OVERVIEW:

Transmission and distribution are terms referred to power systems. Both these terms
differ greatly in their implementation. An electrical power distribution supply system is normally
the ultimate and final phase in the supply of electrical power; this provides electrical power from
your transmitting cables to private buyers. Distribution substations interact with the actual
transmitting system reduce the transmitting voltage to moderate voltage varying in between Two
kV and Thirty-five kV by using transformers. Electrical power transmission would be the
majority transport of the electrical power, coming from creating energy plants to electric
powered substations positioned close to demand facilities. This really is dissimilar to any local
cabling in between high-voltage substations and consumers, which can be usually known as
electric power distribution. Transmission lines, whenever connected with one another, turn out to
be transmitting systems.

OBJECTIVES:
1. Provide an insight of Transmission and Distribution System.
2. Provide an experience of visualizing power system in the Philippine setting.

TASKS:
1.Differentiate Transmission System to Distribution System.
 Transmission is usually done in the three phases while distribution is done in the single
phase
 Transmission lines are for large distances and distribution lines are for short distances
 Transmission lines have higher voltage while distribution lines have lower voltage
 Transmission lines transport the bulk of electricity while distribution lines transport
energy locally according to the needs of the local consumers
 Transmission lines can be viewed on the side of the freeway whereas distribution lines in
the streets
 Transmission system voltages are typically from 69KV up to 765KV whereas
Distribution systems typically operate in a voltage range of 4KV to 46KV.
 Transmission conductors are usually large whereas distribution conductors are usually
small
  After transmission step down transformer is used while in distribution it is not used
 Transmission lines, which may be strung overhead or even subway, hold electric power
via one particular place to another within an electrical power system whereas A
distribution system comes with only a distribution substation and also consists of the
lines, poles, transformers.

2. Draw schematic diagram or line diagram of Transmission and Distribution System.

3. List and describe types of power lines used in Distribution System in the Philippines and US.

Low voltage – less than 1000 volts, used for connection between a residential or small
commercial customer and the utility.
Medium Voltage (Distribution) – between 1000 volts (1 kV) and to about 33 kV, used for
distribution in urban and rural areas.
High Voltage (Sub transmission if 33-115kV and transmission if 115kV+) – between 33 kV
and about 230 kV, used for sub-transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of electric
power and connection to very large consumers.
Extra High Voltage (Transmission) – over 230 kV, up to about 800 kV, used for long distance,
very high-power transmission.
Ultra High Voltage – higher than 800 kV. Lines classified as "High voltage" are quite
hazardous. Direct contact with (touching) energized conductors still presents a risk of
electrocution. A major goal of overhead power line design is to maintain adequate clearance
between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact with the line.
This is extremely dependent on the voltage the line is running at.

POWER LINES (TYPES)

ULTRA HIGH VOLTAGE More than 800kV

EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE 230kV to 800kV

HIGH OLTAGE 33kV to 230kV

MEDIUM VOLTAGE 1kV to 33kV

LOW VOLTAGE 120V to 1kV

EXTRA LOW VOLTAGE Less than 120V

4. List and present pictures of different devices, components and apparatus in TDS.
Distribution Transformer
The distribution transformer is a main and largest equipment of distribution substation.
It is basically a static electrical device which steps down the primary voltage of 33kV or 11 kV
to secondary distribution voltage of 415-440 volts between phases and 215 volts between phase
and neutral through delta-star windings by electromagnetic induction without change in
frequency.

Circuit Breaker
The circuit breaker is an equipment which automatically cut off power supply of the system
when any fault or short circuit occurs in the system. It detects and isolate faults within a fraction
of a second thereby minimizing the damage at the point where the fault has occurred.
The circuit breakers are specially designed to interrupt the very high fault currents, which may be
ten or more times the normal operating currents.

Lightning Arrester
Lightning arrester is a most important protective device of distribution substation to protect
valuable equipment as well as working personnel. It arrests and discharges over voltage to earth
during lightning strokes. These are installed between line and earth near equipment.
Air Break (AB) Switch / Isolator
Air break switches are used to isolate equipment for maintenance and also for transfer of load
from one bus to another. Lay-out of substation depends upon type of Air break switches.
These switches are of two types viz. vertical break type or horizontal break type. Horizontal
break type normally occupies more space than the vertical break type.

Insulator
The main function of an insulator is to insulate live conductor or equipment at different voltages
with reference to the ground structures as well as provide mechanical support.
Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary importance from the point of view
of reliability of supply and safety of personnel.

Busbar Arrangement
The busbar is a conductor used to connect two and more equipment located side-by-side when
the currents are very high. These are usually rectangular, sometimes tubular, bare copper bars
supported on insulators. The outdoor busbars are either of the rigid type or of the strain type.
In the rigid type, pipes are used for making connections among the various equipment. The strain
type busbars are an overhead system of wires strung between two supporting structures and
supported strain type insulators. Since the busbars are rigid, the clearances remain constant.

Capacitor Bank
It is a series parallel combination of capacitors required to improve power factor of the system.
They act as reactive power generators, and provide the needed reactive power to accomplish
active power of circuit. This reduces the amount of reactive power, and thus total power (kVA)
or the demand.
The bank should be provided as near as possible to load.

Earthing
Provision of an effective, durable and a dependable earthing in a substation and switching
stations is very important for the safety of operating personnel as well as electrical devices. The
voltage levels do not rise above tolerable thresholds and that the earth connection is rugged to
dissipate the fault to the earth.
Earthing has a very low resistance and connects the electrical equipment to the general mass of
the earth.
Fencing Arrangement
Fencing is provided at outdoor substation yard for restricting entry of unauthorized person and
livestock. It must be earthed/ grounded separately. Height of fencing normally should not be less
than 1.8 metres. Fencing should be painted once in a year by suitable paint.

Distribution Panel board

Distribution panel board consists of MCCBs, control equipment, meters and relays are housed in
the control room. The panel frame shall be connected to the earth grid by an earthing conductor.
A rubber mat of prescribed size and quality shall lay in front of panel.

CONCLUSION:
Base on the lab report studied and done, student is able to understand the difference
between Transmission and Distribution Systems. Also, it helps to familiarize some of the
components present in the field between Transmission and Distribution of power. Lastly, this
activity provides some information about the characteristics or ranges of Power lines.