International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509
Mobile Application for Visualizing Weather
Data in Oman Based Cloud Computing
Haitham A. Al-Balushi ,Jabar H. Yousif , Hussein A Kazem
ABSTRACT- The purpose of this work is to study and analyze
weather data in Oman and visualize the weather using different
methods such as column chart, pie chart, Line, etc. Also, design
Mobile applications to present and summarize the weather data in
Oman which support decision makers in the Ministry of
Environment, Civil Aviation, Investor and Foreign Tourist. As well
as, design and implement a cloud data center for the weather database
in Oman for easy use by researchers. Besides, this study summarized
the previous studies of the years 1995 to 2017 for Omani and non-
Omani researchers and conducted a comparative study to obtain
accurate prediction values. Finding and evaluating different
mathematical models for weather forecasting in Oman, where the
current study proved that the extracted prediction schemes
corresponded to the actual data by 99% according to the value of the
determining coefficient (R2) that was validated using some
appropriate mathematical methods. Various analysis tools and
regression models (linear, logarithmic, exponential, and polynomial)
have been used to determine the best accurate prediction of future
weather conditions in Oman.
Index Terms—Mobile Application, Visualizing Weather Data,
Data Analysis, Cloud Computing, Predicting Models
I. INTRODUCTION
W ithout a doubt, having a smart environmental
management and data visualization could play a very
effective and positive role in living standards in the
sultanate of Oman. It is necessary for the government to be
up-to-date with the weather conditions due to its long-term
effects. The aim of this dissertation is to implement the
forecast and analysis of weather conditions in Oman and
design them by developing website and mobile applications. A
cloud computing application is used to deploy the website and
mobile platform and to manipulate the databases used in the
implementation of this work. Cloud computing has greatly
improved the speed and functionality of the website and
mobile application. An appropriate feature for us is to connect
our files via remote access technology[1,2]. The weather data
is collected from weather websites and from weather stations
at the Sohar University, which helps in designing and
implementing forecasting applications on the cloud. Web and
mobile applications based on process of generating graphs that
have the ability to analyze and design weather conditions is
Haitham A. Al-Balushi. M.sc in Computer science from Sohar University.
haithm-1@hotmail.com
Corresponding Author: Dr. Jabar H. Yousif, Assistant Professor, Faculty of
Computing and Information Technology, Sohar University, Sultanate of
Oman. E-mail: jyousif@soharuni.edu.om
Dr. Hussein A Kazem, Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar
University, Sultanate of Oman. E-mail: h.kazem@soharuni.edu.om
295
my purpose for this project. One of the most important goals is
to achieve the level of designing a web application for
visualizing the weather conditions and forecasting the
prediction in the next years. The reason behind visualization is
to provide an obvious weather data set to the users through
statistical graphics, plots, information graphics, tables, and
charts. Visualization is useful in the process of analyzing and
reasoning the data and evidence. In addition, the visualization
helps to predict the weather by using numerical weather
prediction (NWP) and performance measurement evaluations.
The NWP is using mathematical models to predict the
weather. Thus, the visualization renders complex data more
accessible, understandable and usable.
Globally the websites that care about the weather and
contain datasets about weather stations from all around the
world have actually been supplied by the National
Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) [3].
The NMHSs, in particularly those of emerging and less
developed countries, contribute great efforts to facilitating
global development and endeavor to fully partake in
national collective efforts. Moreover, The National
Meteorological and Hydrological Services lead certified
weather explanations in their particular countries. Each
Arabic country has weather stations around their cities.
They share their data with the other Arab countries for
economic and corporate purposes. In the GCC countries, it
gets much hotter in the summer, and life becomes tougher
for people in Arabic countries and the GCC [4].
Nevertheless, many such climates are characterized by
severely cold winters and burning hot summers, which are
hard for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
However, for the MENA, climate change involves harm to
traditional incomes, obligatory migration and a continuous
struggle to make various ends meet [5]. The weather station
gets the data from a device that observes data related to the
weather and environment using many different sensors.
Weather station sensors include a thermometer that takes the
temperature readings, a barometer to measure the pressure
in the atmosphere, as well as other sensors to measure rain,
wind, humidity and more [6]. The Public Authority for Civil
Aviation (PACA) works on providing air navigation
features and services and the National Service of
Meteorology. The PACA has 32 weather stations in Oman.
There is one weather station connected to the PACA in
Sohar, which is located in Majees. The distance range for
the weather station in Majees is covered only up to four
kilometers. However, Majees’s weather station does not
cover the entire city, which could be a negative point for
weather recording. In addition, Sohar University has a
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509
weather station and it is located at about 26 km from the
Majees weather station [7].
II. RELATED WORK
This section discusses the related work and the existing
research that utilized weather stations, visualization, analysis
and weather forecasting. Moreover, the chapter related work
has a package of knowledge, which helps to implement and to
find ways to improve the economy in Oman.
Diehl A. [8] offers a visualization system for the analysis
of patio-temporal designs in immediate weather forecasts.
Weather situations touch multiple features of the human
lifecycle such as economy, security, confidence, and social
events. For this aim, weather forecast theatres constitute a
main part in civilization. At present, weather forecasts are
constructed on Arithmetical Weather Prediction (NWP)
prototypes that produce a depiction of the atmospheric
stream. The cooperative visualization of geo latitudinal data
has been extensively employed to aid the analysis of NWP
simulations. O'Hare, D. [9] argued that good weather in the
decision-making process is serious for the safe behavior of
the general flight. An amount of gears has been advanced in
current years to assistaviators visualize the real and forecast
weather for their strategic flight. In this paper, they compare
the efficiency of the weather visualization tool aimed for
preflight judgment creation with traditional reports and basic
English translations. Departure and target weather
intelligence (METARs) has offered for each flight in one of
four set-up codes, plain English, graphic, or together graphic
and basic English. Subsequently, after a short intrusion task,
the aviators had requested to recall the weather information
as probable. The consequences indicated that pilots correctly
remembered most information from the double graphic and
basic English display but this was mostly attributable to the
additional time required to process the two shows. While the
arrangements were valued as similarly interpretable,
knowledgeable pilots were able to considerably recall from
the traditional coded METARs than exclude practiced pilots.
Inferences for the design and receipt of the original display
arrangements of atmospheric information for pilots are
deliberated Lundblad, P. [10] emphasizes the advance of an
implement for Ship and (SWIM) Weather Information
Monitoring visualizing the weather data shared with data that
came from ship expeditions. The project in this paper was
completed in close partnership with the (SMHI) Swedish
Meteorological and Hydrological Institute whose members
likewise appraised the effect. The aim was to apply a tool,
which assisted shipping companies to observe their navy and
the weather growth along intentional ways and require
provision for the assessments of an optimal route and to
avoid hazards. The current technology has used a qualitative
usability to meet insights nearby usability matters and to
support future developments. Generally, the result in this
project of the study was positive and all the users
manipulated the tool such that this would assist them in their
regular work. Tang, Y.et al. (2006) presented a novel method
to visualize weather data using a multi-layer controllable
texture synthesis. The texture possesses many multiple
principal perceptual channels, which makes it good at
296
encoding multiple data attributes contained in weather data.
The natural textures are used in the actual world to encode
the data using visual pleasing pictures. A controllable texture
synthesis method isestablished to produce a large amount of
textures withdifferentappearances and dimensions according
to the underlying distribution of data attributes.A multi-layer
texture synthesisis proposed to encode more data attributes.
The background and foreground textures have been
separately synthesized then combined for display. In the end,
we apply our method to some real-world weather data and
demonstrate its effectiveness with a user study. Campbell,
S.D. [11] analyze uncertain weather predictions, which are
counted in our scheme and used for the prediction of
contamination attentions. The system employs real data:
weather predictions, climatological circumstances and
contamination attentions. We liken the defuzzification of the
uncertain weather predictions with weather predictions from
the Organization of Climatology and Water Organization.
This complete examination allows us to test the efficiency of
predicting contamination attentions, placing the need amid
specific qualities, distinguishing the climate prediction in
instruction and demonstrating the legality of the appropriate
uncertain statistics in air contaminated predicting. Perfect has
shaped data, which is slow and predicted in Poland. By
means of this data, our perfect has been verified in real sets
of data and belongings are conventional in active
organization.Palmer [12] determine a plan of doubts in both
initial conditions and model preparation onto the flow-
dependent variabilities of the disordered climate attractor to
address the expectedness of climate and weather predictions.
Since it is indispensable to be able to gauge the impact of
such doubts on forecast correctness, no conditions or
temperature forecast can be accurate while deprived of an
estimate of the related flow-dependent expectedness. A
particular accent is located with the use of singular-vector
approaches to hold in the linearly unbalanced constituent of
the initial probability density function. Methods to sample
uncertainties in model formulation have also labeled. Applied
collaborative forecast systems for a forecast on periods of
days (weather forecasts), periods (counting forecasts of El
Niño) and periods (counting weather alteration forecasts)
have been labeled, and instances probabilistic forecast crop
have been shown. By using collaborative predictions as input
to a humble decision-model analysis, it has been shown that
likelihood forecasts of atmospheric conditions and weather
have a better possible financial value than consistent single
deterministic predictions with indeterminate
correctness.Olaiya, F. [13] probed the purpose of data
removal methods in predicting all-out fever, rain, going away
and wind rush. This has been demonstrated by means of
False Neural Net and Choice Tree procedures and
climatological data between 2000 and 2009 from the city of
Ibadan, Nigeria. A data perfect for the climatological data
was industrialized and this had been used to train the
classifier procedures. The presentations of these procedures
were likened using normal presentation metrics, and the
procedure, which gave the best results, was used to create
organization rules for the mean weather variables. A
prognostic Neural Network model had also been
industrialized for the weather forecast program and the
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509
results were compared with actual weather data for the
foretold periods. The results show that given enough case
data, Data Mining methods can be used for weather
predicting and climate alteration educations. The table below
explores some comparisons for the related work and research.
III. CLOUD COMPUTING OUTLINE
Cloud computing refers to a type of Internet-based computing
that makes it possible to share the data and process the
recourse of other devices. On demand, cloud computing
enables computer network, servers, storage, and applications
and services to configure this recourse as needed (Amazon,
AWS.Amazon, 2016). Cloud computing and storage
solutionsconstitute an enterprise with a share pool of multiple
computing capabilities [14]. Figure 1 shows cloud computing
application examples. Moreover, the next decade of cloud
computing promises new ways to collaborate in various
locations using web or even mobile devices. Thus, it could be
concluded that we are using cloud computing anywhere in life.
Figure 1: Cloud Computing Applications
In the past, when cloud computing was yet to be developed,
very complex and costly traditional business applications had
to be used. Nowadays, the cloud application is the most
popular around the world and several related hardware and
software applications have been discovered [15]. Moreover, it
is easy to install the software and configure it on the cloud.
Additionally, the cloud computing allows users to save time
and reduce the use of machines. Users will therefore only pay
what they need, upgrades are automatic and scaling up or
down and even back-ups will be completed in a simple
manner.
Cloud computing consist of:
• Software as a Service (SaaS) :This model of cloud
computing is running on the cloud remotely. Moreover,
the users can access theapplications and software through
the Internet via remote access or web browsers. It is
possible to access these applications from anywhere and
anytime.
• Platforms as a Service (PaaS): Inthe PaaSmodel, clients
can create their applications by using a different
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programming language. Furthermore, they can publish
their application on the cloud infrastructure easily.
• Infrastructure as a Service (LaaS): In this model, they
provide an IT infrastructure and computing assets such as
memory, networks, CPU, and RAM. Furthermore, the
IaaS allows clients to deploy and run software whether in
any OS such as MAC, LENIX or Windows (Rouse,
2017).
IV. WEATHER STATION
A weather station is gathers data related to the weather and
environmentwhich includes different type of sensors. It may
include a thermometer to take the temperature reading. It
needs wind speed, humidity, and directions measurement [16].
Weather stations also communicate with weather centers. The
following types of instruments may be found in every weather
station [17]:
• Thermometer is used to measure the temperature ofair
and sea surface
• Barometer is used tocalculatethe atmospheric pressure
• Hygrometer measure the humidity rate.
• Anemometer determine the wind speed.
• Pyrometer compute the solar radiation value.
• Rain gauge measure liquid precipitation over a set
period.
The DL2e Data Logger is suitable to remote sites and
laboratory applications. The DL2e system is easy to
implement and use. It includes types of sensors. Besides, it has
a data logging intervals and collection. Moreover, it has a
number of data analysis facilities. The basic DL2e has two
digital input, and two output with standard memory of 64k
capacity for readings.The sensor canbe powered and logged a
broad in DL2e [18]. Figure 2 shows the DL2e Data Logger
with a Ls2Win PC software package. Ls2Win is quick and
easy to use and includes a timesaving library of sensor
conversions.The use of Ls2Win software is improved the
power of the DL2e Data Logger which help the user to
organize modem communications, automatic data collection
and data graphing .
Figure 2-1 DL2e Data Logger
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509
V. IMPLEMENTATION OF API INTERFACE
API stands for application program interface. It contains
routes, tools, and protocols to build a software application.
The API evaluates how the software applications will interact.
Furthermore, APIs have used GUI, which stands for the
programming graphical user interface [19]. A good API makes
it easier to develop a program by providing all the building
blocks, then the developer puts the blocks together. The API
has different types for the OS, websites and other such
applications when a user copies and pastes text or code from
one application to another and this is referred to as the API.
The simplified API examples used worldwide are AMAZONE
ADS API, Google Map API, YouTube API, and Twitter API,
as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: API mechanism
Using the JSON tool to generate a dataset allows other
developers to use this dataset. Furthermore, JSON is used to
format the dataset and employs two JavaScript libraries, such
as AJAX and JQuery. AJAX: This library stands for
Asynchronous JavaScript and XML as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: AJAX mechanism
AJAX is not a programming language, rather it is a tool used
to alter and access the web server to the web page without
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reloading or refreshing the page. For the scope of this thesis,
we need AJAX to draw the graph on the internet page [20].
VI. MOBILE APPLICATION IMPLEMENTATION
The use of smartphones in the past few years has grown
exponentially and has become an integral part of the lives of
hundreds of millions around the world [22]. The number of
smartphone users in the world is now estimated at 2 billion
users. And the Arab user takes a lot of time to use his
smartphone, so it is necessary to communicate with users
quickly through the mobile application. The mobile app opens
lines of communication between you and the user, making it
easier to send the required alerts rapidly.
The main page of the analysis is the weather data of the Sohar
University and World Bank site. The second page of the
forecast analysis of weather data. When a user first opens the
home page, he/she asked for permission to access the site.
Then, the temperature, humidity and wind speed will be
assessed. This feature uses the Geolocation system to connect
the GPS. Furthermore, the home page displays a graph to
analyze the data from the dataset in different modules, such as
temperature, wind speed, humidity, and pressure. Figures 5
and 6 illustrate the main app page and Weather analysis page
successively.
Figure 5: Main screen of app
In addition, in mobile when opened the screen in the first time
the message will display to ask if agree to access location by
GPS to fetch a weather data from the general weather
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509
conditions, which have the models data such as temperature,
wind speed, humidity, and pressure.
Figure 6: Weather analysis page
VII. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The contributions of this work apply in many directions
such as forecasting, analyzing, and designing a mobile
application. The first contribution is to create a data center for
weather data in Oman for the period 1995-2017. Secondly,
different mathematical models are developed and evaluated
for forecasting the weather information in the future. Finally,
different visualization techniques are implemented for
visualizing and presenting the weather data such as column
charts, pie charts, lines, etc.The benefit of this forecasting
analysis is predicting the minimum status that will happen in
the future whether in the next days, weeks, months or years in
different locations in Oman.
In addition, the most important points to analyze for the
weather conditions are for the economic, aviation and
healthcare sectors. In the economy, the benefit thereof will
seek to bring foreign institutions in Oman. Second in terms of
healthcare, it encourages citizens to live in appropriate places
for their health and to move away from the places harmful to
them. Third, the correct predictions are useful for aviation so
that they help to know the direction of the wind and the
potential weather so that the aircraft will be out of orbit.
Table 1 illustrates the forecasting trend line type and shall be
used for comparison purposes. Each trend line has a specific
formula, which can implement the forecasting purpose.
299
Table1 Result for forecasting from 2015 to 2026 using
different trend line
NO Trend line Formula 𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
Type
1 Power y = 21.719x − 0.02 0.9916
2 Linear y = -0.0134x + 20.693 0.9866
3 Logarithmic y = -0.407ln(x) + 21.671 0.9915
4 Polynomial = 0.0003x2 - 0.0321x + 0.9914
20.974
Figure7 describes the forecasting power trend line type for
predicting the future temperature. The formula power is
different from
. other trend line types as it shows 𝑦𝑦 =
21.719x0 02 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅2 = 0.9916 so the error happing ratio is
high.In the linear trend the line, the forecasting model
obtained R² = 0.9866 and the formula is y = -0.0134x + 20, as
shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the logarithmic trend line
for forecasting data from 2016 to 2026. Moreover, the formula
result is y = -0.407ln(x) + 21.671 and R² = 0.9915. The trend
line polynomial forecasting model is shown in Figure 10. The
formula generated is y = 0.0003x2 - 0.0321x + 20.974and R² =
0.9914.
VIII. DISCUSSION & FUTURE WORK.
This paper presented the implementation of Mobile
applications based on the cloud storage using the MySQL
server and the apache server. The Amazon cloud computing
platform is used to publish the mobile application and to
manipulate the databases. This cloud computing has greatly
improved the speed and functionality of the site and mobile
platform. An appropriate feature for us is to connect our files
via remote access technology. Moreover, this work explores
the implementation of a visualization and analysis method for
weather data whether collected from Sohar University weather
station or different sources from other websites such as the
World Bank and Accu weather. Furthermore, the data
collection and data cleaning which are important to implement
this work is performed. In data cleaning, theSQL structure
statement had been used to clean the data for example the
wind speed cannot be negative so in the SQL statement, the
wind speed is a condition greater than and equal to zero. We
also normalized some of the equations for measuring
performance and applying them to the World Pack data
collection from 1991 to 2015.
Moreover, we discussed and studied the related academic
works, which came from researchers around the world and
from Omani researchers. Furthermore, the weather stations
and its sensors is used to implement the Mobile application for
visualizing and analyzing the weather condition by using
different resources whether the SU dataset or from
international data. Besides, the use of cloud computing is a
significant point which helps to improve the speed of
performance and efficiency of mobile application. Moreover,
the implementation focused on using the latest technology and
deploying it via Amazon cloud for the website file server and
mobile application. However, this workentailed benefits for
the economy, aviation, and healthcare. Furthermore, we
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509
discover and analyze the forecasting models, trend line type to
implement the forecasting and performance measurement for
forecasting. Moreover, we talked about predictions values of
this work that will happen in the future after nearly thirty
years. In addition, in the visualization and analysis section
various types of graphs have been used such as line graphs and
bars, horizontal bars, radars, polar areas, pies, and doughnuts.
In the future, consideration should be given to the following
bullet points:
1. Implement a smart system, which imports the dataset
from the SU weather station directory to the database
via a special modeling system.
2. Add more authentication to the login system of the
mobile platform to prevent and avoid any unknown
visitors.
3. Design and implement a smart and intelligent tool to
analyze the forecasting data in online manner and
generatethe dynamical equations for forecasting data
directly.
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Haitham A. Al-BalushiM.sc in Computer
science from Sohar University. Web and
Mobile application designer.
Dr. Jabar H. Yousif is an Assistant Prof.
Faculty of computing and Information
Technology, Sohar University, Oman. PhD
2017
Information Science & Technology, M.Sc.
& B.Sc. in Computer Science. Postdoctoral
fellowship - Future Virtual Reality
Laboratory. I am excited to research in the fields of Artificial
Intelligent, Cloud Computing, Soft Computing, Artificial
Neural Networks, Natural Language Processing, Arabic text
Processing & Virtual Reality.
Dr. Hussein A Kazem is an Associate Prof.
at Faculty of Engineering, Sohar
University, Oman. Hussein does research
in Electrical Engineering, Electronic
Engineering and Computer Engineering.
Also, renewable energy and particularly
solar energy. Their current projects are 'Photovoltaic Solar
Thermal PV/T Technology’, 'The effect of Oil and gas prices'
fluctuation on the international economic.', 'Design of
Phovoltaic Systems' and 'Effect of Dust on PV Systems'.
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International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509

In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using Power trend line
22
21
Temperature

20
19 y = 21.71x-0.02
18 R² = 0.991
17
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

Years

Temperature Forecast(Temperature)
Lower Confidence Bound(Temperature) Upper Confidence Bound(Temperature)
Power (Forecast(Temperature))

Figure 7 In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using the Power trend line

In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using Linear trend line
22
21
Temperature

20
19 y = -0.013x + 20.69
18 R² = 0.986
17
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

Years

Temperature Forecast(Temperature)
Lower Confidence Bound(Temperature) Upper Confidence Bound(Temperature)
Linear (Forecast(Temperature))

Figure 8 In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using the Linear trend line

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International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume 4, Issue 1, February 2018, ISSN: 2399-4509

In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using Logarithmic trend line
22
21
Temperature

20
19 y = -0.40ln(x) + 21.67
18 R² = 0.991
17
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

Years

Temperature Forecast(Temperature)
Lower Confidence Bound(Temperature) Upper Confidence Bound(Temperature)
Log. (Forecast(Temperature))

Figure 9 In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using the Logarithmic trend line

In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using Polynomial trend line
22
21
Temperature

20
19 y = 0.000x2 - 0.032x + 20.97
R² = 0.991
18
17
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

Years

Temperature Forecast(Temperature)
Lower Confidence Bound(Temperature) Upper Confidence Bound(Temperature)
Poly. (Forecast(Temperature))

Figure 10 In Sohar, Average Temperature from 1991 to 2026 using the Polynomial trend line

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