Exercise 3.

1
40
Chapter 3

Chapter 3
4 2.5 102  4.25 101 102
 4.25 101 2
 4.25 103
Example: convert the following into
Logarithms
standard notation:
Scientific notation: A positive number is
i). 4.56 x 107
represented as a product of two numbers.
Solution: given 4.56 x 107 = 45 600 000.
First number lies between 1 and 10 & second
one is some integral power of 10. i.e. A = 45 600 000
-5
number x in scientific notation is written as ii). 8.92 x 10
x  a 10m where 1  a  10 and m is an Solution: given 8.92 x 10-5 = 0.000 089 2
integer. = 0.000089 2
Reference Position: The place between Example: how many mile does light travel in 1
the first non-zero digit and its next digit on day? Speed of light is 186 000mi/sec. write
the left side of a given number is called the the answer in scientific notation.
reference position. It is represented by the Solution: here speed v = 186 000 mi/sec
symbol “  ”. For example, in 323.5 is the
Time = 1 day =24 hours
first non-zero digit on the left is 3. so the
=1 x 24 hours since 1 hour = 60 minutes
reference position between 3 and 2 is
= 24 x 60 minutes
represented as 3 23.5 . We count the
= 1440 minutes since 1 minute = 60 seconds
number of digits between the reference
= 1440 x 60 seconds
position and the decimal point, to take the
characteristics with the help of reference = 86400 seconds
position. If the decimal point is on the right Distance travel S = v t
side of the reference position, then the S = 186 000 x 86 400
characteristic will be positive and the S = 16 070 400 000
decimal point is on the left side of the S = 1  6 070 400 000.
reference position, then the characteristic S = 1.607 04 x 1010Miles in 1 day
will be negative.
Exercise 3.1
Example: convert the following into Q1. Write each number in Scientific Notation.
scientific notation: i). 405 000
i). 7800 Solution: given number 405 000
Solution: given number 7800 4  05 000 = 4.05 x 105
7800.  7.8 103
ii). 1 670 000
ii). 0.00729 Solution: given number 1 670 000
Solution: given number 0.00729 1  670 000 = 1.67 x 106
0.007 29  7.29 103
iii). 0.000 000 39
iii). 674 000 000 Solution: given number 0.000 000 39
Solution: given number 674 000 000 0.000 000 3  9 = 3.9 x 10-7
6 74 000 000  6.74 108
iv). 0.000 92
iv). 0.000 003 27
Solution: given number 0.000 92
Solution: given number 0.000 003 27
0.000 9  2 = 9.2 x 10-4
0.000 003 27  3.27 106
v). 234 600 000 000
v). 0.25 x 10-2
Solution: given number 234 600 000 000
Solution: given number 0.25 x 10-2
2  34 600 000 000 = 2.346 x 1011
0.25 102  2.5 101 102
vi). 8 904 000 000
 2.5 101 2
Solution: given number 8 904 000 000
 2.5 103 8  904 000 000 = 8.904 x 109
iv). 42.5 x 102 vii). 0.001 04
2
Solution: given number 42.5 x 10 Solution: given number 0.001 04
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 3.1
41
Chapter 3
0.001  04 = 1.04 x 10-3 9.3 107
t
viii). 0.000 000 005 14 1.86 105
Solution: given number 0.000 000 005 14 t  5 107 5
0.000 000 005  14= 5.14 x 10-9 t  5 102  500sec
ix). 0.05 x 10-3 t
500 25
 minutes
Solution: given number 0.05 x 10-3 60 3
0.05  x 10-3= 5. x 10-2 x 10-3 1
t  8 minutes
3
0.05 x 10-3= 5. x 10-2-3
1
0.05 x 10-3= 5. x 10-5 t  8 minutes  60 seconds
3
Q2. Write each number in standard notation
t  8 minutes 20 seconds
i). 8.3 x 10-5
Logarithm: If a y  x where a, x, y  R ,
Solution: Here 8.3 x 10-5
with a, x  0 and a  1 , then y is called
= 0.00008  3
logarithm of x to he base a . i.e. a y  x ,
ii). 4.1 x 106
 y  log a x and read as y is equal to log x
Solution: Here 4.1 x 106
= 4  100 000. to the base a.
Example: write following logarithmic form.
iii). 2.07 x 107
i). 24  16
Solution: Here 2.07 x 107
Solution: Given 24  16
2  0 700 000.
Logarithmic form log 2 16  4
iv). 3.15 x 10-6
1
Solution: Here 3.15 x 10-6 ii). 43 
64
= 0. 000 003  1 5 1
-10 Solution: Given 43 
v). 6.27 x 10 64
Solution: Here 6.27 x 10-10 Logarithmic form log 4
1
 3
= 0. 000 000 000 6  27 64
vi). 5.41 x 10-8 Example: Write the following in
Solution: Here 5.41 x 10-8 exponential form.
= 0. 000 000 05  4 1 i). log 8  64   2
vii). 7.632 x 10-4 Solution: Given log 8  64   2
Solution: Here 7.632 x 10-4 Exponential form 82  64
= 0.000 7  63 2 1
ii). log 3    2
viii). 9.4 x 105 9
Solution: Here 9.4 x 105 1
Solution: Given log 3    2
= 9  40 000. 9
ix). -2.6 x 109 Exponential form 32 
1
Solution: Here -2.6 x 109 9
= -2  600 000 000. Example: find x from the following
i). Find x when log x 100   2
Q3. How long does it takes the light to
travel the Erath from the sun? the sun Solution: Given log x 100   2
is 9.3 x 107 mil from the Erath. And the Exponential form x2  100
light travels 1.86 x 105 mi/sec x 2  102
Solution: Given distance from sun and  x  10
Erath S = 9.3 x 107 ii). Find x when log12 123   x
Speed of light v = 1.86 x 105 mi/sec
Solution: Given log12 123   x
Using formula S= vt
Putting values 9.3 x 107= 1.86 x 105 t Exponential form 12 x  123
 x3

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 3.2
42
Chapter 3
4  1 
iii). Find x when log x    2 Solution: Given log 2    7
9  128 
4 Exponential form 27 
1
Solution: Given log x    2
9 128
4 iii). Convert into exponential form log b  3   64
Exponential form x 2 
9 Solution: Given log b  3   64
2
2 Exponential form b64  3
x2   
3 iv). Convert into exponential form log a  a   1
2
 x Solution: Given log a  a   1
3
Exercise 3.2 Exponential form a1  a
Q1. write the following logarithmic form. v). Convert into exponential form log a 1  0
i). Convert into logarithmic form 44  256 Solution: Given log a 1  0
Solution: Given 44  256 Exponential form a0  1
Logarithmic form log 4  256   4  1  3
vi). Convert into exponential form log 4   
ii). Convert into logarithmic form 26 
1 8 2
64  1  3
1 Solution: Given log 4   
Solution: Given 26  8 2
64 3
1
 1  Exponential form 4 2 
Logarithmic form log 2    6 8
 64 
Q3:i). Find x when log 125  x
iii). Convert into logarithmic form 100  1 5

Solution: Given 100  1 Solution: Given log 5

125  x
Logarithmic form log10 1  0
 5
x
Exponential form  125
3
x
iv). Convert into logarithmic form x  y 4
5 2  53
3
x
Solution: Given x  y 4  3
2
3
Logarithmic form log x  y   x6
4
1 Q3:ii). Find x when log 4  x   3
v). Convert into logarithmic form 34 
81 Solution: Given log 4  x   3
1
Solution: Given 34  Exponential form 43  x
81 1
x 3
1
Logarithmic form log 3    4 4
 81  1
2
 x
64
vi. Convert into logarithmic form 64 3  16
2 Q3:iii). Find x when log81  9   x
Solution: Given 64 3  16 Solution: Given log81  9   x
2
Logarithmic form log 64 16   Exponential form 81x  9
3
Q2. Write the following in exponential form.
92 x  91
 1   2x  1
i). Convert into exponential form log a  2   2 1
a  x
2
 1 
Solution: Given log a  2   2 Q3:iv). Find x when log 3  5 x  1  2
a 
1 Solution: Given log 3  5 x  1  2
Exponential form a 2  2
a Exponential form 32  5x  1
 1  9 1  5x
ii).Convert into exponential form log 2    7
 128  8  5x

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 3.3
43
Chapter 3
8 and the second part is log, the logarithm of a
 x
5 number between 1 and 10.
Q3: v). Find x when log 2  x   7 The integer m is called the characteristic of
logarithm and number log is called mantissa.
Solution: Given log 2  x   7
Example: Write the characteristics of the
Exponential form 27  x following logarithms
 x  128 i). log 4350
Q3:vi). Find x when log x  0.25   2 Solution: Given log 4  350.
Solution: Given log x  0.25   2 characteristic is 3
Exponential form x  0.252 ii). log 435
x2  0.52 Solution: Given log 4  35.
 x  0.5 characteristic is 2
Q3:vii). Find x when log x  0.001  3 iii). log 43.5
Solution: Given log 4  3.5
Solution: Given log x  0.001  3
characteristic is 1
Exponential form x3  0.001 iv). log 4.35
1 1
3
 Solution: Given log 4  .35
x 1000
1 1 characteristic is 0
3
 3 v). log 0.435
x 10
 x  10 Solution: Given log 0.4  35

 1  characteristic is -1
Q3:viii). Find x when log x    2 vi). log 0.0435
 64 
Solution: Given log 0.04  35
 1 
Solution: Given log x    2 characteristic is -2
 64 
1 vii). log 0.00435
Exponential form x 2  Solution: Given log 0.004  35
64
1 1 characteristic is -3
 2
x 2
8 viii). log 0.000435
 x 8 Solution: Given log 0.0004  35
Q3:ix). Find x when log 3  x   16 characteristic is -4
Solution: Given log  x   16 Example: Find logarithm of 763.5
Scientific form of
3
Sol: Suppose that x=763.5
 3
16
Exponential form x Taking log on both sides 763.5= 7.635 x 102

16 Log x = log763.5 with calculator

x3 32 8 log 7.635 =0.8828
Characteristic =2
 x  6561 Mantissa =0.8828
Common Logarithm: This logarithm was So Log x =2.8828
invented by a British Mathematician Prof. Exercise No 3.3
Henry Biggs (1560-1631) Q1. Find characteristics of the common
The logarithm to the base 10 is called logarithm of each of the following
the Common logarithm or Briggs i). 57
logarithm. At the time of writing common Solution: Given 5  7
logarithm, we will not mention the base characteristic is 1
and it will be considered equal to 10. ii). 7.4
Characteristic and Mantissa: As we know Solution: Given 7  .4
that any positive number x can be written in characteristic is 0
scientific notation as x  a 10m where iii). 56.3
1  a  10 and m is an integer. Thus logarithm Solution: Given 5  6.3
of any positive number x can be written as
characteristic is 1
sum of two parts. One part is m, an integer
iv). 5.63
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise No 3.3
44
Chapter 3
Solution: Given 5  .63 Sol: Let x= 0.0256 Scientific form of
Taking log on both sides 0.0256=2.56 x 10-2
characteristic is 0
Log x = log 0.0256 with calculator
v). 982.5
log 2.56 = 0.4082
Solution: Given 9  82.5 Characteristic = - 2

characteristic is 2 Mantissa = 0.4082

vi). 7824 So Log x = 2 .4082
Solution: Given 7  824 vii). Log 6.753
characteristic is 3 Sol: Suppose that x=6.753 Scientific form of
vii). 186 000 Taking log on both sides 6.753= 6.753 x 100
Solution: Given 1  86 000 Log x = log 6.753 with calculator
log 6.753 = 0.8295
characteristic is 5 Characteristic = 0
viii). 0.71 Mantissa = 0.8295
Solution: Given 0.7  1 So Log x = 0.8295
characteristic is -1 Q3. Find logarithm of the following numbers.
Q2. Find the following. i). 2476
Sol: Suppose that x=2476 Scientific form of
i). log 87.2
Sol: Suppose that x=87.2 Scientific form of Taking log on both sides 2476=2.476 x 103
Taking log on both sides 87.2= 8.72 x 101 Log x = log 2476 with calculator
Log x = log 87.2 with calculator Characteristic = 3 log 2.476 =
log 87.2 =0.9405 Mantissa = 0.3938 0.3938
Characteristic = 1
Mantissa =0.9405 So Log x = 3.3938
So Log x =1.9405 ii). 2.4
Sol: Suppose that x=2.4 Scientific form of
ii). Log 373 00
Sol: Let x=37300 Scientific form of Taking log on both sides 2.4 is 2.4 x 100
Taking log on both sides 37300=3.73 x 104 Log x = log 2.4 with calculator
Log x = log 37 300 with calculator Characteristic = 0 log 2.4 = 0. 3802
log 3.73 =0.5717 Mantissa = 0.3802
Characteristic = 4
Mantissa =0.5717 So Log x = 0. 3802
So Log x = 4.5717 iii). 92.5
Sol: Suppose that x=92.5 Scientific form of
iii). Log 573
Scientific form of Taking log on both sides 92.5 is 9.25 x 101
Sol: Suppose that x= 573
573 = 5.73 x 102 Log x = log 92.5 with calculator
Taking log on both sides
Log x = log 573 with calculator Characteristic = 1 log 9.25 = 0.9661
log 5.73 =0.7582 Mantissa = 0. 9661
Characteristic = 2
Mantissa =0.7582 So Log x =1.9661
So Log x = 2.7582 iv). 482.7
Sol: Suppose that x=482.7 Scientific form of
iv). Log 9.21
Taking log on both sides 482.7 =4.827 x 102
Sol: Suppose that x= 9.21 Scientific form of
9.21= 9.21 x 100 Log x = log 482.7 with calculator
Taking log on both sides
with calculator Characteristic = 2 log 4.827 =
Log x = log 9.21
log 9.21 = 0.9643 Mantissa = 0.6837 0.6837
Characteristic = 0
So Log x =2.6837
Mantissa = 0.9643
v). 0.783
So Log x = 0.9643
Sol: Suppose that x=0.783 Scientific form of
v). log 0.00159 Taking log on both sides 0.783 =7.83 x 10-1
Sol: Let x= 0.00159 Scientific form of
Log x = log 0.783 with calculator
Taking log on both sides 0.00159=1.59 x 10-3
Characteristic = -1 log 7.83 = 0.8938
Log x = log 0.00159 with calculator
log 1.59 = 0.2014 Mantissa = 0.8938
Characteristic = - 3
So Log x = 1 .8938
Mantissa = 0.2014
vi). 0.09566
So Log x = 3 .2014
Sol: Let x=0.09566 Scientific form of
vi). Log 0.0256 0.09566=9.566 x 10-2

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise No 3.4
45
Chapter 3
Taking log on both sides with calculator Sol: Let x=0.8401 with calculator
Log x = log 0.09566 log 9.566 = 0.9807 Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.8401
Characteristic = -2 Antilog x = anti-log 0.8401 =6.920
Mantissa = 0. 9807 Characteristic = 0
Mantissa = 6.920
So Log x = 2 .9807
Anti-Log x =6.920 x 100
vii). 0.006735
=6.920
Sol: Let x=0.006735 Scientific form of
0.006735 is iii). 2.540
Taking log on both sides
6.735 x 10 -3
Sol: Let x=2.540 with calculator
Log x = log 0.006735
with calculator Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.540
Characteristic = -3
log 6.735 = Antilogx = antilog 2.540 =3.467
Mantissa = 0. 8283
0.8283 Characteristic = 2
So Log x = 3 .8283 Mantissa = 3.467
viii). 700 Anti-Log x =3.467 x 102
Sol: Suppose that x=700 Scientific form of =346.7
Taking log on both sides 700 is 7.0 x 102 iv). 2 .2508
Log x = log 700 with calculator with calculator
Sol: Let x= 2 .2508
Characteristic = 2 log 7 = 0.8451 anti-log 0.2508
Taking anti-log on b s
Mantissa = 0. 8451 =1.782
Antilogx =antilog 2 .2508
So Log x =2.8451
Characteristic = -2
Anti logarithm: Mantissa = 1.782
If log x  y then x is called the anti- Anti-Log x =1.782 x 10-2
logarithm of y and it is written as =0.01782
x  anti log y v). 1 .5463
Example: Find the number whose logarithms Sol: Let x= 1 .5463 with calculator
i). 2.3456 Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.5463
Sol: Let x=2.3456 with calculator =3.518
Antilog x=antilog 1 .5463
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.3456
Characteristic = -1
Antilog x = antilog 2.3456 = 2.216
Characteristic = 2 Mantissa = 3.518
Mantissa = 2.216 Anti-Log x =3.518 x10-1
Anti-Log x = 2.216x 102 =0.3518
= 221.6 vi). 3.5526
Sol: Let x=3.5526 with calculator
ii). 2 .1576
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.5526
Sol: Let x= 2 .1576 with calculator
Antilog x = antilog3.5526 =3.569
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.1576
Characteristic = 3
=1.438
Antilog x = antilog 2 .1576 Mantissa = 3.569
Characteristic = -2 Anti-Log x =3.569 x103
Mantissa = 1.438 =3569.
Anti-Log x = 1.438x 10-2 Q2.Find value of x from following equations:
= 0.01438 i). Log x = 1 .8401
Exercise No 3.4 Solution: Suppose that
Q1. Find anti-logarithm of the following numbers. Log x= 1 .8401 with calculator
i). 1.2508 Taking anti-log on b s anti-log .8401
Sol: Let x=1.2508 with calculator =6.920
x=anti-log 1 .8401
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log 0.2508
Characteristic = -1
Antilog x = antilog 1.2508 =1.782
Characteristic = 1 Mantissa = 6.920
Mantissa = 1.782 So x = 6.920 x 10-1
Anti-Log x =1.782 x 101 x = 0.6920
=17.82 ii). Log x = 2.1931
ii). 8401
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise No 3.4
46
Chapter 3
Sol: Log x= 2.1931 with calculator processes of addition and subtraction by the
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log .1931 use of logarithm.
x=anti-log 2.1931 =1.560 First Law: The logarithm of a number is
Characteristic = 2 equal to the Addition of logarithms of its
Mantissa = 1.560 So factors.
x = 1.560 x 102 First Law: loga mn  loga m  loga n
x = 156.0
Proof: Let loga m  x & loga n  y
iii). Log x = 4.5911
Exponential form a  m , a y  n
x
Sol: Log x= 4.5911 with calculator
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log .5911 Multiplying a x .a y  mn
x=anti-log 4.5911 =3.900 a x y  mn
Characteristic = 4 Logarithmic form loga mn  x  y
Mantissa = 3.900 So Putting back loga mn  loga m  loga n
4
x = 3.900 x 10
Second Law: The logarithm of a
x = 39000.
fraction is equal to the difference of
iv). Log x = 3 .0253
logarithm of the numerator from the
Sol: Log x= 3 .0253 with calculator
logarithm of the denominator.
Taking anti-log on b s anti-log .0253
m
=1.060 Second Law: log a  log a m  log a n
x=anti-log 3 .0253 n
Characteristic = -3 Proof: Let loga m  x & loga n  y
Mantissa = 1.060 So Exponential form a x  m , a y  n
-3
x = 1.060 x 10
ax m
x = 0.001060 Dividing 
ay v
v). Log x = 1.8716 m
Sol: Log x= 1.8716 with calculator a x y 
n
Taking anti-log on b sides anti-log .8716 m
x=anti-log 1.8716 =7.440 Logarithmic form log a  x  y
n
Characteristic = 1 m
Mantissa = 7.440 So Putting back log a  log a m  log a n
1
n
x = 7.440 x 10
Third Law: logarithm of the power of
x = 74.40
the number is equal to the product of the
vi). Log x = 2 .8370
power and logarithm of the number.
Sol: Log x= 2 .8370 with calculator
Third Law: log a (m)n  n.log a m
Taking anti-log on b sides anti-log .8370
=6.871 Proof: Let loga m  x
x=anti-log 2 .8370
Characteristic = -2 Exponential form a x  m
Mantissa = 6.871 So Taking power n on both sides
x = 6.871 x 10 -2
a 
x n
 mn
x = 0.06871
a xn  mn
Natural or Naperian logarithm: logarithm to
Logarithmic form log a mn  nx
the base e are called Mathematician John
Napier invented logarithm to the base Putting back log a (m)n  n.log a m
e  2.71828 . Fourth Law: loga b.logb m  loga m
Relation b/w Common & Natural Logarithm Proof: Let loga b  x & logb m  y
log e x ln x
log10  x    Exponential form a  b , b y  m ………(1)
x

log e 10 ln10
Putting the value of b in eq (1)
 log10  x  
ln x
a 
y
x
m
2.30258
Laws of Logarithm: As we know that the a xy  m
lengthy processes of multiplication and Logarithmic form loga m  xy
division can be converted into easier Putting back loga b.logb m  loga m

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Exercise 3.5
47
Chapter 3
Example: Express each of the following 1
x
as single logarithm. 3
i). log 2  log 3 iii). log10 1000
Solution: Given log 2  log 3 Solution: Let x  log10 1000
 log 2  3 10 x  1000
 log 6 3

ii). log 6  log 2 10  10 x 2

3
Solution: Given log 6  log 2  x
2
6
 log iv). log9 3  log9 27
2
 log 3 Solution: Let x  log9 3  log9 27
x  log 9 3  27
iii). 1  log y
Solution: Given 1  log y x  log 9 81
  log10  log y  9 x  81
y 9 x  92
 log
10  x2
 log 0.1 y
v). log
1
 0.0035
4
iv). log2 3.log3 5
Solution: Given log2 3.log3 5 Solution: Let x  log 1
 0.0035
4
 log2 5
x  log  0.0035
4
v). log2 8  log2 32
Solution: Given log2 8  log2 32 x  4log  0.0035
 log 2 8  32 
x  4 3 .5441 
 log 2 256 x  4  3  0.5441
vi). log3  log5  log 6  log 25 x  4  2.4559 
Solution: Given log3  log5  log 6  log 25 x  9.8237
3 5 6
 log vi). log 45
25
Solution: Let x  log 45
18
 log = log9  5  2log3  log5
5
Exercise 3.5 x  1.6532
Q2. Express each of the following as a
Q1. Use logarithm properties to simplify
single logarithm;
the expressions.
i). 3log 2  4log3
i). log 7 7
Solution: Given 3log 2  4log3
Solution: Let x  log 7 7
 log 23  log 34
7x  7
 log 8  log 81
1
7 7 x 2
 log
8
1 81
 x
2 ii). 2log3  4log 2  3
ii). 1 Solution: Given 2log3  4log 2  3
log 8  
2  log 32  log 2 4  3log10
Solution: Let x  log 8  
1
 log 9  log16  log103
2
9  16 144
1  log  log
8x  10 3
1000
2  log 0.144
2  21
3x
iii). log 5  1
 3x  1
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 3.6
48
Chapter 3
Solution: Given log 5  1 Example 1: simplify (238.2)(9.506) with
 log 5  log10 the help of logarithm.
5 R . Work
 log 238.2 =2.382x10 2
9.506 = 9.506x100
10
 log 0.5 with calculator
log 2.382 =0.3769 log 2.382 =0.9780
1
iv). log x  2 log 2 y  3log z Solution: Let x = (238.2)(9.506)
2
Taking log on both sides
1
Solution: Given log x  2 log 2 y  3log z Log x = log (238.2)(9.506)
2
1 Log x = log 238.2 + log 9.506
 log x 2  log  2 y   log z 3 Ch= 2 ch= 0
2

M= 0.3769 M=0.9780
 log x  log 4 y 2  log z 3
So Log x = 2.3769+0.9780
z3 x Log x = 3.3549
 log
4 y2 Taking anti-log on both sides
Q3. Find value of ‘a’ from the following equations. anti-log (Log x) = anti-log 3.3549
i). log2 6  log2 7  log2 a x = anti-log 3.3549
Ch = 3 M= 2.264 With calculator
Solution: Given log2 6  log2 7  log2 a
Then X= 2.264 x 10 3 Anti-log .3549
log2 6  7  log2 a X = 2264 =2.264
log2 42  log 2 a 2.83
Example 2: simplify with logarithm.
 a  42  6.52 
2

ii). log 3 a  log 3 5  log 3 8  log 3 2 R . Work

Sol: Given log 3 a  log 3 5  log 3 8  log 3 2 2.83=2.83x100 6.52=6.52x100
with calculator with calculator
log 3 a  log 3 5  log 3 8  log 3 2 log 2.83=0.4518 log 6.52 =0.8142
58
log 3 a  log 2.83
23 Solution: Let x 
 6.52 
2

log 3 a  log 3 20
Taking log on both sides
 a  20 2.83
Log x = log
iii). log 7 r
 log a r  6.52 
2
log 7 t
Solution: Given log 7 r  log a r Log x = log 2.83 -2 log 6.52
log 7 t Ch = 0 ch= 0
logt r  loga r at M = 0.4518 M=0.8142
So Log x = 0.4518-2(0.8142)
iv). log6 25  log6 5  log6 a
Log x = 0.4518-1.6284
Solution: Given log6 25  log6 5  log6 a Log x = -1.1766
log 6
25
 log 6 a
Log x = -2 +2 -1.1766
5 Log x = -2 +0.8234= 2 .8234
log 6 5  log 6 a
Taking anti-log on both sides
a 5
Anti-log Log x = anti-log 2 .8234
Q4.Find log2 3.log3 4.log4 5.log5 6log6 7.log7 8 with calculator
Ch= -2, M=6.659
Sol: Let x  log2 3.log3 4.log4 5.log5 6log6 7.log7 8 Then X= 6.659 x 10-2 Anti-log
x  log 2 4.log 4 5.log 5 6 log 6 7.log 7 8 X = 0.06659 0.8234=6.659
x  log 2 5.log 5 6 log 6 7.log 7 8 Exercise 3.6
x  log 2 6 log 6 7.log 7 8 Q1. Simplify with the help of logarithm.
x  log 2 7.log 7 8 i). Simplify 3.81 43.4 with help of logarithm.
x  log 2 8 R . Work

 2x  8 3.81=3.81x100 43.4=4.34x101
with calculator
2 x  23 log 3.81=0.5809 log 4.34 = 0.6375
 x3 Solution: Let x  3.81 43.4
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Exercise 3.6
49
Chapter 3
Taking log on both sides Taking anti-log on both sides
log x  log 3.81 + log 43.4 x = anti-log 0.0784
Ch= 0 ch=1 Ch = 0 M=1.198 With calculator
M=0.5809 M=0.6375 Then X= 1.198 x 10 0 Anti-log0.0784
log x  0.5809+1.6375 X = 1.198 =1.198
log x  2.2184 0.4932  653.7
iv). Simplify with help of
Taking anti-log on both sides 0.07213  8456
logarithm.
x = anti-log 2.2184
R . Work
Ch =2 M= With calculator 0.4932=4.932x10-1 653.7=6.537x102
Then X= 1.654 x 10 2 Anti-log0.2184 with calculator
X = 165.4 =1.654 log 4.932=0.6930 log 6.537 = 0.8154
ii). Simplify 73.42  0.00462  0.5143 with the
0.07213=7.213x10-2 8456=8.456x103
help of logarithm.
with calculator
R . Work log 7.213=0.8581 log 8.456 = 0.9272
1
73.42=7.342x10 0.00462=4.62x10-3
with calculator 0.4932  653.7
log 7.342=0.8658 log 4.62 = 0.6646
Solution: Let x 
0.07213  8456
with calculator
Taking log on both sides
0.5143=5.143x10-1 log 5.143 = 0.7112 log x  log 0.4932 + log 653.7 – log 0.07213 –log 8456
Solution: Let x  73.42  0.00462  0.5143 Ch=-1 ch=2 Ch=-2 ch=3
Taking log on both sides M=.6930 M=.8154 M=.8581 M=9272
log x  log 73.42 + log 0.00462 + log 0.5143 log x  -1+0.6930+2.8154–(-2+0.8581)-3.9272
Ch=1 ch= - 3 Ch= - 1 log x  -0.2769
M=0.8658 M=0.6646 M= 0.7112 log x  -1 + 1-0.2769
log x  1.8658 + (-3 + 0.6646) + ( -1+0.7112)
log x  1 .7231
log x  1.8658 – 2.3354 – 0.2888
Taking anti-log on both sides
log x  - 0.7584
x = anti-log 1 .7231
log x  - 1 + 1 – 0.7584
Ch =-1 M=5.286 With calculator
log x  - 1 +0.2416 Then X= 5.286 x 10-1 Anti-log0.7231
log x  1 .2416 X = 0.5286 =5.286
Taking anti-log on both sides  78.41
3
142.3
v). Simplify with help of
x = anti-log 1 .2416 4
0.1562
Ch = - 1 M= 1.744 With calculator logarithm.
Then X= 1.744 x 10-1 Anti-log0.2416 R . Work
X = 0.1744 =1.744 78.41=7.841x10 1
142.3=1.423x102
784.6  0.0431 with calculator
iii). Simplify with help of logarithm.
28.23 log 7.841=0.8944 log 1.423 = 0.1532
R . Work And with calculator
2
784.6=7.846x10 0.0431=4.31x10-2 0.1562=1.562x10-1 log 1.562=0. 1937
with calculator
log 7.846=0.8946 log 4.31 = 0.6345
 78.41
3
with calculator 142.3
1
Solution: Let x
28.23=2.823x10 log 2.823=0.4507 4
0.1562
Taking log on both sides
784.6  0.0431
Solution: Let x   78.41
3
142.3
28.23 log x  log
Taking log on both sides
4
0.1562
log x  log 784.6 + log 0.0431 – log 28.23 1 1
log x  3 log 78.41 + log 142.3- log 0.1562
Ch=2 ch= - 2 ch= 1 2 4
M=0.8946 M=0.6345 M=0.4507 Ch=1 ch=2 ch= -1
log x  2.8946 + (-2+0.6345) -1.4507 M=0.8944 M=0.1532 M=0.1937
log x  2.8946 – 1.3655 – 1.4507 1 1
log x  3(1.8944) + (2.1532) - (-1+0.1937)
log x  0.0784 2 4
log x  5.6832 + 1.0766- 0.2016
Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics
 Review Exercise 3
50
Chapter 3
log x  6.5582  3
4

 log  
Taking anti-log on both sides  10 
x = anti-log 6.5582 3
Ch = 6 M=3.616 With calculator  4 log
10
Then X= 3.616 x 10 6 Anti-log0.5582
 4  log 3  log10
X = 3 616 000 =3.616
Q2. Find the following If log 2 = 0.3010, = 4[ 0.4771 -1]
log 3 = 0.4771 , log 5 = 0.6990 & log 7= 0.8450. = 4[ - 0.5229]
i). log 105 = -2.0916
Solution: Given log 105 Review Exercise 3
= log 3x5x7 Q1. Select the correct answer
= log 3 + log 5 + log 7  1
i). log 9   
= 0.4771 +0.6990+0.8450  81 
= 2.0211 a). -1 b). -2
ii). Log 108 c). 2 d). Does not exists
Solution: Given log 108 ii). If log2 8  x then x 
= log 3x3x3x2x2 a). 64 b). 32
=log 33x22 c). 3 d). 28
=3 log 3 + 2 log 2 iii). Base of common log is
= 3(0.4771) +2(0.3010) a). 10 b) e
= 2.0333 c).  d). 5
iii). log 3 72 iv). log 10 
Solution: Given log 3 72 a). -1 b). -½
1
c). ½ d). 2
 log 8  9 3
v). For any non-zero x , x0 
1
 log  23  32  a). 2 b). 1
3
c). 0 d). 10
1
 3log 2  2 log 3 vi). Rewrite t  logb m as exponential
3
1 equation
 [3x0.3010+2x0.4771]
3 a). t  mb b). bm  t
1 c). m  bt d). mt  b
 [1.8572]
3 vii). log10 10  
=0.6191 a). 2 b). 3
iv). log 2.4 c). 0 d). 1
Solution: Given log 2.4 viii). Characteristic of log 0.000 059
 log
24 a). -5 b). 5
10 c). -4 d). 4
23  3 ix). Evaluate log 7 
 1 
 log 
10  7
= 3 log 2 + log 3 –log 10 a). -1 b). -½
= 3(0.3010) +0.4771 -1 c). ½ d). 2
= 0.9030 +0.4771 – 1 x). Base of natural log is
= 0.3801 a). 10 b). e
v). log 0.0081 c).  d). 1
Solution: Given log 0.0081 xi). log m  log n 
 log
81 a). log m log n b). log m  log n
10000 m
34 c). log mn d). log
 log 4 n
10

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics

 Review Exercise 3
51
Chapter 3
xii). 0.069 can be written as in  63.28  0.00843  0.4623
3 2

scientific notation as
 412.3 2.184 
5

a). 6.9 x 103 b). 6.9 x 10-2

R.W
c). 0.69 x 103 d). 69 x 102 1
63.28=6.328x10 0.4623=4.623x10-1
xiii). ln x  2ln y with calculator
x log 6.328=0.8013 log 4.623 = 0.6649
a). ln b). ln xy 2
y 0.00843=8.43x10-3 2.184=2.184x100
with calculator
x2 x
c). ln d). ln log 8.43=0.9258 log 2.184 = 0.3393
y y2 with calculator
Q2. Write 9473.2 in scientific notation 412.3=4.123x102 log 4.123=0.6152
Solution: given number 9473.2
Solution: Let x  
63.28  0.00843  0.4623
3 2

9  473.2 = 9.4732 x 103  412.3 2.184

5

Q3. Write 5.4x 106 in standard notation Taking log on both sides
Solution: Here 5.4 x 106 log x  3 log(63.28) +2 log(0.00843)
5  400 000. + log0.4623-log412.3 – 5 log 2.184
1 log x  3(1.8013) + 2(-3 + 0.9258 )
Q4. Write in logarithmic form; 33 
27 + (-1 + 0.6649 ) – 2.6152 – 5(0.3393)
1
Solution: Given 33 
27 log x  -3.3913
 1  log x  -4 + 4 -3.3913
Logarithmic form log 3    3
 27  log x  4 .6087
Q5. Write in exponential form log5 1  0 Taking anti-log on both sides
Solution: Given log5 1  0 x  anti log 4 .6087
Exponential form 5  1 0
Ch = -4 M=4.062 With calculator
Q6. Solve for x log4 16  x Then X= 4.062 x 10-4 Anti-log0.5582
X = 0. 000 4062 =3.616
Solution: Given log4 16  x
Exponential form 4x  16
4 x  42
x2
Q7. Find the characteristic of the
common logarithm 0.0083
Solution: Given 0.008  3
characteristic is -3
Q8. Find log 12.4
Solution: Given log 12.4
Here Ch=1 M= 0.0934
= 1.0934
Q9. Find the value of a
log 5 3a  log 5 9  log 5 2  log 5 3
Sol: Given log 5
3a  log 5 9  log 5 2  log 5 3
 9 2 
log 5 3a  log 5  
 3 
log 5 3a  log 5 6
 3a  6
a2
Q10. Solve with the help of logarithm

Khalid Mehmood M-Phil Applied Mathematics