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WHO WE ARE…
early 1990’s.
Bio-Medical Facility
Heat Exchanger Facility
Marietta GA
Lacrosse, Wisconsin
Bulk & Engineered Storage Facility Chart Europe GmbH
New Prague, Minnesota Chart Headquarters Solingen, Germany
Cleveland, Ohio
Heat Exchanger Facility Ferox a.s. Chart Cryogenic Equipment
Tulsa, OK Energy and Chemicals Facility Decin, Czech Republic Changzhou, China
New Iberia, Louisiana
Energy and Chemicals Facility
Houston, Texas Packaged Gas Facility Chart Hailu Cryogenic Equipment
Energy and Chemicals Canton, Georgia Zhangjiagang, China
The Woodlands, TX Service and Repairs Facility
Holly Springs, Georgia
LNG Work
Sites in Green
• We designs LNG tanks on three continents
• We design and build liquefiers in the US
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• We design and build ship LNG tanks on two
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Why LNG? Volume reduction makes it easier to transport
Why Industry has switched to cryogenic storage… And energy density applies to vehicle fuels…
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take up only 3 to 4 times the
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more.
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Remember all fuels burn – or they wouldn’t be a fuel…
PROPERTIES OF LNG
Some fuel
densities
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The “Flat Bottomed” tank • The Mobile Tanker Designed for Road or Rail
TANK TYPES
• Stores very large volumes at no pressure. Generally • Road tankers, ISO containers, Rail cars.
cheapest at volumes above 3 billion gallons.
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• Most often used on mobile equipment • Most often used on stationary tanks
• Used on mobile equipment and stationary tanks Used on mobile equipment and stationary tanks
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VACUUM
• To the right are the classic curves showing
the effect of various types of insulation at About here is
various levels of vacuum on heat leak. where perlite
tanks work
• The all follow a similar pattern…
• At atmospheric pressure they are all
poor insulators, though Aerogel is about
twice as effective as perlite and SI.
• As vacuum increases, they become
rapidly more effective, with SI being
most effective by a factor of 100 at the
low ranges.
• Very low vacuum levels are achieved in a
“cold” vacuum, when absorbents and getters
in the vacuum space are most effective.
• Less effective insulation needs to be thicker to
get the same insulating effect.
About here is
where SI tanks
work Aerogel Beads as Cryogenic Thermal Insulation System
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NASA Tech report, Fesmire & Augustynowicz
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Common insulations • Superinsulation
INSULATION
Insulation R value Lots of manufacturing
Fiberglass without vacuum 6.4 Technology needed
Foam without vacuum 8.3 To do it right
• Perlite • Foam
• Some common insulations:
Foam insulation is
This is the same stuff – but generally prefabricated
cleaner and dryer – that
you use in your garden.
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• All Tanks NEED… • Tank Design NEEDS
TANK DESIGN
1. A liquid container of materials appropriate for 1. Designed to the proper Codes and regulations
low temperature. 2. To be strong enough to hold the liquid at some
2. Insulation to keep the liquid at that low defined pressure.
temperature. 3. Supports be strong enough to be transported
3. Safety devices to make sure that pressure’s from the factory to the destination.
don’t get higher than the container can handle. 4. In addition to be strong enough for any service
4. A method to get the liquid into the tank conditions.
5. A means to get the liquid out of the tank. 1. Seismic, wind force, road forces, wave
6. A method to get excess gas out of the tank. forces, vibration, heat, corrosion.
7. Instrumentation to find out what’s happening. 5. Thermally efficient design to keep the liquid cold
8. An outer container to keep the insulation in as long as possible.
place… 6. Proper safety features for normal operation.
7. Design for maintainability.
8. Application requirements, such as pump, high
flow , etc. ( We once built a 15,000
gallon hydrogen tank
designed to be emptied in
five minutes or less.)
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Some of the Basics Typical Piping Schematic
TANK CONSTRUCTION
• Fill lines
• Top and bottom fill lines if pressure needs to be V-34 V-9 V-38 V-10
*
DN80
*
constant during fill. V-44
DN50
*
V-29 V-39
*
V-12 V-6
*
*
V-8 V-33
S2
*
C-1
*
P-4
C
E
• Vent lines
V-7 B V-30 C4A
V-23
I
P-1 90%
V-40
A
• Vent system
*
PT11
*
V-32
V-16 LI20 LT21
V-20
*
V-45
• Instrumentation
VACUUM
V-24
• Product Withdrawal
V-25 D G F
V-19
V-1 V-22
• As gas
*
C-2
V-42 V-21
• As Liquid V-11
*
C-5
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NER – the Boil Off Rate Filling tanks
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TANK DESIGN
• Lines that are connected to the liquid side of the • We’re designing and building the entire
tank need to have vapor locks to prevent
excessive heat transfer into the liquid.
fuel system for the first high speed turbine
• Pressurizing systems need to be sized for driven ferry.
http://www.incat.com.au/069VesselBrochure/index.html
maximum withdrawal rates. And liquid flows into
pressure building circuits by gravity only, so line
sizing and routing is a challenge.
• Liquid to pump essentially flows by gravity. Traps
in pump feed lines limit this flow.
• There is a lot of heat generated by pumps.
Oversizing a pump is counterproductive.
• Stainless steel contracts about 1/32nds of an inch
per foot when it cools. Improper design can rip
things apart.
• Liquid trapped between two valves can generate
much higher pressure than the burst pressure of
a pipe. Proper cryogenic design always includes a
thermal relief device between two lquid valves.
• Moving or sloshing will homogenize the liquid and
remove any false pressure, stratification, or subcool.
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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
• Key Points • Mitigation….
• LNG Has no odor. • Need to have gas detection.
• Warm natural gas always rises. • Need to have means to dilute natural gas concentrations
• Need to ensure that no unwanted gas in unexpected • Need to have protection in case of fire – inside or outside.
areas, since there is no odor, nor is odor a reliable means • All stainless construction acts as containment, and is
of detection. impervious to spills or cold cracking.
• Need to protect non-cryogenic steel piping in contact with • All key connections fail closed.
LNG. • Piping is either vacuum insulated, or purged double
walled piping.
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CONSTRUCTION
Component selection is
limited. Not that many
companies manufacture
DNV certified valves, for
example.
And the ones that do
charge accordingly.
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BREAKING TANKS
• Typically, ASME pressure vessels that are in a vacuum – i.e. a non-corrosive environment -
are used a minimum of 30 years. We sometimes refurbish piping of tanks built in the 60’s
• In order of priority, vacuum or performance is affected because:
1. The vacuum gauge is removed or exchanged improperly causing a slow vacuum leak.
2. Insulation has settled. This happens with perlite, not with SI.
3. An outer leak on the jacket, due to thermal cycling or contact with cryogen.
4. A leak on the annular piping, due to thermal cycling.
5. A inner tank leak.
• Leaks are very easy to find on super insulated tank.
• And all leaks are easy to fix once they are found.
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Non-Jacketed Tanks • To restore vacuum
• Since vacuum insulation (perlite or SI) is so • And a small pump, up close, has faster
effective, only a small distance of insulation is pumping speeds than a big one far
needed. away.
• Getting molecules out at high vacuum
• When vacuum is lost the insulation reverts is like having a drunk find a small door
back to that of a thin non-jacketed tank. in the dark…
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REAL VACUUMS
And you didn’t
believe me about
small pumps….
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