LITERATURE REVIEW

1.0 Industrialized Building System (IBS)

Regarding old technology in developed countries, Industrialised Building System (IBS)

is still categorised as relatively new technology developing countries such as those in the
Asian region. Although the implementation of IBS in Malaysia has started since 1960’s, it
became popular only in 1998 when Cabinet of Ministers endorsed IBS Strategic Plan as the
blueprint for the total industrialisation of the construction sector. Since then, the Construction
Industry Development Board (CIDB) has been actively promoting the use of IBS in Malaysian
Construction Industry. The first step taken by CIDB was formulating IBS Roadmap which
stated several strategies and aggressive steps to promote the use of IBS in Malaysia. The
main objectives of introducing IBS at that time were to gradually reduce the dependency on
foreign labours and to increase productivity and improving construction quality.

The main features of IBS construction process are as follows:

I. The division and specialisation of the human workforce.
II. The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the production of
standard, interchangeable parts and products.

To execute IBS, there are a few exercises included which can be ordered as upstream
exercises and downstream exercises. Upstream exercises can be recorded as configuration,
arranging, and creation works. Then again, acquirement framework, inventory network,
transportation framework, enactment and direction can be delegated downstream exercises.
Industrialized Building System (IBS) Malaysia is characterized as segments are made in a
controlled setting and condition, paying little mind to whether the generation is done nearby or
off-site, collected, created or sited into crafted by development. IBS materials provided and
worked by producer, provider, and temporary worker are entitled for Green Building Index
(GBI) for building ventures finished in Malaysia, IBS is delegated eco-accommodating and
green building materials in Malaysia.

Better arranging of resources likewise decreases the general cost, advance the
provisions and reduce wastage of materials. IBS endures high adaptability and wide range in
engineering plans; most sorts of IBS give astounding quality and completing contrasted with
work concentrated work where quality may be conflicting or vary with estimation in outline.
Besides, the cost of remote specialists in Malaysia has been expanding additionally makes
IBS is a shrewd building technique alternative to continue.

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There are several types of IBS as follows:

A. Pre-Fabrication (Prefab)

Pre-fabricated system is actually partial or complete assemblies which are then

transported to the construction site as a result from component assembling done in
plant or other factory, manufacturing site. Prefabricated building materials
manufacturer and supplier in Malaysia able to produce prefab components for building
from different kind of materials. Prefab IBS construction materials and method are low
cost but permanent, environmental-friendly (recyclable) and detachable (reusable).

Figure 1.0: Pre-fabricated system illustration

Pre-Fabrication (Prefab) Materials types

a) Aluminium
 Ductible into numerous shapes design. Its flexibility, low maintenances
required make it suitable for projects like skyscrapers or high-rise buildings
Malaysia
b) Steel
 Steel has long lifespan and resistance to rusting, molds and insects; its
ductility, speed and safety features add points to why many developers choose
to use prefabricated steel building materials in Malaysia.

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 c) Insulated Concrete Form (ICF)

 Concrete such as Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) or Insulating concrete form

(foam), Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) sandwich panel also can be act
as a formwork for roofs, floors and walls for building with sound and heat
insulation, load bearing which is suitable to be used for interior and exterior.

d) Timber & Wood

 Timber can be obtained easily, recyclable, cheap and design-friendly. Timber
manufacturer and supplier are able to fabricate timber prefab beams, column,
wood prefab wall, and slab and roof panel for IBS project.

e) Plastic
 Plastic can also be recycled and further processed into building materials in
many forms. Prefabricated plastic building materials manufacturer and
supplier are able to recycle and convert these plastic waste into plastic
building, plastic road, plastic roofing sheet and plastic panel.

f) Fiberglass
 Fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP), glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) or glass-
fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), such as GFRP Rebar used in Malaysia.
Fibreglass building materials are lightweight yet high stiffness, resilience and
hardness can be adjusted by gelcoat, cost effective; insect, thermal, impact,
and chemical resistance and non-conductive to electric.

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 B. Pre-Cast System

Malaysia adoption of IBS precast is high because it has the following benefits:
Concrete mixing and curing are completed in a controlled casting environment
therefore its quality can be consistent and less labour intensive. Strength can be
enhanced, pre-evaluated and assured, strength test is no longer required on site. It is
also time saving for projects where pre-order components are completed ahead, send
to site for immediate installation. Weather has no longer a big factor to delays project,
quicker completion of project gains more time value of money such as bank loan
payoff, building handover, faster sales income recognition.
The difference between precast components and prefab is prefabricated might
involve cast-in-situ (concrete to be cast and cure on-site). The following are
components:

Building Infrastructure
Wall Drainage
Slab Pipe
Staircase Tank
Roof Manhole
Column Joint
Façade Tunnel
Lintel Jetty
Pile Highway

Figure 1.1: Pre-cast building construction

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 C. Blockwork System (Brickwork)
Concrete masonry unit (CMU), lightweight block (brick), interlocking brick and
pavers as well as other agricultural waste block (brick) are able to supply, the following
are some introduction.

a) Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

 Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) supplier Malaysia has been doing well due to
its versatility, easy to be installed and cost effective to builder. Its longevity,
appealing finish, require no further treatment in term of paint makes it quick to
build. It can also produced by natural green materials or recycled materials
which does not have or contain low volatile organic compound (VOC).
 Since it is commonly found in the market, and very labour-intensive based
construction materials and method in Malaysia, therefore, it makes contractor
does not have to spend time and effort to place special order from CMU
manufacturer. Home built by CMU also gains advantages such as safeguard
to temperature, fire, rot, weather, heat and sound insulation in some aspects.

Figure 1.2: Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)

b) Lightweight Block / Brick

 Malaysia’s lightweight block and brick are then expanded further into panel,
supplier manufactures this type of cement masonry unit using lightweight
aggregate. The best example is autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), which is
1/5 of normal concrete.

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  Besides lightweight, it also acts as a thermal stabilizer for wall partition, roof,
floor and lintel for multiple building types from low rise to high rise. It contains
non-toxic materials, cost effective, durable, green, high workability, impact,
sound, fire and water resistant.

Figure 1.3: Lightweight Block / Brick

c) Interlocking Brick
 Interlocking brick is more convenient for builders without experience and skill
set is not a constraint for this material, many developing countries in Southeast
Asia (SEA) such as Cambodia, Vietnam are popular due to its workability and
low cost.

Figure 1.4: Interlocking Brick

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 D. Innovative / Hybrid System

Join different classification of IBS, for example, prefab with precast, blockworks
with prefab, precast with brickwork to accomplish better plan, cost sparing, vitality
proficiency and building agreeableness to particular necessities by proprietors are
exceptionally basic these days in Malaysia as well.

Figure 1.5: Connections for steel–timber hybrid prefabricated buildings

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1.1 Steel Framing System

On this study regarding to IBS, we are focusing on the steel framing system. Steel
framing system is one of the types of Industrialized Building System (IBS) according to
CIDB. This system is a building technique with a “skeleton frame” of vertical steel column
and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floor, roof and walls
of a building which are attached to the frame. Steel framing is practical, code approved
solutions to many of the pitfalls that have being faced by the builders today when they using
traditional building materials. This system is most commonly used in the precast concrete
slab, steel column and beams (CIDB, 2003) have been the popular choice and used
extensively in the fast track construction of skyscrapers.

Figure 1.6: Example of steel framing

The manufacturing process is involving a very large coil steel which may weigh up to
13 tons. After the hot coils has been rolled to the desired thickness, the ribbon of steel passes
through a series of roller to form the desired products after it being cooled. Then the series of
roller form bends that make the shape, e.g. the web, flanges, and lips of a stud or C-shape.
Because this process is done without heat (also called “cold framing”) the studs and joists are
made stronger than the original sheet steel.

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 Figure 1.7: Manufacturing process

During development in 1980 to 1990’s, the structural steel component took place
particularly in high rise building in Kuala Lumpur. This can be proven by the construction 36
storey Dayabumi Complex that was completed in 1984 by Takenaka Corporation of Japan
(CIDB, 2003 and CIDB, 2006). Besides, in 90’s demand for the new township has been
increased in the use of precast concrete system in the building. This can be shown when
Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS) a state of government development agency
acquired pre-cast concrete technology from Proton Haus International based on Germany in
between 1981 and 1993. Their aim to build low cost houses and high cost bungalow for the
new townships in Selangor (CIDB, 2003 and Hashim et.al, 2009). Then, 52 000 unit houses
was recorded being constructed using Proton Haus System ( Trikha and Ali, 2004) and the
state of art pre-cast factory was set up in Shah Alam (Sarja,1998).

Structural steel framing system in the building consist of three types which is skeleton
steel framing, wall bearing steel framing and long span steel framing ( Mishra.G,2017).
Skeleton steel framing is composed of steel beams and column which are connected using
proper connection. Steel beams around perimeter of the structure is termed as spandrel
beams on which masonry wall are placed. Next, wall bearing steel framing system, but, there
are only several cases in which wall bearing frame system is suitable for used. For example,
single story house in which steel beams are used to carry wall and floor slab loads and the
end of the steel beams are placed in foundation of walls. The third types of steel framing
system is long span steel framing system which is considered when large clearance is required
and such long spanning cannot be realized using steel beams and columns.

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 Figure 1.8: Skeleton Steel Framing

Figure 1.9: Wall bearing

steel framing

Figure 2.0: Long span steel framing (trusses)

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 The differences in construction details in steel framing and wood is steel framing is
usually spaced at 24” O.C and wood framing is typically spaced 16”O.C. Besides C-section
studs replace woos studs and single tracks replace top and bottoms wood plates. Studs are
connected to track flanges with screws, or pus installed through the face of the track flange
into stud flange. Three threads of the screw should be visible on the back side of the
connection. Next, the header are built up from multiple steel members just like with wood, or
by using time saving L-headers. Layout proceed just as they do with wood frame construction.
Installation is typically handled by building a wall section on the deck and later raising it. Lastly
with panelised construction many of these steps are eliminated, reducing the framing
responsibility to positioning and fastening the pre-assembled components.

Steel framing system are chosen in the construction because it has many clear
advantages over wood and other traditional framing methods. First, steel is lighter than wood,
thus it can be build faster by using steel. This because steel are pre-engineered to be specific
design inside the manufacturing plant are shipped out, ready to be erected. Second, steel
framing system is more economically. This because, steel can be recycled, durable, innovation
in steel production, ability to withstand high winds, heavy snow load, fire and seismic activities;
and faster construction times. Next, steel is incredibly versatile. Durability allows for the
versatile design of large, clear span building such as airplane hangar, warehouses, agricultural
building and indoor arenas. Lastly, environmentally friendly. Production system leading to
reduction of harmful on the environmental (Nawi et. Al 2007; Shaari and Ismail, 2003)

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2.0 CASE STUDY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Steel framing had been used effectively and efficiently worldwide in construction.
Steel frame system is a building skeleton frame technique that consists of steel columns and
I beams. It is constructed to support the floors, roof and walls which is attached to the steel
frame. This type of techniques enable high rise building and skyscraper to be constructed with
minimum time consuming and cost saving.

The University of North Texas’ Victory Hall used load-bearing cold formed steel as its
framing. Cold-formed steel framing helped a university add 598 beds on campus in just 14
months and meet a critical deadline. This indicates that steel framing has help to meet the
time period of construction. Victory Hall, a 163,415-square-foot dormitory at the University of
North Texas at Denton, Texas, again proves that designers and builders can use cold-formed
steel in load-bearing applications and get better and faster results.

Don Moody, then General Manager at Nuconsteel, Denton, Texas (now part of Nucor
Corporation) said cold-formed steel load-bearing framing is cost-effective and durable and the
systems have high strength-to-weight ratios and resist warping, mildew and cracking. Among
commercial builders, cold-formed steel has long been a preferred choice for curtain walls and
partitions. This can be explained by the material is non-combustible, affordable and easy to
install on site. Victory Hall require a structural system that could go up quickly within its budget.
Steel framing is the solution for this problem statement.

Victory Hall would consist of two brick and limestone-faced buildings three and four
stories respectively. They’d have common entry spaces and a cafeteria. The original plans
called for the buildings to have a concrete structure. The streamlined redesign replaced
concrete with cold-formed steel structural framing. University of North Texas wanted the
dormitory open for the start of the next school year, but the deadline date is challenging. Multi-
occupancy buildings this size typically take 18 months to build and they discovered that,
there’s an infrastructure issue. This cause the price of concrete to increase. Hence, to solve
this issue, Moody presented the cold steel framing system to be implemented in the project.

Moody plans the schedule aggressively, and the team comes up with the blueprint of
the buildings. The load bearing walls pretty much followed the spans they had set. Once walls
on one floor is installed, the deck for the next level went in place and the concrete subfloors
poured in short order.

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2.2 COMPONENTS

The University of North Texas’ Victory Hall architecture plan and design is proposed
by the Architecture Demarest. They provided services to Carter+Burgess Inc. (Now Jacobs)
for the three- and four-story, traditional dorm style student housing complex consisting of
single and double suite configurations.

The materials used for Victory Hall is bricks. The University of North Texas rely heavily
on masonry brick as a unifying material for the campus, and brick will continue to be the
primary building material. Brick offers a range of colours, surface textures and patterns, but
the predominant bricks on campus are the locally produced, light-coloured units with a slim
proportion. Patterning should be used cautiously and harmony with adjacent buildings must
be considered.

Window. The most basic design of window involves both scale and composition. The
windows are established in a clear and regular rhythm. The scale of the individual windows
and the pattern of mullions can be diverse in expression, but always requires an expression
of depth and detailing.

Roof edges. Defining a roof edge supports development of a consistent campus scale
and building to building relationships. Roof edges are given expression, whether the roof is
sloped or flat. Deeper cornices or overhangs are encouraged in the buildings as shading
device. Roof edge and proportions also have an integral relationship with the building base.
These two important architectural devices should have an inherent balance and
complementary dialogue.

2.3 INSTALLATION

Steel framing had helped the university add 598 beds on campus in just 14 months
and meet a critical deadline, the arrival of students for the new school year. Steel load bearing
is cost effective and durable. This kind of system has a high strength ratio and high resist to
cracking. The cold-formed steel installation flowed phenomenally, the bulk cap deck — a 3-
inch profile bulk cap deck — allowed us to do load-bearing wall to load-bearing wall and deck
systems without the need for shoring up of the walls.

Next step, Don Moody scheduled panel fabrication and site installations aggressively.
They are working with the footprints of the building. The load-bearing walls pretty much
followed the spans they had set. Once walls on one floor were installed, the deck for the next
level went in place and the concrete subfloors poured in short order. Nuconsteel built wall

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panels and roof trusses offsite, timing their fabrication to match Victory Hall’s accelerated
construction schedule. Through the using of steel framing, they can save the timeframe and
the cost of materials because the initial plan of using the concrete is switch into steel framing
system.

2.4 FACTORS OF SELECTION

The University of North Texas’ Victory Hall is the dormitory offers private and double rooms
with ensuite bathrooms and the largest lobby of all of the University’s residence halls. Besides
that, Victory Hall has two large courtyards with barbeque grills and a fire pit. Inside, there is a
cyber café, a computer lab, a kitchenette, a media room with theater-style seating, classrooms,
laundry facilities and a lounge seating area.

The construction of the Victory Hall which is used steel framing may be effected by several
factors. The factors are as follow;

1. Steel framing system can save cost and time. The duration of the completion for the
Victory Hall using the steel framing system is faster compared to the concrete methods
of construction. Instead, the time completion is early than the expected timeframe.
Cold-formed steel framing helped a university add 598 beds on campus in just 14
months and meet a critical deadline.

2. Steel framing system can obtain a better and faster result. This is shown by designers
and builders can use cold-formed steel in load-bearing applications to obtain the
immediate result as the steel framing system is fast installation method.

3. Steel framing has long been a preferred choice for curtain walls and partitions. Such
system are durable to use as the walls and partitions. This can be explained by the
system are non-combustible, affordable and typically easy to install.

4. Also, it is stated by Steel Framing Industry Association that steel framing system
produce 80% of the system. This is may the key promotion of the steel framing system
to the state, through promoting the development it became the favourable of the
contractor to used steel framing system.

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2.5 APPENDICES

Figure 1: Victory Hall at University of North Texas

Figure 2: Laundry facilities

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 Figure 3: Cyber café

Figure 4: Dormitory room

Figure 5: Room floor plans

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3.0 IBS SCORE

3.1 THE OBJECTIVE

The elements used by the contractor in the building for the IBS factor can be calculating by
the IBS Score formula

3.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF IBS SCORE

a) Prefabricated and precast concrete components used to project

b) The components that produced off-site
c) The standardised component is used
d) Repeatability
e) The Modular Coordination concept are used when design proses

To reduce of site labour, lower wastage, less site material, cleaner environment and better
quality can be reflecting the highest IBS score. The safer construction sites and neater, faster
project completion as well as lower total construction costs also can be reflected to the IBS
score.

The high of the repetitiveness presented at the design as other simplified construction
solutions can be contributed to the total score.

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3.3 THE IBS CONTENT SCORING SYSTEM (IBS SCORE)

100% are the maximum for the IBS score and the IBS score are made up by this following
component

a) Part 1-structural system (maximum 50 point)

The various type of the structural are assessed by to get the point
Examples precast concrete beam and column, steel, prefabricated timber, etc

b) Part 2)-wall system (maximum 20 point)

Wall system used are based to get point
Examples precast concrete panel, glass, dry partition, block worklet
c) Part 3-Other Simplified Construction solution (maximum 30 point)
The simplified construction solution is assessment to get the point
Examples standard component based on MS 1064 and the repetition of structural

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3.4 THE FORMULA

IBS score = Score for structural system

Score for wall system

Score for wall other simplified construction solution

𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑤
50𝛴 [ 𝐹𝑠] + 20𝛴 [ 𝐹𝑤] + 𝑆
𝑄𝑆𝑇 𝑄𝑊𝑇

Where:

𝛴 -Sum of

Qs -Construction area aft a structural system

QST -Total construction area of building includes roof

Fs -IBS factor for structural system from table 1 & table 1A

Qw - length of a wall system (external or internal wall)

QWT -total wall length (external and internal wall)

Fw - IBS factor for wall system from table 2

S - IBS score for other simplified customer solution Table 3

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3.5 IBS SCORE FOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

𝑄𝑠
50𝛴 [ 𝐹]
𝑄𝑆𝑇 𝑠

Where:

Qs/Qs - the percentage of the construction area of which a system is used; out of the total
construction area of the building include roof

Fs -IBS factor foe the particular structural system from table 1 and table 1a

a) 50 points is maximum IBS score of this part.

b) Construction by the system and corresponding IBS Factor from Table 1.
c) IBS Score calculation includes superstructure elements of ta building only
d) For building that uses multi-structural system, calculated to the contribution of each
system and totalled up to arrive at the IBS Score for the construction of the structural
systems

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Table 1. IBS Score for Structural Systems

In-situ In-situ In-situ

Floor concrete concrete concrete
on using using Timber
frame No
Precast permanent reusable Steel
timber flooring Floor (8)
concrete metal (3) flooring
Column/Beam (4) system
slab(l) formwork system system
formwork
formwork
Precast column and
1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0
beam
Precast column and
inset beams using 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.8
0.9
reusablé0) system
formwork
Precast column and
in-situ beams using 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 o.8 0.7
timber”) formwork
Precast beams and
inset columns with 0.9
0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.8
reusablé0' system
formwork
Precast beams and
in-situ columns 0.8
0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7
using timber (4)
formwork
In-situ column and
beams using 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.6
0.7
reusable system
formwork
In-situ column
and beams 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0
using timber/4)
formwork
Vertical and 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.7
horizontal member
systems / structure

Steel columns and

1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0
beams

Notes:
1. Precast concrete slab include half slab, hollow core slab, and precast pre-stressed
planks.
2. Precast concrete include products off -factory precasting, site precasting or the use of
till-up systems.
3. Reusable formworks include plastic, fibreglass, steel, aluminium and other metal
formworks that can be used not less than 20 cycles.
4. Timber formwork means the timber components are sized, cut and fabricated in-situ to
form the formworks and the required temporary works.

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5. For structural system using Load Bearing wall, whether precast or in-situ, the factor can
be determined from the table by treating the wall as a wide column
6. The IBS factor for tunnel formwork system is 0.6.
7. Load-bearing blockwork include interlocking block, concrete masonry unit, hollow block
and lightweight block.
8. This is for structures without floor. Refer examples in Section 6
9. For other structural systems not mentioned in the table please refer to IBS Centre, CIDB
for the IBS Factor.

Table IA provides the IBS factor, FS for various types of roof system.

Table IA. IBS Factor for Roof Structural Systems — FS

a. Prefab timber roof truss 1.0

b. Prefab metal roof truss 1.0

c. Pre-cut (1) metal roof truss 0.5

d. Timber roof trusses (2) 0.0

Notes

1. Pre-cut mean the metal section are cut and sized in factory but assembled
2. Timber roof trusses mean the timber components are cut, sized and fabricated
inset to form the formworks and the required temporary works

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3.6 IBS SCORE FOR WALL SYSTEM

𝑄𝑊
20𝛴 [ 𝐹𝑤]
𝑄𝑊𝑇

Where

QWT/QWT - the ratio of the length of the particular wall system (external or internal)
used out of the total wall length of the building

Few - IBS Factor for the particular wall, from Table 2

a) 20-point maximum IBS Score foe this part

b) Parapets and corridor/balcony wall must be counted for in the calculation.
c) For buildings that use multi-wall systems, the contribution of each system is calculated
and totalled up to arrive at the total IBS Score for the wall systems.
d) Table 2 provides the IBS Factors for various common wall systems. For an uncommon
wall system not mention in Table 2, the factor can be obtained from IBS Centre.

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Table2. IBS Factor for Wall Systems

NO IBS FACTOR
Precast concrete panel 1.0

2 Wall cladding 1.0

3 Prefabricated timber panel 1.0

4 Full height glass panel (3) 1.0

5 Dry wall system ( 1 .0

6 In-situ concrete with reusable (5) system formwork 0.5

7 In-situ concrete with timber (6) formwork 0.0

8 Blockwork system (7) 0.5

9 Pre-assemble brick wall / block wall (8) 1 .0

10 Common brick wall 0.0

Notes:
1. Precast concrete panels include sandwich panel, solid panel and bay-window. Precast
concrete includes products of factory precasting, site precasting or the use of tilt-up systems.
2. Wall cladding consists of panel acting as wall or facade and not as a skim to brick wall.
3. For full height windows, use the IBS Factor for panel glass. For wall with non-full height
windows, take the highest or widest material e.g. brick wall, precast wall, glass, etc.
4. Precast dry wall include cementitious panels and composite gypsum boards.
5. Reusable formworks include plastic, breglass, steel, aluminium and other metal formworks
that can be used repeatedly.
6. Timber formwork means the timber components are sized, cut and fabricated in-situ to form
the formworks and the required temporary works. This is commonly referred to as stick built
formwork. Timber includes plywood.
7. Blockwork System either (loadbearing or non-loadbearing) includes hollow block,
interlocking blocks, lightweight concrete blocks that can be laid on adhesive mortar.
B. Pre-assemble brick wall/block wall means brick that being laid in form of a panel and
transported to site.
9. Wall constructed using tunnel formworks, use Factor of 0.6.
10. For another wall system not mentioned in the table please refer to IBS Centre, CIDB for
IBS Factor

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3.7 IBS SCORE FOR OTHER SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION

S
i. maximum point of this section is 30 points
ii. Part 3 of the formula provides points for those who utilise construction method
or solutions that can contribute to the objectives of industrialisation through
standardisation and repetitions.
iii. The percentage of usage coverage of the particular solution that point are
given. No point is given if the usage is less than 50%
iv. 2 categories of the percentage usage for each type of design feature
1) 50%≤ 𝑥 ≥ 100%
2) 75% ≤ 𝑥 ≥ 100%

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Table 3. IBS Score for Other Simplified Construction Solutions

IBS SCORE

UNIT PERCENTAGE OF
USAGE
750/0
sxS100%
UTILISATION OF STANDARDISED COMPONENTS BASED ON MS
1064
i) Beams Nos 2 4

ii) Columns Nos 2 4

iii) Walls ( 1 ) 2 4

iv) Slabs (1) 2 4

v) Doors (2) Nos 2 4

vi) Windows Nos 2 4

Repetition of structural layout

a) For building more than 2 storeys

I) Repetition of floor to floor height Nos 1 2

ii) Vertical repetition of structural floor layout Nos

1 2
iii) Horizontal repetition of structural floor 1
Nos 2
layout

Horizontal repetition of structural floor layout Nos 3 6

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3.8 IBS SCORE FOR PROJECTS WITH GROUP OF BUILDING

a) ln the case of a group of buildings in one project, the IBS Score of the project shall be
calculated by multiplying the percentage of construction area of the respective building
(out of total construction area of project); with the IBS Score of the individual building

𝑄𝑆𝑇(𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
∑ [𝑰𝑩𝑺 𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐁𝐔𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐗 ]
𝑄𝑆𝑇(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡)

𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞:

∑ - Sum of

𝑄𝑠𝑡(𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) - Total construction area of building includes roof

𝑄𝑠𝑡(project) - Total construction area of all building includes roof

b) All major structures in the project, including car paix bLrllding. surau, etc. are to be
considered when computing the area covered by respective systems
c) Minor structures, e.g. guardhouse. thrash bin and others should be excluded from the
calculation if they are not within or structurally linked to the main building

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4.0 DEVELOPMENT OF IBS IN MALAYSIA

IBS in Malaysia has been established, introduced and applied in construction industry
in order to deal with a growing demand of affordable housing, solving issues associated with
foreign workers and improving quality, efficiency and productivity of construction industry.
Development of IBS become the major concern among the construction industry stakeholders.
Nowadays, IBS has become the requirements and methods to be implemented in every
construction projects as it can solve many problems that may rise. IBS shows significant value
in the national assets as it also implemented in the national landmarks.

Various methods have been adopt since the establishment of the IBS in Malaysia
since in the early 1960. By looking at these efforts, it has been reviewed and improved for the
efficiency of the IBS in the future. According to Thanoon et al., 2003, the usage of IBS in
Malaysia has begun since early 1960’s in a low cost housing scheme when Ministry of Housing
and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries and evaluated their
housing development program. In 1964, the Government had launched first pilot project on
IBS to speed up the delivery time and built affordable and quality houses. In 1968, the
Government launched a second housing project which was a six block of 17-storey flats and
three blocks of 18-storey flats at Jalan Rifle Range, Penang.

IBS become more popular in 1990’s when many Malaysian infrastructure and mega
projects were built especially for the Commonwealth games in 1998. As a result in Malaysian
construction industry during 1994-1997, pre-cast, steel frame and other IBS were used as
hybrid construction method to build national landmarks such as Bukit Jalil Sport Complex,
Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre, Lightweight Railway Train (LRT) and Petronas Twin
Towers according to Kamar et al, 2009 and CIDB, 2006. CIDB eventually formed the IBS
Steering Committee on 1999 for the effort to bring all the IBS related issues in a framework to
promote the greater usage of IBS in the construction industry and to drive the industry forward.
The IBS Strategic Plan in 1999 was published as a result for establishment of this committee.

The Construction Industry Master Plan 2006-2015 (CIMP 2006-2015) has been
established in December 2006. Its purpose is to chart the future direction of the Malaysian
Construction Industry. Its importance to IBS sectors is that CIMP highlighted the significance
of the IBS and its innovation through the construction industry that could lead to the future of
construction technology. Therefore, the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and
published to lead the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities. It also guide
the practitioners and policy makers on IBS related issues in ensuring the global

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competitiveness of Malaysian construction players through the efficient and effective usage of
IBS.

Government implement various effort such as IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 to promote

the usage of the IBS. At the end of 2010 did not achieve this goals on this roadmap. Hence,
the new IBS Roadmap 2011-2015 is developed by CIDB under consultation with the industry
players to chart the way forward for IBS industry. On the other hand, Construction Industry
Development Board have emphasized on four policy objectives including quality, efficiency,
competency and sustainability leading to a sustainable IBS industry that will eventually
contribute to the competitiveness of construction industry in Malaysia.

To widely implemented and adopt IBS in every construction project in the future,
construction industry need to prepare to adopt IBS within three years before it is made
compulsory said Deputy Prime Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi. The IBS in the
construction industry should be by private sector to increase its use on a larger scale as the
value and number of the projects by private sector is larger than public sector, said him. IBS
would help to double productivity level by 2.5 times and would be able to generate extra
income for the construction workers by 2020.

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5.0 RELEVANCE OF STEEL FRAME

Steel frame are not just for large agriculture building, skyscrapers or garages. It can
use to construct any building in this world and from all out advantages of metal building
projects is to hybrid construction projects that leverage the attributes of both steel and wood,
so the modern builder or contractor has a wealth of options to choose from it.

Nowadays, Industry and government in Malaysia coined the term Industrialised

Building System (IBS) to describe the adoption of construction, mechanisation and the use of
prefabrication of components in building construction. On top of that, government and CIDB
want to implement of this steel framing in Malaysia regarding with steel framing is a versatile
building material which has led to its inclusion in nearly every stage of the construction process
from framing and floor joists to roofing materials.

Apart from that, it is extensively used for light steel trusses that consists of cost
effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the
heavier traditional hot-rolled sections. The construction industry has started to embrace IBS
of steel framing as a method of attaining better construction quality and productivity, reducing
risks related to occupational safety and health, achieving the ultimate goal of reducing the
overall cost of construction. According to CIDB, there is a lot of benefit using steel framing in
construction industry due to sustainability, affordability and durability.

In aspects of durability, steel is lighter than wood. This may seem surprising if
compared between wood and lighter where the weigh a 2x4 of wood and 2x4 of steel, the
steel weigh more durability in terms of density. When it comes to framing, the design of a steel
I-beam will almost always cause it to be lighter than the lightest due to structurally sound wood
beam design. In addition, steel framing want to reduce the use of labour required, the lighter
weight advantages reduces materials shipping costs and the durability in terms of simplify the
design of building’s foundation and other structural support system which can reduce project
budgets. Steel framing also requires so little maintenance because it is more economic choice
for building owners. Maintenance fees, repairs and replacement are minimal 50 years or more
where it can save a lot of money over the course of the building’s lifetime.

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 Besides, in aspect of affordability steel framing can save money and aesthetic value.
Steel framing can be inferred from the labour and cost benefits of decreased construction time
where it can save a lot of money via other first time and lifetime saving. First of all, steel can
be recycle. Contractors would like it if the material can be recycle rather than paying landfill
fees for non-recyclable construction waste, Due to public interest in decreasing unnecessary
solid construction waste, most waste removal companies have subsidized programs with
CIDB to allowing them to pick up the metal and steel building waste that did not give any cost
towards public.

The aesthetic value is the versatility of steel are still unrivalled. Architects and
designers like steels ability to let their artistic and imagination run wild as long as the construct
a building that is both safe and resilient. This same durability allows for the versatile design of
large, clear span buildings such as warehouse, agricultural buildings or airplane hangars. For
example, the construction of skyscrapers the tallest building in Dubai which Burj Khalifa at
2722.4 feet (829.8m) tall. The commercial sector no longer corners the market on steel
buildings.

Another benefits is faster of erection steel. Time has always equalled money, however
it seems like this high-tech era has made it so that every clients wants their building to come
in under budget and ahead of schedule such as complete on time. The terms of fast-track
projects can be nightmare for contractor, consultant and design team because if they taking
shortcut way it can lead to unsafe building practices and a finished product will end up to snuff.

Nevertheless, CIDB and government want to change this situation by using the steel
framing of IBS. The steel parts are pre-engineered to a specific design in manufacturing plant
so it ready to be erect. This speeds up construction time significantly by making it possible to
complete large-scale projects in a matter of weeks. It also takes the element of human
mistakes with reducing the amount of time spent assembling something only to find out if it
needs to be re-measured, installed or cut again.

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 Figure 1. Burj Khalifa, Dubai

Figure 2 KLCC, Malaysia

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7.0 FUTURES OF STEEL FRAMING SYSTEM

The IBS is commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns or beams and
steel framing system used extensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Steel
framing is a series of beams and columns where the attachments are formed using a
combination of welding and bolting. In Malaysia, this system are quite familiar in construction
industry because of the designing of metal building is the structure’s resistance to lateral
movements and the future of using Steel Framing is bright due to all this factors that steel
fabricator need to be considered.

First and foremost, steel intensity. A fabricator’s will look the profitability is usually can
be rightly or wrongly measured in tonnes of throughput. This is because the mark-up of steel,
handling and transportation are calculated by the tonne and the steel framing will appear to
be more competitive for heavier simple construction compared with a light complex detail.
Thus, a small increase to the tonnage rate of a heavy project with high steel intensity will result
in significant increase in profit relative to the light complex structures.

Other than that, the future of using steel framing is the relative value of the steelwork
in the total project cost. In resources project and mining, the cost of the steelwork is relatively
small in relation to the total cost of the projects. Besides, the plants and the mechanical are
significantly greater than the steelwork cost regarding the steelwork or steel framing cost is
less of consideration for the client and leaving the opportunity for better margins with this sort
of work.

Moreover, steel framing need an expertise and experience. Over a period of time,
fabricators have developed an expertise which coupled with their experience in certain
segments that makes the more competitive and profitable towards steel construction. Gaining
expertise in other segments represent a cost and a risk which many fabricators of steel framing
may only be prepared to undertake in times when demand for their services are low. On top
of that, this timing corresponds precisely within the time when they are least likely to be in a
position to take on the added risk. As a result, these factors prohibit most fabricators of steel
framing wanting to develop more as a new markets in construction industry.

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 Besides, Malaysia has earlier initiated the use of IBS by prescribed the needs and
requirements of Malaysian Construction industry. Hence, steel framing is one of the initiated
using IBS because steel framing are resistance towards fire. Nowadays, there are many times
the building that have been burn due to many factors. On top of that, by using the steel frame
it can protect the building from fire so that fire is no longer a major issue for steel in
construction. Just like an automotive industry builds cars protected from rust by applying
appropriate surface protection, in steel construction the fabricators apply intumescent paint
that protects the steel in the event of fire.

In conclusion, IBS steel framing system are equally important to ensure the
achievement of the claimed benefits followed by all the characteristic of IBS such as industrial
production of components though pre-fabrication, reduced labour during pre-fabrication of
components and site works, open building concept (permitting hybrid applications), systematic
quality control, modern design and manufacturing method. Moreover, IBS framing systems
provides a cleanliness and neatness of worksite. The systematic components storage and
timely material delivery and at the same time it can eliminate the raw construction materials at
worksite. The future of IBS of steel framing system in Malaysia are depends on how
government and CIDB enforce this initiatives to all contractors in Malaysia either public or
private sector.

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8.0 REFERENCES

Ansley, D., Mitchell, R., Gore, T., Pavithran, A., Hobbs, R., Prince, D., Humphris, C., Ryan,
D., and Marjoribanks, A. (2007). Steel-Framing The Future, The Warren Centre For
Advanced Engineering [online], Available
at:https://thewarrencentre.org.au/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/Steel_Framingthefuture.pdf
[accessed 28 Nov. 2017]

Building Material Malaysia | Buy and Sell with us | Aathaworld Sdn Bhd. (2017). Building

Material Malaysia | Buy and Sell with us | Aathaworld Sdn Bhd. [online] Available at:
https://www.aathaworld.com/industrialized-building-system-ibs [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

BuildSteel.org. (2017). Steel Framing Helps Deliver Dorm on Time for University of

North Texas. [online] Available at:

https://www.buildsteel.org/articles/steel-framing-helps-deliver-dorm-on-time/ [Accessed 5
Dec. 2017].

Blackswansteel.com. (2017). Why Choose Steel? – Black Swan.

[online] Available at: http://blackswansteel.com/why-choose-steel/ [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. (2017). The adoption of Industrialised Building System (IBS).

[online] Available at:
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.836.6980&rep=rep1&type=pdf
[Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

Civil.utm.my. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This for Me. [online] Available at:
http://civil.utm.my/mjce/files/2013/10/Implementing-Industrialised-Building-System-Ibs-In-
Malaysia-Acceptance-And-Awareness-Level-Problems-And-Strategies.pdf [Accessed 5 Dec.
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Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB), (2004). INTRODUCTION TO THE IBS
CONTENT SCORING SYSTEM (IBS SCORE) MANUAL. KUALA LUMPIR, pp.18-19

Housing.unt.edu. (2017). Victory Hall | Housing. [online] Available at:

http://housing.unt.edu/residence_halls/victory_hall [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

LEMBAGA PEMBANGUNAN INDUSTRI PEMBINAAN MALAYSIA, (2010). MANUAL FOR

IBS CONTENT SCORING SYSTEM (IBS SCORE). KUALA LUMPUR, pp.2-15.

Research, M., Investment, M. (2014), Construction IBS Practical Solution To Rising Cost,
[online], Available at:
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on-IBS_MIDF_140214.pdf [accessed 28 Nov. 2017] Pp 11-13

Rofizlan, A.and Nuhairi, R. (2006) Introduction to the New IBS Content Scoring System (IBS
SCORE) Manual.[online]Avalable at:
https://www.cidb.gov.my/cidbweb/index.php/en/knowledge-sharing/ibs-score

Scribd. (2017). STEEL Building Construction and Technology 5 | Deep Foundation |

Framing (Construction). [online] Available at:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/82314461/STEEL-Building-Construction-and-Technology-5
[Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

Sfia.memberclicks.net. (2017). Victory Hall - Steel Framing Industry Association.

[online] Available at: https://sfia.memberclicks.net/assets/CaseStudies/victory-
hall_0814_web%20single%20page.pdf [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

Team, W. (2017). 7 Advantages of Structural Steel Frame Construction. [online]

Whirlwindsteel.com. Available at: https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/
407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017].

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Whirlwindsteel.com, (2015). Advantages of structural steel frame Construction. [online]
Available at: https://www.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-
steel-frame-construction [accessed 28 Nov. 2017]

The Constructor. (2017). What are the Types of Structural Steel Framing Systems?.
[online] Available at: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-structural-steel-framing-
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