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The present study is an attempt to explain crop diversification and crop concentration in
agriculture in different districts of West Bengal. The study is based on secondary data. The
Simpson’s index has been used to estimate diversification. The results show that all the districts
and the state of West Bengal have higher crop diversification magnitude in new millennium as
compared to the nineties. The regional (district-wise) crop concentration co-efficient indices have
also been calculated. Rice is dominant crop for all the districts in West Bengal. In highly-
diversified regions, the farmers concentrate on producing high value non-cereal crops rather than
rice. However, in the region where diversification is comparatively low and moderate,
concentration of rice has been found to be high. The findings indicate that the level of crop
diversification and rice concentration move in opposite direction, whereas in the case of jute,
vegetables, pulses and oilseeds, both crop diversification and crop concentration move in the
same direction. There is no specific relationship between crop concentration and diversification
in the case of potato.
Keywords: Crop diversification, Simpson’s index, crop concentration, rank correlation, crop combination
JEL Classification: Q10, C43
INTRODUCTION
West Bengal is a densely populated state in India with a crops include pulses, oilseeds and vegetables. The state
population density of 1030 persons/sq.KM next to Bihar supplies nearly 90 percent of the potato and 66 percent of
(India Population, 2017). It is an important state of India in the jute requirement of India. Tea is another important
the context of agricultural production. The state had cash crop. West Bengal, the second largest tea-producing
contributed 9.73 percent of national production and state in India, produced 329.3 million kg of tea in 2014-15
covered 4.88 percent area in the year 2014-15. Agriculture accounting for about 27.8 percent of the country's total tea
occupies an important position in West Bengal economy. production. In 2015-16, West Bengal produced
The state has a gross cropped area of 9.6 million hectares approximately 2.38 million tonnes of sugarcane and 3.1
during 2014-15 and contributed around 18.81percent to million tonnes of fruits. (West Bengal, 2011).
the gross state domestic product (GSDP) in 2014-15
(Government of India, 2016).
The state is the largest producer of rice in India with an *Corresponding author: Debasis Mithiya, Guest
annual output of around 16.1 million tonnes in the financial Professor of Economics, Department of Business
year (FY) 2015-16. It is the second-largest producer of Administration, International School of Hospitality
potato in the country with an average annual output of 11 Management, Kolkata, India. Tel: 9830813811;
million tonnes in FY 2015-16. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane E-mail: drdebasis.mithiya@gmail.com; Co-Author Email:
and wheat are the top five crops of the state. Other major 2kumarjitm@hotmail.com; Tel: 9432645845
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
Mithiya and Mandal 478
Even after seventy years of independence, agriculture in about new challenges and the need for agricultural sector
West Bengal has been facing a problem of uncertainty and to rise up to such challenges cannot be overstated
low income of farmers. Crop diversification may resolve (Goschin Zizi et al., 2009).
these problems. Crop diversification refers to the
introduction of different kinds of crops i.e., minor crops and The aim of our research is to investigate whether
horticultural crops along with conventional major crops at agricultural activities in West Bengal have become more
the farm level. Crop diversification expresses the regional regionally (district-wise) dispersed or not and whether the
perspective and depicts the distribution of the crop shares economic structure of the regions (districts) is converging
in its overall economy. A region is highly diversified if a or not. The study also tries to relate the crop diversification
large number of agricultural crops constitute the output with such agricultural activities.
basket, each having a relatively small share. Agricultural
diversification construed in the sense of a shift in cropping
pattern towards high value crops undoubtedly accelerate RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
agricultural development (Dasgupta, 2014). A marked shift
in cropping pattern away from food grains has occurred in Data and Study Area
West Bengal since economic liberalization (Annex Table
1). The share of cropped area under non-food grains has The study focuses on 17 major districts 1 of West Bengal
increased substantially over the past two and a half from 1991-92 to 2013-14 (Mithiya et al., 2018). The
decades (Mithiya et al., 2018). secondary data on an area under different crops at district
level and state level for West Bengal have been collected
One important question that may arise along with crop from different issues of “District Statistical Hand Books”,
diversification in West Bengal is whether agricultural which is published by the Bureau of Applied Economics &
activities in West Bengal have become more regionally Statistics, Department of Statistics & Programme
dispersed. Implementation, Government of West Bengal.
1Due to non-availability of disaggregated data for both South and district of Midnapore has been administratively divided after
North Dinajpur from 1990-91 to 1995-96, we have considered 2005. However, the agricultural division was done in the 90s. So
Dinajpur as a single district in the name of West Dinajpur. The East Midnapore and West Midnapore are considered separately.
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 479
Pi is the proportionate area (or value) of crop activity in the When the level of concentration of a crop in a particular
gross cropped area (or total value of output) and N is the district is same as the state average, the C.C is 1. When
total number of crops. the concentration level of a crop in particular district is
higher, the C.C is more than 1.
Each method has some limitation and/or superiority over
the other. However, the Simpson’s index takes into Determination of Rank Correlation Co-efficient
account both richness (the number of crop species present
in a particular area) and evenness (the relative abundance To measure the relationship between crop diversification
of different crop species) of crops present in a particular and crop concentration, we have used Spearman’s rank
area. As crop richness and evenness increase, diversity correlation coefficient. The Spearman’s correlation
increases. Thus, the Simpson’s index provides a clear coefficient is based on the ranked values for each variable
dispersion of crops in a particular area. The Simpson’s rather than the raw data.
index ranges between 0 and 1. If there exists complete The formula of Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is
specialization, the index moves towards zero and away
from zero implies diversification. The most widely used 6∑𝑑 2
method for measuring diversity in recent times is rho = 1 −
(𝑛3 −𝑛)
Simpson’s index. It is easy to compute and interpret (Joshi
et al., 2004). Considering our objective of assessing the
Where,
extent of diversity in crop activities, Simpson’s index has rho = Rank correlation co-efficient
been used. d = Difference between rank of variables
n = Number of observations
Determination of Crop Concentration
Spearman’s rank correlation is often used to evaluate
relationships involving ordinal variables. Spearman’s
The issues of changes in cropping patterns and of the
Correlation coefficients is the only measure of monotonic
restructuring of crop production have been examined by
relationships.
numerous studies. The main methodological approaches
include mathematical programming models and Multiple Determination of Crop Combination
Criteria Analysis in major developed countries and some
of the underdeveloped countries. Most of these studies
Another important concept in agriculture is crop
focus on the achievement of goals through the
combination. Prof. John C. Weaver presented a valuable
maximization of an objective function, but do not examine
statistical method of crop combination analysis in 1954 in
the factors that lead to the formulation of particular his study of crop combination regions in the Middle West,
cropping patterns and activities. However, the use of
USA. He takes into consideration the percentage of crop
concentration index regarding the description of the
area to the total cropped area and has calculated the
agricultural sector has been limited. In our study we have
deviation of real percentage for all the possible
used the crop concentration index.
combination in the areal2 units against a theoretical
standard. The theoretical standard is 100 percent for the
Crop concentration indicates the variation in the density of gross cropped area for monoculture, 50 percent for two
crop in a particular area at a particular period of time. The
crop combination, 33.3 percent for three crop combination,
crop concentration in an area largely depends on
25 percent for four crop combination, 20 percent for five
environmental and social factors and also depends on
crop combination and so on. Mathematically:
government policies. The Crop Concentration Coefficient
(C.C) for a particular area i is derived as follows (Eveline √∑ 𝑑 2
SD =
et al., 2010): 𝑛
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
Mithiya and Mandal 480
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows that Nadia, Malda and Murshidabad among
the highly diversified districts. The concentration of jute,
Nature of Crop Diversification oilseeds, pulses and vegetables are very high while that of
rice is low in all the periods. The concentration of Wheat (a
The district-wise Simpson’s Index (SI) of crop low value crop) is also high in these districts. The CC of
diversification in West Bengal for different decades is these crops are greater than one in all the sub-periods.
presented in Annex Table 2. The successively increasing The districts of North 24 Parganas, West Dinajpur,
value of SI indicates increased level of diversification. The Coochbehar, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and Hoogly also fell in
lower value of the index on the other hand indicates the highly diversified category in TE 2003-04 and TE 2013-
increasing specialization. The calculated SI for different 14. North 24 Parganas concentrates mainly on jute,
districts as well as the state as a whole shows that all the oilseeds and vegetable production. In Coochbihar, jute is
districts and the state of West Bengal as a whole have a cultivated intensely. In Coochbihar, concentration of
higher crop diversification since 2000 compared to the wheat, potato and vegetable are fluctuating in nature.
previous decades. Darjeeling has high concentration of potato and
vegetables cultivation. West Dinajpur concentrates mainly
On the basis of the magnitude of SI, we have categorized on jute, oilseeds and vegetables along with wheat.
the districts in three groups, namely low, moderate and Hooghly is a leading potato producing district in West
high diversified districts which is presented in Table 1. Bengal. The magnitude of concentration co-efficient of
Nadia, Murshidabad, Malda, North 24 Parganas, Hoogly, potato in Hoogly is very high. Oilseeds is also an emerging
Coochbihar and Darjeeling always belong to the high crop of Hoogly. Jute, potato and vegetables have been
group, whereas Purulia is in the low category throughout important crops in Jalpaiguri during the new millennium.
the period under study. South 24 Parganas and Birbhum
belong to the low category in sub-period I i.e, TE Low and moderately diversified districts like South 24
(Triennium Ending) 1993-94 but they shifted to the Parganas, Howrah, Purulia, Burdwan, Birbhum, Bankura,
moderate group in the subsequent two sub-periods. This East Midnapore and West Midnapore districts have mainly
implies that Birbhum and South 24 Parganas have slowly concentration on rice production. The CC of rice in these
moved towards diversification. districts are more than one. Pulses, potato and vegetables
concentration are also high in some low and moderately
Bankura, Burdwan, Howrah, East Midnapore and West diversified districts.
Midnapore always remained in the moderately diversified
group. Jalpaiguri and West Dinajpur are in the moderate The coefficient of crop concentration has shown similar
category of diversification in sub-period I, but interestingly pattern in the ‘highly’ diversified districts where
moved up to the category of high diversification in the concentration of ‘high-value non-cereal crops’ is high while
successive two sub-periods. that of rice is low. Similarity in crop concentration has also
been found in the ‘less and moderately’ diversified districts
Pattern of Crop Concentration (District-wise) where rice concentration is high.
To examine the pattern of shift in crop cultivation in Relationship between Crop Diversification and Crop
different districts, the coefficients of crop concentration Concentration
have been calculated. The coefficients of crop
concentration for all the districts of West Bengal are Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient has been used to
presented in Annex Table 3. To analyze the district wise verify the relationship between crop diversification and
crop concentration, the study focuses on rice, wheat, crop concentration (rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, jute,
pulses, oilseeds, jute, potato and vegetables (data for potato and vegetable are considered) statistically. The
vegetables are available since late 90s). calculation of rank correlation is done by using SPSS
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 481
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
Mithiya and Mandal 482
Wheat: Wheat is another cereal crop, which concentrates another two moderately diversified districts, West
mainly in highly diversified districts of Nadia, Murshidabad, Midnapore and Birbhum, three crops combination have
Malda, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and West Dinajpur. Table 3 been identified. Very high diversified districts Nadia, Malda
indicates that the magnitude of rank correlation and Murshidabad have shown six crops combination. In
coefficients of wheat are 0.75, 0.74, 0.65 in TE 1993-94, Jalpaiguri and West Dinajpur, five crops combination have
TE 2003-04 and TE 2013-14, respectively. The been found. Four crops combination have been found in
association between crop concentration and crop remaining all the districts (except Darjeeling) where
diversification are highly positive and statistically diversification relatively high. Darjeeling has shown three
significant. These coefficients are significant at 1 percent crops combination. However, the West Bengal is a rice
level. dominating state. So, rice is the main component of the
various crop combination in different districts in West
Pulses: In case of pulses, rank correlation coefficients in Bengal as suggested by the crop combination method.
Table 3 show that there is a positive relationship between These recommendations of crop combination are
diversification and pulses concentration. But the consistent with the crop concentration (or cropping
magnitudes are statistically insignificant. Whereas Annex pattern) of the districts in West Bengal.
Table 3 shows that concentration of pulses is high in
districts of Nadia, Malda and Murshidabad of West Bengal, According to the hypothesis it can be said that agricultural
these districts are highly diversified. activities of West Bengal is more regionally concentrated
in terms of crop diversification rather than being dispersed.
Potato: No specific relationship can be established Rice is concentrate mainly in the area of low and
between potato concentration and diversification in terms moderately diversified region, whereas high-value non-
of rank correlation coefficient which are 0.08,-0.06, 0.05 in cereal crop concentrated in highly diversified region.
TE1993-94, TE 2003-04, TE 2013-14, respectively. But
from Annex Table 3, it is seen that the magnitude of crop
concentration of potato in the district of Hoogly is extremely CONCLUSION
high. This district is one of the highly diversified districts in The study has revealed that the cropping pattern in West
West Bengal. Bengal has been diversifying towards high-value non-
cereal-crops. There are considerable variations in crop
The analysis indicates that the specialization in rice diversification across different districts. In the present
cultivation has become a dominating feature in the low and study, we have explored the main characteristics and the
moderately diversified districts. The crops other than rice interaction between regional (districts) crop diversification
are found in the highly diversified districts 3. and crop concentration. The common statistical measures
of crop diversification (SI) and crop concentration were
Crop combination vs Crop concentration applied. To measure the relationship between variables of
From the analysis of the relationship between crop crop diversification and crop concentration, rank
diversification and crop concentration in different districts, correlation was employed. The major findings of the study
it is clear that crop diversification has been emerging as a are that from 1990-91 to 2013-14, the rice concentration is
feature of agricultural activities in West Bengal. To very high in low and moderately diversified districts.
strengthen the findings, the study investigates the pattern Whereas high value non-cereal crops like jute, vegetables
of crop combination in different districts by using the and oilseeds are concentrated mainly in highly diversified
popular method of crop combination given by Weaver. districts.
This method of crop-combination4 would suggest the The study suggests that an important reallocation of
effective crop combination pattern for a region (district) agricultural activity is under way. The structural changes
which may increase the overall agricultural production of have been taking place. The income and employment
West Bengal. distribution of rural economy are undergoing change. The
Weaver’s minimum deviation method has been applied for regional concentration with high value non-cereal crops
each district in West Bengal considering first 7 ranking are expected to enhance farmers’ income and
crops. The results of crop combination have been employment. These developments may provide important
presented in Table 4. During the period of TE 2013-14, clues to the policy makers in allocating investible funds and
the state has identified 5 types of crop combinations out of designing employment generating strategies for the
7 crops in different districts. districts in West Bengal. However, the shift to noon-food
cash crops may endanger the availability of food crops to
Monoculture is found in most of the low and moderately the marginalized sections of the people. Therefore, the
diversified districts like Burdwan, Bankura, East diversification needs to be managed and well-guided so
Midnapore, Howrah, South 24 Parganas and Purulia. In that the overall food security concerns are not neglected.
3Incidentally it may be mentioned that potato cultivation is chiefly 4Crop combination in a region constitutes an important aspect of
concentrated in Hoogly which is one of the highly diversified agricultural economy as it provides a good basis for agricultural
district in West Bengal. regionalization for the rural planning.
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 483
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
Mithiya and Mandal 484
APPENDIX
Annex Table 1: Share of Important Crops, Total Food Grains & Non Food Grains in West Bengal
Annex Table 2: Simpson’s Index for West Bengal during the periods of 1991-91 to 2013-14
Districts TE 1993-94 Districts TE2003-04 Districts TE2013-14
Nadia 0.84 Nadia 0.86 Nadia 0.86
Murshidabad 0.81 Murshidabad 0.84 Murshidabad 0.84
Malda 0.79 Malda 0.82 Malda 0.81
Darjeeling 0.71 North 24 Parganas 0.78 North 24 Parganas 0.81
North 24 Parganas 0.71 Darjeeling 0.77 Hoogly 0.77
Coochbihar 0.71 Hoogly 0.76 Darjeeling 0.76
Hoogly 0.71 Jalpaiguri 0.75 West Dinajpur 0.76
West Dinajpur 0.64 West Dinajpur 0.75 Jalpaiguri 0.75
Jalpaiguri 0.61 Coochbihar 0.72 Coochbihar 0.73
Burdwan 0.58 Howrah 0.68 Howrah 0.69
Howrah 0.57 Burdwan 0.67 West Midnapore 0.66
East Midnapore 0.54 West Midnapore 0.65 Burdwan 0.64
West Midnapore 0.54 Birbhum 0.62 East Midnapore 0.63
Bankura 0.48 East Midnapore 0.62 Birbhum 0.63
Birbhum 0.46 Bankura 0.60 South 24 Parganas 0.57
South 24 Parganas 0.27 South 24 Parganas 0.52 Bankura 0.56
Purulia 0.26 Purulia 0.37 Purulia 0.31
West Bengal 0.66 West Bengal 0.70 West Bengal 0.76
Source: Authors’ Calculation
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 485
Annex Table 3: Crop concentration index for West Bengal during the periods of 1991-92 to 2013-14
Districts Year Rice Wheat Pulses Oilseeds Jute Potato Vegetables
Nadia TE 1993-94 0.499 2.074 2.935 1.847 3.102 0.177 NA
TE2003-04 0.492 1.482 2.642 1.854 2.277 0.133 1.005
TE 2013-14 0.477 1.755 3.102 2.128 2.840 0.181 1.140
Murshidabad TE 1993-94 0.587 3.811 1.894 1.327 2.196 0.342 NA
TE2003-04 0.553 2.975 2.107 1.140 2.123 0.230 0.729
TE 2013-14 0.643 3.208 2.189 1.449 2.649 0.328 1.040
Malda TE 1993-94 0.698 2.879 3.801 1.001 1.021 0.152 NA
TE2003-04 0.677 2.394 2.473 1.168 0.890 0.157 1.114
TE 2013-14 0.804 3.010 2.087 1.059 1.002 0.258 1.265
North 24 Parganas TE 1993-94 0.916 0.575 0.890 1.505 1.363 0.399 NA
TE2003-04 0.780 0.501 0.531 1.179 1.580 0.363 1.258
TE 2013-14 0.793 0.469 0.947 1.613 1.869 0.378 1.520
Hoogly TE 1993-94 0.856 0.106 0.035 1.315 1.054 5.522 NA
TE2003-04 0.803 0.020 0.037 0.850 0.857 4.460 1.029
TE 2013-14 0.854 0.006 0.024 1.353 0.728 4.351 1.037
Coochbihar TE 1993-94 0.671 0.943 0.625 1.471 2.197 0.669 NA
TE2003-04 0.765 0.932 0.672 0.565 2.077 0.652 0.958
TE 2013-14 0.924 0.663 0.523 0.386 2.440 1.313 1.009
Darjeeling TE 1993-94 0.648 0.961 0.615 0.213 0.467 2.421 NA
TE2003-04 0.491 0.538 0.633 0.065 0.358 1.837 2.062
TE 2013-14 0.590 0.650 0.589 0.081 0.467 1.728 2.059
Jalpaiguri TE 1993-94 0.786 1.159 0.250 0.437 1.848 0.651 NA
TE2003-04 0.678 1.065 0.379 0.381 1.349 1.249 1.134
TE 2013-14 0.801 1.179 0.469 0.539 1.337 1.977 1.184
West Dinajpur TE 1993-94 0.901 1.253 0.946 1.354 1.465 0.311 NA
TE2003-04 0.853 1.282 0.482 1.120 1.396 0.417 0.828
TE 2013-14 0.892 1.832 0.251 1.240 1.389 0.491 1.008
Howrah TE 1993-94 1.219 0.038 0.312 0.555 0.245 0.640 NA
TE2003-04 1.078 0.055 0.031 0.370 0.412 1.290 0.905
TE 2013-14 1.213 0.017 0.461 0.733 0.331 1.284 0.891
West Midnapore TE 1993-94 1.040 0.272 0.382 0.862 0.078 1.654 NA
TE2003-04 1.001 0.318 0.358 1.078 0.091 1.847 0.567
TE 2013-14 1.163 0.153 0.200 1.285 0.062 1.488 0.572
Birbhum TE 1993-94 1.092 0.746 0.640 1.254 0.010 0.611 NA
TE2003-04 1.018 1.048 0.937 1.005 0.006 0.555 0.760
TE 2013-14 1.133 1.723 0.824 1.017 0.014 0.765 0.916
Bardwan TE 1993-94 1.074 0.111 0.063 1.222 0.252 1.658 NA
TE2003-04 1.062 0.118 0.146 0.891 0.252 1.428 0.561
TE 2013-14 1.254 0.079 0.145 0.617 0.222 1.619 0.700
East Midnapore TE 1993-94 1.164 0.022 0.578 0.621 0.182 1.305 NA
TE2003-04 1.137 0.004 0.339 0.431 0.070 0.485 0.827
TE 2013-14 1.326 0.029 0.648 0.574 0.018 0.199 0.810
South 24 Parganas TE 1993-94 1.288 0.011 0.658 0.163 0.057 0.093 NA
TE2003-04 1.138 0.054 0.611 0.174 0.078 0.192 0.968
TE 2013-14 1.229 0.171 0.948 0.308 0.081 0.212 0.984
Bankura TE 1993-94 1.078 0.489 0.169 1.078 0.047 1.106 NA
TE2003-04 1.002 0.383 0.079 0.919 0.020 1.057 1.097
TE 2013-14 1.184 0.166 0.053 0.788 0.007 1.308 0.975
Purulia TE 1993-94 1.162 0.147 1.153 0.377 0.009 0.128 NA
TE2003-04 1.102 0.219 1.374 0.135 0.009 0.111 0.999
TE 2013-14 1.349 0.124 1.421 0.129 0.004 0.083 0.915
Source: Authors’ calculations
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification
Mithiya and Mandal 486
Annex Table 4: Location wise crop concentration & diversification in West Bengal during 1990-91 to 2013-14
Crops Concentration Diversification 1993-94 TE 2003-04 TE 2013-14 TE
Districts
Rice High Low – Burdwan, Howrah, Burdwan, Howrah, Burdwan, Howrah, East
Moderate East Midnapore, East Midnapore, Midnapore, West
West Midnapore, West Midnapore, Midnapore, Bankura,
Bankura, Birbhum, Bankura, Birbhum, Birbhum, South 24
South 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Parganas, Purulia
Purulia Purulia
Wheat High High Nadia, Murshidabad, Nadia, Nadia, Murshidabad,
Malda, Darjeeling, Murshidabad, Malda, Jalpaiguri, West
Jalpaiguri, West Malda, Jalpaiguri, Dinajpur, Birbhum
Dinajpur West Dinajpur,
Birbhum
Pulses High High- Low Nadia, Murshidabad, Nadia, Nadia, Murshidabad,
Malda, Purulia Murshidabad, Malda, South
Malda, Birbhum, 24Parganas, Purulia,
Purulia
Oilseeds High High- Nadia, Murshidabad, Nadia, Nadia, Murshidabad,
Moderate Malda, North 24 Murshidabad, Malda, North 24
Parganas, Hoogly, Malda, North 24 Parganas, Hoogly,
Coochbihar, West Parganas, West West Dinajpur, West
Dinajpur, Dinajpur, West Midnapore, Birbhum
Burdwan, Bankura, Midnapore,
Birbhum
Jute High High Nadia, Murshidabad, Nadia, Nadia, Murshidabad,
Malda, North 24 Murshidabad, North North 24 Parganas,
Parganas, Hoogly, 24 Parganas, Coochbihar, Jalpaiguri,
Coochbihar, West Coochbihar, West Dinajpur
Dinajpur, Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri, West
Dinajpur
Potato High High - Hoogly, Darjeeling, Hoogly, Darjeeling, Hoogly, Coochbihar,
Moderate Burdwan, East Jalpaiguri, Burdwan, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri,
Midnapore, West Howrah, West Burdwan, Howrah,
Midnapore, Bankura Midnapore, Bankura West Midnapore,
Bankura
Vegetable High High NA Nadia, Malda, North Nadia, Malda,
24 Parganas, Murshidabad, North 24
Hoogly, Darjeeling, Parganas, Coochbihar,
Jalpaiguri, Bankura, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri,
Source: Annexes Table 2 & Table 3
Citation: Mithiya D, Mandal K (2018). Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the
Light of Crop Diversification. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, 4(2): 477-486.
Copyright: © 2018 Mithiya and Mandal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are cited.
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study in the Light of Crop Diversification