BRITISH STANDARD |

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1093-1:1999
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Safety of machinery Ð |
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Evaluation of the emission of |
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airborne hazardous |
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substances Ð |
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Part 1: Selection of test methods |
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The European Standard EN 1093-1:1998 has the status of a |
British Standard |
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ICS 13.040.40 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS EN 1093-1:1999

National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1093-1:1998.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
MCE/3, Safeguarding of machinery, which has the responsibility to:

Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;

Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Ð monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to

its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled ªInternational Standards Correspondence Indexº, or by using the
ªFindº facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.

This British Standard, having Amendments issued since publication

been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering Amd. No. Date Text affected
Sector Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Committee and comes
into effect on 15 January 1999

 BSI 01-1999

ISBN 0 580 30652 6

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 1093-1
NORME EUROPEÂENNE
EUROPAÈISCHE NORM September 1998

ICS 13.040.40

Descriptors: safety of machines, pollution, air pollution, emission, hazardous substances, estimation, tests, laboratory tests, field tests,
selection

English version

Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the emission of airborne

hazardous substances Ð Part 1: Selection of test methods

SeÂcurite des machines Ð Evaluation de l'eÂmission Sicherheit von Maschinen Ð Bewertung der
de substances dangereuses veÂhiculeÂes par l'air Ð Emission von luftgetragenen Gefahrstoffen Ð
Partie 1: Choix des meÂthodes d'essai Teil 1: Auswahl der PruÈfverfahren

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 September 1998.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to
the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation
EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈr Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national
Members.
Ref. No. EN 1093-1:1998 E
Page 2
EN 1093-1:1998

Foreword Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Page
Technical Committee CEN/TC 114, Safety of machinery,
the Secretariat of which is held by DIN. Foreword 2
This European Standard shall be given the status of a 0 Introduction 3
national standard, either by publication of an identical 1 Scope 3
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 1999, 2 Normative references 3
and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by March 1999. 3 Definition of assessment parameters 3
This European Standard has been prepared under a 3.1 general 3
mandate given to CEN by the European Commission 3.2 emission rate of a specified pollutant 4
and the European Free Trade Association, and
3.2.1 uncontrolled emission rate of a specified
supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
pollutant (m Ç u) 4
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative
annex ZA, which is an integral part of this standard. 3.2.2 controlled emission rate of a specified
pollutant (m Ç k) 4
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the national standards organizations of the following 3.3 capture efficiency (hc) 4
countries are bound to implement this European 3.4 separation efficiency by mass (hs) 4
Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, 3.5 pollutant concentration parameter (Pc) 4
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, 3.6 decontamination index (IA) 4
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. 4 Types of test methods 4
4.1 General 4
4.2 Nature of ªpollutantº used 5
4.3 Nature of the test environment 5
4.3.1 Laboratory methods 5
4.3.2 Field method 5
4.4 Summary table 5
5 Basis for selection of test methods 6
5.1 General 6
5.2 Selection relative to the assessment
parameter 6
5.3 Selection relative to the test environment 6
5.4 Selection relative to the nature of the
pollutant 6
6 Statistical evaluation 7
6.1 Estimation of the mean 7
6.2 Confidence interval for the mean 7
Annex A (informative) Standards suitable for the
measurement of gas flow rates 7
Annex ZA (informative) Clauses of this European
Standard addressing essential requirements or
other provisions of EU Directives 8

 BSI 01-1999

0 Introduction
This European Standard is a type B standard as stated
in ENV 1070:1993.
The concentration level of substances resulting from
emission of airborne hazardous substances from
machines depends upon factors including:
Ð the emission rate of airborne hazardous
substances (in this European Standard called:
pollutant) from the machine under examination,
depending on the type of process and the production
rate of the machine;
Ð the performance of the pollution control system
associated with the machine and, in the case of air
recirculation, the performance of the separation
system;
Ð the surrounding conditions, especially the air flow
pattern, which may reduce the pollution (efficient
general ventilation) or increase it (disturbing air,
cross-draughts);
Ð the worker's location in relation to the machine
and its pollution control system, and taking into
account the worker's movements;
Ð the quality of maintenance; poor quality has
generally an adverse effect on the performance of
the pollution control and the separation systems.
This European Standard concerns the first two points
in this list and forms only part of a comprehensive risk
assessment. It is not for a risk assessment of the work
place. Evaluating the parameters defined in this
European Standard leads to an evaluation of the
performance of the machine and its associated
pollution control system.
This European Standard can be used as a part of
verification described in EN 626-2.
1 Scope
This European Standard:
Ð specifies parameters which may be used for the
assessment of the emission of pollutants from
machines or the performance of the pollution
control systems integrated in machines;
Ð gives guidance on the selection of appropriate
test methods according to their various fields of
application and types of machines, including the
effects of measures to reduce exposure to pollutants.
The test methods are given in additional parts of this
standard (see Table 1 and annex A).
Other test methods for parameters may be included at
a later stage (e.g. fume boxes).
This European Standard is not applicable for certain
types of off-the-road vehicles powered by internal
combustion engines, which are subject to the
Machinery Directive.
 BSI 01-1999
Page 3
EN 1093-1:1998
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or
undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the
appropriate places in the text and the publications are
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent
amendments to or revisions of any of these
publications apply to this European Standard only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For
undated references the latest edition of the publication
referred to applies.
EN 292-1:1991, Safety of machinery Ð Basic concepts,
general principles for design Ð Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology.
EN 292-2:1991, Safety of machinery Ð Basic concepts,
general principles for design Ð Part 2: Technical
principles and specifications.
EN 292-2/A1:1995, Safety of machinery Ð Basic
concepts, general principles for design Ð
Part 2: Technical principles and specifications;
Amendment A1.
EN 626-2, Safety of machinery Ð Reduction of risks to
health from hazardous substances emitted by
machinery Ð Part 2: Methodology leading to
verification procedures.
ENV 1070:1993, Safety of machinery Ð Terminology.
EN 1093-3, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the
emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 3: Emission rate of a real specified pollutant Ð
Bench test method using the real pollutant.
EN 1093-4, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the
emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 4: Capture efficiency of an exhaust ventilation
system Ð Tracer method.
EN 1093-6, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the
emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 6: Separation efficiency by mass, unducted
outlet.
EN 1093-7, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the
emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 7: Separation efficiency by mass, ducted outlet.
EN 1093-8, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the
emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 8: Pollutant concentration parameter, test bench
method.
EN 1093-9, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of the
emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 9: Pollutant concentration parameter, room
method.
prEN 1093-11, Safety of machinery Ð Evaluation of
the emission of airborne hazardous substances Ð
Part 11: Decontamination index.
3 Definition of assessment parameters
3.1 general
When particle size distribution is determined at the
same time as pollutant concentration, an assessment
parameter for each size fraction may be defined.
Page 4
EN 1093-1:1998

3.2 emission rate of a specified pollutant m3

3.2.1
uncontrolled emission rate of a specified
pollutant (m Ç u)
mass of pollutant emitted from the machine into the
space around the machine per unit of time. Any
measures to reduce the air pollution around the
machine (e.g. capture devices, containment equipment,
wetting process) are not in use or activated
3.2.2
controlled emission rate of a specified
pollutant (m Ç k)
mass of pollutant emitted from the machine into the
space around the machine per unit of time, taking into
account the effects of measures to reduce the air
pollution
3.3
capture efficiency (hc)
capture efficiency of a pollution control system (hc) is
defined as the ratio of the mass-flowrate of a specified
pollutant directly collected by the pollutant control
system to the uncontrolled mass-flowrate of this
pollutant emitted from the machine
the capture efficiency, in terms of a percentage, is
expressed as follows:
mÇ 2m Çk
hc = u 3 100 (1)
mu
NOTE This equation is applicable only if m Çu2m Ç k represents the
pollutant mass-flowrate directly captured. This parameter is not
usable when the amount of emission is effected by the control
system.
Where the pollution control system is an exhaust
ventilation system and provided comparable discharge
and flow patterns of the real pollutant can be
simulated by a tracer technique the equation becomes:
q operation (ªthe background levelº2));
hc = k 3 100 (2)
qu
where
qu is the uncontrolled mass-flowrate of tracer
material generated;
qk is the mass-flowrate of tracer material directly
collected by the exhaust ventilation system.
3.4
separation efficiency by mass (hs)
separation efficiency of an air cleaning system for a
specified pollutant, is the ratio of the mass1) of
pollutant retained by the air cleaning system (m3) to
the mass1) of pollutant entering the air cleaning system
(m1) during a given period.
the separation efficiency of an air cleaning system as a
percentage, is expressed as follows:
hs = 3 100 (3)
m1
NOTE In certain cases it may be necessary to consider only that
part of pollutants (e.g. size of particles) which is actually
hazardous for exposed persons; e.g. separation efficiency of a
separation system against hazardous dust is measured as a
function of particle size. Otherwise the results may not be reliable
for health and safety purposes.
3.5
pollutant concentration parameter (Pc)
measured concentration of a specified pollutant in
defined position(s) near the machine
3.6
decontamination index (IA)
average of the ratio, obtained at a number of specified
locations in the surroundings, of the ambient air quality
improvement to the real pollutant mean concentration
with the pollution control system not in operation.
Corrections may be necessary to take into account air
pollution caused by other operations (ªthe background
levelº)
the decontamination index is expressed as follows:
n
1 Cai 2 Cmi
∑
IA = (4)
n i=1 Cai 2 Cfi
where
Cai, Cmi and Cfi are real pollutant concentrations
measured at a specified location in the surroundings
under the conditions below:
Cai machine in operation, pollution control system
not in operation;
Cmi machine and pollution control system in
operation;
Cfi machine and pollution control system not in
n number of specified locations
when particle size distribution is determined at the
same time as pollutant concentration, a
decontamination index for each size fraction may be
determined
4 Types of test methods
4.1 General
For the determination of each assessment parameter
defined in clause 3, different test methods can be
considered. The test methods should be selected
according to the following criteria:
Ð the nature of ªpollutantº used;
Ð the nature of the test environment.

1)For special applications to measure the number of fibres or particles instead of the mass.
2)When the background level is negligible, the decontamination index reduces to:
n
1 Cmi
IA = 1 2
n ∑ Cai
i=1

 BSI 01-1999

4.2 Nature of ªpollutantº used
As far as possible the real pollutant should be used for
the testing. However, in some cases tracer techniques
allow a more convenient testing. The addition of tracer
material to the real pollutant requires several
conditions to be met, in particular comparable
discharge and flow patterns of the real pollutant and
the tracer material, respectively.
Depending on the test method, two types of
ªpollutantsº shall be considered:
Ð the real pollutant which may be particulate, liquid
or gas;
Ð a tracer material simulating the real pollutant.
When determining the emission rate of real pollutant
without any air flow measurement, the real pollutant
and the tracer material are used simultaneously.
The measurements of concentrations can be carried
out:
Ð in ducts together with air flow rate
measurements;
Ð at locations surrounding the machine under
examination.
4.3 Nature of the test environment
Two main types of environmental test conditions may
be considered and, in some cases, can lead to different
test methods.
4.3.1 Laboratory methods
4.3.1.1 Bench test method
The tests are performed in a specially designed cabin
of known and limited dimensions.
The cabin contains a single machine in order to avoid
any interference from other machines on the pollution
around the tested machine and on the air flow rate
through the pollution control system.
The air flow pattern around the machine should be
maintained by the provision of specified general
ventilation of the cabin.
It should be noted that, in this type of method, the
conditions of general ventilation, as well as the
operating conditions of the machine, are fixed and, to
some extent, arbitrary. Consequently, most of the time
they are not representative of the actual situations
encountered in practice.
4.3.1.2 Room method
The tests are performed in a room located in
laboratory or factory premises, specially devoted to
these tests during the measurements.
3) This effect can be avoided by using a suitable tracer method.
 BSI 01-1999
Page 5
EN 1093-1:1998
Only one machine should be run at a time. More
precise control of the general and local ventilation can
be achieved than in the field. Since the location of the
machine is not fixed, the air flow pattern around the
machine shall be checked to determine the influence
of crossdraughts.
It should be noted that, in this type of method, the
conditions of general ventilation, as well as the
operating conditions of the machine, are fixed and, to
some extent, arbitrary. Consequently, they are not in
general representative of the actual situations
encountered in practice.
4.3.2 Field method
Many machines cannot be tested in a cabin
(see 4.3.1.1) or a room (see 4.3.1.2) because they are
too large, too difficult to handle or have special
installation or process requirements. Tests may be
performed on machines in the places where they are
installed.
Performing field tests on machines in their usual
working environment is of particular importance
because disturbances occurring in real situations will
be taken into account (e.g. crossdraughts).
Care should be taken prior to and during the test to
determine the operating conditions of the machine
under examination and of its pollution control system,
as well as operating conditions of the other machinery
the pollution of which may affect the results3).
A record shall be taken of the operating conditions of
the machine under examination and the other
equipment.
Additional measurements may also be needed to
evaluate the characteristics of the general ventilation
including air crossdraughts. These crossdraughts, due
for instance to opening of a door, may disturb
drastically the air flow pattern around the machine.
4.4 Summary table
Table 1 presents the different methods dealt with in
this European Standard.
Each identified method is described in detail in the
part of this European Standard indicated in Table 1.
Additional information about more specific test
conditions will be provided in each new type C
standard dealing with a specific category of machinery.
Page 6
EN 1093-1:1998

Table 1 Ð Summary table

Assessment parameters Nature of Bench test method Room method Field method
ªpollutantº
Emission Emission rate Tracer and 1)
pollutant
Pollutant EN 1093-3 Ð Ð
Pollutant Pollutant EN 1093-8 EN 1093-9 Ð
concentration
Capture Efficiency Tracer EN 1093-4
Pollutant Ð Ð Ð
Decontamination Pollutant Ð prEN 1093-11
index
Separation Efficiency Pollutant EN 1093-6 EN 1093-7 Ð
1) May be prepared at a later stage.

5 Basis for selection of test methods
5.1 General
Where several methods appear applicable, the selection
should be made based on considerations including:
Ð determination of assessment parameters
providing comparison between machines and
between pollution control systems;
Ð relevance of the chosen methods to the
foreseeable working situations of the machine.
5.2 Selection relative to the assessment
parameter
The selection of the most suitable assessment
parameter depends upon the type of information that
is required. This requirement may be satisfied by the
determination of one or more of the assessment
parameters.
a) A requirement may be the overall evaluation of
the emission of a specified pollutant for a defined
machine including its pollution control system.
This is given by:
Ð the controlled emission rate of this specified
pollutant (mÇ k),
or indicated by:
Ð the pollutant concentration parameter (Pc).
b) When the information concerns either the capture
device, or the separation equipment or, more
generally, the pollution control system, a single
parameter is sufficient to assess the performance:
Ð for capture device, the capture efficiency hc
Ð for separation equipment, the separation
efficiency hs
Ð for the pollutant control system of a given
machine and without air recirculation, the
decontamination index IA.
c) For a more analytical approach of the same
requirement where the contribution of each
component (machine itself, capture device,
separation equipment) will be
determined, 2 or 3 parameters will need to be
measured:
Ð the uncontrolled emission rate of a specified
Ç u,
pollutant m
Ð the capture efficiency hc,
Ð the separation efficiency hs.
5.3 Selection relative to the test environment
According to the criteria given in 5.2, the selection can
be based on practical and obvious considerations such
as:
Ð size of the machine4);
Ð ease of handling the machine;
Ð ease of installing, including its pollution control
system;
Ð ease of operation;
Ð nature of ªpollutantº: toxicity and complexity of
concentration measurement5).
5.4 Selection relative to the nature of the
pollutant
By definition, the real pollutant is essential for the
determination of emission rates, separation efficiency,
pollutant concentration parameter and
decontamination index.
In some cases tracer techniques allow a convenient
determination of some of the parameters due to:
Ð no experimental difficulties caused by
background concentrations;
Ð specific testing equipment (sampling equipment,
analyser).

4) When a test chamber is to be used, a maximum cross-sectional area of the machine equal to a fifth of the cross-sectional area of the
test chamber is recommended.
5) Some of these difficulties may be overcome by using a tracer method.

 BSI 01-1999
 Page 7
EN 1093-1:1998

6 Statistical evaluation Annex A (informative)

6.1 Estimation of the mean
After discarding any doubtful results, the series
comprises n measurements xi (where i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n),
some of which may have the same value.
The mean m of the underlying normal distribution is
estimated by the arithmetic mean x of the n results:
n conduits Ð Tracer methods Ð Part 1: General.
x = ∑ xi
i=1
6.2 Confidence interval for the mean
The confidence interval for the population mean is
calculated from the estimates of the mean and of the
standard deviation.
The standard deviation is calculated as follows:
Standards suitable for the measurement
of gas flow rates
ISO 3966:1977, Measurement of fluid flow in closed
conduits Ð Velocity area method using Pitot static
tubes.
ISO 4053-1:1977, Measurement of gas flow in
(5) ISO 5167-1:1991, Measurement of fluid flow by means
of pressure differential devices Ð Part 1: Orifice
plates, nozzles and Venturi tubes inserted in circular
cross-section conduits running full.
ISO 5168:1978, Measurement of fluid flow Ð
Estimation of uncertainty of a flow-rate
measurement.
ISO 7145:1982, Determination of flowrate of fluids in
closed conduits of circular cross-section Ð Method of

√
n 2
1
s=
n21 ∑
12n
(xi 2 x) (6) velocity measurement at one point of the cross-section.

where

xi is the value of ith measurement (i = 1, 2, 3, ...,

n);
n is the total number of measurements;
x is the arithmetic mean of the n measurements,
calculated as in 6.1.

 BSI 01-1999
Page 8
EN 1093-1:1998

Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other
provisions of EU Directives
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of the following EU Directive:
Council Directive of 14 June 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to
machinery (89/392/EEC).
WARNING:
Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the products falling within the scope of this
standard.
The clauses of this standard are likely to support requirements of the above-mentioned Directive. The following
table establishes the relationship between the relevant requirements of the respective Directive and the clauses of
this European Standard dealing with them:

Table ZA.1 Ð Relationship between Directive 89/392/EEC and clauses of this standard
Essential requirement of Directve 89/392/EEC Dealt with this European Standard in clause
Annex I, 1.5.13. ªEmissions of dust, gases etc.º 0 to 6

 BSI 01-1999
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