Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Simona Pichini
Departamento del Farmaco Istituto Superiore di Sanità.
Roma, Italia
Clasificación de las sustancias de de abuso
• 1. NICOTINA
• 2. ALCOL Y SUSTANCIAS RELACIONADAS
(Alcol, benzodiacepinas, barbituricos, otros
sedativos (GHB), disolventes)
• 3. OPIOIDES
• 4. COCAINA Y AMFETAMINAS
• 5. CAFEINA
• 6. CANNABIS
• 7. ALLUCINOGENOS
• 8. ESTEROIDES ANABOLIZANTES
ió
Herramientas para medir
el Consumo de Alcol e
Drogas de Abuso durante
el embarazo.
Cuestionarios
Estructurados.
Muestras biológicas
convencionales y
alternativas.
Estrategias analíticas
Cuestionarios Estructurados para medir el consumo
de alcol y drogas en el embarazo
• No funcionan!
• El personal de enfermeria debe estar entrenado para
pasar estos tipos de cuestionarios.
Que piden nuestros cuestionarios?
•Edad de la madre
•Etnia de la madre y del padre
•Trabajo de los dos
•Grado de educación de los dos
• uso de farmacos en el embarazo
•Uso de toxicos (..y luego nombramos las varias drogas..)
•Uso de alcol durante el embarazo
•Uso de tabaco durante el embarazo
• somatometria del Recién Nacido
Estimates of illicit drug use during pregnancy by maternal interview, hair analysis, and
meconium analysis.
Ostrea EM Jr, Knapp DK, Tannenbaum L, Ostrea AR, Romero A, Salari V, Ager J.
Department of Pediatrics, Hutzel Hospital and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
J Pediatr. 2001 Mar;138(3):344-8.
• OBJECTIVE: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of maternal interview, maternal hair analysis, and
meconium analysis in detecting perinatal exposure to cocaine, opiate, and cannabinoid.
• DESIGN/METHODS: The use of cocaine, opiate, and cannabinoid during pregnancy was determined
prospectively in 58 women by 3 methods: structured maternal interview, maternal hair analysis, and meconium
analyses. The results of the 3 methods were compared with one another.
• RESULTS: The maternal interview showed the lowest sensitivity in detecting cocaine and opiate
exposures (65% and 67%, respectively), but it had the highest sensitivity in detecting cannabinoid
exposure (58%). Both hair and meconium analyses had high sensitivity for detecting cocaine or opiate exposures.
Hair analysis had a sensitivity of 100% for cocaine and 80% for opiate detection. However, it had a false-positive
rate of 13% for cocaine and 20% for opiate, probably as a result of passive exposure. Meconium analysis had a
sensitivity of 87% for cocaine and 77% for opiate detection, but unlike hair analysis, it had no false-positive test
results for cocaine. Both hair and meconium analyses had low sensitivity in detecting cannabinoid exposure (21%-
22.7%), most probably because of the sporadic use of cannabinoid.
• CONCLUSION: Meconium and hair analyses had the highest sensitivities for detecting perinatal use of cocaine
and opiate, but not for cannabinoid. The principal drawback of hair analysis is its potential for false-positive test
results associated with passive exposure to drugs. Maternal interview is a time-consuming test of low sensitivity.
The high sensitivity of meconium analysis and the ease of collection make this test ideal for perinatal drug
screening.
Measuring prenatal drug exposure.
Bergin C, Cameron CE, Fleitz RS, Patel AV.
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA.
J Pediatr Nurs. 2001 Aug;16(4):245-55.
• Prenatal drug exposure is an important pediatric health issue. However, the effects
on children are not clear because of limitations in the way drug exposure is typically
measured. For example, one cannot say cocaine causes a specific outcome if
cocaine exposure is not measured accurately. Before we can determine the
developmental outcomes associated with drug exposure, 4 measurement issues
must be considered: (1) the amount of exposure varies greatly, such as from 1 to 709
g of crack per month; (2) exposure may vary by trimester; (3) exposure could be to
one drug or multiple drugs; and (4) different sources of exposure data can be
inconsistent (e.g., toxicology and maternal self-report). We use data from 248 families
participating in an ongoing longitudinal study to provide concrete examples of these
measurement issues. Both nursing researchers and practitioners must carefully
attend to measurement issues when interpreting research on the effects of prenatal
drug exposure.
Punteggio totale …………………………………
Bevitore pesante/problematico si
(3 o più punti)
TWEAK TEST
Metabolitos DISTRIBUCIÓN /
líquido amniótico
METABOLISMO
Higado Sangre/Plasma
Droga/Metabolitos
D/M
fluidos extracelulares
bilis y matrices:
lágrimas, uñas, Feto
líquido
cefalorraquídeo,
líquido intersticial,
Riñón Pulmones D/M
líquido seminal,
humor vítreo,
sangre de pelo
líquido pericárdico,
D/M cordón
saliva, sudor, pelo D/M
CF/CP = 1+10(pKa-pHF)/1+10(pKa-pHP)
Etanol
EL PROCESO DE ABSORCIÓN, DISTRIBUCIÓN,
BIOTRANSFORMACIÓN Y ELIMINACIÓN DEL ALCOHOL
ETÍLICO
Positive cut-off:
7 FAEEs> 2 nmol/g meconium
Indirect
direct
From: Politi L and Morini L.: Marcatori diagnostici dell’abuso alcolico e ruolo dell’Etil Glucuronide
Las matrices y los biomarcadores para la evaluación de la
exposición intrauterina a drogas de abuso
líquido
Líquido - - ++++ + + +/-+/- ++
++ +++
+++ +++
+++
pericárdico
amniótico
Saliva +++ + +++ ++ +++ - -
Leche + - ++ + ++ - ++
Sudor ++ + ++ +/- +++ - +/-
materna
Pelo ++ +++ + +/- ++ - -
Pelo ++ +++ + +/- ++ - -
Matrices biológicas
asociadas al período
de gestación-parto-
neonatal
líquido amniótico
Placenta
pelo fetal
meconio
sangre de cordón
orina neonatal
leche materna
pelo infantil
orina infantil
sangre infantil
y….
La medición de las concentraciones de la placenta y / o líquido amniótico
puede mostrar el paso transplacentario de drogas y sus metabolitos durante
el embarazo y, además, la comparación de los valores encontrados con las
concentraciones de la droga en la sangre materna permite el cálculo de la
magnitud de esto paso y una estimación aproximada de la cantidad de
exposición fetal a las drogas.
líquido amniótico
Placenta
pelo fetal
meconio
sangre de cordón
orina neonatal
leche materna
pelo infantil
orina infantil
sangre infantil
y….
Ventana de Tiempo para la detección de drogas
Sangre infantil
Orina infantil
Pelo infantil
Dientes de leche
La exactitud del resultado del análisis es una condición necesaria para salvar la
vida del paciente.
DEXTROMETORFANO
PCP* DIFENIDRAMINA
SERTRALINA
FENOTIAZINAS
TCA** CICLOBENZAPRINA
DIFENIDRAMINA
Wu et al. : NACB Guidelines for Testing of Poisoned Patients. Clinical Chemistry 49(2003):357.
El número de drogas o medicamentos que
pueden ser detectados por un test
inmunoquímico es generalmente mucho menor
que el número de medicamentos detectados
por GC / MS configurado correctamente.
NO ES NECESARIA LA DERIVATIZACIÓN