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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COLOUR AND INTENSITY OF

SHADE NET ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF


TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. ARKA RAKSHAK

VINOD GODI
PALB 3231

DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BENGALURU – 560 065
2015
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COLOUR AND INTENSITY OF
SHADE NET ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF
TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. ARKA RAKSHAK

VINOD GODI
PALB 3231

Thesis submitted to the


UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BENGALURU

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)


IN

HORTICULTURE

BENGALURU JUNE, 2015


Affectionately
Dedicated to
My Beloved Parents
Father – Shri Kallappa Godi
Mother-
Mother- Smt. Shobha Godi
Brothers and Guide
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BENGALURU – 560 065
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effect of different colour and intensity
of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) var.
Arka Rakshak ” submitted by Mr. VINOD GODI, ID No. PALB 3231, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
(Agriculture) in HORTICULTURE to the University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK,
Bengaluru, is a record of research work carried out by him during the period of his study
in this university under my guidance and supervision and the thesis has not previously
formed the basis of the award of any other degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or
any other similar titles.

Bengaluru (R. KRISHNA MANOHAR)


June, 2015 CHAIRPERSON

APPROVED BY:
Chairman: _____________________________
(R. KRISHNA MANOHAR)

Members: 1.____________________________
(K. KEMPE GOWDA)

2.____________________________
(R. VASANTHA KUMARI)

3.____________________________
(H.S. SURENDRA)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Gratitud
“Gratitude is the memory of the heart”

I take this wonderful opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for all those
who have helped me in bringing out this thesis successfully.

My diction is too poor to translate the sense of gratitude into words and heartfelt
reverence to esteemed Dr. R. KRISHNA MANOHAR,
MANOHAR, Professor, of Horticulture, GKVK,
Bengaluru and Chairman of my advisory committee for his sustained encouragement, valuable
suggestions, and timely advice and for providing an atmosphere of freedom of work during this
investigation. Mere any words from the vastness of literature fails to express my sense of
gratitude to him, for his continued calm endurance shown throughout my research
programmed and compilation of this thesis, without which this work would not have seen the
light of the day.

I wish to express my earnest and profound sense of gratitude to Dr. Kempe Gowda,
Gowda,
Professor, Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru.
Dr. R. Vasantha Kumari,
Kumari, Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture, GKVK,
Bengaluru, Mr. H.S. Surendra,
Surendra, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, GKVK,
Bengaluru, members of my advisory committee. I thank for their productive discussion and
timely suggestions; and for their valuable guidance and practical approach that has resulted in
the work presented in this thesis.

I am thankful to the staff members of the Department of Horticulture,


Dr. B.N. Sathyan
Sathyanarayana
arayana, Dr. G.K. Mukunda
Mukunda, Dr. Dr. T.B. Puttaraju,
Puttaraju, Dr. B.S. Sreeramu,
Sreeramu,
Dr. M. Chandre Gowda, Dr. N.C
N.C. Narse Gowda and Dr. B.M. Ramkrishna for their valuable
guidance and moral support during my stay in this department.

But for the affection, words of encouragement, boundless love, unflagging inspiration,
interest and selfless sacrifice of my parents I would not have been what I am today. I owe all
my success to them. The special persons in my life Mr. Kallappa Godi and Mrs. Shobha my
parents Mr. Veeranna. Kadagad and Mrs. Premalata and my uncle and aunts Mr. Suresh
Patil and Mrs.Jyoti
Mrs.Jyoti my brother Mr. Praveen and Mrs.Vimala and Veeranna my daughter in
law Ms .Shreya and relatives without their love and blessings this study would not have been
accomplished.

I also convey my special thanks to Ms. Lakshmi, P.G., Mr. Veenith Raj, A.V. (R.A),
Mr. Amrutesh (S.R.F), and all field workers of P.F.D.C for thier help, suggestions and
cooperation during my research programme.
A special thanks to my classmates and juniors Sachin, Ramesh, Murali, Srinivas,
Srinivas,
Shivalingappa
Shivalingappa , Raghavendra, Jyoti, Jaya
Jayakeerthi
eerthi,
rthi, Parushuram and Angadi of my department
for their constant encouragement and cooperation throughout the study.

I express my special thanks to all non technical staff at Department of Horticulture


for helping me out with their support and help during my research work.

My sincere and profound thanks are due to Precision Farming Development Centre
funded by NCPAAH, MOA, GOI, New Delhi for providing all the facilities for conduction
and completion of research work .

Last but not the least I thank all those who helped me directly or indirectly during
period of my stay in this UAS, GKVK, campus.

Bengaluru,

July
July,
ly, 2015 (Vinod Godi)
Godi)
Effect of different coloured shade nets with varying shade intensities on growth,
yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Arka Rakshak

ABSTRACT

An investigation was carried out at the Precision Farming Development Centre


(PFDC), Department of Horticulture, GKVK, UAS, Bengaluru during 2013-14 to know
the effect of different colour and varying percentages of shade nets with fifteen
treatments replicated thrice .The results have shown that treatment T12 (C4P3: Black
colour shade net + 75 per cent shade ) has recorded highest plant height (185.67 cm), but
early flowering (28.10 days), flowers per plant (118.5) per cent fruit set (78.17 %), fruits
per plant (88.15), yield per plant (8.73 kg) and yield per hectare (193.80 t/ha) was higher
under the treatment T9 (T9 - C3P3: Red colour shade net + 75 per cent shade). The
maximum number of branches (19.20), leaf area (86.81 cm2), dry matter per plant (254.7
g) and early fruit set (7.77 days) were also higher under the same treatment. With respect
to fruit size maximum fruit length (5.51 cm), breadth (5.32 cm) and fruit weight (74.99 g)
was recorded in treatment T12. Among quality parameters, TSS (4.95 oB) and fruit
firmness (4.38 kg/cm2), Lycopene and Ascorbic acid content (5.51 and 16.46 mg/100g)
respectively were higher under treatment T9 (T9 - C3P3: Red colour shade net + 75 per
cent shade). Maximum shelf life of 26.86 days was registered in fruits of tomato crop
grown under treatment T3 (T3- C1P3: Green with black interwoven shade net + 75 per cent
shade) while shelf life in 1 per cent ventilated polybags was also higher (32.45 days) in
under treatment T3 (T3- C1P3: Green with black interwoven shade net + 75 per cent
shade).

The results of this study shows that cultivation of tomato crop under 75 per cent
red colour shade net is ideal for getting higher yield with better quality fruits throughout
the year.

Signature of Student Signature of the Major Advisor

(Vinod Godi) (R. Krishna Manohar)


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No.

I INTRODUCTION 1-3

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-12

III MATERIAL AND METHODS 13-23

IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 24-45

V DISCUSSION 46-52

VI SUMMARY 53-54

VII REFERENCES 55-61

APPENDICES 62-65
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
No. No.
Plant height (cm) as influenced by colour of the shade net and
1. it’s shade intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato 25
var. Arka Rakshak
Number of branches per plant as influenced by colour of the
2. shade net and it’s shade intensity at different stages of crop 27
growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Leaf area (cm2), dry matter accumulation per plant (g) and days
taken for first flowering as influenced by colour of the shade
3. 30
net and it’s shade intensity at different stages of crop growth in
tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Number of flowers per plant, days taken for fruit set
from flowering, per cent fruit set and days taken for first harvest
4. as influenced by colour of the shade net and it’s shade 32
intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka
Rakshak
Number of fruits per plant, yield per plant (kg) and yield per plot
(t) yield per hectare (t) as influenced by colour of the shade net
5. 36
and it’s shade intensity at different stages of crop growth in
tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Fruit length (cm), fruit breadth (cm), fruit weight (g) and ten fruit
weight, as influenced by colour of the shade net and it’s shade
6. 39
intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka
Rakshak
TSS (0B), firmness (kg/cm2), and lycopene content (mg/100g) as
influenced by colour of the shade net and it’s shade
7. 40
intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka
Rakshak
Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) and shelf life (days) as
8. influenced by colour of the shade net and it’s shade intensity at 43
different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Economics of cultivation of tomato var. Arka Rakshak under
9. 45
different coloured shade nets with varying shade intensities.
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Between
Title
No. Pages

1. Plant height (cm) as influenced by colour of the shade net


25-26
and shade intensity of tomato var. Arka Rakshak

2. Days taken for first flowering and first harvest as influenced


by colour of the shade net and shade intensity of tomato 31-32
var.Arka Rakshak

3. Number of flowers per plant and per cent fruit set as influenced
by colour of the shade net and shade intensity of tomato 33-34
var.Arka Rakshak

4. Yield per plant (kg) as influenced by colour of the shade net


35-36
and shade intensity of tomato var.Arka Rakshak

5. Yield per hectare (t) as influenced by colour of the shade net


37-38
and shade intensity of tomato var.Arka Rakshak

6. TSS and Ascorbic acid as influenced by colour of the shade net


41-42
and shade intensity of tomato var. Arka Rakshak
LIST OF PLATES

Plate Title Between


No. Pages

1. Twenty eight days old seedlings of tomato var. Arka Rakshak


16-17
raised in portrays

2. General view of blue colour shade net house during mulching laid
16-17
on the bed

3. General view of tomato crop grown under white colour shade net
20-21
house immediately after transplanting

4. General view of tomato crop grown under black colour shade net
20-21
house at 60 days after transplanting.

5. General view of tomato crop grown under red colour shade net at
29-30
initiation of flowering

6. General view of tomato crop grown under blue colour shade net at
29-30
50 per cent flowering

7. Tomato plant var. Arka Rakshak under 75 per cent red colour
51-52
shade net house

8. Tomato fruits in one per cent ventilated polybags to study the


51-52
shelf life
I INTRODUCTION
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is one of
the most important vegetable crops that can be consumed as fresh and used in the
processing industry. Tomato is being cultivated throughout the world and more
extensively in USA, USSR, Italy, China, Turkey and India. The tomato plants typically
grow to 1-3 m height and have weak stem that often sprawls over the ground and twines
over other plants. It is native of South America, but is now grown worldwide for its
edible fruits with thousands of cultivars having been selected with varying fruit types and
for optimum growth in differing growth conditions.

It is one of the cultivated vegetable crops throughout tropical world. India is the
fourth largest producer in the world followed by China, United States of America and
Turkey. The major tomato producing states are Bihar, Karnataka, Uttara Pradesh, Orissa,
Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. Tomato occupy 4.55
million hectare with annual production of 125.02 million tonnes in the world. Whereas, in
India tomato occupies 0.54 million hectare with an annual production of 7.6 million tons
(Anon, 2007). Karnataka has 0.45 lakh hectare area and 1.14 million tons of annual
production with 15.90 t/ha productivity.

It is also in rich in minerals, vitamins and organic acids. The total sugar content is
2.50 per cent in ripe fruit and amount of ascorbic acid varies from 16.0-65.0 mg/100 g of
fruit weight. 100 g of edible portion of tomato contains 94.1 g of water, 1.0 g of protein,
0.3 g of fat, 4.0 g of carbohydrates, 0.6 g of fibres, vitamin A 1100 I.U, vitamin B 0.20
mg, vitamin C 23 mg, malic acid 150 mg, citric acid 390 mg, oxalic acid 3.5 mg,
potassium 268 mg, phosphorus 27 mg. Several processed items like paste, sauce, puree,
syrup, juice, ketch up, drinks etc. are prepared on large scale.

Tomato has several medicinal values as it promotes gastric secretion, blood


purification, intestinal antiseptic, cures cancer of the mouth and sore throat. It is highly
nutritious with good amount of vitamins. It is a good appetizer having pleasing taste
(Ram, 1991). Tomato juice contains lycopene, one of the most powerful antioxidant and
vitamin C which is beneficial to human beings.

Being an important vegetable crop, research on every aspect of its cultivation to


improve its productivity becomes essential. Though production of tomato in Indian plains
is high, is reduced to a greater extent due to higher temperature during summer
which necessitates exploring for advance techniques like protected cultivation to reduce
the temperature in tropical regions in north and south Indian plains that can manage the
higher demand of this nutritious vegetable during summer. Higher temperature during
summer results in poor fruits set and yield. Hence, use of protected structure in this
season will help to increase production.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L..,) var. Arka Rakshak 1
In recent years the occurrence of major diseases (ToLCV), bacterial wilt (BW)
and early blight) has become very serious causing considerable yield loss (70 -100%) in
major tomato growing area of the country.so in order to address these production
constraints , IIHR Bangalore has developed tomato F1 hybrid Arka Rakshak . It is a
semi-determinate type with dark green foliar cover. Fruits are oblong with light green
shoulder. Fruits are medium to large size (75-80 g) deep red, very firm with good keeping
quality (15 days) and long transportability and it also suitable for summer, kharif, and
rabi seasons and fetches yields 40-50 tons per acre in 140-150 days.

Tomato hybrid with indeterminate growth habit are best suited for protected
cultivation, as the hybrids grow to a height of 10 to 15 feet and above which utilizes
protected structure space, both horizontal and vertical. Commercial hybrids are high yield
potential up to 180 tons per hectare from a crop of six months duration (Shankara, 2009)
Practical utility of shade net growing tomato can be substantiated, as it would fetch a
premium price in the market when there is demand for fruit during summer (Thangam
and Thamburaj, 2008).

It is also consumed as a vegetable in many other ways. Unlike other vegetable


crops, this crop requires specific climatic condition for flower bud differentiation, pollen
tube growth, fertilization and fruit set. High temperature and dry wind leads to excessive
flower drop resulting in poor fruit set. Looking in to all these factors, tomato can be
grown in shade net house during any season of the year.

In northern part of Karnataka tomato can be grown under shade house especially
during summer, because of higher temperature and off season productivity is possible.
The shading was effective in reducing light penetration and temperature inside the shade
house thereby creating better microclimate for production of higher yield and quality of
fruits (Tiwari et al., 2002).

Shade nets are made of 100 per cent polyethylene inter-woven thread with
specialised UV treatment with different shade intensities. It provides partially controlled
atmosphere by reducing light intensity and effective heat during day time to crops grown
under it. To create optimum climatic conditions, selection of the correct percentage of
shade factor plays an important role to enhance plant's productivity to its optimum.
Hence round the year, seasonal and off-season cultivation is possible.

The photo-selective, light-dispersive shade nets provide a new, multi-benefit tool


for crop protection. Changing the light intensity and radiation spectrum has a large
impact on the total production system. Microclimate and energy consumption are also
influenced. Research on light component in horticultural systems is necessary for a
sustainable and market-oriented greenhouse production in the future.

Coloured shade netting not only exhibit special optical properties that allow the
control of light, but also have the advantage of influencing the microclimate to which the
plant is exposed (Oren-Shamir et al., 2001) and offer physical protection against
excessive radiation, insect pests and environmental changes (Shahak et al., 2004 a).

2 Vinod. Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture


Presently shade nets are available in different colours i.e. white, black, red, blue,
yellow and green and also in combinations. However, there is a scanty of work in tomato
under different shade net house conditions.

Considering the above facts, the research work was carried out to study the effect of
coloured shade nets and shade intensities on tomato with the following objectives:

1. To study the effect of different coloured shade net on morphological, yield and
quality parameters

2. To know the effect of different capacity shade net on yield and quality.

3. To work out the cost economics of tomato cultivation under different shade net
condition.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L..,) var. Arka Rakshak 3
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) is the second most commonly
consumed vegetable crop (after potato) and unquestionably the most popular garden
crop in the world. Newly evolved and superior type of hybrid of tomato need to be
assessed for their optimum performance under different coloured shade nets to achieve
maximum yields.

The literature pertaining to the influence of different coloured shade nets with
varying shade intensities and other protected structures on growth, yield and quality of
tomato and other crops are reviewed here under.

1. To study the effect of different coloured shade net on morphological yield and
quality parameters.

2. To know the effect of different capacity shade net on yield and quality.

3. To work out the cost economics of tomato cultivation under shade net
condition.

2.1 Influence of microclimate under different coloured shade nets and shade
intensities

Khan (1995) reported that though greenhouse cultivation resulted in higher


returns by producing higher yields of good quality produce, its initial investments and
maintenance costs were much higher than natural or traditional cultivation methods.
Therefore growers should be provided with the same technology and structures at
lower costs to suit the Indian conditions as it results in better feasibility and
profitability.

Oren-Shamir et al., 2001 observed that the pearl coloured shade net has the most
prominent light scattering capacity among the coloured nets. The grey net also scatters
light, although to a smaller extent, while the black net essentially does not scatter at all.
There was a general reduction of the daily maximum air temperature by 1-50 C,
simultaneously with about 3-10 per cent increase in the minimal daily relative humidity
under various coloured 30 per cent shading nets.

Tiwari et al., 2002 reported that the tomato grown under open conditions
extensively can also be grown under shade house during off season. In northern part of
Karnataka, tomato is grown under shade house especially during summer because of even
under higher temperature condition indicating off season productivity is possible.
The shading was effective in reducing light penetration and temperature inside the shade
house thereby creating better microclimate for production of higher yield and quality of
fruits.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 4
The research conducted by Shahak et al. 2004 has revealed that the blue coloured
net has a wide peak of transmittance in the blue - green region (400-540 nm), yellow
coloured net transmitting light from 500 nm and above and the red coloured net
transmitting from 590 nm and above.

Navadkar et al. (2006) while studying the profitability of selected vegetables in


Pune computed the cost and returns of capsicum production. The results revealed that the
average cost of construction of polyhouse per 10 gunta was Rs.1,43,000. Marketing cost
was Rs.44,250. The B/C ratio was worked out to be more than unity.

Kawabata et al. (2007) reported that the red shade cloth transmitted 32 per cent of
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) versus only 24, 21 and 20 per cent for the
grey, blue and black shade cloths respectively. The very high transmission of total solar
irradiance (TSI) was 52 per cent by red shade cloth compared to 26, 34 and 28 per cent
for the grey, blue and black shade cloth respectively.

Medany et al., 2008 reported that application of black shade net was more
effective on growth and yield characters of sweet pepper due to the shading effect that
could be offering better microclimatic air temperature, relative humidity and light
intensity.

Stamps and Chandler (2008) reported that light (lux) was reduced by 77, 72, 75
and 74 per cent and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm) was
reduced by 72, 70, 69 and 66 per cent respectively for the black, blue, grey and red
nettings.

According to Holcman and Sentelhas (2012) the control and red screen treatments
promoted the highest solar radiation transmissivity (56.3 and 27 % respectively) whereas
black screen had the lowest solar radiation transmissivity (10.4 %). The highest
temperature was observed under blue screen, which was 1.30 C higher than external
condition. Blue screen also presented the highest relative humidity difference between
inside and outside conditions.

The air temperature on an average day in July under different coloured shade
nets. Milenkovic et al. (2012 b) as observed by between 0.9 0C (pearl) and 3.0 0C
(black) lower when compared to open field air temperature. Maximum and minimum
daily relative humidity was up to 12 and 25 per cent higher than outside, respectively.

2.1.2 Influence on tomato

Hazarika and Phookan (1981) observed that increased solar radiation in tomato
increases fruit dry matter, soluble sugars content and pigments (lycopene) in tomato.

5 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Farouk and El-Aidy (1984) reported that the yield of tomatoes grown under
plastic tunnel for a period from December to March increased the yield to six times
higher as compared to open field.

Mecavay and Janes (1988) stated that tomato gave 75 per cent higher yield
(33.7 kg/m2) under greenhouse with supplemental lighting (6.48 mole/m2/day) from
sodium fluorescent lamps as source of light compared to natural radiation (19.13 kg/m2)
under cover

Under polyethylene glasshouse conditions, maximum yield of ripe tomato fruits


(8.6 kg/m2) and total yield (9.4 kg/m2) were obtained as compared to open conditions (6.6
kg/m2 and 7.35 kg/ m2 respectively) (Ochigbu and Harries, 1989).

Papadopoulos and Ormrod (1991) studied two tomato cultivars Jumbo and Ohio
CR-6 under greenhouse and found that Jumbo recorded significantly higher rate of fruit
set (44 %) and number of fruits clusters (5.04) than Ohio CR-6.

Choudhury and Bhuyan (1992) observed that tomato plants grown under 0, 30
and 73 % shade produced yields of 28.40, 20.24 and 11.71 t/ha respectively. The yield
significantly decreased with increase in intensity of shading. The plants grown under
0, 40 and 73 % shade produced 27.17, 13.42 and 7.41 fruits i.e. the number of
fruits per plant sharply decreased with increase in the percentage of shading. The
number of fruits per kilogram also decreased with increasing shading implying that
the average fruit size was higher in shade than the open. The plant growth and
development at earlier stages was faster in plants under shade than open place.

Russo (1993) observed that plants established in May and June but not July had
positively correlated (p=0.01) with total and marketable fruit yield. The relation
between shoot dry weight and fruit yield may not have developed for plants established
in July due to shorter production period.

Sharma and Tiwari (1993) carried out a study to find out the effect of
shade on growth, growth contributing characters and factors in relation to yield of
tomato. Four shade treatments ranging from 1:1 (1 row of tomato: 1 row of maize) to
4:1 (4 rows of tomato: 1 row maize) were tried. Plant height, soil temperature and light
intensity fruit set, days to harvest, number and weight of fruits per plant, weight and
diameter of fruits, fruit juice ratio, seed weight per kg fruit and ripe fruit yield were
significantly influenced by shading. Number of primary branches, leaf area, fresh and dry
weight of plant were not affected significantly.

Abdel- Mawgoud et al., 1996 reported that the Shading treatments increased the
survival plant percentage, plant height, leaf area and total yield per plant but
decreased the leaf number and transpiration rate of tomato and cucumber plants.

Munshi and Ravinder Kumar (2000) evaluated six verities of tomato viz, Pusa

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 6
early Dwarf, Rishi, Matri, Pusa Ruby and Pusa Guarav under plastic green house during
offseason.

Mashego (2001) observed that highest number of tomato fruits per plant (47) was
produced under 12 per cent white and 40 per cent black shade nets, and the lowest
fruit number (35) under 30 per cent black shade net. The highest yield of 6.2 kg/plant
with maximum individual fruit weight (148 g) was obtained from 18 per cent white shade
net.

Sriharsha (2001) recorded the highest tomato yield of 35.27 t/ha in medium cost
polyhouse followed by low cost polyhouse (31.98 t/ha) and least under open field
condition (24.38 t/ha).

Singh et al. (2003) reported that tomato crop was well suited to microclimate of
greenhouse due to its peculiar characters like medium height, lateral spreading and fruit
set at comparatively lower temperature.

Lopez et al. (2007) in a study, observed that the lycopene content of three
different tomato cultivars viz., Bodar, Cherry and Cocktail grown in red and pearl frame
net was 51 and 37 mg/kg respectively.Significant differences were found among cultivars
and within cultivars cultivated under red or pearl net.

Kavitha et al. (2008) conducted experiment to elucidate the effect of shade and
fertigation on growth, yield and quality of tomato hybrid Ruchi. The experiment was
concluded with the results that the shade and fertigation levels singly and in combination
significantly influenced the yield. The highest yield was obtained at 100 per cent
water soluble fertilizer and shade followed by 100 per cent straight fertilizers under shade
in all the three seasons.

Thangam and Thamburaj, (2008)., observed that the plants grown under shade
exhibited better growth in terms of plant height and dry matter production compared to
those in open field. The hybrid Naveen was the tallest under shade and in open fields. In
general, delayed flowering and days to first harvest was noticed under shade during
summer

Thangam and Thamburaj (2008) studied the effect of shade on growth and quality
of six varities and 14 hybrids in tomato under agro shade net (50 %) and in open field
simultaneously during conjugative summer seasons. The highest mean fruit weight
recorded under shade was 59.5 g in hybrid Rashmi. The number of fruits per plant was
more in open field than under shade. The yield under shade was low compared to open
field. Avinash-2 recorded the highest yield in open field as well as under shade. In
aspects of biochemical constituents like TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid and pH of fruit
juice, there were significant differences between shade and open conditions.

Kittas et al. (2009) observed that the reduction of solar radiation above the crop
was proportional to the shading intensity of the net. Similar values of air
temperature and air vapour pressure deficit were observed under the shading nets and
outside. Shading increased leaf area index, reduced the appearance of tomato cracking by

7 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


about 50 per cent and the marketable tomato production was about 50 per cent higher
under shading conditions than under open conditions.

Singh et al. (2011) while evaluating five tomato varieties obtained higher gross
returns (Rs. 349.68/m2), net returns (Rs.281.45/m2) with a cost: benefit ratio of 1:5.5
under polyhouse conditions.

Ilic et al. (2012) reported that the highest concentration of lycopene was found in
tomatoes grown in plastic houses integrated with red colour nets (64.9 µg/g), while
fruits under pearl nets had the lowest levels sof lycopene (46.7 µg/g). Tomato fruits
grown in open field (control) and under pearl net had significantly more ß-carotene (2.25
µg/g and 2.17 µg/g respectively) than fruits grown under blue nets (1.50 µg/g).

Milenkovic et al. (2012 b) in a study to evaluate the influence of different


coloured shade nets (pearl, red, blue and black) with different relative shading (40 % and
50 %) on yield and physiological disorders in tomato found that shading reduced the
appearance of tomato cracking about 50 per cent and eliminated sun scalds on tomato
fruits and accordingly, increased the marketable tomato production by about 35 per cent
compared to non-shading conditions.

2.1.3 Influence on other crops

Deli and Tiessen (1969) observed higher number of branches and flowers in low
temperature exposed capsicum plants. The flowers and ovaries formed were very small in
sweet pepper plants which were exposed to constant temperature of 25 o C and were
largest when plants exposed to low temperature at four leaf stage.

Cerne (1984) reported that tunnel with mulching increased cucumber yield by 149
per cent, vine length by 183 per cent, leaf number by 163 per cent and main root
length by 128 per cent as compared to plants grown in open without mulch.

Rylski and Spigelman (1986) observed that in sweet pepper reduced light
intensity increased plant height, number of flower nodes and leaf size. Shading inhibited
the development of lateral shoots but individual fruits were larger with thicker pericarp
and had 20 per cent more seeds per fruit. The highest yield of high quality fruits was
obtained with 12-26 per cent shade.

The net photosynthetic rate (38.7 %), chlorophyll content (31.51 mg/100 g) and
soluble proteins (4.50 %) were higher in bell pepper plants covered by plastic film
compared to plants grown in open field (Rui et al., 1989).

Bhatnagar et al. (1990) reported that during winter in the hilly region of Uttar
Pradesh, capsicum was grown under greenhouse with increased yields of 50 q/ha as
compared to open fields (24 q/ha). The incidence of leaf blight and fruit rot was also less
inside the greenhouse as compared to open fields cover as compared to open field (3.40
kg/m2) and harvesting was early under plastic cover as compared to open field

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 8
(Buoczlowska, 1990).

Nimje et al. (1990) obtained highest yield of 445 q/ha under greenhouse
conditions as against only 164 q/ha under field conditions from cv. California Wonder.

Non woven row cover and low plastic tunnel resulted in early and higher total
marketable yield of sweet peppers as compared to control (Rumpel and Grudzien, 1990).

Gaye et al. (1992) reported that row cover advanced the anthesis and delayed the
harvest date on the lower node and increased the duration of maturation of bell pepper.

Rai et al. (1992) studied the shelf life of six capsicum hybrids along with one
open pollinated variety grown under protected and open conditions. The maximum shelf
life of sixteen days was recorded in Arun (F 1 hybrid) grown in polyhouse, while it was
only ten days in fruits produced in open condition.

Bhatt and Rao (1993) noticed higher net photosynthetic rate, growth rate and
number of flowers in bell pepper at higher night temperatures. They further reported that
at intermediate temperature, the number of four lobed fruits significantly increased and at
low temperature the fruits obtained were short, blunt and unmarketable.

Loreti et al. (1993) reported that the flesh firmness in peaches from trees grown
under shade nets during the last phase of ripening to be lower than that of the fruits of
uncovered trees.

Rai et al. (1995) conducted an experiment to know the shelf life of six hybrids
along with one open pollinated variety of capsicum grown under protected and open
conditions. The shelf life of capsicum fruits harvested from polyhouse was more than
that of fruits harvested from open conditions. The maximum shelf life of sixteen days
was recorded in Arun F 1 grown in polyhouse, while it was only ten days in fruits
produced in open condition.

The fruit yield of capsicum differed significantly with the growing environments.
The highest fresh fruit yield (30.50 t/ha) was obtained under polyhouse followed by
open condition (12.00 t/ha). Similarly, capsicum fruits obtained from polyhouse had a
higher ascorbic acid and total soluble solids (TSS) compared to fruits of open field
(Jeevansab, 2000).

Oren-Shamir et al. (2001) while studying the effect of coloured shade nets on
Pittosporium variegatum observed that the red net markedly stimulated, while the blue
net inhibited stem elongation. The grey net dramatically enhanced side branching. The
red net also induced more branching than the black. The least number of side branches
were developed under the blue net. The plants under the grey net developed the most
bushy appearance of all, with densely packed but short branches.

9 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Shahak et al. (2002) reported that Aralia and Philodendron were markedly
affected by coloured shading. The dwarfing effect of the blue net was expressed in Aralia
by shorter petioles, lower harvest yield and smaller plants. The yellow net increased all
leaf dimensions as well as harvest yield, compared with the black net.

Responses of ornamental plants to changes in light composition increased foliage


volume of crotons under red shade cloth (Gaffney, 2004), and reduced internodal
length in red : far red and blue light ratios (Rajapakse and Kelly, 1992).

Shahak et al. (2004 b) found that the grey net induced the best colour
intensity (a* values) in apple. The fruits from the trees under the red and yellow nets was
exceptionally firmer and sweeter than expected for its rather large size. In peach, fruit set
of high quality fruitlets was especially pronounced under the red net. For the same fruit
load (about 350 fruits/tree), fruit size grew largest under the grey, red, yellow and pearl
nets, reaching about 7 cm diameter and significantly less under the blue net (6.60 cm) and
in the control (6.50 cm).

Sharma et al. (2004) found that growing of capsicum cv. California Wonder
under green house produced more number of fruits (15.03), fruit weight (723.28 g/plant)
and more yield (5.35 kg/m2). It also registered maximum plant height (56.00 cm),
number of branches (5.86) and number of leaves (80.76) compared to open field
condition.

Anonymous (2005) conducted study on the comparative statement on cost of


cultivation of capsicum under conventional and precision farming system in Tamil Nadu.
The results revealed that the total cost of cultivation per acre of capsicum was Rs.19,600
in conventional system and Rs.28,800 in precision farming system. Per acre yield was 7.2
tons in conventional system and 10 tones in precision farming system. Per acre net
income generated was Rs.38,000 in conventional system and Rs.61,200 in precision
farming with a B/C ratio of 1.93 in conventional system and 2.12 in precision farming
system.

Naik (2005) reported that, among the three growing conditions namely, medium
cost polyhouse, low cost polyhouse and net house, capsicum grown under medium cost
polyhouse recorded higher number of fruits per plant (10.29), fruit weight per plant (1.02
kg), pericarp thickness at blossom end (1.23 cm), fruit length (8.49cm) and fruit breadth
(7.24) and these finally lead to highest total yield of 37.77 t/ha.

Elad et al. (2007) reported increased yields of two pepper cultivars when grown
under black (nominal 25 % and 40 % shade), blue (40 % shade), blue-silver (40 %
shade), silver (40 %), and white (25 %) shade nets as compared with the no net
(control). However, there were no differences in total yield when comparing black and
white netting (both 25% nominal shade factor) and the only yield increase comparing 40
per cent shade factor nets occurred for one cultivar (Louisiana) in which yields under
silver netting were higher than under black or blue netting.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 10
Kawabata et al. (2007) reported that Dracaena deremensis ‘Janet Craig’ plants,
under the red shade cloth, produced the most new leaves (10.4) and had the smallest first
fully expanded leaf of all treated plants (341 cm2). D. marginata ‘Colorama’ plants under
the red shade cloth produced more new cane growth (20.2 cm) and the highest number of
new leaves (26.2).

Cummings et al. (2008) observed that wild type pea plants grown under blue
shade cloth were shorter with reduced stem elongation and GA 1 levels in expanding
shoot tissue and those under red shade cloth were taller at all growth stages.

Leite et al. (2008) revealed that the Phalenopsis plants grown under red shade
nets showed better results for the stem parameters and precocity of the anthesis. All
varieties treated with red shade net showed significant differences in the stems height,
dry and fresh weights of the stems and number of flowers.

Retamales et al. (2008) observed that the coloured shade nets did not
consistently affect air temperature, soil moisture and relative humidity but yields
(kg/plant) of high bush blue berries over control were increased in year 1 and 2 by 90.5
and 44.6 per cent respectively (white 50 %), 59.6 and 24.9 per cent (grey 35 %) and 84.2
and 31.9 per cent (red 50 %). Higher yields were due to greater fruit number, since nets
did not affect fruit size or soluble solids. Black nets increased shoot and internodal length
and leaf size, while shoot number and leaf length/width ratio were unchanged.

Stamps and Chandler (2008) while studying the performance of three cut
foliages under different coloured shade nets reported that fresh yields of Aspidistra leaves
and leaf numbers were higher under the black net than blue or red colour shade net.

Fallik et al. (2009) observed in an experiment that two capsicum cvs. Romans and
Vergasa grown under red and yellow shade nets showed a significant higher export
quality fruit yield compared to black nets of the same shading factors without reducing
fruit size. The yellow shade net maintained better fruit quality and most prominently, it
lowered the decay incidence at the end of storability and shelf-life simulation. The
cumulative yield under red or yellow shade nets was significantly increased by an
average of 18-20 per cent in cv. Romans and 11- 40 per cent in cv. Vergasa, whereas
average fruit weight was higher in both cultivars under black nets. Fruits grown under 35
per cent black net of both cultivars lost more weight and fruits were softer than those
under other shade nets.

Moniruzzaman et al. (2009) observed that the tallest plants of Bangladhonia were
obtained from 50 per cent shade level (22.71 cm) closely followed by plants under 75 per
cent shade (22.50 cm). Significantly maximum number of leaves/plant (8.21), length of
leaf (20.75 cm), leaf area (56.26 cm2) and fresh weight/ plant (13.82 g) were recorded
from 50 per cent shading and for further shade level (75 %), they declined.

Hlatshwayo and Wahome (2010) in a study on carnation observed that the


tallest plants were obtained from black net with 70 per cent shading, while the shortest
from control. The highest number of leaves per plant, leaf area and number of lateral

11 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


shoots per plant were observed in plants provided with 20 per cent shading. The highest
flower diameter (4.5 cm) and cut flower stem fresh mass (3.8 g) were obtained from
carnations provided with 20 per cent shading.

Kurubetta and Patil (2009) revealed that the earliest flower initiation (33.00
days), least time taken for first harvesting (86.00 days) and highest per cent fruit set
(49.81) were recorded under naturally ventilated polyhouse. The quality parameters
like fruit weight (160.00 g), fruit volume (320.00 cc), rind thickness (0.91 cm) and shelf
life (8.62 days) were also significantly maximum under naturally ventilated polyhouse.

Goren et al. (2010) in a study conducted on two red coloured capsicum cultivars,
observed that capsicum grown under pearl and yellow shade nets significantly
maintained better fruit quality even after 15 days of storage at 7°C, compared to the
traditional black or red shade net of equivalent shading capacity (35 %). Red shade net
significantly reduced fruit weight loss compared to the other shade nets but other quality
parameters such as firmness, elasticity and sugar level have not been affected by the
coloured shade nets.

Hasanein et al. (2011) in a study on strawberry has reported that the highest value
of leaf area, number of leaves per plant and fresh weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit
firmness, total sugars, reducing sugars, Vitamin C and TSS were found in black shade
and black mulch.

Ilic et al. (2011) observed that red and pearl shade nets significantly
increased the total yield (43.5 % and 49.5 %) which was associated with both higher
productivity for number of fruits produced per plant and larger fruits. Pepper plants
grown under black colour nets with 40 per cent shade had higher yield (10.5 %) than
plants grown without nets.

Milenkovic et al. (2012 a) revealed that capsicum plants grown under 50 per
cent shade achieved similar fruit yield in comparison with the yield obtained under 40 per
cent. Total and marketable yield increased with 40 per cent shading level and then
decreased with 50 per cent shade. Significantly higher vitamin C content was observed in
greenhouse pepper integrated with red shade netting technologies (188.4 mg/100g) than
in greenhouse pepper without colour shade nets (151.4 mg/100g).

Abdrabbo et al. (2013) while studying on potato under shade house revealed that
the plants under white net produced the highest vegetative characteristics (number of
leaves and fresh and dry weight) and tuber yield/plant, followed by yellow net, while
black net produced the lowest vegetative characters. The plants under black net gave the
highest plant height followed by blue shade net.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 12
III MATERIAL AND METHODS
The investigation on “Effect of different colour and intensity of shade nets on
growth, yield and quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var Arka Rakshak was
carried out at the Precision Farming Development Centre (PFDC), Department of
Horticulture, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore during 2013-14. The material used and the methodology adopted in
conducting the research programme are furnished in this chapter.

3.1 Geographical location, climate and soil of the station

The experimental station is located at an altitude of 924 m above mean sea level
between an altitude of 13.051 North and a longitude of 77o341 East. The monthly mean
relative humidity of the location ranges between 25 per cent in March and 89 per cent in
July. The minimum and maximum temperature in a year ranges between 17.4oC and 37oC
respectively.

The major rainfall is received from South-West monsoon between June


and September and from North-East monsoon between October and March
with little precipitation even during April to August. The mean rainfall received during
the experimentation period from March to August was 83.4 mm. The soil of the
experimental area is red sandy loam with an uniform fertility having a pH ranging
between 6.0 and 6.5

3.2 Experimental details

The experiment to study the effect of different colour and intensity of shade net
on growth, yield and quality of of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) var. Arka Rakshak
was conducted for one season (summer) by following the recommended package of
practices for comparison and to work out the cost economics of growing the crop under
shade nets.

The study was conducted by laying a single experiment as detailed below:

1. Crop : Tomato
2. Agro-climatic zone : Eastern dry zone
3. Season : Summer
4. Date of sowing : 12-04-2014
5. Date of transplanting : 10-05-2014
5. Number of treatments : 15
6. Number of replications :3
7. Experimental design : Split plot Design
8. Total experimental area : 960 m2
9. Number of plants/m2 : 3.7 (60 cm x 45 cm)
10. Dosage of fertilizer : 350:350:350 kg of N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O/ha/year
11. Treatment details:
A. Shade net colours: Five
C 1 - Green & black interwoven
C 2 - Blue
C 3 - Red
C 4 - Black
C 5 - White
B. Shade intensities: Three
P 1 - 35 per cent
P 2 - 50 per cent
P 3 - 75 per cent
C. Source: IIHR, Hessaraghatta
D. Treatment combinations:
T 1 - C 1 P 1 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 per cent
T 2 - C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 per cent
T 3 - C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 per cent
T 4 - C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 per cent shade
T 5 - C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 per cent shade
T 6 - C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 per cent shade
T 7 - C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 per cent shade
T 8 - C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 per cent shade
T 9 - C 3 P 3 : Red colour shade net + 75 per cent shade
T 10 - C 4 P 1 : Black colour shade net + 35 per cent shade
T 11 - C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 per cent shade
T 12 - C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 per cent shade

14 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


T 13 - C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 per cent shade
T 14 - C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 per cent shade
T 15 - C 5 P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 per cent shade

3.2.1 Details of shade net houses used for the experiment

1. Type : Flat roof


2. Size & Orientation : 16 m length (East-West) and 12 m breadth
(North-South) for each shade net house
3. Year of construction : December, 2012
4. Area of each shade net house : 192 m2
5. Frame work : 2’’ GI ‘B’ class pipe
6. Cladding material : Coloured nylon nets with 35, 50 and 75 per cent
shade intensity

3.2.2 Characters of tomato hybrid (Arka Rakshak)

Arka Rakshak is a hybrid, developed by IIHR Bengaluru. It is F1 hybrid wiith


triple disease resistance to tomato leaf curl viruses, bacterial wilt and early blight. Plants
are semi determinate with dark green foliar cover. Fruit are oblong with light green
shoulder. Fruits are medium to large size (75-80 g), deep red, very firm with good
keeping quality (15-20 days) and long transportability. Suitable for summer, kharif and
rabi seasons. Yields 40-50 tons per acre in 140-150 days.

3.3 Experimental procedure

3.3.1 Raising of nursery

Initially 15 g of Tomato var. Arka Rakshak seeds were one seed per plug
used for raising the seedling in plastic protrays filled with sterilized and nutrient
enriched cocopeat Plate.-1.

Twenty nine trays were used to grow 2700 seedlings. Trays were watered lightly
twice a day during early morning and late evening hours. Necessary plant protection
measures and cultural operations were carried out from time to time to obtain healthy
seedlings for transplanting in the shade net houses as per the treatments Seed germinated
8 days after sowing.

3.3.2 Preparation of land

Land area inside the shade net houses was irrigated a few days earlier to
facilitate easy land preparation. The land was thoroughly ploughed to a depth of about 30
cm. and the soil was brought to a fine tilth after removing the weeds and stubbles a
fortnight prior to planting. Farm yard manure (@ 5kg/m2) was applied and mixed well
with the soil.

3.3.3 Preparation of beds

Raised beds of 30 cm height, 15 m length and 1 m width were prepared


leaving a space of 30 cm between two beds as path to enable easy cultural operations
like weeding, spraying, harvesting etc Plate.-2.

3.3.4 System of irrigation

Drip irrigation system was installed for providing irrigation as well as


fertigation. Two lateral pipes of 16 mm diameter were drawn on each bed between every
two rows of the crop and inline integral type drippers with a discharge capacity of 4
litres per hour (lph) 45 cm apart were provided.

3.3.5 Mulching

To conserve the soil moisture and prevent weed growth, the beds were covered with 30
µ thick bicoloured (black & silver) mulch with silver colour facing up.

3.4 Cultivation practices

3.4.1 Transplanting

According to the spacing followed, marking was done on raised beds which were
covered with polythene mulch. The holes were made on each mark by using 2 inch PVC
pipe.

Moderate irrigation was provided to the beds a day before transplanting the
seedlings to keep the beds moist. 28 days old, good, vigorous and uniform height
seedlings were selected and used for transplanting in the main experimental plots at a
spacing of 60 cm x 45 cm as per the treatment requirement inside the shade net houses.
Contact of seedlings with the mulch film was avoided while planting and the seedlings
were dipped in 0.2 per cent bavistin for two minutes before transplanting.

3.4.2 Irrigation

Irrigation during the first week was provided daily with a hose for
better establishment of the seedlings. Subsequently the plants were irrigated for 1 to 2
hours a day with drip irrigation system regularly depending on growth stage of the crop
and soil and weather conditions.

16 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Plate 1: Twenty eight days old seedlings of tomato var. Arka Rakshak raised in
pro-trays

Plate 2: General view of blue colour shade net house during mulching laid on
the bed
PLAN & LAYOUT OF DIFFERENT COLOUR AND SHADING PER CENTAGE
SHADE NET HOUSE STRUCTURES FOR CULTIVATION OF TOMATO CROP

3.4.3 Fertilizer application

Water soluble chemical fertilizers were applied in 15 split doses at weekly


intervals over a period of 4 months starting from 25 days after transplanting through drip
fertigation system. The micronutrients were applied through foliar spray at weekly
intervals.

18 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


3.4.4 Weeding and plant protection measures

Mulching was done to reduce weed problem in the beds. Only the space between
the beds was kept weed free by manual weeding.

3.4.5 Plant protection

Diseases mainly observed were powdery mildew, late blight , tomato leaf
curl and leaf spot, early blight and fusarium wilt. which were controlled by spray of
Hexaconazole 5% EC ,Mancozeb + Metalaxyl @ 2 g/l and carbendizim (Drenching) @ 2
g/l respectively.

Thrips, leaf minor, aphid, mites, root rot were the main insect pests noticed in the
shade net houses which were controlled by spraying Imidacloprid 0.5 ml/l,
Monocrotophos 1ml/l, Carbendizim 2g/l, Trizophos 0.5 g/l and Mancozeb 2g/l,
respectively.

3.4.6 Pruning

Plants were pruned to retain only two stems at 45 days after transplanting and
removal of basal leaves upto a height of one foot from the ground level were done to
avoid contact with the soil and transmission of diseases.

3.4.7 Training

The plants were trained from the twenty five days after trasplanting with Jute
fibre thread or using nylon threads. Each branch was provided with separate nylon thread
to train along. The threads were tied from end to end on top of the crop. basal portion of
the stem to GI wire grid provided at 2.5 m height.

3.4.8 Harvesting and marketing

Well matured fruits were harvested two times in a week. Fully mature fruits at
colour breaking stage were harvested for distant market while fully mature ripe fruits
with uniform colour development were harvested for local rates. Harvested fruits were
cleaned, sorted and graded according to size and market demand, packed in unit packages
and sent to market in plastic crates.

3.5 Collection of experimental data

Five plants selected at random in each treatment from all the replications were
tagged to study the growth, yield and quality parameters of tomato as influenced by
colour and shade intensity of the net and the mean of the observations of these five plants
was computed and recorded.
3.5.1 Growth parameters

3.5.1.1 Plant height (cm)

The height of the plant was recorded at an interval of 30 days starting from the
date of transplanting. The plant height was measured from the ground level to the
growing tip of the main stem at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after transplanting (DAT). The
average height was calculated and expressed in centimetres.

3.5.1.2 Number of branches per plant

The number of well-developed branches on the main stem was counted at 30, 60,
90 and 120 days after transplanting (DAT) from all tagged plants and mean number of
branches per plant was worked out.

3.5.1.3 Leaf area (cm2)

Five mature photosynthetically active leaves were separated during active


vegetative growth stage from selected plants of all the treatments. The leaf area was
measured using portable leaf area meter (LiCor Li-3600) and expressed in cm2)

3.5.1.4 Dry matter accumulation per plant (g)

Five plants were uprooted at harvest from each treatment, the fruits were
separated and the roots were washed thoroughly with tap water and the excess water
adhering to the roots was removed with the help of blotting paper and dried at 800 C in
hot air oven for 72 hours till two consecutive weights remained unchanged and
expressed in grams per plant.

3.5.2 Reproductive parameters

3.5.2.1 Days taken for first flowering

Number of days taken from the date of transplanting to first flower opening was
recorded in each treatment periodically as and when the first flower opened on the
tagged plants.

3.5.2.2 Number of flowers per plant

The total number of fully opened flowers per plant as and when they were
produced from the emergence of first flower was recorded from each tagged plant in all
the treatments at regular intervals.

20 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


3.5.2.3 Days taken for fruit set from flowering

Number of days taken from the date of first flower opening to the first fruit set
appearance (development of pea size fruits) was recorded and mean was calculated.

3.5.2.4 Per cent fruit set

Ten unopened flower buds were tagged at random in each of the plant under
observation in all the treatments. The number of fruits set from the tagged buds was
recorded periodically and per cent fruit set was calculated from the given formula and
expressed in percentage.

Number of fruits per plant


Per cent fruit set (%) = ---------------------------------------X 100
Number of flowers per plant

3.5.2.5 Days taken for first harvest

Number of days taken from date of transplanting to the date of first harvest of
fully matured fruits from the tagged plants in each treatment was recorded.

3.5.3 Yield parameters

3.5.3.1 Number of fruits per plant

The number of mature fruits harvested from each tagged plants were recorded in
each picking till the final harvest. The average number of fruits per plant was calculated
treatment wise.

3.5.3.2 Yield per plant (kg)

The total weight of fruits harvested per plant from each harvest, treatment and
replication wise was recorded until the final harvest from the five tagged plants, were
added and average yield per plant was worked out and expressed in kilogrammes.

3.5.3.3 Yield per hectare (t)

The yield per plot was used to compute the yield per hectare and expressed in
tonnes. Total weight of matured fruits harvested from each picking in the tagged plants in
each replication was recorded till final harvest and the total yield of fruits per hectare
under different treatments was computed in tonnes per hectare.
Plate 3: General view of tomato crop grown under white colour shade net
house immediately after transplanting

Plate 4: General view of tomato crop grown under black colour shade net
22 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.
house at 60 days after transplanting.
3.5.4 Fruit parameters

3.5.4.1 Fruit length (cm)

Five fruits from each treatment from second picking were randomly selected and
the length was recorded from the pedicel end of the fruit to the proximal end using
vernier callipers and the mean was calculated and recorded in centimetres.

3.5.4.2 Fruit breadth (cm)

The fruits used for recording the length were used for recording the breadth. The
point of maximum breadth was measured by using vernier callipers and mean was
calculated and recorded in centimetres.

3.5.4.3 Fruit weight (g)

The fresh tomato fruits harvested from the labeled plants from each treatment
were weighed and recorded in grams.

3.5.4.4 Ten fruit weight (g)

Ten fresh tomato fruits harvested from the labeled plants from each treatment
were weighed and recorded in grams.

3.5.5.1 Quality attributes

3.5.5.2 Total soluble solids (oB)

The TSS content of fruit was measured from five randomly selected fruits in each
replication by squeezing the juice on hand refractometer (0-320Brix) plat form and
readings were observed at room temperature for three replications and mean was
calculated.

3.5.5.3 Firmness (kg/cm2)

Firmness was determined by using fruit penetrometer. Five ripened fruits of each
variety were punctured at one place in radial axis with plunger and the pressure required
to penetrate the fruit was recorded and expressed in kg/cm2. Based on the values
obtained, entries were grouped as less firm (<4 kg/cm2), moderately firm (4.1 to 6
kg/cm2), firm fruit (6.1 to 8 kg/cm2) and highly firm (>8 kg/cm2).

3.5.5.4 Ascorbic acid (mg/100g)

One gram of blended fruit pulp from five randomly selected red ripe fruits served
as a sample for estimation of ascorbic acid by using 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol
titration method. Four percent oxalic acid was added to sample. The volume made up to
50 ml in a volumetric flask and filtered using Whatman No.4 paper and 25 ml of this
filtrate was taken and titrated against 2, 6-Dichlorophenol-indophenol dye. The titration
was carried out up to a light pink colour to appear. The dye was prepared using 50 mg of
sodium salt of 2, 6- Dichlorophenol-indophenol dye in approximately 200 ml of double
distilled water containing 4.2 mg of sodium bicarbonate. It was used for titration
and standardizing ascorbic acid (Ranganna, 1986).

Titratable value x Dye factor x vol. made up


Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) =-------------------------------------------------------- X 100
Aliquot of extraction x vol. of sample taken

3.5.5.5 Lycopene (mg/100g)

The lycopene content of tomato was analysed by using the procedure outlined by
Ranganna (1986).One gram of blended fruit sample was taken into a mortar and pulp
was extracted repeatedly with acetone until the residue turned colourless. The acetone
extract was transferred to separating funnel containing 10 to 15 ml of hexane layer
by diluting the acetone with water. Hexane containing pigments were transferred to 25
ml volumetric flask and diluted to the mark with hexane. Then one ml of aliquot was
further diluted to four ml with hexane and the absorbance or OD was read in a
spectrophotometer at 503 nm. The lycopene content was calculated by using the formula
given by Ranganna (1986).

OD of sample x Vol. made up x dilution factor


Lycopene (mg/100g) = --------------------------------------------------------------- X 100
1 x weight of sample (g) x 1000

3.5.5.6 Shelf life (days)

The number of days from harvest till the fruits attained 20 per cent PLW on
which they are suitable for consumption, both under open conditions and in 1per cent
ventilated poly bags was recorded and the mean was calculated.

3.6 Cost economics

The cost of cultivation of tomato under different coloured shade net house
conditions was worked out by considering the present price of inputs and the labour cost
that were prevailing at the time of their use (Appendix-I a,b). Gross returns, net returns
and benefit cost ratios were worked out for each treatment by adopting the following
formulae.

24 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Net returns (Rs.ha-1) = Gross returns (Rs.ha-1) – Cost of cultivation (Rs.ha-1)

Gross returns (Rs.ha-1)


Benefit / Cost ratio = --------------------------------------
Cost of cultivation (Rs.ha-1)

The cost of construction of shade net houses was calculated based on depreciation
value considering the life of the structures as 10 years whereas life of glazing shade net
material as 3 years as suggested by Singh et al. (2003).

3.7 Environmental parameters

The environmental parameters like temperature (oC), relative humidity (%) and
light intensity (k.lux) were recorded from the time of transplanting (April) to that of last
picking of fruits (August) in both inside the shade net houses and outside the structures
by using thermo hygrometer and luxmeter respectively and expressed as mean monthly
data (Appendix-II ).

3.8 Statistical analysis

Data obtained from the experiment were pooled and the mean of various
parameters were statistically analyzed and interpreted by following Fishers method
of analysis of variance as suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The test of
significance (F-test) and critical differences were made at 0.05 probability. The data
pertaining to vegetative, reproductive, yield and quality characters were tabulated
treatment wise. Inferences were drawn as revealed by the analysis of tables.
IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The results of the investigation entitled “Effect of different colour and
intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,)
var. Arka Rakshak” was carried out during 2013-14 at the Precision Farming
Development Centre (PFDC), Department of Horticulture, Gandhi Krishi Vignana
Kendra, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru are presented results of
experiment in this chapter.

4.1 Growth parameters of tomato plants

4.1.1 Plant height (cm)

The data on height of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of shade net
and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 1) indicates that there was a significant
difference during the entire crop growth period (Fig.1 and Plate.3,4)

4.1.1.1 Plant height at 30 DAT

The plant height recorded highly significantly maximum (75.35 cm) under
black colour shade net (C 4 ) , followed by blue colour (C 2 ) shade net (73.64 cm) while
it was minimum (59.54 cm) red colour shade net (C 3 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the plant height
was significantly higher (71.40 cm) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it
was lower (65.63 cm) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 )

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.1.1.2 Plant height at 60 DAT

The plant height was significantly maximum (119.96 cm) under black colour
shade net (C 4 ), followed by blue colour (C 2 ) shade net (114.67 cm) while the minimum
plant height (101.08 cm) was recorded under red colour shade net (C 3 ) Plate.-4.

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the plant height
was significantly higher (115.34 cm) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it
was lower (104.19 cm) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction
effects between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity was found to be highly
significant over the other treatments.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 24
Table 1: Plant height as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade intensity at
different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Plant height (cm)
Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT
Shade net colour (C)
C1 - Green & black 65.61 105.18 123.60 166.60
interwoven
C2 - Blue 73.64 114.67 149.40 190.00
C3 - Red 59.54 101.08 114.10 146.20
C4 - Black 75.35 115.17 156.40 208.10
C5 – White 68.64 110.53 144.00 179.70
S.Em+ 0.217 0.353 0.649 0.767
C.D at 5 % 0.708 1.151 2.110 2.502
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 65.63 104.19 134.1 166.52
P 2 - 50 per cent 68.63 108.46 137.2 170.31
P 3 - 75 per cent 71.40 115.34 141.2 181.62
S.Em + 0.048 0.167 0.060 0.149
C.D at 5 % 0.141 0.493 0.178 0.440
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P1 63.86 100.00 121.30 156.18
C1 P2 65.97 105.12 123.10 161.20
C1 P3 67.00 110.42 126.20 167.48
C2 P1 69.41 110.02 146.47 183.48
C2 P2 73.35 116.00 147.70 183.87
C2 P3 78.17 118.00 154.23 185.67
C3 P1 56.69 97.22 109.50 136.74
C3 P2 59.88 101.18 114.80 139.57
C3 P3 62.06 104.84 118.00 149.29
C4 P1 71.28 107.15 153.50 183.08
C4 P2 70.22 110.02 156.80 192.21
C4 P3 79.57 128.35 159.00 211.51
C5 P1 66.95 106.54 139.60 173.13
C5 P2 68.76 109.96 143.80 174.69
C5 P3 75.20 115.09 148.70 194.16
F test (p= 0.05) * * * *
S. Em + 0.107 0.374 0.135 0.334
C.D at 5% 0.315 1.103 0.399 0.985
T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

25 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


4.1.1.3 Plant height at 90 DAT

The plant height recorded significantly maximum (156.40 cm) under black colour
shade net (C 4 ) followed by blue colour (C 2 ) shade net 149.40 cm) while it was minimum
(114.10 cm) under red colour shade net (C 3 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the plant height
was significantly higher (141.2 cm) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it
was lower (134.1 cm) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity was found to be highly
significant over the other treatments.

4.1.1.4 Plant height at 120 DAT

The plant height recorded significantly maximum (208.16 cm) under black colour
shade net (C 4 ) followed by blue colour (C 2 ) shade net 190.04 cm) while it was
minimum (146.25 cm) under red colour shade net (C 3 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the plant height
was significantly higher (183.35 cm) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it
was lower (174.14 cm) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical analysis reveals that the two way interaction
effects between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly
significant difference over the other treatments.

4.1.2 Number of branches

The data on number of branches of tomato plants as influenced by different


colour of shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 2) indicates that there was
a significant difference during the entire crop growth period

4.1.2.1 Number of branches per plant at 30 DAT

The number of branches per plant was significantly maximum (6.10) under red
colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by blue colour (C 2 ) shade net (5.05) while it was
minimum (3.99) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
branches per plant was significantly higher (5.31) under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P 3) while it was lower (4.55) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 24
Table 2: Number of branches per plant as influenced by colour of the shade net and
shade intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka
Rakshak
Number of branches
Treatments
30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT
Shade net colour (C)
C1 - Green & black 4.62 7.58 9.90 16.73
interwoven
C2 - Blue 5.05 7.97 10.20 17.02
C3 - Red 6.10 8.77 11.90 18.55
C4 - Black 3.99 6.62 9.30 16.05
C5 – White 4.99 8.35 10.90 18.12
S.Em+ 0.044 0.047 0.056 0.059
C.D at 5 % 0.145 0.155 0.182 0.193
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 4.55 7.43 9.86 16.75
P 2 - 50 per cent 4.99 7.86 10.42 17.33
P 3 - 75 per cent 5.31 8.28 11.04 17.82
S.Em + 0.010 0.011 0.016 0.014
C.D at 5 % 0.031 0.034 0.047 0.043
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P 1 4.20 7.25 9.25 16.25
C1 P 2 4.70 7.52 9.87 16.94
C1 P 3 4.95 7.98 10.62 17.02
C2 P 1 4.78 7.59 9.59 16.52
C2 P 2 5.02 8.04 10.27 17.14
C2 P 3 5.36 8.29 10.82 17.42
C3 P 1 5.79 8.15 11.07 18.05
C3 P 2 5.49 8.85 11.25 18.41
C3 P 3 6.50 9.21 12.75 19.20
C4 P 1 3.70 6.20 9.00 15.29
C4 P 2 4.01 6.57 9.25 16.07
C4 P 3 4.25 7.09 9.77 16.79
C5 P 1 4.28 7.98 10.41 17.63
C5 P 2 5.21 8.23 10.95 18.07
C5 P 3 6.00 8.95 11.78 18.66
F test (p= 0.05) * * * *
S. Em + 0.024 0.025 0.036 0.032
C.D at 5% 0.070 0.075 0.105 0.095
T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

25 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


The statisticaly analysed data reveals that the two way interaction effects between
red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity was found to be highly significant over the
other treatments.

4.1.2.2 Number of branches per plant at 60 DAT

The number of branches per plant was significantly higher (8.77) under red colour
shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (8.35) while it was
minimum (6.62) under black colour shade net (C 4).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
branches per plant was significantly higher (8.28) under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P 3 ) while it was lower (7.43) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The statisticaly analysed data reveals that the two way interaction effects between
red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity was found to be significantly different
over the other treatments.

4.1.2.3 Number of branches per plant at 90 DAT

The number of branches per plant was significantly higher (11.90) under red
colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (10.90) while it
was minimum (9.30) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
branches per plant was significantly higher (11.04) under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P 3 ) while it was lower (9.86) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

Between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity was found to be
significantly different over the other treatments.

4.1.2.4 Number of branches per plant at 120 DAT

The number of branches per plant was significantly maximum (18.55) under red
colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (18.12) while it was
minimum (16.05) under black colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
branches per plant was significantly higher (17.82) under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P 3 ) while it was lower (16.75) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity was found to be highly significant
over the other treatments.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 26
4.1.3 Leaf area (cm2)

The data on height of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of shade net
and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 3) indicates that there was a significant
difference during the entire crop growth period.

Significantly larger leaves were produced which significantly larger (81.65


cm2) under red colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (80.10
cm2) while it was less (72.41 cm2) under green colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the leaf area
was significantly larger (79.70 cm2) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was
less (74.18 cm2) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The statisticaly analysed data has revealed that was significant difference between
the two way interaction effects of red colour shade net and 75 per cent intensity over the
other treatments.

4.1.4 Dry matter accumulation per plant (g)

The data on height of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of shade net
and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 3) indicates that there was a significant
difference during the entire period of recording the observation.

The dry matter accumulation per plant which was significantly higher (229.40 g)
under red colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (216.10 g)
while it was lower (188.60 g) under green with black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the dry matter
accumulation per plant was significantly higher (215.70 g) under 75 per cent shade
intensity (P 3 ) while it was lower (192.70 g) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.2 Reproductive parameters

The data pertaining to the reproductive parameters such as days taken for first
flowering, number of flowers per plant, days taken for fruit set from flowering, per cent
fruit set and days taken for first harvest recorded during the crop growth are presented in
Table 3 and 4.

27 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Plate 5: General view of tomato crop during flower formation under red colour
shade net house

Plate 6: General view of tomato crop grown under blue colour shade net at
50 per cent flowering

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 28
Table 3: Leaf area, dry matter accumulation per plant and days taken for
first flowering as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade
intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak

Leaf area Dry matter


Days taken for first
Treatments 2 accumulation per plant
(cm ) Flowering
(g)
Shade net colour (C)
C1 - Green & black
interwoven 72.41 188.60 34.01
C2 - Blue 74.38 192.90 32.96
C3 - Red 81.65 229.40 29.77
C4 - Black 74.43 191.00 34.50
C5 – White 80.10 216.10 30.41
S.Em+ 0.137 0.620 0.282
C.D at 5 % 0.448 2.022 0.921
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 74.18 192.70 33.68
P 2 - 50 per cent 75.90 202.40 32.36
P 3 - 75 per cent 79.70 215.70 30.97
S.Em + 0.048 0.201 0.138
C.D at 5 % 0.141 0.592 0.406
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P1 71.07 180.70 34.95
C1 P2 72.20 188.80 34.02
C1 P3 73.97 196.20 33.07
C2 P1 72.47 185.70 33.96
C2 P2 74.33 192.90 33.15
C2 P3 76.35 200.10 31.79
C3 P1 78.19 208.90 31.48
C3 P2 79.94 224.70 29.06
C3 P3 86.81 254.70 28.10
C4 P1 72.25 183.80 36.09
C4 P2 74.62 191.40 34.59
C4 P3 76.41 197.80 32.84
C5 P1 76.94 204.40 31.90
C5 P2 78.42 214.10 30.29
C5 P3 84.94 229.80 29.75
F test (p= 0.05) * * *
S. Em + 0.107 0.449 0.308
C.D at 5% 0.315 1.325 0.907

T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

29 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


4.2.1 Days taken for first flowering

The data recorded on days taken for first flowering of tomato plants from
seedling transplanting stage as influenced by different colour of the shade net and shade
intensity on crop growth (Table 3) indicates that there was a significant difference during
the entire period of recording the observation Fig.-2.

The tomato plants differed significantly for days taken for first flowering.
Among them the number of days taken for first flowering was significantly lesser (29.77
days) under red colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (30.41
days) while it was higher (34.50 days) under black colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
days taken for first flowering was significantly lesser (30.97 days) under 75 per cent
shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was higher (30.97 days) under 35 per cent shade intensity
(P 1 ) .

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be differ singnificantly
lesser days over the other treatments.

4.2.2 Number of flowers per plant

The data recorded on number of flowers per plant of tomato plants as influenced
by different colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 4)
indicates that there was a significant difference during the entire period of recording the
observation plate.-6.

The number of flowers per plant was significantly maximum (115.08) under red
colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (111.61) while it
was minimum (100.39) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
flowers per plant was significantly higher (110.72) under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P 3 ) while it was lower (105.39) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
over the other treatments.

4.2.3 Days taken for fruit set from flowering

The data on number of days taken for fruit set from flowering of tomato plants as
influenced by different colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table
4) indicates that there was a significant difference during the entire period of recording
the observation.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 30
Days taken for first flowering
Days taken for first harvest
40

35
Days taken for first flowering and first harvest

30

25

20

15

10

0
C1P1 C1P2 C1P3 C2P1 C2P2 C2P3 C3P1 C3P2 C3P3 C4P1 C4P2 C4P3 C5P1 C5P2
Treatments

Fig. 2: Days taken for first flowering and first harvest as influenced by colour of shade net and shade intensity of
tomato var. Arka Rakshak

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 24
Table 4: Number of flowers per plant, days taken for fruit set from flowering,
per cent fruit set and days taken for first harvest as influenced by colour
of the shade net and shade intensity at different stages of crop growth in
tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Days taken for
Number of Per cent Days taken for
Treatments fruit set from
flowers per plant fruit set first harvest
flowering
Shade net colour (C)
C1 - Green & black 68.89
104.99 8.31 33.69
interwoven
C2 - Blue 107.99 8.22 69.23 33.27
C3 - Red 115.08 7.90 75.42 29.62
C4 - Black 100.39 8.52 68.16 35.37
C5 – White 111.61 8.08 74.12 30.61
S.Em+ 0.329 0.013 0.193 0.136
C.D at 5 % 1.073 0.044 0.630 0.443
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 105.39 8.35 70.21 33.86
P 2 - 50 per cent 107.93 8.20 70.94 32.53
P 3 - 75 per cent 110.72 8.06 72.34 31.16
S.Em + 0.071 0.004 0.040 0.036
C.D at 5 % 0.211 0.011 0.117 0.105
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P1 102.20 8.45 68.74 35.25
C1 P2 104.00 8.32 69.79 33.74
C1 P3 108.80 8.15 68.15 32.09
C2 P1 105.10 8.37 68.55 34.89
C2 P2 108.40 8.24 69.32 33.15
C2 P3 110.50 8.05 69.82 31.79
C3 P1 112.50 8.02 73.95 31.01
C3 P2 113.50 7.90 74.13 29.75
C3 P3 118.50 7.77 78.17 28.10
C4 P1 98.00 8.65 66.44 36.24
C4 P2 100.80 8.50 67.63 35.72
C4 P3 102.40 8.40 70.41 34.17
C5 P1 109.20 8.25 73.95 31.90
C5 P2 112.20 8.05 74.13 30.29
C5 P3 114.30 7.95 78.17 29.64
F test (p= 0.05) * * * *
S. Em + 0.160 0.008 0.089 0.080
C.D at 5% 0.471 0.024 0.262 0.235
T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 24
The number of days taken for fruit set from flowering was significantly lesser
(7.90 days) under red colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net
(8.08 days) while it was higher (8.52 days) under black colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
days taken for fruit set from flowering was significantly lesser (8.06 days) under 75 per
cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was higher (8.35 days) under 35 per cent shade intensity
(P 1 )

As in other parameter the two way interaction effects between red colour shade
net with 75 per cent intensity were also found to be highly significant difference over the
other treatments.

4.2.4 Per cent fruit set

The data on per cent fruit set of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of
the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 4) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of recording the observation.

The per cent fruit set was significantly maximum (75.42 %) under red colour
shade net (C 3), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (74.12 %) while it was minimum
(68.16 %) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the per cent
fruit set was significantly higher (72.34 %) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while
it was lower (70.21 %) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.2.5 Days taken for first harvest

The data on days taken for first harvest of tomato plants as influenced by
different colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 4) indicates
that there was a significant difference during the entire period of recording the
observation Fig.-2.

The number of days taken for first harvest was significantly lesser (29.62 days)
under red colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (30.61 days)
while it was higher (35.37 days) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
days taken for first harvest was significantly lesser (31.16 days) under 75 per cent shade
intensity (P 3 ) while it was higher (33.86 days) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

25 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Number of flowers per plant
140
Per cent fruit set

120

100
Number and Per cent fruit set

80

60

40

20

0
C1P1 C1P2 C1P3 C2P1 C2P2 C2P3 C3P1 C3P2 C3P3 C4P1 C4P2 C4P3 C5P1 C5P2 C5P3

Treatments

Fig. 3: Number of flowers per plant and per cent fruit set as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade
intensity of tomato var. Arka Rakshak

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 26
The two way interaction effects between red colour shade net and 75 per cent
intensity was found to be highly significant with regard to number and days taken for
first harvest over the other treatments.

4.3 Yield parameters

The data pertaining to the yield parameters such as number of fruits per plant,
yield per plant (kg) and yield per hectare (t/ha) recorded during the harvest period are
presented in Table 5.

4.3.1 Number of fruits per plant

The data on number of fruits per plant of tomato plants as influenced by different
colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 5) indicates that there
was a significant difference during the entire period of crop growth Plate.-5.

The number of fruits per plant was significantly maximum (83.15) under red
colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (81.32) while it
was minimum (66.58) under blue colour shade net (C 2 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the number of
fruits per plant was significantly higher (77.59) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 )
while it was lower (73.52) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.3.2 Yield per plant (kg)

The data on yield per plant (kg) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour
of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 5) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of crop growth Fig.-4 & Plate.-7.

The yield per plant was significantly maximum (8.36 kg) under red colour shade
net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (8.20 kg) while it was minimum
(5.74 kg) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the yield per
plant was significantly higher (7.44 kg) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it
was lower (6.76 kg) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

27 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.3.3 Yield per plot (tons)

The data on yield per plot (tons) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour
of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 5) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

The yield per plot was significantly maximum (4.17 tons) under red colour shade
net (C 3), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (4.09 tons) while it was minimum
(2.86 tons) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the yield per
plot was significantly higher (3.71 tons) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while
it was lower (3.37 tons) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.3.4 Yield per hectare (tons)

The data on yield per hectare (t) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour
of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 5) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of crop growth Fig.-5.

The yield per hectare was significantly maximum (185.62 t/ha) under red
colour shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (182.10 t/ha) while it
was minimum (127.41 t/ha) under black colour shade net (C 4 ) in this research 23.5%
increased in tomato yield

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the yield per
hectare was significantly higher (165.25 t/ha) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 )
while it was lower (150.09 t/ha) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 28
10
Yield per plant (kg)

7
Yield per plant (kg)

0
C1P1 C1P2 C1P3 C2P1 C2P2 C2P3 C3P1 C3P2 C3P3 C4P1 C4P2 C4P3 C5P1 C5P2 C5P3
Treatments

Fig. 4: Yield per plant as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade intensity of tomato var. Arka Rakshak

29 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Table 5: Number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and yield per hectare as
influenced by colour of the shade net and shade intensity at different
stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak

Number of Yield per plant Yield per plot Yield per hector
Treatments fruits per plant (kg) (tons) (tons)
Shade net colour (C)
C1 - Green & black 70.73 6.05 3.02 134.22
interwoven
C2 - Blue 66.58 7.15 3.56 158.63
C3 - Red 83.15 8.36 4.17 185.62
C4 - Black 75.17 5.74 2.86 127.41
C5 – White 81.32 8.20 4.09 182.10
S.Em+ 0.238 0.043 21.70 965.40
C.D at 5 % 0.776 0.142 70.80 348.64
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 73.52 6.76 3.37 150.09
P 2 - 50 per cent 75.06 7.09 3.54 157.45
P 3 - 75 per cent 77.59 7.44 3.71 165.25
S.Em + 0.035 0.006 2.90 128.14
C.D at 5 % 0.102 0.017 8.50 378.01
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P 1 70.25 5.82 2.90 129.20
C1 P 2 72.58 6.01 3.00 133.51
C1 P 3 74.15 6.31 3.14 139.97
C2 P 1 72.05 6.89 3.44 152.89
C2 P 2 75.14 7.18 3.58 159.35
C2 P 3 77.15 7.37 3.68 163.65
C3 P 1 82.15 8.05 4.02 178.73
C3 P 2 84.98 8.30 4.14 184.33
C3 P 3 88.15 8.73 4.36 193.80
C4 P 1 65.12 5.29 2.64 117.36
C4 P 2 68.17 5.82 2.90 129.20
C4 P 3 72.10 6.11 3.05 135.66
C5 P 1 80.10 7.76 3.87 172.27
C5 P 2 82.85 8.15 4.07 180.88
C5 P 3 85.02 8.70 4.34 193.16
F test (p= 0.05) * * * *
S. Em + 0.159 0.013 6.4 286.53
C.D at 5% 0.468 0.038 19.0 845.26
T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
4.4 Fruit quality parameters (Physical)
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
The data pertaining to the parameters such as fruit length, breadth, weight and 4.4 Fruit
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 30
4.4 quality parameters (Physical)

The data pertaining to the parameters such as fruit length, breadth, weight and
volume recorded during the harvest period are presented in Table 6 & 7.

4.4.1 Fruit length (cm)

The data on fruit length (cm) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of
shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 6) indicates that there was a
statistically significant difference during the entire period of recording the observation.

The fruit length was significantly higher (5.23 cm) under black colour shade
net (C 4 ), followed by white (C 5 ) shade net (5.00 cm) while it was lower (4.24 cm)
under green and black inter woven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the fruit length
was significantly higher (4.93 cm) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was
lower (4.54 cm) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.4.2 Fruit breadth (cm)

The data on fruit breath (cm) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of
the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 6) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

The fruit breadth was significantly maximum (5.12 cm) under black colour
shade net (C 4), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (5.02 cm) while it was
minimum (3.74 cm) under green and black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the fruit
breadth was significantly higher (4.61 cm) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while
it was lower (4.30 cm) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.4.3 Fruit weight (g)

The data on fruit weight (g) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of
the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 6) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

31 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


250
Yield per hectare (t/ha)

200

150
Yield per hectare (tons)

100

50

0
C1P1 C1P2 C1P3 C2P1 C2P2 C2P3 C3P1 C3P2 C3P3 C4P1 C4P2 C4P3 C5P1 C5P2 C5P3
Treatments

Fig. 5: Yield per hectare as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade intensity of tomato var. Arka Rakshak
.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 32
The fruit weight was significantly maximum (70.82 g) under black colour
shade net (C 4), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (68.85 g) while it was
minimum (62.11 g) under green and black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the fruit weight
was significantly higher (68.85 g) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was
lower (63.96 g) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.4.4 Ten fruit weight (g)

The data ten fruit weight of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of
the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth are presented in (Table 6).

Significantly higher (728.8 g) fruit weight was obtained under black colour
shade net (C 4), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (700.58 g) while it was
minimum (599.25 g) under green and black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the fruit weight
was significantly higher (675.98 g) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was
lower (648.38 g) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between black colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.5 Quality attributes (Chemical)

The data pertaining to the parameters such as TSS, fruit firmness, Ascorbic acid,
Lycopene content and shelf life recorded during the period of observation are presented
in Table 7 & 8.

4.5.1 TSS (oB)

The data on TSS (oB) of tomato plants as influenced by different colour of the
shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 7) indicates that there was a
significant difference during the entire period of crop growth Fig.-6.

Table 6: Fruit length, fruit breadth, fruit weight and fruit volume, as
influenced by colour of the shade net and shade intensity and at

33 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak
Treatments Fruit Fruit Fruit weight Ten Fruit weight
Length (cm) Breadth (cm) (g) (g)
Shade net colour (C)
C1 - Green & black 4.24 3.74 62.11
599.25
interwoven
C2 - Blue 4.45 4.16 64.17 618.92
C3 - Red 4.70 4.22 65.87 659.77
C4 - Black 5.23 5.12 70.82 728.79
C5 – White 5.00 5.02 68.55 700.58
S.Em+ 0.023 0.034 0.119 3.130
C.D at 5 % 0.076 0.111 0.390 10.200
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 4.54 4.30 63.96 648.38
P 2 - 50 per cent 4.70 4.45 66.12 660.03
P 3 - 75 per cent 4.93 4.61 68.85 675.98
S.Em + 0.005 0.004 0.040 0.400
C.D at 5 % 0.016 0.013 0.118 1.190
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P1 4.10 3.48 59.00 587.20
C1 P2 4.25 3.78 62.61 592.40
C1 P3 4.36 3.97 64.73 618.14
C2 P1 4.30 4.05 62.37 600.27
C2 P2 4.41 4.15 64.35 620.78
C2 P3 4.65 4.27 65.80 635.70
C3 P1 4.46 4.10 63.81 648.23
C3 P2 4.76 4.23 66.10 665.10
C3 P3 4.89 4.34 67.72 666.00
C4 P1 5.05 5.00 67.84 711.00
C4 P2 5.14 5.12 69.65 721.00
C4 P3 5.51 5.23 74.99 754.38
C5 P1 4.80 4.85 66.77 695.22
C5 P2 4.95 4.97 67.91 700.87
C5 P3 5.24 5.23 71.00 705.67
F test (p= 0.05) * * * *
S. Em + 0.012 0.010 0.090 0.907
C.D at 5% 0.035 0.028 0.265 2.676

T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 34
Table 7: TSS, firmness and lycopene as influenced by colour of the shade net and
shade intensity and at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka
Rakshak

Treatments o Firmness Lycopene


TSS ( B )
(kg/cm2) (mg/100g)
Shade net colour (C)
C 1 - Green & black 3.75 3.34 5.13
interwoven
C 2 - Blue 3.84 3.49 5.76
C 3 - Red 4.79 4.16 6.36
C 4 - Black 3.99 3.76 5.92
C 5 – White 4.38 3.92 6.06
S.Em+ 0.015 0.002 0.016
CD at 5 % 0.048 0.006 0.051
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 4.01 3.58 5.26
P 2 - 50 per cent 4.12 3.69 5.95
P 3 - 75 per cent 4.32 3.92 6.33
S.Em+ 0.003 0.002 0.009
CD at 5 % 0.008 0.592 0.027
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P1 3.65 3.23 4.94
C1 P2 3.75 3.30 5.11
C1 P3 3.87 3.49 5.34
C2 P1 3.71 3.27 5.25
C2 P2 3.79 3.56 5.95
C2 P3 4.00 3.65 6.07
C3 P1 4.65 4.02 5.44
C3 P2 4.77 4.09 6.33
C3 P3 4.95 4.38 7.32
C4 P1 3.90 3.57 5.41
C4 P2 3.98 3.78 6.11
C4 P3 4.09 3.93 6.25
C5 P1 4.14 3.85 5.27
C5 P2 4.32 3.75 6.25
C5 P3 4.69 4.17 6.65
F test (p=0.05) * * *
S.Em+ 0.006 0.001 0.021
CD at 5 % 0.017 0.003 0.061
T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

35 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


The TSS was significantly maximum (4.79 o B) under red colour shade net
(C 3 ), followed white colour (C 5 ) shade net (4.38 oB) while it was minimum (3.75oB)
under green colour shade net (C1).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the TSS was
significantly higher (4.32o B) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 ), while it was
lower (4.010B) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

4.5.2 Firmness (kg/cm2)

The data on firmness (kg/cm2) of tomato plants as influenced by different


colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 7) indicates that there
was a significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

The fruit firmness was significantly higher (4.16 kg/cm2) under red colour shade
net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net (3.92 kg/cm2) while, it was
minimum (3.34 kg/cm2) under green and black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the fruit
firmness was significantly higher (3.92 kg/cm2) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 )
while it was lower (3.58 kg/cm2) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
difference over the other treatments.

4.5.3 Lycopene (mg/100g)

The data on lycopene (mg/100g) of tomato plants as influenced by different


colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 7) indicates that there
was a significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

The fruit lycopene was significantly maximum (6.36 mg/100g) under red colour
shade net (C 3 ), followed by white colour (C 5) shade net (6.06 mg/100g) while, it was
minimum (5.13 mg/100g) under green and black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the lycopene
content was significantly higher (6.33 mg /100) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P 3 )
while it was lower (5.26 mg/100) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The statistical analysis of the data has reveal that, the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
over the other treatments.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 36
TSSoB Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) content

20
18
16
TSS(oB) / Ascorbic acid(mg)

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
C1P1 C1P2 C1P3 C2P1 C2P2 C2P3 C3P1 C3P2 C3P3 C4P1 C4P2 C4P3 C5P1 C5P2
Treatments

Fig. 6: TSS and Ascorbic acid as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade intensity of tomato var. Arka
Rakshak

37 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


4.5.4 Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g)

The data on ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) of tomato plants as influenced by


different colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table 8) indicates
that there was a significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

The ascorbic acid content (mg/100g) was significantly maximum (17.39


mg/100g) under red colour shade net (C 3), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade net
(16.46 mg/100g) while it was minimum (13.6 mg/100g) under green and black
interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the ascorbic
acid content (mg/100g) was significantly higher (15.85 mg/100g) under 75 per cent
shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was lower (14.37 mg/100g) under 35 per cent shade intensity
(P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between red colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be highly significant
(18.56 mg/100g) difference over the other treatments.

4.5.5 Shelf life (days)

4.5.5.1 Shelf life under open condition

The data on shelf life under open condition of tomato plants as influenced by
different colour of the shade net and shade intensity on crop growth presented in Table 8
indicates that there was a significant difference during the entire period of crop growth.

The shelf life under open conditions was significantly maximum (25.40 days)
under green & black interwoven shade net (C 1), followed by white colour (C 5 ) shade
net (23.87 days) while it was minimum (18.38 days) under black colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the shelf life
under open conditions was significantly higher (23.14 days) under 75 per cent shade
intensity (P 3 ) while it was lower (21.03 days) under 35 per cent shade intensity (P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between green & black interwoven shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to be
highly significant difference over the other treatments.

4.5.4.2 Shelf life in 1 per cent ventilated polybags

The data on shelf life of tomato fruits baged in polybags with 1 per cent ventilated
as influenced by different colour of shade net and shade intensity on crop growth (Table
8) indicates that there was a significant difference during the entire period of recording
the observation Plate.8

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 38
Table 8: Ascorbic and shelf life as influenced by colour of the shade net and shade
intensity at different stages of crop growth in tomato var. Arka Rakshak

Treatments Ascorbic acid Shelf life (days)


content
(mg/100 g) 1 % Ventilation
Open condition
polythene bag
Shade net colour (C)
C 1 - Green & black interwoven 13.60 25.40 31.15
C 2 - Blue 13.90 20.30 23.31
C 3 - Red 17.39 22.47 24.99
C 4 - Black 14.04 18.38 23.31
C 5 – White 16.46 23.87 31.15
S.Em+ 0.059 0.016 0.023
CD at 5 % 0.192 0.053 0.075
Shade intensity (P)
P 1 - 35 per cent 14.37 21.03 26.17
P 2 - 50 per cent 15.01 22.08 26.82
P 3 - 75 per cent 15.85 23.14 27.19
S.Em+ 0.013 0.003 0.003
CD at 5 % 0.039 0.008 0.008
Interaction (C x P)
C1 P1 12.82 24.25 29.52
C1 P2 13.94 25.10 31.03
C1 P3 14.04 26.86 32.45
C2 P1 13.47 19.14 23.03
C2 P2 13.97 20.26 23.42
C2 P3 14.27 21.50 23.48
C3 P1 16.33 21.72 25.72
C3 P2 17.28 22.62 25.18
C3 P3 18.56 23.08 24.08
C4 P1 13.49 17.04 23.03
C4 P2 14.11 18.59 23.42
C4 P3 14.51 19.50 23.48
C5 P1 15.77 24.25 29.52
C5 P2 15.73 25.10 31.03
C5 P3 17.88 26.80 32.44
F test (p=0.05) * * *
S.Em+ 0.029 0.003 0.006
CD at 5 % 0.086 0.008 0.017
T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

39 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


The shelf life in 1 per cent ventilated polybags was significantly more (31.15
days) under green & black interwoven colour shade net (C 1 ), which is on par with
white colour (C 5 ) shade net (31.13 days) while it was lesser (23.31 days) under black
colour shade net (C 4 ).

The results recorded with respect to shade intensities showed that the shelf life
in 1 per cent ventilated polybags was significantly higher (27.19 days) under 75 per cent
shade intensity (P 3 ) while it was lower (26.17 days) under 35 per cent shade intensity
(P 1 ).

The data subjected to statistical test reveals that the two way interaction effects
between green & black interwoven colour shade net with 75 per cent intensity found to
be highly significant difference over the other treatments.

4.6 Cost economics

The cost economics of cultivation of tomato var. Arka Rakshak under different
coloured and capacity shade nets in an area of 1 hectare per crop was worked out and
presented in Table 9. As the cost of cultivation and total revenue varied according to
colour of the shade net and shade intensity the cost economics was worked out treatment
wise. Among the treatment combinations, tomato of grown under 75 per cent red
colour shade net (C 3P 3 ) recorded maximum revenue (Rs.23,25,600), net profit
(Rs.14,97,720) and cost benefit ratio (1: 2.80), while least being the combination of fruits
grown under 35 per cent black shade net (C 1P 1 ) (Rs. 14,08,320 ,Rs. 5,80,440 and 1: 1.70,
respectively).

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (solanum lycopersicum l.) Var. Arka rakshak 44
Table 9: Economics of cultivation of Tomato hybrid var. Arka Rakshak under
different coloured shade nets with varying shade intensities for one
season on an area of 1hectare.

Total cost of
Treatment Total yield per Gross return Net return
cultivation B/C ratio
combinations ha (tons) (Rs.) (Rs.)
(Rs.)
C1 P1 129.20 8,27,880 15,50,400 7,22,520 1.87
C1 P2 133.51 8,27,880 16,02,120 7,74,240 1.93
C1 P3 139.97 8,27,880 16,79,640 8,51,760 2.02
C2 P1 152.89 8,27,880 18,34,680 10,06,800 2.22
C2 P2 159.35 8,27,880 19,12,200 10,84,320 2.30
C2 P3 163.65 8,27,880 19,63,800 11,35,920 2.37
C3 P1 178.73 8,27,880 21,44,760 13,16,880 2.59
C3 P2 184.33 8,27,880 22,11,960 13,84,080 2.67
C3 P3 193.80 8,27,880 23,25,600 14,97,720 2.80
C4 P1 117.36 8,27,880 14,08,320 5,80,440 1.70
C4 P2 129.20 8,27,880 15,50,400 7,22,520 1.87
C4 P3 135.66 8,27,880 16,27,920 8,00,040 1.96
C5 P1 172.27 8,27,880 20,67,240 12,39,360 2.49
C5 P2 180.88 8,27,880 21,70,560 13,42,680 2.62
C5 P3 193.16 8,27,880 23,17,920 14,90,040 2.79

C : Colour of the shade net


P : Shade intensity
Gross returns (Rs.ha-1)
Benefit / Cost ratio = -------------------------------------
Cost of cultivation (Rs.ha-1)

Note: Tomato fruits were sold at Rs.12 per Kg

T1- C 1 P 1: Green & black interwoven shade net + 35 % Shade T9- C 3 P 3: Red colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T2- C 1 P 2 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 50 % Shade T10- C 4 P 1: Black colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T3- C 1 P 3 : Green & black interwoven shade net + 75 % Shade T11- C 4 P 2 : Black colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T4- C 2 P 1 : Blue colour shade net + 35 % Shade T12- C 4 P 3 : Black colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T5- C 2 P 2 : Blue colour shade net + 50 % Shade T13- C 5 P 1 : White colour shade net + 35 % Shade
T6- C 2 P 3 : Blue colour shade net + 75 % Shade T14- C 5 P 2 : White colour shade net + 50 % Shade
T7- C 3 P 1 : Red colour shade net + 35 %` Shade T15- C 5P 3 : White colour shade net + 75 % Shade
T8- C 3 P 2 : Red colour shade net + 50 % Shade

45 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


V DISCUSSION
Growth, productivity and quality of any crop is influenced by several factors of
which environmental factors, genetic constitution of the variety and agro techniques play
a vital role. Though several attempts have been made in tomato cultivation towards
increasing the productivity and quality of fruits under both protected as well as open field
conditions, technology for its cultivation under shade net structures to obtain high
productivity with excellent quality fruits throughout the year to fetch high price in the
domestic as well as international export market is yet to be developed.

Among the environmental factors, the light intensity, temperature and relative
humidity are the factors which mainly influence the crop growth and development
considerably. Solar radiation consists of different wave lengths of light, in which only the
visible portion is useful for crop growth. Temperature influences the flower and fruit
development. The effect of temperature on net photosynthesis is a vital concern in crop
production. Relative humidity prolongs the survival of crop under moisture stress and
reduces the evaporation losses from the soil which leads to optimum utilization of
nutrients.

Different types of structures (green house, shade net house, lath house, mist
house, cold frame, hot beds etc.) can be utilized for control of such environmental factors
for more effective and productive cultivation of environmentally sensitive crops like
tomato. But, the scientific information on the response of tomato under shade house
cultivation is rather lacking.

In this context, investigations were carried out to study the effect of different
colour and intensity of shade nets on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak at the Precision Farming Development Centre,
Division of Horticulture, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore during 2013-14. The results obtained are discussed here under.

5.1 Growth parameters

The results obtained with regard to growth components such as plant height,
number of branches, leaf area and dry matter accumulation per plant during the crop
period are discussed below.

5.1.1 Plant height

Significantly higher plant height (75.35, 115.67, 156.4 and 208.16 cm) at 30, 60,
90, and 120 DAT respectively, was recorded under black colour shade net (C4). This may
be attributed to the enhanced metabolic activities like photosynthesis and respiration
during initial stages of plant growth due to the quality of light received by the plants. This
is in confirmation with studies conducted by Oren-Shamir et al. (2001) in Pittosporium
variegatum, Cummings et al. (2008) in peas and Leite et al. (2008) in Phalenopsis.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 46
Plant height was significantly higher at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAT (71.40, 115.34,
141.2 and 181.62 cm, respectively) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3). This may be
because the plants grown in low light levels were found to be more apical dominant than
those grown in high light environment, resulting in taller plants under shade also great
competition for light thereby forcing the plants to grow taller. This finding is in
agreement with Rylski and Spigelman (1986) in capsicum, Abdel-Mawgoud et al. (1996)
in tomato and cucumber, Moniruzzaman et al. (2009) in Bangladhonia, Hlatshwayo and
Wahome (2010) in carnation and Hasanein et al. (2011) in strawberry.

5.1.2 Number of branches per plant

Significantly higher number of branches per plant at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAT
(6.10, 8.77, 11.90 and 18.55 respectively) were recorded under red colour shade net (C3).
This could be attributed to the favourable light intensity leading to production of growth
hormones like gibberellins resulting in more number of nodes with shorter internodes.
This is in confirmation with studies conducted by Oren-Shamir et al. (2001) in
Pittosporium variegatum.

Number of branches per plant was significantly higher at 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAT
(5.31, 8.28, 11.04 and 17.82, respectively) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3). This
may be due to the lower temperature prevailing under excess shade inducing more lateral
shoots. This finding is in agreement with Deli and Tiessen (1969) in capsicum.

5.1.3 Leaf area

Significantly higher leaf area (81.65 cm2) as recorded under red colour shade net
(C3). This could be because of the higher level of PAR (Photosynthetically Active
Radiation) transmitted through the red shade net which leads to increased photosynthesis
and also due to the cytokinins influencing the nutrients mobilization from other parts of
the plant to the leaves, which produced more number of leaves. This was in confirmation
with studies conducted by Gaffney (2004) in crotons and Kawabata et al., (2007) in
Dracae.

Leaf area was significantly higher (79.70 cm2) under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P3 ). This may be attributed to the increase in number of branches and more number of
leaves under shade conditions. This finding is the same as the result of the study
conducted by Rylski and Spigelman (1986) in capsicum, Abdel-Mawgoud et al. (1996) in
tomato and cucumber and Kittas et al. (2009) in tomato.

5.1.4 Dry matter accumulation per plant

Significantly higher dry matter accumulation per plant (229.40 g) was


recorded under red colour shade net (C3). This could be due to the quality of light
transmitted, which resulted in more photosynthetic area and hence better accumulation of
food deposits in plant parts. This is in confirmation with studies conducted by Leite et al.
(2008) in Phalenopsis.

47 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Dry matter accumulation per plant was significantly higher (215.70 g) under 75
per cent shade intensity (P3 ). This may be attributed to the increase in soil temperature
around root zone under shade conditions leading to increased uptake of nutrients and
hence resulting in greater dry weight.

5.2 Reproductive parameters

The results obtained with regard to reproductive components such as days taken
for first flowering, number of flowers per plant, days taken for fruit set from flowering,
per cent fruit set and days taken for first harvest are discussed below.

5.2.1 Days taken for first flowering

Significantly lower number of days for first flowering (29.77 days) was observed
under red colour shade net (C3). This could be due to the favourable proportion of R/FR
(red/far red) radiation that decreased the periods of mild temperatures required for the
flower induction and also due to accumulation of maximum photosynthates by fast
growth which triggered early initiation of flowers. Similar results were obtained by Rui et
al. (1989) in capsicum and Leite et al. (2008) in Phalenopsis.

The number of days taken for first flowering was significantly less (30.97 days)
under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3 ). This may be attributed to the increased production
of gibberellins under lower illumination which might have induced early flowering.

5.2.2 Number of flowers per plant

Significantly higher number of flowers per plant (115.08) was observed under red
colour shade net (C3). This could be attributed to the favourable climatic conditions
coupled with higher number of secondary branches and sufficient accumulation of
photosynthates. Similar findings were recorded by Deli and Tiessen (1969) and Bhatt and
Rao (1993) in capsicum.

The number of flowers per plant was significantly higher (110.72) under 75 per
cent shade intensity (P3 ). This may be attributed to the induction of more number of
flower buds at lower temperatures and less of flower dropping due to more relative
humidity. This finding is in agreement with Rylski and Spigelman (1986) in capsicum.

5.2.3 Days taken for fruit set from flowering

Significantly lower number of days for fruit set from flowering (7.90 days) was
observed under red colour shade net (C3) and 8.06 days under 75 per cent shade intensity
(P3). This could be due to the congenial temperature and relative humidity that lead to
early fruit set.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 48
5.2.4 Per cent fruit set

Significantly maximum per cent fruit set (75.42 %) was observed under red
colour shade net (C3). This might be due to good vegetative growth, more number of
flowers, besides effective pollination, fertilization and lower abscission rate of flowers.

The per cent fruit set was significantly higher (72.34 %) under 75 per cent shade
intensity (P3). This may be the consequence of production of more flowers per plant and
less interference of adverse climatic conditions like rainfall and wind velocity during crop
growth and development.

5.2.5 Days taken for first harvest

Significantly lower number of days for first harvest (29.62 days) was observed
under red colour shade net (C3). This might be due to the enhanced conversion of
chlorophyll pigment into anthocyanins and xanthophylls under blue net due to the
prevailing temperature forcing the plants to complete their life cycle at faster rate.

The number of days taken for first harvest was significantly lesser (31.16 days)
under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3). This may be attributed to earliness in fruit setting
and also the increased nutrient uptake by the plants which lead to faster colour change of
the fruits due to various chemical composition.

5.3 Yield parameters

The results obtained with regard to yield components such as number of fruits per
plant, yield per plant, yield per hectare are discussed below.

5.3.1 Number of fruits per plant

Significantly higher number of fruits per plant (83.15) was observed under red
colour shade net (C3) and 77.59 fruits per plant under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3 ).
This could be attributed to greater extent of fruit set leading to more number of fruits per
plant. This was in agreement with Mashego (2001) in tomato, Retamales et al. (2008) in
blue berries and Ilic et al. (2011) in capsicum.

5.3.2 Fruit yield per plant

Significantly higher fruit yield per plant (8.36 kg) was observed under red colour
shade net (C5) and 7.44 kg/plant under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3 ). This could be
attributed to the favourable climatic conditions like optimum temperature, light intensity
and relative humidity that prevailed inside the shade net resulting in higher vegetative
growth, contributing to more number of flowers, higher per cent fruit set, more number of
fruits, and maximum fruit weight.

49 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


5.3.3 Fruit yield per hectare

Significantly higher fruit yield per hectare (185.62 t/ha) was observed under red
colour shade net (C3). This is due to the highest yield per plant which is directly related to
highest yield per hectare. This was in agreement with Mashego (2001) in tomato,
Retamales et al. (2008) in blue berries, Ilic et al. (2011) in capsicum and Abdrabbo et al.
(2013) in potato.

The yield per hectare was significantly higher (165.25 t/ha) under 75 per cent
shade intensity (P3). This may also be attributed to increase in yield per individual plant.
Similar results were observed by Abdel-Mawgoud et al. (1996) in tomato and cucumber
and Milenkovic et al. (2012 b) in tomato

5.4 Fruit parameters

5.4.1 Fruit length and breadth

Significantly maximum fruit length (5.23 cm) and fruit breadth (5.12 cm) were
observed under black colour shade net (C4). This might be due to lower number of fruits
per plants leading to diversion of higher photosynthates to get accumulated in the fruits
formed. This was in agreement with Hasanein et al. (2011) in strawberry.

The fruit length and breadth were significantly higher (4.93 and 4.61 cm
respectively) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3). This may also be due to higher
photosynthetic rate under shade which may have increased the accumulation of
metabolites resulting in larger size of the fruits.

5.4.2 Fruit weight and ten fruits weight

Significantly maximum fruit weight (70.82g) and ten fruit weight (728.80 g) were
observed under black colour shade net (C4). This could be due to high uptake of nutrients
and build up of sufficient photosynthates enabling the increase in size of fruits (length
and breadth) and thick rind resulting in the increased fruit weight also increased. This is
in agreement with Hasanein et al. (2011) in strawberry.

The fruit weight and ten fruit weight were significantly higher (68.85 g and
675.98 g, respectively) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3). This may also be due to
increase in fruit size and pericarp thickness. Similar results were obtained by Rylski and
Spigelman (1986) in capsicum

5.5 Quality attributes

5.5.1 TSS (o B)

Significantly higher TSS (4.79 o B) was observed under red colour shade net (C3).
This might be due to increase in total irradiance resulting in enhancement of total soluble

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 50
solids. Similar results were obtained by Davies and Hobson (1981) in tomato and Shahak
et al. (2004 b) in apple.

The TSS was significantly higher (4.32o B) under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3).
This may be attributed to optimum solar radiation which might have lead to production of
more sugars.

5.5.2 Firmness (kg/cm2)

Significantly higher fruit firmness (4.16 kg/cm2) was observed under red colour
shade net (C3) and 3.92 kg/cm2 under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3 ). This might be due
to quality of light the plants received, leading to thick cell wall formation and a lesser
influx of water into the cells forming the thick rind. This is similar to the findings of
Hasanein et al. (2011) in strawberry.

5.5.3 Lycopene content (mg/100g)

Significantly higher lycopene content (6.36 mg/100g) was observed under red
colour shade net (C3 ) and 6.33 mg/100g under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3 ). chemical
parameters are genetically controlled characters. Similar results were also reported by the
Rai et al.(1995) on capsicum in shade house attributed to the light intensity received by
the plants which was congenial for enhancement of colour developement of the pericarp
and optimum solar radiation which might have lead to production of more Lycopene
content of

5.5.4 Ascorbic acid content (mg/100g)

Significantly higher fruit firmness (17.39 mg/100g) was observed under red
colour shade net (C3) and 15.85mg/100g under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3). This
might be due to increase in total irradiance resulting in enhancement of ascorbic acid
content . Similar results were obtained by Davies and Hobson (1981) in tomato and
Shahak et al. (2004 b) in apple.

5.5.5 Shelf life (days)

.5.5.1 Shelf life under open conditions

The shelf life under open conditions was significantly maximum (25.40 days)
under green & black interwoven shade net (C1 ) and 23.14 days under 75 per cent shade
intensity (P3) This might be due to thick rind and less moisture content in the fruits.

5.5.5.2 Shelf life in 1per cent ventilated polybags

The shelf life under 1per cent ventilated polybag conditions was significantly
maximum (31.15 days) under green & black interwoven shade net (C1 ) and 27.19 days
under 75 per cent shade intensity (P3 ) This might be due to thick rind of the fruits that

51 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


Plate 7: Tomato plants var.Arka Rakshak under 75 per cent red colour shade
net house

Green White Black

C5P3 C4P3
C3P3

Plate 8: Tomato fruits in one per cent ventilated polybags to study the shelf
life

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 52
might have reduced the moisture loss favoured by polybag covering. This is similar to the
findings of Goren et al., (2010) in capsicum.

5.6 Cost economics

The cost economics of cultivation of tomato under different coloured shade nets
with varying shade intensities revealed that, among the treatment combinations, grown
under red colour shade net with 75 per cent shade intensity (C3 P3) gave higher net profit
of Rs.14,97,720 per crop with a cost benefit ratio of 1:2.80 than the other treatments tried.
Higher yield of excellent fruit quality, fetching higher price in the market (@ Rs.12/kg)
has resulted in getting higher net returns.

53 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


VI SUMMARY
Investigation on the effect of different coloured shade nets with varying shade
intensities on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) var. Arka
Rakshak was carried out during 2013-14 at the Precision Farming Development Centre,
Department of Horticulture (PFDC), Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. The salient findings of the investigation are
summarized here under.

Different coloured shade nets with varying shade intensities were found to be
significantly influenced most of the growth attributes. Among five different coloured
shade nets with three varying shade intensities maximum plant height was obtained from
plants grown under 75 per cent black colour shade net.

Number of branches per plant, leaf area and dry matter accumulation per plant
were found to be higher in both the grown under 75 per cent shade capacity with red
colour shade net.

Earliness in flowering, number of flowers per plant and per cent fruit set were
observed to be higher in plant grown under 75 per cent red colour shade net. Days taken
for first flowering and flowering to fruit set was also better under 75 per cent red colour
shade net.

Number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and yield per hectare both heighest and
lowest were (83.15, 77.59 numbers 8.36, 7.44 kg/plant and 185.62, 165.25 t/ha,
repectively) under 75 per cent red colour shade net.

With respect to size of the fruit length, breadth, weight and ten fruit’s weight
fruits grown under 75 per cent black colour shade net had were more.

TSS, fruit firmness, lycopene content and ascorbic acid content were observed to
be higher in fruits obtained under 75 per cent red colour shade net.

The maximum shelf life under open condition (25.40 days) was registered under
75 per cent green with black interwoven colour shade nets and also shelf life in one per
cent ventilated polybags was higher (31.15 days).

The economics of cultivation of tomato under different coloured shade nets


with varying shade intensities revealed that 75 per cent red colour shade net was
profitable (net returns Rs. 14,97,720) and economically feasible (cost : benefit ratio of
1: 2.80 ) than other four different coloured shade nets of different shade intensities.

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 53
Practical utility of the investigation

Investigation carried out on the effect of different coloured shade nets with
varying shade intensities on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum
L.,) var. Arka Rakshak revealed that cultivation under 75 per cent with red colour shade
net was highly productive (165.25 t/ha and 185.62 t/ha per one crop) and also
economically feasible with a cost benefit ratio of 1: 2.80.

From the study it could be concluded that cultivation of tomato under 75 per cent
red colour shade net is ideal for getting higher productivity with excellent quality fruits
throughout the year.

Future line of work

1. Evaluation of different hybrids may be studied under coloured shade nets.

2. This research has to be continued with other colours and shade intensities of
shade net.

3. Physiological changes occurring in the plants under coloured shade nets may
be analysed for better understanding of the light requirement of the crop.

54 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


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Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 61
APPENDIX - I A

Meteorological data of the experiment during March-2014 to August-2014 at ZARS,


UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru

Temperature Relative Humidity


bright Rainfall
Month (o C) Mean (%) Mean sun shine
(Hours) (mm)
Max Min Max Min

March -2014 35.9 22.4 29.15 88 35 61.5 8.5 20.3

April -2014 34.7 21.1 27.9 80 33 56.5 8.2 25.5

May -2014 33.0 21.5 27.25 88 49 68.5 7.5 84.4

June -2014 30.9 20.3 25.6 87 44 65.5 6.3 26.6

July -2014 28.3 19.7 24 93 54 73.5 4.2 80.8

August -2014 28.2 19.7 23.95 93 56 74.5 3.8 117.4

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 62
APPENDIX - I B

Monthly mean light intensity (K. lux) recorded during the experimental
period from March 2014 to August 2014

Treatments March April May June July August

C1 P1 (35 % Green ) 30.30 34.12 31.28 27.74 25.17 24.16

C1 P2 (50 % Green ) 25.27 20.48 24.27 13.29 22.17 12.00

C1 P3 (75 % Green ) 24.19 28.16 25.34 12.87 21.83 10.17

C2 P1 (35 % Blue) 25.33 29.22 26.29 24.70 22.80 14.01

C2 P2 (50 % Blue) 22.12 23.68 22.75 22.90 21.15 13.99

C2 P3 (75 % Blue) 22.35 24.19 21.46 20.10 20.90 12.11

C3 P1 (35 % Red) 32.78 34.43 32.17 24.15 23.10 22.41

C3 P2 (50 % Red) 28.14 30.87 26.07 20.78 21.79 21.00

C3 P3 (75 % Red) 26.20 22.09 24.24 20.70 20.26 18.70

C4 P1 (35 % Black) 29.20 27.00 23.28 21.63 18.19 15.63

C4 P2 (50 % Black) 14.34 18.27 12.14 10.78 11.34 11.78

C4 P3 (75 % Black) 8.63 10.12 9.25 9.03 8.59 7.03

C5 P1 (35 % White) 30.07 32.01 30.25 22.07 22.51 20.95

C5 P2 (50 % White) 18.90 22.07 20.14 19.00 20.86 18.35

C5 P3 (75 % White) 24.11 20.16 22.03 18.50 19.13 16.50

Open 58.21 63.02 50.05 48.50 45.07 43.55

63 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.


APPENDIX-II

Detailed cost of cultivation of tomato under different coloured shade nets with
varying shade intensities for one season on an area of 1 hectare:

I. Cost of infrastructure/facilities (fixed cost)


Sl. no. Total cost Depreciated cost
Particulars (Rs.) (Rs.) for one crop
1. Structure/drip irrigation facilities
a) Cost of infrastructure @ Rs. 450/m2 for
45,00,000 45,000
10000 m2 for for life span of 10 years
b) Drip irrigation system @ Rs.45000/Ac
for life span 5 years. 1,12,500 22,500
Total operational cost 67,500

II. Cost of seed:


Sl. no Cost per unit Total units Total cost (Rs.)
Particulars Unit (Rs.) used
1. 60 cm x 45 cm Kg 30,000 0.125 3,750

III. Cost of land preparation:


Cost per unit Total units Total cost
Sl. no Particulars Unit (Rs.) used (Rs.)
1. FYM Ton 1500 25 37,500
2. Labour cost Men 200/day 400 80,000

IV. Cost of other inputs:


Total
Cost per Total cost
Particulars Unit units
Sl. no unit (Rs.) (Rs.)
Used
Training (Jute thread) and Labour
1. Men 200 300 60,000
charge
a. Bavistin Kg 500 10 5,000
b. Trizophos Litre 580 10 5,800
Plant protection
2. c. Oberon Litre 4,600 3 13,800
chemicals
d. Nimbicide Litre 435 10 4,350
e. Dicofol Litre 380 10 3,800

Effect of different colour and intensity of shade net on growth, yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.,) var. Arka Rakshak 64
V. Cost of fertilizers :

Cost per unit Total units


Sl. no Particulars Unit Total cost (Rs.)
(Rs.) used
1. 19:19:19 Kg 90 1,897 1,70,380

VI. Cost of mulching:

Cost per unit Total units


Sl. no Particulars Unit Total cost (Rs.)
(Rs.) used
1. Mulching Kg 200 200 40,000

VII. Other cost:

Cost per unit Total units Total cost


Sl. no Particulars Unit (Rs.) used (Rs.)
1. Grading cost Men 300 200 60,000
2. Packging Pkt 400 40 16,000
3. Harvesting Men 800 200 1,60,000
4. Transportation 1,00,000
Total 8,27,880

65 Vinod Godi. M.Sc (Agri.) in Horticulture.

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