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2 2 2 a
If the integral contains b x −a use the substitution x = sec θ
b
2 2 2 a
If the integral contains a −b x use the substitution x = sin θ
b
a
If the integral contains a2 + b2x2 use the substitution x = tan θ
b
Example
Evaluate the integral.
x
∫
dx
2x 2 − 4x − 7
104
Since our function doesn’t already contain the format we need for a
trigonometric substitution, but the value inside the square root is a
quadratic function, we’ll complete the square to see if we can get the
quadratic function into the right format.
To save some space, let’s just work with the value underneath the radical,
then we’ll plug it back into the integral.
2x 2 − 4x − 7
( 2)
7
2 x 2 − 2x −
( 2)
7
2 x 2 − 2x + 1 − 1 −
[ 2]
7
2 (x − 2x + 1) − 1 −
2
[ 2]
9
2 (x − 1)2 −
2(x − 1)2 − 9
x
∫
dx
2(x − 1)2 −9
105
a
x= sec θ
b
If we say that
x = x−1
a= 3
b= 2
3
x−1= sec θ
2
3
x = 1+ sec θ
2
3
dx = sec θ tan θ dθ
2
2(x − 1)
sec θ =
3
x
∫
dx
2(x − 1)2 −9
106
3
1+ sec θ
( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
( )
3
2 2
2 1+ sec θ − 1 −9
2
( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
( )
3
2 2
2 sec θ − 9
2
3
1+ sec θ
( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
2 ( 2 sec2 θ) − 9
9 2
3
1+ sec θ
−9 ( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
9 sec2 θ 2
3
1+ sec θ
9 (sec2 θ − 1) ( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
2
3
1+ sec θ
∫ 3 sec2 θ − 1 ( )
2 3
sec θ tan θ dθ
2
107
3
1+ sec θ
( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
3 tan2 θ 2
3
1+ sec θ
( )
3
∫
2
sec θ tan θ dθ
3 tan θ 2
∫( )( )
3 1
1+ sec θ sec θ dθ
2 2
We’ll find a common denominator so that we can make the whole function
one fraction.
∫( 2 )( 2 )
2 3 sec θ sec θ
+ dθ
2
∫( )( 2 )
2 + 3 sec θ sec θ
dθ
2
2 sec θ + 3 sec2 θ
∫
dθ
2
1
2∫
2 sec θ + 3 sec2 θ dθ
108
1 1
2∫ 2∫
2 sec θ dθ + 3 sec2 θ dθ
2 3
2 ∫ 2∫
sec θ dθ + sec2 θ dθ
2 3
ln sec θ + tan θ + tan θ + C
2 2
2(x − 1)
sec θ =
3
when we were setting up the substitution. Plugging that into what we have
so far, we get
2 2(x − 1) 3
ln + tan θ + tan θ + C
2 3 2
Now we’ll take a break from this function in order to find tan θ. Once we’ve
found it, we’ll come back to this function to plug it in. In order to find tan θ,
we’ll remember that
1
cos θ =
sec θ
1
cos θ =
2(x − 1)
3
109
3
cos θ =
2(x − 1)
We know that
adjacent
cos θ =
hypotenuse
so
adjacent = 3
hypotenuse = 2(x − 1)
2(x − 1)
θ
3
a2 + b2 = c2
we’ll plug in the adjacent side and the hypotenuse to solve for the
opposite side.
9 + b 2 = 2(x − 1)2
9 + b 2 = 2(x − 1)(x − 1)
110
9 + b 2 = 2 (x 2 − 2x + 1)
9 + b 2 = 2x 2 − 4x + 2
b 2 = 2x 2 − 4x − 7
b= 2x 2 − 4x − 7
2(x − 1)
2x 2 − 4x − 7
θ
3
Knowing that
opposite
tan θ =
adjacent
2x 2 − 4x − 7
tan θ =
3
Now we can plug this value for tan θ into the function we’ve been working
with.
2 2(x − 1) 3
ln + tan θ + tan θ + C
2 3 2
111
2 2(x − 1) 2x 2 − 4x − 7 3 2x 2 − 4x − 7
ln + + + C
2 3 3 2 3
2 2(x − 1) + 2x 2 − 4x − 7 2x 2 − 4x − 7
ln + + C
2 3 2
1 2(x − 1) + 2x 2 − 4x − 7
2 ln + 2x 2 − 4x − 7 + C
2 3
112