Scalar are quantities that is described by magnitude(or numerical value)

alone.

Vector are quantities that is described by both magnitude and direction.

Scalar Example: Temperature, Mass (Because there are no directions)

Vector Example: Velocity, Displacement, Force (Because there are
directions)

Force can cause a change in the size, shape or motion of a body

Moment of a Force is the turning effect of a force around a fixed point

called a pivot (Nm)

Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object at rest will stay at rest and a
moving object will continue moving at a uniform speed unless external
resultant force acts on it

Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Force is directly proportional to

[Mass X Acceleration]

Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For every action, there are an opposite
or equal reaction

Energy(Joule) is the work done when the point of application of a force

of 1 newton moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the
force

The forms of energies are gravitational, elastic, chemical, electrical,

magnetic, electro-magnetic, thermal, nuclear, kinetic, and sound [10]

Potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object as a result of its

position and condition

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object when it

is raised above earth surface

Elastic potential energy or strain energy is the energy stored in elastic

material as a result of their stretching and compressing.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It can be vibrations, translations,
and rotations

Learn Conversion Between Potential and Kinetic Energy

Efficiency is the measure of how much energy or work is conserved in

the process

Distinguish among solids, liquids, and gases in terms of inter-molecular

forces, motion of molecules, shape, and volume of matter. Also Kinetic
theory.

Boyle’s Law is the compression of gas at a constant temperature. Volume

is inversely proportional to pressure.

Charle’s Law is the expansion law at constant temperature, Volume

directly proportional to temperature.

Pressure Law is the heating of gas at a constant volume. Pressure is

directly proportional to the temperature\\

Heat Capacity, C, of an object is the heat energy needed to raise its

temperature by 1 kelvin(1 degree Celsius). Heat capacity of an object is
proportional to its mass

Specific Heat Capacity, c, of a substance is the heat energy needed to

raise the temperature of 1kg of the substance by 1 kelvin(1 degree
Celsius)

Latent Heat is the heat needed to change the state of matter. In the
change of state, temperature stay constant. For example: if 0 degree ice
was melted, the liquid would remain 0 degree.

Latent Heat of Fusion of a solid object is the heat energy needed to

change from solid to liquid without changing the temperature

Specific Latent Heat of Fusion of a solid object is the heat energy

needed to change from solid to liquid without changing the temperature at
1 Kg
Factors on absorption and emission of radiation; Surface Texture,
Surface Nature, Surface Color, Surface Area

Waves are the transferring of energy without the transfer of matter

Transverse Wave vibrates at right angle to the direction of its

propagation

Longitude Wave vibrates in the direction of propagation

CRO, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, measures sound wave

EM Waves can travel through a vacuum at 3 × 108 m/s which is the same
as the speed of light in a vacuum.

Speed of Sound in Air at 0 degree is 330ms-1

Y Rays X-rays UV Infrared Red rays Microwave RadioWave

Weak Strong

First Law of Reflection state that the angle of incidence equals to the
angle of reflection

Second Law of Reflection state that the incident ray, reflected ray, and
the normal all lie in the same plane

First Law of Refraction state that the incident ray, reflected ray, and the
normal all lie in the same plane

Second Law of Refraction state that for light passing from one
transparent medium to another, the sine of the angle of incidence and the
sine of the angle of refraction are in a constant ratio called refractive
index

Critical Angle in two media is the angle of incidence in the optically

denser medium fir which the angle of refraction is 90 degree

Total Internal Reflection is when the angle of incidence is greater than

the critical angle
Real Image can be seen on a screen whereas virtual image cannot and
only be seen in mirrors

Electron flow is the current from the negative terminal to positive

terminal

Conventional flow is the current from the positive terminal to negative

terminal

Direct Current goes in one direction whereas Alternating Current

reverses the direction

In Series circuit, the current is the same and in parallel circuit, the
voltage is the same

Archimedes’ Principle state that the upward buoyant force is equal to

the weight of the fluid that the body displaces in