UNIVERSITY TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

ACADEMIC YEAR 2018/2019

ASSIGNMENT

UGPA3292 ENVIROMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL IN

PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

ARAVIND KUGAN A/L KUMARESAN 14AGB05572
DEVAKAN A/L BALAGANESH
KRISHNAAH A/L DORAJ 15AGB05922
NEEREISH KUMAR A/L KALIDAS 14AGB00899
CONTENTS

1) BRIEF DESCRIPTION ON THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS

2) IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTING THE NATURAL ENVIROMENT FOR IN
ORDER TO MEET SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROCHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
3) SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROM NITRILE GLOVE PRODUCTION THROUGH
OBSERVATION
4) SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROM NITRILE GLOVES PRODUCTION
THROUGH LABORATORY ANALYSIS ON THE WASTEWATER COLLECTED
5) POTENTIAL ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTS FROM THE DETECTED
POLLUTANTS
6) ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTROLLING THE
DETECTED POLLUTANTS IN THE NITRILE GLOVES PRODUCTION
7) CONCLUSION
8) OPINIONS ON THE SITE VISIT
9) REFERENCES
3) SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROM NITRILE GLOVE PRODUCTION THROUGH
OBSERVATION

Pollutants Sources from the production line

Fatty Acid Soap – Latex Compounding
(Water Pollutant)
Sulphur – Latex Compounding
(Water & Air Pollutant)
Zinc(II) Latex Compounding
dibutyldithiocarbamate -
(Water Pollutant)
Zinc oxide – Latex Compounding
(Water Pollutant)
Alkylated Phenols – Latex Compounding
(Water Pollutant)
Titanium dioxide - Latex Compounding
(Water Pollutant)
Calcium Carbonate – Coagulant - Aluminium Tank
(Water & Air Pollutant)
Calcium Nitrate – (Water Coagulant- Aluminium Tank
Pollutant)
Free Chlorine – Chlorination Process- Chlorination tank
(Water Pollutant)
Acrylonitrile – Latex Polymerization Process
(Air Pollutant)
Suspended Solids – Pre and Post Leaching- Leach tank
(Water Pollutant)
Nitrates and Sulphates - Pre and Post Leaching- Leach tank
(Water Pollutant)
Water Soluble Proteins - Pre and Post Leaching- Leach tank
(Water Pollutant)
Table 3.1: The types of pollutants and their source from the nitrile glove production
line
4) SOURCES OF POLLUTION FROM NITRILE GLOVES PRODUCTION THROUGH
LABORATORY ANALYSIS ON THE WASTEWATER COLLECTED

BOD TEST

Materials

- BODtrakII
- Spatula scoop
- BOD incubator
- Seal cup
- Stir bar
- Waste water from nitrile glove industry
- 2 potassium hydroxide pellets
- Distilled water
- Bottle

Procedure

1) The reagent bottle were filled with waste water and the stir bar were placed into the
bottle and then the bottle were sealed with the seal cup.
2) 2 piece of potassium hydroxide pellet were placed on top of the seal cup by using a
spatula.
3) Step 1 to step 2 were repeated with again with half of the bottle filled with the waste
water and the other half were filled with distilled water.
4) The bottles were then placed on the BODTrak II chassis and the applicable tube were
connected to the sample bottle and the cap were tightened.
5) The instrument were placed in the incubator at a temperature around 20°C.
6) The Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) was followed to start up the experiment
7) It was ensured that all stir bars were rotating. If not, the bottle was lifted up and set
down again.
8) The arrow keys were used to choose the test range.
9) The results were collected after five days and analysed.
Results and calculation

Figure 4.1: The BOD results of the waste water sample from nitrile glove industries.

𝐵𝑂𝐷5 = 2 × 250mg/L

= 500mg/L

Discussion

Based on the experiment, we have obtained a BOD value of 500mg/l. this value indicate
that our result far exceed the standard BOD value which is 50mg/l. so in this case, we can
conclude that the waste water sample from nitrile glove industries contains numerous
contaminants which have led to a higher BOD value when compared with the standard ones.
This also shows that the organic matter has consumed more oxygen to decompose and cause
a spike in the BOD value. Some example of organic matter which could be present in the
waste water is dead plants, sewage, sewage and etc. when the level of these organic matters
in the water increases, the decomposition process by the bacteria will also increase which will
result in more oxygen consumption by the aerobic bacteria. Besides, the presence of other
pollutants like the nitrogenous compounds and ammonia which are commonly found in
rubber industries can result in water pollution and increase bacterial activity in the water
bodies they are discharged which will contribute to higher BOD levels. These pollutants can
harm the aquatic life and also humans who are consuming the water. Nevertheless, higher
water temperature can also contribute to higher BOD levels. This is because, when the water
temperature is high, the rate of photosynthesis by algae and other plant in the water increases
resulting in more consumption of dissolved oxygen in the water(Minear & Keith, 1984). So
the main pollutants in the rubber industry that could be the culprit of this high BOD are,
nitrogenous compound, ammonia, chlorine, calcium nitrate and other nitrates and sulphates
that increase bacterial activity and thus BOD level.

Chlorine test (determination of chloride ion concentration by titration)

Materials

- Silver nitrate powder

- Potassium chromate
- Distilled water
- Burette
- Conical flask
- Retort stand
- Measuring cylinder
- Volumetric flask
- Waste water from nitrile glove industries

Procedure

1) A 0.1M roughly 16.987g of silver nitrate powder was added into a volumetric flask.
2) The volumetric flask is then filled with distilled water until the water meniscus
reaches the blue mark on the flask.
3) The flask is sealed and stirred slowly for a uniform dissolution of the silver nitrate in
the distilled water and kept aside.
4) 100ml of waste water is measured with a measuring cylinder and then were poured
into the conical flask and a few drop of potassium chromate solution were added to it.
5) The burette were clamped to the retort and stand and then were filled with the silver
nitrate solution prepared earlier
6) The initial reading of the burette were noted and the waste water is titrated with silver
nitrate solution until the colour of the potassium chromate change from “lemon-
yellow” to “red brown”.
7) The final reading of the burette was jotted down and the difference is calculated.
 8) Step 4 to step 7 were repeated 2 times to get the average value.
9) Step 4 to step 7 is repeated with replacing the waste water with distilled water for the
control.

Results and calculation.

Set Initial reading(ml) Final reading(ml) Average

reading(ml)
1 0 5.0
2 0 5.7 5.4
3 0 5.6

Table 4.1: Data for wastewater sample

set Initial reading(ml) Final reading(ml) Average

reading(ml)
1 0 0.1 0.1
2 0 0.1
Table 4.2: Data for Distilled water sample

Normality of water sample collected (Nw) = NSN × VSN / Vw

= (0.1 x 5.4) / 100

= 0.0054N

Amount of Chloride ions in waste water = Nw × equivalent weight of chlorine

= Nw × 35.45 × 1000 mg/lit or ppm

= 0.0054 x 35.45 x 1000

= 191.43ppm(mg/l)

Normality of distilled water (Nw) = NSN × VSN / Vw

= (0.1 x 0.1) / 100

= 0.0001N
Amount of Chloride ions in distilled water = Nw × equivalent weight of chlorine

= Nw × 35.45 × 1000 mg/lit or ppm

= 0.0001 x 35.45 x 1000

= 3.545ppm(mg/l)

Discussion

Based on the result of the experiment, it has been found that the waste water from nitrile
glove industries contains chloride ion which indicate the presence of chlorine in the water and
it has a total amount of roughly 191.43ppm. Meanwhile, the control set which uses the
distilled water shows that it has total amount of 3.545ppm (mg/l) of chloride ion in it. The
level of chlorine in the waste water is too high and it is above the allowed level in industries
which is around 2.0(mg/l). This test shows that the waste water is highly polluted with
pollutants. For this case the pollutant is free chlorine. On the other hand the distilled water
has shown that it is also contaminated with free chlorine and the level is also above the
allowed limit which is 2.0(mg/l) but this result may be inaccurate due to certain limitation
where we cannot read the burette reading below 0.1ml so the distilled water may not contain
chlorine or maybe contaminated with a little amount of chlorine. Other that may affect the
accuracy are the pH. The titration should be carried out at a pH of 6.9-9.0 because at high pH
silver ion maybe removed by precipitation with hydroxide ion and at low pH the chromate
ion may be removed by an acid-base reaction to form hydrogen chromate ions so this may be
one of the cause for our results being inaccurate but still when compared, the waste water is
far more polluted then the distilled water because of a huge difference in the value. So, those
main pollutants that are responsible for this is of course free chlorine and the source for this
free chlorine is from the chlorination process which is done to reduce the latex protein in
gloves which in return reduces the allergy symptoms in users (Canterbury.ac.nz, 2018).
Total suspended solid test

Materials

- Waste water sample

- Distilled water
- Filter paper
- crucible
- Marker
- Vacuum flask and vacuum
- Filtration apparatus (reservoir and filter support)
- Tweezers
- Oven
- Analytical balance
- Clip

Procedure

1) A piece of filter paper is weighed and the initial mass of the paper is noted.
2) 100ml of waste water is measured using a measuring cylinder and kept aside.
3) The filter paper was placed on the filter support of the filtration apparatus using a
tweezers and the reservoir is closed.
4) The clip is fixed to keep the reservoir in place and the vacuum pump was turned on.
5) The water sample is poured slowly into reservoir and after all the waste water is
poured, distilled water was poured into the reservoir to ensure all the waste to drain
completely.
6) The pump was turned off and the clip was removed.
7) The filter paper was taken out using the tweezers and it placed inside the crucible,
marked using the marker and it was then placed inside the oven for 3 days.
8) The filter paper was removed from the oven using tweezers and the weight of the
paper was measured using a analytical balance and noted.
Results and calculation

Sample volume = 100mL = 0.1L

Initial mass of filter paper, A = 0.084 g

Final mass of filter paper, B = 0.2315g

(B-A)g X 1000mg/L
Mass total suspended solids (mg/L) =
Sample volume, L

(0.2315-0.084) x 1000
=
0.1

= 1475mg/L

Discussion

Based on the result that we obtained from this test, it is found that the waste water contains a
total of 1475mg/L of suspended solid. This value is undoubtedly way higher than the
standard value which is 100 mg/l. This clearly shows that the waste water is heavily polluted
with suspended solids. High total suspended solids (TSS) values in effluent are often related
to excessive solids generation due to an increase in the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
level or it can also indicate problems with the bacteria like nutrient deficiency. Besides, High
TSS values can also be attributed to high flows or insufficient settling times due to quiescent
zones becoming filled with solids. In aeration stabilization basins, high total suspended solids
may indicate improper aeration within the system (Specialists, 2018). These suspended solids
can affect the clarity of the water in which the water will turn muddy due to the light
scattering from very small particles present in the water. Some of the pollutants used in nitrile
glove production that might be responsible for high level of TSS are nitrogenous compounds,
ammonia, sulphates, fatty acid soaps and certain water soluble proteins. These pollutants will
cause severe water pollution if left untreated and will reduce the visibility and harm the
aquatic life over time (Scribd, 2018).
5) POTENTIAL ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTS FROM THE DETECTED POLLUTANTS

Pollutants Potential environmental impacts

Fatty Acid Soap Contribute to growth of algae in water bodies. This result in
consuming the dissolved oxygen and the aquatic animals are
deprived of oxygen resulting in their deaths.
Sulphur Sulphur is an essential plant nutrient. Aquatic organisms utilize
sulphur and reduced concentrations have a detrimental effect on
algal growth. A sulphur cycle exists which includes atmospheric
sulphur dioxide (SO2). When sulphur dioxide combines with
water and air, it forms sulphuric acid, which is the main
component of acid rain. Acid rain can cause deforestation and also
acidify waterways to the detriment of aquatic life.
Zinc(II) Rivers could deposit zinc-polluted sludge on their banks. Zinc
dibutyldithiocarbamate may also increase the acidity of waters. Some fish can accumulate
zinc in their bodies, when they live in zinc-contaminated
waterways. When zinc enters the bodies of these fish it is able to
bio magnify up the food chain.
Zinc oxide This results in some fish accumulating zinc in their bodies, when
they live in zinc-contaminated waterways. When zinc enters the
bodies of these fish, it bio magnifies up the food chain. Growth
abnormalities in freshwater fish embryo and increase toxicity of
another environment pollutant.
Alkylated Phenols Acute toxic effects may include the death of animals, birds, or
fish, and death or low growth rate in plants. Longer term effects
may include shortened lifespan, reproductive problems, lower
fertility, and changes in appearance or behaviour.
Titanium dioxide These are toxic to small water organisms and are harmful because
they alter pH values.
Calcium Carbonate Calcium carbonate is the major long-term sink for atmospheric
carbon dioxide. Global climate change is common thread to
calcium carbonate. Groundwater quality can be affected by
increasing sediment and accidental spills directly into the
aquifers.
Calcium Nitrate When nitrogen levels in rivers and streams increase, they aid in
algae overgrowth. As algae dies and decomposes organic matter
in the water increases. This process uses up oxygen, causing levels
to drop. Without the oxygen, fish, crabs and other aquatic life die
There are close relationships between the excessive application of
nitrogen fertilizers and environmental problems such as
eutrophication, the greenhouse effect, and acid rain
Free Chlorine The evaporated free chlorine can contribute to the production of
greenhouse gases. Also, the draining and discharging of
chemically treated water can cause problems to waterways if not
done correctly. The chemicals are harmful to organisms living in
water and in soil and can affect the immune system, blood, heart,
and respiratory system of animals if exposed repeatedly. Acute
exposure to free chlorine results in subsequent reductions in
growth and metabolic activity of larval lobsters (Homarus
americanus)

Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile can be involved in the formation of ground level

ozone which can cause damage to crops and materials.

Suspended Solids Suspended solids can clog fish gills, either killing them or
reducing their growth rate. They also reduce light penetration.
This reduces the ability of algae to produce food and oxygen. The
suspended solids affect other parameters such as temperature and
dissolved oxygen. Because of the greater heat absorbency of the
particulate matter, the surface water becomes warmer. Thus,
interferes with mixing, decreasing the dispersion of oxygen and
nutrients to deeper layers.
 Nitrates and Sulphates Nitrate can cause eutrophication (excessive plant and algae
growth) which in turn causes low dissolved oxygen levels due to
plant respiration and microbial decomposition. Problems caused
by sulphates are most often related to their ability to form strong
acids which changes the pH. Sulphate ions also are involved in
complexion and precipitation reactions which affect solubility of
metals and other substances.

Water Soluble Proteins Kill aquatic animal by the decrease of dissolve oxygen.
Table 5.0: The types of pollutants and their potential environmental impacts
6) ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTROLLING THE
DETECTED POLLUTANTS IN THE NITRILE GLOVES PRODUCTION

Pollutants Classification Origin from the production line

Fatty Acid Soap A Latex Compound
Sulphur B Latex Compound
Zinc(II) C Latex Compound
dibutyldithiocarbamate
Zinc oxide D Latex Compound
Alkylated Phenols E Latex Compound
Titanium dioxide F Latex Compound
Calcium Carbonate G Coagulant
Calcium Nitrate H Coagulant
Free Chlorine I Chlorination Process
Acrylonitrile J Latex Polymerization Process
Suspended Solids K Pre and Post Leaching
Nitrates and Sulphates L Pre and Post Leaching
Water Soluble Proteins M Pre and Post Leaching
Table 6.1: The types of pollutants and their origin from the nitrile glove production line

Pollutants Measurement Frequency of Maximum limit for

Classification Technique Measurement the pollutant
(Benchmark)
A BOD test 5 days 50 mg/L
B Closed reflux, Every batch of 0.5 mg/L
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
C Closed reflux, Every batch of 2.0 mg/L
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
D Closed reflux, Every batch of 2.0 mg/L
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
E Closed reflux, Every batch of 1.0 mg/L
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
F Closed reflux, Every batch of 100 ADMI
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
G Closed reflux, Every batch of NA
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
H Closed reflux, Every batch of NA
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
I By doing Every batch of 2.0 mg/L
colorimetric tests and wastewater
amperometry
analysers
By using a pH meter Every batch of 5.5 – 9.0
model WTW 537 wastewater
microprocessor and
combined gel
electrode and
titrimetric method
(Viet N.T 1999)
J By using Fourier- Every batch of NA
Transform Infrared wastewater
Spectroscopy (FTIR)
K By drying and Every batch of 100mg/L
weighing the residue wastewater
removed by the
filtering of the
sample
 L Closed reflux, Every batch of 0.50 mg/L for
Titrimetric method wastewater sulphides and NA for
(COD) nitrates
M Closed reflux, Every batch of NA
Titrimetric method wastewater
(COD)
Table 6.2: Pollutants, measurement techniques, frequency of measurement and the maximum
limit of pollutants

Pollutants Treatment Methods

A Wet Air Oxidation Method and then
Flocculation
B By using an anaerobic reactor to convert
sulphur containing compounds into sulphide
and then the sulfide is stripped using a
stripping gas. The stripped sulphide is then
converted into elemental sulphur using an
adsorber. (Groenestijin. J.W)
C Adsorption, membrane separation and
precipitation
D Adsorption, membrane separation and
precipitation
E Wet Air Oxidation Method and then
Flocculation
F By using iron sulfate and alum as coagulants
for coagulation, then proceeding to
flocculation and then to sedimentation
(Walker S.L, , e.t)
G Neutralization by using of lime, settling of
suspended solids by using of coagulants and
then filtration of the suspended solids
H Neutralization using specific acid
concentration and then proceed to
coagulation to take place.
 I By addition of sulfide salts for coagulation,
flocculation and sedimentation to take place
By doing carbon adsorption

J Oxygenated waste activated sludge method

with neutralization, primary and secondary
clarification, cooling, and aeration
(Anderson O.E 1992)
K Filtration Method
L Nitrates can be removed in a packed bed
bioreactors with denitrifying bacteria and
methanol
Sulfates can be removed by using an
anaerobic reactor to convert sulphur
containing compounds into sulphide and then
the sulfide is stripped using a stripping gas.
The stripped sulphide is then converted into
elemental sulphur using an adsorber.
(Groenestijin. J.W)
M Wet Air Oxidation Method and then
Flocculation
Table 6.3: Pollutants and the treatment methods used
7) CONCLUSION

Based on the results that we have obtained from the three experiment, we can conclude that
our sample, the waste water from nitrile glove industry is highly polluted as it has a very high
BOD value of 500mg/L which is way higher than the standard 50mg/L, high content of chlorine
ion which is about 191.43mg/L higher than the standard which is only 2.0mg/L and it has a
high content of total suspended solid about 1475mg/L which is also a lot higher than the safe
limit of 100mg/L. these results shows that the waste water is most likely untreated and it may
be produced from processes like latex compounding, coagulant process, pre and post leaching,
chlorination and latex compounding process. The main pollutants that are possibly present in
the waste water are Sulphur, Fatty Acid Soap, Zinc (II) dibutyldithiocarbamate, Zinc oxide,
Alkylated Phenols, Titanium dioxide, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Nitrate, Chlorine,
Acrylonitrile, Suspended Solids, Nitrates and Sulphates, ammonia and certain Water Soluble
Proteins. Most of these pollutants are found to be water pollutants. the BOD test have shown
that these pollutants have increased the bacterial activity in the water causing them to use more
oxygen form the water and in return polluting it. Next, the chlorine test has shown that the
water contains very high level of chlorine which makes the water not suitable for aquatic
organisms and humans. Lastly, high TSS value indicate that there is high solid generation in
the water which also correlates to high BOD in the water and overall making the water unsafe
to be released into the environment and it need to undergo treatment to remove the pollutants.
8) OPINIONS ON THE SITE VISIT

Student Name: ARAVIND KUGAN A/L KUMARESAN (ID: 1405572)

The field trip was very helpful and educational as we got the opportunity to experience our
self the working field of an industry. This trip has helped me to get to know how the production
line and the environment of a corporate looks like and how does it feel to be part of a greater
team working together to accomplish a given task and maintaining the quality of work at its
best. The staff and engineers in the company were also very helpful as they were very friendly
and kind to answer all our questions and providing us with the necessary safety tools and
information about the factory and the company. I also thought that we could have briefed
further about how the factory manage their waste water and that we will be brought for an extra
tour around their wastewater treatment facility. But other that I feel that the industrial visit is
very useful and knowledgeable to me.

Student Name: KRISHNAAH A/L DORAJ (ID: 15AGB05922)

The field trip was quite educational as we got the opportunity to view the working field
of an industry before graduating. The site visit to see the production line was quite educational
and the engineers working there was quite good with their explanations for our questions. I just
thought that we could have seen the wastewater treatment facility and the latex and coagulant
mixing facility as these facilities are more involved with my field of petrochemical engineering.
Other than that, the site visit was quite useful for me.

Student Name: NEEREISH KUMAR A/L KALIDAS (ID: 14AGB00899)

My feeling about the site visit is that it was very educational. I learned a lot of new
information about the manufacturing and how the machines work. It was the first on-site
experience for me and I felt very grateful. Also, I have learned a lot about the process and how
a factory operates on a day to day basis.
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