016 Giles, 2011) and can be a key

factor of spreading of news with political and social content on Facebook (Shao,

Ciampaglia, Varol, Flammini, & Menczer, 2017; Giles, 2011).

2.4 Religion

Religion is one of the factors that influence control and regulate oneself

(McCullough & Willoughby, 2009; Koole, McCullough, Kuhl & Roelofsma, 2009) and others

in conforming (Razmyar & Reeve, 2013; Rounding, Lee, Jacobson & Ji, 2012; Hommel &

Colzato, 2010) to moral virtues (Morgan, 2015; Desmond & Kraus, 2014; Hardy, Walker,

Rackham & Olsen, 2012; Kerley, 2009), prosocial behaviors (Galen, 2012; Preston, Ritter &

Hernandez, 2010; Todd & Rufa, 2012; Todd, 2012; Gervais & Norenzayan, 2012; Malka,

Soto, Cohen & Miller, 2011; Driskell, Embry & Lyon, 2008), and intolerance to unlawful acts

(Piazza & Sousa, 2014; Jankowski, Johnson, Damron & Smischney, 2011; Giordano,

Longmore, Schroeder & Seffrin, 2008) through social media and networking (Hjarvard,

2011; Lim & Putnam, 2010).

However, there are negative effects of religion such as inducing death anxiety (Vail,

Rothschild, Weise, Solomon, Pyszczynski & Greenberg, 2010; Dezutter, Luyckx & Hutsebaut,
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 11

2009; Dezutter, Soenens, Luyckx, Bruyneel, Vansteenkiste, Duriez & Hutsebaut, 2008), and

promoting gender inequality (Cooray & Potrafke, 2011).

2.5 Culture

Culture influences people’s behavior and mindset from their beliefs (Cao, 2016;

Polavieja, 2015; Cornelio, 2014; Oyserman & Lee, 2014; Fulmer 2010; Oyserman, Sorensen,

Reber & Chen, 2009), social life satisfaction (Mahan, 2015; Seo, 2015; Jordan, 2015 & Funk,

2015) that are influenced by memory-content variables (Jobson, Moradi, Movaghar,

Conway & Dalgleish, 2014; Humphries & Jobson, 2012), and helps determine one’s

perspective (Kitayama & Uskul, 2011; Markus &Kitayama, 2010; Wu & Keysar, 2007),

explores the role of cultural intelligence and its effect on emotional intelligence (Chen,

2017), and affects the previous and on-going developments in socio-legal thought (Saguy &

Stuart, 2008; Visser, 2008). Moreover, culture in the Philippines is greatly shaped by

religion (Baustista, 2010; Bautista, 2009) and events in the current local and international

environment (Inman, Kishi, Wilkenfeld, Gelfand & Salmon, 2014; Bercovitch & Foulkes,

2012; Sarros, Cooper &Santora, 2008).

Furthermore, fear of death caused by terrorism is prevalent in Philippines

(Khruakham & Lee, 2014; Woon, 2011; Eadie, 2011). It induces death anxiety and lower

self-esteem (Reyes, Amistoso, Babaran, Bulaong, Reyes & Tubig, 2017).

Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 12

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Design

The study will use the design phenomenology (Husserl, 1962) to obtain the

experiences of catholic UST SHS Students being sympathetic when viewing victim cases

about EJK in Facebook. As stated by Husserl (1962), phenomenology is a study of

phenomena as it appears in our experience. These experiences are not just limited to

sensory perceptions, imagination, thought, emotion, desire, volition and action are also

included (Husserl, 1970).

This research will be utilizing the aforementioned design to focus on how the

respondents show compassion on the issues of extra judicial killings upon doing cognitive

processes when using Facebook. The researchers will deeply examine and investigate the

experience of the respondents and the meanings behind their response.

3.2 Selection

This study will have 10 initial respondents to be interviewed. Moreover, the study

will use criterion sampling while having then pass a certain number of criteria namely a) is a

currently enrolled HUMSS student of University of Santo Tomas that is active and have seen

victim cases in Facebook about EJK; b) is highly integrated with Filipino culture (Piff, Kraus,

Côté, Cheng, & Keltner, 2010; Harper, 2009; Chen & French, 2008); c) selfless, caring, and

has a high emotional intelligence (Elices, Carmona, Pascual, Feliu-Soler, Martin-Blanco, &

Soler, 2017; Malpas, 2012; Williams, 2008) d) is socially and politically aware (Pirannejed &

Jansenn, 2017; Nisbeth & Markowitz 2015; Pfaff, 2009); and e) is an active participant in
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 13

catholic church (Marshall, 2016; Merrigan, 2015; Powell 2011). The number of respondents

may increase if necessary to achieve the data saturation and unbiased results.

3.3 Study Site

The researchers will conduct the study on University of Santo Tomas, for the UST-

SHS has the total population of 8,614 students as of August 2017 (Urmenita, 2017) and is

the university is considered as the catholic university in the Philippines (Cruz, 2015; Palafox

2015; Villegas, 2014). Moreover, the researchers will also utilize Facebook as a study site,

wherein the mentioned cyberspace contains politically and socially engaged people (Liu,

Rui & Cui, 2017; Vraga, Thorson, Kliger-Vilenchick & Gee, 2015; Macafee, 2013).

3.4 Instrumentation

The researchers will be doing one-on-one, semi-structured interview that is

composed of demographic questions, main open-ended research questions, and

clarifications so that the researchers may fully understand the experience of the

respondents. Other instruments such as voice recorders, and cameras will be also used for

documentation, confirmation, and double-checking purposes.

3.5 Ethical Considerations

The researchers will observe professionalism, legality, proper ethical practices, and

honesty in all circumstances by giving consent letters stating the respondent’s scope of

involvement and the usage of media before conducting an interview to ensure voluntary

participation; likewise, if the respondent is a minor, the researcher will ask for their
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 14

parental consent. Moreover, the respondents’ personal information and answers will

remain confidential; the names of the respondents will be replaced by pseudonyms or

aliases (R1, R2… Rn).

The respondents may withdraw their participation upon their request. The

researchers will comply with the terms and regulations discussed with the respondent.

Consequently, the researchers will ensure factual, objective, and unbiased interpretation of

the data to produce accurate results.

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will be conducting interviews by having two researchers handle the

video and audio, and a researcher interview the respondent; follow-up questions will be

asked during the interview to accentuate the respondent’s answer. After the interview, the

researchers will ask for the respondent’s referral for potential interviewees. The overall

interview will take 40 to 150 minutes depending on the flow of the conversation. A follow

up interview will be arranged on a later date in cases of interruption or further clarification.

3.7 Mode of analysis

The study will be using Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) as a method of

interpreting the data. According to Braun and Clarke (2006), it aims to analyze

classifications and patterns in the gathered data. Thematic analysis will be used along with

the theory to illustrate the data into categories and form conclusions by interpreting the

said patterns.
Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 15

Various data verification techniques will be observed. Validation by

correspondence and clarification of biases will be performed by asking the respondents if

the gathered data and interpretation is consistent and correct. Member checking will be

practiced verifying each researcher’s interpretation of the data respectively and consulting

their research adviser.

Sympathy towards victim cases of Extrajudicial Killings PAGE 16

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