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r1s
Grammar
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(CONTENTS J
Foreword for language teachers viii
G l ossary xi
2 Nouns 8
Ove rv i ew of n o u n s 8
T h e c o m m o n fo rm of n o u n s 10
Ot h e r fo r m s o f n o u n s 15
Fo rm i n g t h e g e n itive case 18
3 Pronouns 22
Perso n a l p ro n o u n s: s u bj ect 22
Perso n a l p ro n o u n s : d i rect o bj ect 2G
Pre p o s i ti o n a l p ro n o u n s 29
4 Adjectives 30
Attri b u tive a dj e ctives a n d pre d i cative a dj ectives 30
Deg rees of c o m p a r i s o n of a dj e ctives 44
T h e verba l a dj ective 49
Possessive a dj e ctives 5G
5 Verbs 59
Ove rview of verbs 59
Categ o ri z i n g verbs G1
The i m pe rative G3
The past t e n s e G8
T h e p re s e n t te n s e 78
The futu re tense 89
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6 The verb 'to be' in the present tense 99
T h e h a b i t u a l p resent te n s e of t h e verb 'to be' 99
T h e i m m e d i ate p resent te n s e of t h e verb 'to be' 1 00
8 Particles 120
N eg ative v e r b a l pa rti c l es 120
T h e re l ative pa rti c l e 1 25
go/gur, su/a, mura 127
12 Adverbs 165
Adve rbs w h i c h a re fo r m e d fro m a dj ectives 165
Adve rbs of t i m e 1 66
Adve rbs of d i rect i o n 1 68
13 Prepositions 171
S i m p l e a n d c o m p o u n d p re p o s i t i o n s 171
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Cha n g es c a u sed by s i m p l e p re p o s i ti o n s to n o u n s
beg i n n i n g w i t h a c o n so n a n t 173
C h a n g e s c a u sed by s i m p l e p re po s i t i o n s to n o u n s
beg i n n i n g w i t h a vowe l 177
S i m p l e p re p o s i t i o n s a n d t h e s i n g u l a r a rt i c l e 179
S i m p l e p re p o s i t i o n s a n d t h e p l u ra l a rt i c l e 18G
15 N umbers 197
Ca rd i n a l n u m b e rs l 197
Ca rd i n a l n u m b e rs 2 199
Perso n a l n u m be rs 205
Ord i n a l n u m b e rs 208
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[ FOREWORD FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS J
T h e Easy Learning Irish Grammar i s d e s i g n e d to be u sed w i t h both
yo u n g and a d u l t l e a rn e rs , a s a g ro u p refe re n c e b o o k to co m p l e m e n t
yo u r cou rse b o o k d u ri n g c l a s s e s , o r a s a reco m m e n d e d text fo r
s e l f-stu d y a n d h o m ework/cou rsewo r k .
T h e a p p ro a c h a i m s t o d eve l o p k n o w l e d g e a n d u n d e rsta n d i n g of
g ra m m a r a n d yo u r l e a r n e rs' a b i l i ty to a p p ly it by
viii
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( INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS J
W h e t h e r you a re sta rti n g to l e a r n I ri s h fo r t h e very fi rst t i m e , b ru s h i n g
u p o n to p i cs yo u h ave stu d i ed i n c l a s s , o r revi s i n g fo r yo u r exa m s . t h e
Easy Learning Irish Grammar i s h e re t o h e l p T h i s ea sy-to- u s e g u i d e ta kes
you t h ro u g h a l l the b a s i c s you wi l l need to s p e a k and u n d e rsta n d
m o d ern , everyday I ri s h .
W h a t is a verb?
A verb is a 'd o i n g ' word w h i c h d es c ri bes w h a t s o m e o n e o r
s o m et h i n g d o e s , w h a t s o m e o n e o r s o m eth i n g i s , o r w h a t h a p p e n s
t o t h e m , fo r exa m p l e , run. cry, jump.
ix
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� Nor i s o n l y u sed i n t h e past t e n s e w i t h reg u l a r verbs a n d with
t h e i rreg u l a r verbs beir grab, clois/cluin hear , ith eat. tabhair give ,
tar come . Nor a s p i rates b u t h a s n o effect o n verbs b eg i n n i n g w i t h
vowe l s:
na scoltiirf nor bhris the students who didn't break the
na rialacha rules
sin an buachaill nor that's the boy who didn't open his
oscail a bhronntanas present
In Iri s h , as w i t h a ny l a n g u a g e , t h e re a re certa i n p i tfa l l s w h i c h h ave to
be avo i d ed . Ti ps a n d I nformation n otes t h ro u g h o u t the text a re u sefu l
re m i n d e rs of t h e t h i n g s t h a t ofte n tri p l e a r n e rs u p
Tlp
-a i s a d d ed to a dj ectives t h a t e n d i n a c o n s o n a n t p receded by
a, o, o, 6, u or ii
-e i s a d d ed to a dj ectives t h a t e n d i n a c o n s o n a n t p receded by
e, e, i or f
KEY POINTS
V W h e n we a re sayi n g w h a t t h e d ate i s. we u s e t h e ord i na l
n u m be rs .
V We a l s o m u st u se a s p e c i a l fo rm o f t h e m o n t h s w h e n sayi n g
w h a t d ate i t i s .
Fi n a l l y, t h e s u p p l e m e n t a t t h e e n d o f t h e b o o k c o n ta i n s Verb Tables,
w h e re m a n y i m po rta n t Iri s h verbs ( b o t h reg u l a r a n d i rreg u l a r) a re
d e c l i n e d i n fu l l . Exa m p l es s h ow you how to u s e these verbs i n yo u r own
wo rk. If yo u a re u n s u re of h ow a verb c o nj u g ates in I ri s h , yo u ca n l o o k
u p t h e Verbs I ndex o n p a g e s 26-31 t o fi n d e i t h e r t h e c o nj u g a t i o n o f t h e
v e r b i tse lf, o r a c ross-refe re n c e to a m o d e l verb , w h i c h wi l l s h ow y o u
t h e patte r n s t h a t ve r b fo l l ows.
xi
CONSONANT a l etter of t h e idea that is not classed as mascu l i ne .
a l p h a bet w h i c h i s not a vowe l .
fo r exa m p l e, b, f, m, s, v etc . FUTURE a verb t e n s e u s e d to ta l k
Co m pa re with VOWEL a b o u t s o m et h i n g t h a t wi l l h a p p e n
o r wi l l be tru e .
DEFINITE A RTICLE the word the.
Co m p a re with indefin ite article. GENDER w h e t h e r a n o u n.
p ro n o u n o r adj ective i s fe m i n i n e
DEM ONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE or mascu l i ne.
o n e of t h e wo rd s this , that, these
a n d those u sed with a n o u n to IM PERATIVE t h e fo rm o f a verb
p o i n t out a pa rti c u l a r p e rson or u sed when g i v i n g o rd e rs a n d
t h i n g . fo r exa m p l e , this woman, i n st r u ct i o n s. fo r exa m p l e, Shutthe
that dog doori;Sit downi; Don't go1
xii
q u esti o n s , fo r exa m p l e , What's object , i n d i rect object a n d
happening?;Who's coming? su bject .
xiii
PERSONo n e of t h e t h ree c l asses : cutting grass, It's [ram David.
t h e fi rst p e rs o n (/ , we). t h e seco n d
person (you s i n g u l a r a n d you PRESENT a verb fo rm used to ta l k
p l u ra l ) . a n d t h e t h i rd person a b o u t what i s t r u e a t t h e m o m e n t .
(he, she, it and they) . w h a t h a p p e n s reg u l a rly, a n d what
i s h a p pe n i n g n ow. fo r exa m p l e .
PERSONAL PRONOUNo n e of I'm a student; I travel to college by
t h e g ro u p of wo rd s i n c l u d i n g/, you train; I'm studying languages
a n d they w h i c h a re u sed to refe r to
you rse l f, the peo p l e you a re ta l k i n g PRONOUNa wo rd w h i c h you use
t o . o r t h e peo p l e o r t h i n g s y o u a re i n stead of a n o u n. w h e n you d o
ta l ki n g a b o u t . n o t n eed o r wa nt to n a m e
s o m e o n e o r s o m et h i n g d i rectly,
PLURALt h e fo rm o f a wo rd w h i c h fo r exa m p l e. it, you, none.
i s u s e d to refe r t o m o re t h a n o n e
perso n o r t h i n g . Co m pa re with REFLEXIVE PRONOUNa word
singular. e n d i n g i n -self or-selves. s u c h a s
myself orthemselves. w h i c h refe rs
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE o n e of b a c k to t h e s u bject. fo r exa m p l e .
t h e word s my, your, his, her, its, our He hurt himself ;Tal<e care of
o r their , used with a n o u n to s h ow yourself
t h a t o n e p e rs o n o r t h i n g b e l o n g s
t o a n o t h e r. REGULAR VERB a verb w h ose
fo r m s fo l l ow a g e n e ra l patte rn or
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNo n e of the n o rmal r u l e s . Co m pa re with
t h e wo rd s mine, yours, hers, his, ours i rreg ular verb.
o r theirs, used i n stead of a n o u n to
s h ow t h a t o n e p e rso n o r t h i n g RELATIVE PRONOUNa word
b e l o n g s t o a n ot h e r. s u c h as that, who or which. w h e n it
i s u sed to l i n k two pa rts of a
PREPOSITION a word s u c h a s sentence tog eth e r
at, for, with, into o r from. w h i c h i s
u s u a l l y fo l l owed b y a n o u n , SENTENCEa g ro u pclwo�s
p ro n o u n o r, i n E n g l i s h . a word w h i c h u s u a l ly h a s a verb a n d a
e n d i n g i n -ing. Pre p o s i t i o n s s h ow s u bject. I n wri t i n g . a sentence h a s
h ow peo p l e a n d t h i n g s re l ate to a ca p i ta l l etter at t h e beg i n n i n g
the rest of the s e n t e n ce. fo r a n d a fu l l sto p . q u esti o n m a r k o r
exa m p l e . She's at home;a tool [Qr exc l a m a t i o n m a rk at t h e e n d .
xiv
SINGULARt h e fo rm of a word wi l l h a p p e n o r w h e t h e r s o m et h i n g
w h i c h i s u sed to refe r to o n e person i s tru e . I t i s o n ly u sed occas i o na l l y
o r t h i n g Co m pare with pl u ral i n m o d e rn E n g l i s h , fo r exam p l e. lfl
were you, I wouldn't bother; So be it.
STEM t h e fo rm of t h e verb
w i t h o u t any e n d i n g s ad d ed to i t , SUPERLATIVE an adj ective o r
fo r exam p l e . wall<, have, be, go. adve rb w i t h -est o n t h e e n d o f i t o r
Co m pare w i t h infin itive . most o r least i n fro n t o f i t t h at i s
u sed to c o m pare peo p l e, t h i n g s o r
SUB JECT t h e n o u n o r p ro n o u n i n a acti o n s , fo r exam p l e , thinnest, most
s e n te n ce o r p h rase that refe rs to quickly, least interesting.
t h e p e rs o n o r t h i n g t h at does t h e
act i o n described b y t h e verb o r i s i n SYLLAB LE c o n s o nant+ vowe l
t h e state d escri bed b y t h e ve r b , fo r u n its that make u p t h e so u n d s of
exam p l e , My cat doesn't drinl< mill<. a word , fo r exam p l e , ca-the-dral
Co m pare with object (3 syllables), im-po-ssi-ble (4
syllables).
SUB JECT PRONOUNa word s u c h
a s I , he, she and they w h i c h carries TENSE t h e fo rm of a verb w h i c h
out t h e act i o n d e s c r i b e d by the s h ows w h et h e r y o u are refe rri n g
verb. Pro n o u n s sta n d in fo r n o u n s to t h e past, p resent o r fu t u re .
w h e n i t i s c l ear w h o i s b e i n g tal ked
a b o u t , fo r exam p l e. My brother isn't VERB a 'd o i n g ' wo rd w h i c h
here at the moment. He'll be bacl< in an d escri bes what s o m e o n e o r
hour Co m pare with object s o m et h i n g d o e s , what s o m e o n e o r
pronoun. s o m et h i n g i s , o r what hap p e n s t o
t h e m , fo r exam p l e , be, sing, live.
SUB JUNCTIVEa verb fo rm u sed i n
ce rtai n c i rc u m stances t o ex p ress VOWELo n e of t h e l etters a, e, i, o
some s o rt of fee l i n g , o r to s h ow o r u. Co m pare with consonant
d o u bt about w h e t h e r s o m et h i n g
xv
I
II
I
I I
( ASPIRATION AND ECLIPSES J
1 Aspiration
What is aspiration ?
As p i ra t i o n i s w h e n w e p l ace t h e l ette r h after t h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t
of wo rd s i n Iri s h . T h e re a re certa i n c o n s o n a nts t h a t ca n n ot b e
a s p i rated , a n d vowe l s a re n ever a s p i rated . As p i rati o n ca u ses t h e
p ro n u n c i a t i o n to c h a n g e , a n d t h e p ro n u n c i a t i o n d e p e n d s o n
w h e t h e r t h e c o n s o n a n t i s broad (fo l l owed b y a , o, u ) o r slender
(fo l l owed by i, e)
T h e l ette rs b, c, d, f. g, m, p, s, t ca n a l l be a s p i rated .
1 .1 When do we aspirate n o u n s ?
> Afte r t h e a rt i c l e an
• w h e n a fe m i n i n e n o u n is i n its n o r m a l fo rm .
¢ T h e Co n t e n ts p a g e at t h e beg i n n i n g of t h e b o o k a n d t h e Ma i n
I n d ex o n p a g e 233 s h ow w h e re t o fi n d m o re i nfo rmati o n o n
g ra m m a r c o n ce pts a p peari n g i n t h i s c h a pter.
2 ASPIRATIONS AND ECLIPSES
ar Sllean on Sean
sean(hear an old m a n
> I n t h e past t e n s e a n d i n t h e co n d i t i o n a l
> Afte r cad e a what, cathain a when , ce a wh o , cen uair a when , conas a
how, ceard a what, mar a a s , nuair a when:
2 Eclipses
mb gc nd bhf ng bp dt
� I n t h e g e n itive p l u ra l after t h e a rt i c l e na
�Afte r t h e p re p o s i t i o n i
i J?,ponc in trouble
'I
I
111 i nDoire in Derry
''
I �I
ASPIRATIONS AND ECLIPSES 7
What is a n o u n ?
A noun i s a 'n a m i n g ' wo rd fo r a l iv i n g b e i n g , t h i n g o r i d e a , fo r
exa m p l e , boy, love, Sean .
1 Overview of nouns
>No u n s i n I ri s h fo rm t h e i r p l u ra l s by a d d i n g to t h e n o u n OR by
c h a n g i n g i t i nterna l l y
Tep
T h e re i s n o w o rd fo r a i n I ri s h . S o , t h e w o rd bean m e a n s both a
wom a n a n d wom a n:
Loo k at t h i s s e n t e n c e :
II) We c a n te l l w h e t h e r a n o u n i s m a s c u l i n e o r fe m i n i n e b y its e n d i n g .
Th e re a re 3 m a i n g ro u ps of m a s c u l i n e n o u n s :
• T h e i r p l u ra l is fo r m e d by p l a c i n g i befo re the l a st c o n s o n a n t o r
b y c h a n g i n g ach t o aigh
Singular Pl u ral
btid an bad btiid no btiid
a boat the boat boats the boats
cosan an cosan cosain no cosain
a footpath the footpath footpaths the footpaths
cnoc an cnoc cnoic no cnoic
a hill the h i l l h ills the h ills
asal an t-asal asail no hasail
a don key the don key don keys the don keys
marcach an marcach marcaigll no marcaigh
a jockey the jockey jockeys the jockeys
• T h e i r p l u ra l is fo r m e d by p l a c i n g f at t h e e n d of t h e w o rd .
Singular Pl u ra l
feirmeoir an feirmeoir feirmeoirf no feirmeoirf
a fa rmer the fa rmer fa rm ers the fa rm ers
b6d6ir an bad6ir bad6irf no bad6irf
a boatman the boatman boatmen the boatmen
siopad6ir an siopad6ir siopad6irf no siopad6irf
a shopkeeper the shopkeeper shopkeepers the shopkeepers
aisteoir an t-aisteoir aisteoirf no 11aisteoirf
an actor the actor a ctors the actors
12 NOUNS
> G ro u p 3 : N o u n s t h a t e n d in -fn .
• Th e i r p l u ra l i s fo rmed b y p l a c i n g i a t t h e e n d o f t h e wo rd.
Singular Pl u ral
cailin an cailin cailin i na cailin i
a g i rl the g i rl g i rls the g i rls
sicin an sicin sicin i na sicin i
a chicken the ch icken chickens the ch ickens
coin in an coinin coinin i na coinin i
a ra bbit the ra bbit ra bbits the ra bbits
ispin an t-ispin ispin i na llispin i
a sausage the sa usage sausages the sausages
T h e re a re 3 m a i n g ro u ps of fe m i n i n e n o u n s
• Th e i r p l u ra l i s fo r m e d by a d d i n g a to t h e e n d of t h e word .
• An ca u ses t h e i n it i a l c o n s o n a n t of a n o u n to be a s p i rated, b u t
h a s n o effect if t h e n o u n sta rts w i t h a vowe l
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NOUNS 13
Singular Plural
brag an bl1r6g brogg_ na brogg_
a shoe the shoe shoes the shoes
fuinneog an fhuinneog fuinneogg_ na fuinneogg_
a window the window win dows the windows
ordog an ord6g ord6ga na fJ_ordogg_
a th u m b t h e th u m b th u m bs the th u m bs
� G ro u p 2: N o u n s t h a t e n d i n a slender consonant (a c o n s o n a n t
w h i c h h a s i b efo re i t).
• Th e i r p l u ra l i s fo r m e d by a d d i n g eanna or eacha .
• An ca u ses t h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t of a n o u n to be a s p i rated.
but h a s n o effect o n words beg i n n i n g with vowe l s .
Singular Pl u ral
paire an pfJ_Qirc pairceanna na pairceanna
a field the field fields the fields
ait an ait aiteanna na llaiteanna
place the place pla ces the places
� G ro u p 3: No u n s t h a t e n d i n -lann a n d refe r to a p l a c e
• T h e i r p l u ra l i s fo r m e d by a d d i n g -a .
• An c a u ses t h e i n i t i a l c o n s o n a n t of a n o u n to be a s p i rated .
b u t d o e s n o t h i n g to a n o u n beg i n n i n g w i t h a vowe l .
14 NOUNS
Singular Pl u ra l
pictiurlann an pllictiurlann pictiurlannq na pictiurlannq
a cinema the cinema cinemas the cinemas
amharclann an amharclann amharclannq na llamharclannq
a theatre the theatre theatres the theatres
I Tip
T h e n a m es of a l o t of c o u n t r i e s , c o n t i n e n ts a n d rivers a re fe m i n i n e :
.I
I
A n Fhrainc Fra nce
An Ruis Russia
An Eoraip E u rope
The n a m es of l a n g u a g es a re m o st l y fe m i n i n e :
A n Ghaeilge I rish
Cases
A case is a c h a n g e in a n o u n w h i c h s h ows its re l a ti o n s hip to o t h e r
w o rd s in t h e s e n te n c e . I n E n g l is h t h i s h a p p e n s m ost often w h e n 's
is a d d ed to a n o u n to s h ow t h a t t h e n o u n owns s o m et h i n g
Cla i re's bil<e, the tea m 's goalkeeper; the city's h istory
T h e re a re m o re cases in I ri s h t h a n in E n g lis h .
ag ar as chuig de
at on from to off
do faoi go ; le
to u n der to in with
6 thart trf um
from around th rough a ro u n d
timpea/I an tf
timpea/I a ro u n d
a ro u n d the house
chun no Fraince
chun to
to Fra n ce
trasna no habhann
trasna a cross
across the river
cois no farraige
co is beside
beside the sea
m6ran airgid
m6ran a lot or
a lot o[mone)I.
beagan ceille
beagan a sma l l a m o u n t or
a s m a l l a m o u n t o[sense
a /6n daoine
a /6n a lot or
a lot 0[12eo12le
18 NOUNS
How we fo rm t h e g e n i tive of n o u n s d e p e n d s o n w h e t h e r t h ey a re
m a s c u l i n e o r fe m i n i n e , a n d t h e i r e n d i n g s .
• T h e g e n i t i ve is fo rmed by p l a c i n g i befo re t h e l a s t c o n s o n a n t ,
o r by c h a n g i n g -ach to -aigh o r -each to -igh .
• T h e g e n i tive i s t h e sa m e as t h e c o m m o n fo rm .
� G ro u p 1: N o u n s t h a t e n d i n -6g o r -eog .
• T h e i r g e n itive i s fo r m e d b y a d d i n g -e.
KEV POINTS
V' T h e re i s n o wo rd fo r a i n I ri s h .
V' T h e w o rd fo r the i s e i t h e r an o r no.
V' Pl u ra l s of n o u n s i n I ri s h c a n be fo r m ed by a n i ntern a l c h a n g e ,
o r b y addi n g a s o u n d t o t h e e n d o f t h e n o u n .
V' No u n s i n I ri s h h ave diffe re n t fo r m s ca l l ed cases.
V' We c a n tel l whether a n o u n i s m a s c u l i n e o r fe m i n i n e by its
e ndi n g .
V' No u n s i n I ri s h ca n b e a s p i rated o r e c l i psed.
(PRONOUNS J
What is a pro n o u n ?
A p ro n o u n i s a w o rd you u s e i n stead of a n o u n , when you d o n o t
n e e d o r wa n t to n a m e s o m e o n e o r so m et h i n g d i rectly, fo r exa m p l e ,
i t , you , none.
T h e re a re two m a i n ty pes of p ro n o u n i n I ri s h
Here a re t h e I ri s h s u bj ect p ro n o u n s:
PRONOUNS 23
Ithim I eat
Cheannaiomar We boug h t
Deanfaimid We s h a l l m a l<e
An peann i s a m a s c u l i n e n o u n :
An leabharlann is a fe m i n i n e n o u n :
In E n g l i s h, to e m p h a s i se wo rd s , we t e n d to ra i s e our vo i c e H E isn't
to blame. I n Iri s h we d o not d o t h i s . I n stead we u s e s pe c i a l e m p h a t i c
fo r m s of t h e s u bj ect p ro n o u n s .
He re a re t h e e m p h a t i c s u bj ect p ro n o u n s i n I r i s h :
KEV POINTS
2 . 2 e a n d f meaning 'it'
An cupan i s a m a s c u l i n e n o u n :
An phictiurlann is a fe m i n i n e n o u n
� Fo r m o re i nfo r m a t i o n o n m a s c u l i n e a n d fe m i n i n e n o u n s , see
c h a pter 2 on N o u n s .
In E n g l i s h , to e m p h a s i se wo rd s , we te n d to ra i s e our v o i c e I like H IM ,
but not H E R . I n I ri s h we d o n o t d o t h i s. I n stead we u s e e m p h a t i c fo r m s
of t h e o bj ect p ro n o u n s.
T h e e m p h a t i c fo r m i n Iri s h :
KEV POINTS
3 Prepositional pronouns
> U n l i ke i n E n g l i s h , p re po s i t i o n a l p ro n o u n s a p pe a r i n I ri s h as o n e wo rd .
I f we wa n t to say, fo r exa m p l e , with me, we d o n o t say le with + me
me, b u t i n stead we u s e a synthetic fo rm : liom with me.
>- He re a re t h e I ri s h p re p o s i t i o n a l p ro n o u n s
Loo k at t h e s e two s e n t e n c e s :
i. T h e a dj ective i s m a s c u l i n e if t h e n o u n i s m a s c u l i n e .
4 T h e a dj ective is p l u ra l if t h e n o u n i s p l u ra l .
6 . T h e a dj ective i s i n t h e vocative c a s e if t h e n o u n i s i n t h e
vocative .
• If t h e n o u n is fem i n i n e t h e a dj ective t h a t g o e s w i t h it i s
a s p i rated w h e n poss i b l e .
• If t h e n o u n is masc u l i n e n ot h i n g is d o n e to t h e a dj ective .
• The a dj ective is u s u a l l y m a d e p l u ra l by a d d i n g -a or -e to t h e e n d
o f t h e a dj ective
www.allitebooks.com
ADJ ECTIVES 33
Tip
-a i s added to adj ectives t h a t e nd i n a c o n s o n a n t p receded by
a, ti, o, 6, u o r u
a n la tg the wa rm day
Singular Pl u ral
aoibhinn pleasa n t aoibhne
bodhar deaf bodhra
daingean solid daingne
deacair difficult deacra
domhain deep doimhne
folamh empty folmha
Iseal low Isle
ltiidir strong ltiidre
milis sweet milse
ramhar fat ramhra
saibhir rich saibhre
sleamhain slippery sleamhna
socair q u iet socra
uasal noble uaisle
Tep
Re m e m be r, t h e vocative case i s u sed w h e n a d d ress i n g s o m e o n e.
Tep
Th i s i n se r t i o n of a n i b efo re t h e fi na l c o n s o n a n t a l so h a p p e n s to
some a dj e ct i ves in the g e n i t i ve s i n g u l a r. Fo r m o re i nfo rmati o n see
b e l ow.
ADJ ECTIVES 37
� M ascu l i n e n o u n s
• A n a dj ective d e s c ri b i n g a m a s c u l i n e n o u n i s a s p i rated i n t h e
g e n itive case w h e n poss i b l e
Tlp
W h e n u sed w i t h m a s c u l i n e n o u n s , t h e e n d i n g of s o m e a dj e ctives
does not c h a n g e in the g e n i tive case . These can b e b ro k e n up i nto
t h ree g ro u p s .
2. S o m e a dj ectives w i t h o n e syl l a b l e e n d i n g i n a d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t ,
fo r exa m p l e :
3. T h e fo l l ow i n g a dj e ctives
� Fe m i n i n e n o u n s
• W h e n t h e re i s a pa i r of vowe l s i n t h e m i d d l e o f a n a dj ective a
c h a n g e takes p l ac e :
ea -> ei
ea -> ei
ea -> i
ia -> ei
fo -> f
io -> i
iu -> i
• I f a n o u n's g e n i t i ve p l u ra l e n d i n g i s t h e sa m e a s t h a t of its
co m m o n fo rm s i n g u l a r, t h e a dj ective a l so takes the co m m o n
fo rm s i n g u l a r e n d i n g
as ... as . . . in E n g l i s h .
2 . 2 The comparative
• T h e c o m p a rative is u se d w h e n we c o m p a re two n o u n s o r
p ro n o u n s . I n I ri s h , t h e w o rd nios a n d a s p ec i a l fo rm o f t h e
a dj e ctive a re u sed fo r t h i s .
• Th i s fo rm i s t h e sa m e a s t h e fo rm t h a t i s u sed i n t h e g e n itive
s i n g u l a r fe m i n i n e of a dj ectives a s s h ow n a bove .
• I f t h e a dj ective e n d s i n a vowe l t h e re i s n o c h a n g e i n t h e
co m pa rative a n d t h e s u p e rl ative
Ta Maire ca/mg_. M a ry is ca l m .
I Ta siad crfochnaithe.
1 1 . Bhf se imithe.
• N ow l o o k at t h ese E n g l i s h s e n t e n c e s
Ending i n -d
Broad Slender
coimhead g u a rd -• coimheadtg_ usaid. use usaidtg
stad. stop ---> stadta ereid. bel ieve -> creidte
Ending i n -n
Broad Slender
dean do -> deanta seinn play ---> seinntg
dun close ---> dunta bain cut ---> bainte
Ending i n -/
Broad Slender
dfol sel l -> dfolta bu ail h it -• buailte
trial/ test -• trial/ta mill spoil ---> millte
E n d i n g in -s
Broad Slender
seas sta nd -> seasta bris brea k ---> bristg
leigheas c u re ---> leigheasta gluais move ---> gluaiste
E n d i n g in -ch
Broad Slender
t6ch dig ---> t6chta sroich reach ---> sroichte
croch h a ng ---> crochta ---------------------
52 ADJ ECTIVES
Broad Slender
----------- - --------- caith throw ---> caitg
--- ---- -------------- ith eat ---> ite
Broad Slender
� G ro u p 2: -tha, -the
Ending i n -b
Broad Slender
scuab brush -> scuabtha - ------------- - ------
liib bend - --> liibtha ---------------------
Ending in -c
Broad Slender
E n d i n g i n -g
Broad Sle nd er
E n d i n g i n -m
Broad Sl ender
cum m a l<e up -• cumtha foghlaim lea rn -> foghlamtha
cam bend -• camtha creim erode -• creimthe
E n d i n g i n -p
Broad Sle nd er
Ending in -r
Broad Slender
gearr cut -> gearrtha cuir put -> curtha
cior brush -> ciortha fair watch -> fairthe
Broad Slender
ceannaigh buy -> ceannaithe eirigh get up -> eirithe
cludaigh cover -> cludaithe imigh leave -> imithe
Broad Slender
• If t h e base fo rm of t h e verb e n d s i n -t we a d d -a or -e to t h e e n d .
-a is a d d e d to base fo rms w i t h a b road e n d i n g a n d -e i s a d d ed to
ste m s w i t h a s l e n d e r e n d i n g .
ADJ ECTIVES 55
Broad Slender
cleacht pra ctise --> cleachtg_ loit spoil --> loitg
at swel l -> atg_ suigh sit --> suitg
bf be bheith
dean do deanta
tabhair g et tugtha
teigh go dulta
56 ADJ ECTIVES
4 Possessive adjectives
mo theach m y h ouse
a charr his ca r
m'athair my father
d'ord6g you r th u m b
a aintfn h is a u n t
ADJ ECTIVES 57
�a (fe m i n i ne)
a carr her ca r
a hord6g her th u m b
a haintin her a u n t
�ar, bhur, a
ar gcarranna o u r ca rs
ar n-athair o u r father
KEV POINTS
1 Overview o f verbs
• U n l i ke i n E n g l i s h , t h e verb c o m e s fi rst i n t h e s e n t e n c e i n I ri s h ,
w i t h t h e p e rso n , p l ace o r t h i n g ca rryi n g o u t t h e a ct i o n of t h e
v e r b fo l l ow i n g i t
I ra n
xme
Rith
KEY POINTS
2 Categorizing verbs
Broad Slender
am hare look bris brea k
can sing bu ail h it
fag leave caill lose
caith wea r/th row/spend/
fas g row
smoke
(each look creid believe
foe pay eist listen
61 dri n k fill return
tog 1irt goid stea l
sabhail save lig let
marcail m a rk tuig u n dersta nd
taispeain show usaid use
62 VERBS
Broad Slender
ardaigh ra ise aimsigh locate
athraigh change ceistigh q u estion
brostaigh rush coin nigh keep
cabhraigh h elp deisigh repa i r
ceannaigh buy dirigh stra ig h ten
diultaigh reruse eirigh get up
ealaigh esca pe imigh leave
mothaigh reel sfnigh sig n
tosaigh beg i n imir play
ceangail tie in is tell
VERBS 63
3 The imperative
(£] l f we wa n t to te l l m o re t h a n o n e person to do s o m et h i n g ,
we m u st a d d a n e n d i n g t o t h e base fo rm o f t h e ve r b . The e n d i n g
w e a d d d e p e n d s o n t h e c o nj u g a t i o n o f t h e ve rb , o r t h e s p e l l i n g of
its base fo rm .
Cuirigf bhur lcJmha in airde! Put you r ha nds up, boys '
B road Slender
Broad Slender
ardaigi ra ise aimsigi locate
athraigi change ceistigi q u estion
brostaigi rush coinnigi keep
cabhraigi h elp deisigi repair
ceannaigi buy dirigi stra ig h ten
diultaigi refuse eirigi get up
ealaigi escape imigi leave
mothaigi feel sinigi sig n
tosaigi beg i n imrigi play
ceanglaigi tie insigi tell
• To te l l s o m e o n e n o t to do s o m et h i n g a l l we h ave to do is to p u t
n a befo re t h e i m p e rative , w h e t h e r i t i s s i n g u l a r o r p l u ra l .
VERBS 67
� We t h e n s i m p l y a d d t h e s u bject of t h e verb - t h e p e rs o n o r t h i n g
ca rryi n g o u t t h e acti o n i n t h e verb . I n I ri s h , t h e s e a re
me I
tu you ( s i n g u l a r)
se he
sf she
amar1/eamar2/afomar3/ fomar4 o r m uid we'''
sibh you ( p l u ra l )
siad they
1 F i rst C o nj u g a t i o n B ro a d - we a d d t h e s e fo r m s to t h e e n d of t h e v e r b
2 F i rst C o nj u g a t i o n S l e n d e r - we a d d t h e s e fo r m s to t h e e n d of t h e v e r b
J Seco n d C o nj u g a t i o n B ro a d - we a d d t h e s e fo r m s to t h e e n d of t h e v e r b
4 Seco n d C o nj u g a t i o n S l e n d e r - we a d d t h e s e fo r m s to t h e e n d of t h e v e r b
o r s e c o n d c o nj u g a ti o n . If we u s e mu id we d o n't n e e d to wo rry a b o u t t h e
c o nj u gati o n u s e d . M uid i s u s u a l l y u sed i n U l st e r I ri s h .
> I f the stem of the verb beg i n s with a vowel (a/a, e/e, i/i, o/6, u/u) ,
we p l a c e d' i n fro n t of t h e verb
> I f the ste m of the verb beg i n s with the l ette r f, we both a s p i rate a n d
p l a c e d' i n fro n t o f t h e verb
> I f the verb has a d' in fro n t of it in the past te n s e , we d ro p the d' w h e n
a n sweri n g i n t h e n eg a t ive
Tq:>
T h e re a re n o w o r d s fo r Yes a n d N o i n I ri s h . I n stea d , w e a n swer by
u s i n g t h e verb i n t h e q u esti o n . I n E n g l i s h , t h i s wo u l d be t h e s a m e
a s sayi n g :
rug tu
nior rug tu ar rug tu
you g rab bed
rug se
nfor rug se ar rug se
h e g rab bed
rug sf
beir nfor rug sf ar rug sf
s h e g rab bed
g ra b
rugamar nior rugamar/ ar rugamar/
we g ra bbed rug muid rug muid
rug sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) nior rug sibh ar rug sibh
g rab bed
rug siad
nior rug siad ar rug siad
they g ra bbed
76 VERBS
• Li ke t h e ot h e r t e n s e s , t h e p re s e n t h a b i t u a l t e n s e i s fo r m e d fro m
t h e base fo rm of t h e ve rb . We a d d a n e n d i n g to t h e base fo rm ,
a n d t h e n t h e s u bj ect of t h e ve r b , if it i s a p ro n o u n
• W h e n d e c i d i n g w h a t e n d i n g to a d d to t h e verb, it i s i m p o rta n t
to k n ow w h e t h e r t h e verb i s fi rst c o nj u g a t i o n b road o r s l e n d e r,
o r seco n d c o nj u g ati o n b road o r s l e n d e r.
aim I
ann tu you
ann se he
ann sf she
aimid we
ann sibh you ( p l u ra l )
ann siad they
im I
eann tu you
eann se he
eann sf she
imid we
eann sibh you ( p l u ra l )
eann siad they
aim I
ann tu you
ann se he
ann sf she
aimid we
ann sibh you ( p l u ra l )
ann siad they
aim I
afonn tu you
afonn se he
afonn sf she
almid we
afonn sibh you ( p l u ra l )
afonn siad they
fm I
fonn tu you
fonn se he
fonn sf she
fmid we
fonn sibh you ( p l u ra l )
fonn siad they
afm I
afonn tu you
afonn se . he
afonn sf she
afmid we
afonn sibh you ( p l u ra l )
afonn siad they
fm I
fonn tu yo u
fonn se he
fo n n sf she
fmid we
fonn sibh you ( p l u ra l )
fonn siad they
lnsfonn sf an sceal sin gach 16. She tells that story every day
Present
Negative Question
habitual
bim ni bhim an mbim
l am
bfonn tu ni bhionn tu an mbfonn tu
you a re
bfonn se ni bfonn se an mbfonn se
he is
bi bfonn sf ni bhfonn sf an mbfonn sf
be she is
bfmid nf bhfmid an mbfmid
we a re
bfonn sibh
nf bhfonn sibh an mbfonn sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) a re
bfonn siad
nf bhfonn siad an mbfonn siad
they a re
tagaim
nf thagaim an dtagaim
I come
tagann tu
nf thagann tu an dtagann tu
you come
tagann se
nf thagann se an dtagann se
he com es
tar tagann sf
nf thagann sf an dtagann sf
come she comes
tagaimid
nf thagaimid an dtagaimid
we com e
tagann sibh
nf thagann sibh an dtagann sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) com e
tagann siad
nf thagann siad an dtagann siad
they com e
84 VERBS
Present
Negative Question
habitual
teim
nf theim an dteim
I go
teann tu
nf theann tu an dteann tu
you go
teann se
nf theann se an dteann se
h e g oes
teigh teann sf
nf theann sf an dteann sf
go she goes
teimid
nf theimid an dteimid
we go
teann sibh
nf theann sibh an dteann sibh
yo u ( p l u ra l ) go
teann siad
nf theann siad an dteann siad
they go
feicim
ni fheicim an bhfeicim
I see
feiceann tu
nf fheiceann tu an bhfeiceann tu
you see
feiceann se
nf fheiceann se an bhfeiceann se
he sees
feic feiceann sf
nf fheiceann sf an bhfeiceann sf
see she sees
feicimid
nf fheicimid an bhfeicimid
we see
feiceann sibh
nf fheiceann sibh an bhfeiceann sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) see
feiceann siad
nf fheiceann siad an bhfeiceann siad
they see
VERBS 85
Present
Negative Question
habitual
cloisim
nf chloisim an gcloisim
I h ea r
cloiseann tu
nf chloiseann tu an gcloiseann tu
you hea r
cloiseann se
nf chloiseann se an gcloiseann se
he h ea rs
clois cloiseann sf
nf chloiseann sf an gcloiseann sf
h ea r s h e hears
cloisimid
nf chloisimid an gcloisimid
we hea r
cloiseann sibh
nf chloiseann sibh an gcloiseann sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) hear
cloiseann siad
nf chloiseann siad an gcloiseann siad
they hear
deirim
nf deirim an ndeirim
/ say
deir tu
nf deir tu an ndeir tu
you say
deir se
nf deir se an ndeir se
he says
abair deir sf
nf deir sf an ndeir sf
say she says
deirimid
nf deirimid an ndeirimid
we say
deir sibh
nf deir sibh an ndeir sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) say
deir siad
nf deir siad an ndeir siad
they say
86 VERBS
Present
Negative Q u estion
habitual
deanaim
nf dheanaim an ndeanaim
f do/m a ke
deanann tu
nf dheanann tu an ndeanann tu
yo u do/m a ke
deanann se
nf dheanann se an ndeanann se
he does/ma kes
dean deanann sf
nf dheanann sf an ndeanann sf
do/ she does/m a kes
m a ke deanaimid
nf dheanaimid an ndeanaimid
we do/m a ke
deanann sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) do/ nf dheanann sibh an ndeanann sibh
m a ke
deanann siad
nf dheanann siad an ndeanann siad
they do/ma ke
beirim
nf bheirim an mbeirim
f g ra b
beireann tu
nf bheireann tu an mbeireann tu
you g ra b
beireann se
nf bheireann se an mbeireann se
he g ra bs
beir beireann sf
nf bheireann sf an mbeireann sf
g ra b s h e g ra bs
beirimid
nf bheirimid an mbeirimid
we g ra b
beireann sibh
nf bheireann sibh an mbeireann sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) g ra b
beireann siad
nf bheireann siad an mbeireann siad
they g ra b
VERBS 87
Present
Negative Question
habitual
faighim
nf fhaighim an bhfaighim
I get
faigheann tu
nf fhaigheann tu an bhfaigheann tu
yo u get
faigheann se
nf fhaigheann se an bhfaigheann se
he gets
faigh faigheann sf
nf fhaigheann sf an bhfaigheann sf
get she gets
faighimid
nf fhaighimid an bhfaighimid
we get
faigheann sibh nf fhaigheann an bhfaigheann
you ( p l u ra l ) get sibh sibh
faigheann siad nf fhaigheann an bhfaigheann
they get siad siad
tug aim
nf thugaim an dtugaim
I g ive
tugann tu
nf thugann tu an dtugann tu
you g i ve
tugann se
nf thugann se an dtugann se
he g ives
tabhair tugann sf
nf thugann sf an dtugann sf
g i ve she g i ves
tugaimid
nf thugaimid an dtugaimid
we g ive
tugann sibh
nf thugann sibh an dtugann sibh
yo u ( p l u ra l ) g ive
tugann siad
nf thugann siad an dtugann siad
they g ive
88 VERBS
Present
Negative Q u estion
habitual
ithim
ni ithim an ithim
I eat
itheann tu
ni itheann tu an itheann tu
you eat
itheann se
ni itheann se an itheann se
he eats
ith itheann si
ni itheann si an itheann si
eat she eats
ithimid
ni ithimid an ithimid
we eat
itheann sibh
ni itheann sibh an itheann sibh
you ( p l u ra l ) eat
itheann siad
ni itheann siad an itheann siad
they ea t
VERBS 89
• W h e n d e c i d i n g w h a t e n d i n g t o a d d t o t h e ve r b , i t i s i m p o rta n t
to k n ow w h e t h e r t h e verb i s fi rst c o nj u g a t i o n b road o r s l e n d e r,
o r seco n d c o nj u g a t i o n b road o r s l e n d e r.
¢ See sect i o n 2 o n p a g e G s
faidh me I
faidh tu you
faidh se he
faidh sf she
faimid we
faidh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
faidh siad they
90 VERBS
fidh me I
fidh tii you
fidh se he
fidh sf she
fimid we
fidh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
fidh siad they
Brisfidh siad na rialacha They will brea l< the rules every day
gach 16.
faidh me I
faidh tii you
faidh se he
faidh sf she
faimid we
faidh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
faidh siad they
6idh me I
oidh tu yo u
6idh se he
6idh sf she
6imid we
6idh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
6idh siad they
Brost6idh siad abhaile They will h u rry home every even ing .
gach ofche.
eoidh me I
eoidh tu you
eoidh se he
eoidh sf she
eoidh we
eoidh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
eoidh siad they
6idh me I
oidh tu you
6idh se he
6idh sf she
6imid we
6idh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
6idh siad they
Ceangl6idh sf a br6ga gach She will tie her sh oes every m orn ing
maidin.
• If t h e verb h a s m o re t h a n o n e syl l a b l e a n d i s s l e n d e r ( e n d s i n
-ii, -in o r -is) , we re m ove t h e - i a n d a d d t h e slender e n d i n g s
eoidh me I
eoidh tu you
eoidh se he
eoidh sf she
eoidh we
eoidh sibh you ( p l u ra l )
eoidh siad they
lnseoidh sf an sceal sin gach la. She will tell that story every day
VERBS 93
6/faidh siad they will dri n k a n 6/faidh siad? will they dri n k ?
Nfl siad i n Eirinn an mhf seo. They a ren't in I reland this month.
(THE COPU LA J
What is the copula?
The copula is in I ri s h i s a k i n d of g ra m matica l eq u a l s s i g n . I t i s u sed
to e x p ress what a p e rso n or a t h i n g i s (e . g . john is a footba ller, they
a re teachers , M a ry is a you ng g i rl) I t i s u sed i n classification
sentences (he is a m a n ) , identification s e n te n ces (Carmel is the
lawyer) , and with the preposition le to ex p ress owne rs h i p . The
c o p u l a can be positive, n e g ative o r in q u esti o n fo rm , and ca n
a p pe a r i n t h e p re s e n t o r past te n s e .
Tip
W h e n c l a s s i fy i n g n o u n s i n I ri s h , s o m e l e a r n e rs u s e Td me (I a m )
+ n o u n . Th i s ca n n ot be d o n e , a n d i s a ve ry c o m m o n m i sta k e .
Td me, t d t u etc ca n o n l y b e fo l l owed by a n a dj ective , a n a cti o n
o r a p re p o s i t i o n :
Td m e ard. I a m ta l l .
Td t u a g obair. You a re working .
Td siad ar an urldr. They a re on the noor
1 Classification sentences
1.1 Overview
i[,p
I f a n o u n i s one of t h e fo l l owi n g , it i s k n ow n a s a d efi n i t e :
Maire
Sean
Gleann an lo/air G l en u l f i n
An Fhrainc Fra n ce
An lodail Italy
An Ghaeilge I rish
(ii) n o u n s after t h e a rt i c l e :
mo chara my friend
I t h i n /< [that]
Gur cara maith Micheal. M icheal is a
good friend.
Deirtear. . . It is said . .
2 I dentification sentences
2 .1 Overview
sinn sinne
sibh sibhse
iad iadsan
ce me? Who a m / ?
ce thu? Who a re yo u i
ce he? Who i s h e ?
( refe rri n g to a m a s c u l i n e n o u n )
Ce sin n ? W h o a re we i
ls A i n e the
An iAine an bhanaltra ?
n u rse ?
A re Seana a n d
iad Seana agus
An na hiiineiri? Ta rlach the
Tarlach
owners ?
na A re yo u the
An sibhse
hiomaitheoiri? com petitors ?
To u s e t h e c o p u l a i n t h e past te n s e . we m u st c h a n g e it s l i g h t l y, b u t t h e
s e n t e n c e stru ct u re stays exa ctly t h e sa m e as i n t h e p re s e n t t e n s e . T h e
c o p u l a i n t h e past te n s e . h oweve r. c a n c a u s e a s p i rati o n i n s o m e cases
3 .1 Is
� Classification sentences:
� I dentification sentences:
3.2 Ni
3.3 An
3.4 Nach
3.5 Gur
>Classification sentences:
i s liom I own
is leis he owns
is /inn we own
rep
To a s k w h o o w n s s o m e th i n g , we say:
4 . 2 The negative
4 . 3 Q uestions
4 . 4 Reported speech
nf raibh me
I was not
nf dlleachaigh me
I did not g o
Past tense nf dllearna me
with As p i rate/ I did not do/m a ke
nf
6 i rreg u l ar Ec l i pse nf bhfuair me
verbs I did not get
nf fb_aca me
I did not see
nf duirt me
I did not say
Tense/ Aspirate
Particle Exa m p l e
M ood or Ecli pse
Prefi xes h
Na dean sin arfs!
to verbs
Don't do that aga i n !
I m perative na beg i n n i n g
Na h61 an t-uisce sin!
with
Don't dri n k that water!
vowe l s
Tense/ Aspirate
Particle Exa m p l e
M ood or Ecli pse
An 4-tagann tu anseo go
Ecli pse. minic?
Present an No effect Do you come h ere often ?
o n vowe l s A n itheann t u feoil?
Do you eat m ea t ?
122 PARTICLES
Tense/ Aspirate
Particle Exa m ple
M ood or Ecli pse
Sin an fear a c!J.eannaigh an
teach ?
Past a As p i rate
Is that the m a n who boug h t
the house ?
Ca bhfuil an fear a bhionn i
mbun na hoibre de
ghnath ?
Present a As p i rate
Where is the m a n who is
usually in charge of the
wor1< 1
Is mise an bhean a
d!J.eanfaidh an obair.
Future a As p i rate
I a m the wom a n who will do
the worl<.
Sin duine a b!J.eadh anseo do
mbeadh seans aige.
Conditional a As p i rate
There is a person who would
be here if he had the c h an ce.
126 PARTICLES
Tense/ Aspirate
Particle Exa m p l e
Mood or Ecli pse
Sin an fearar cl!eannaigh
me teachuaidh.
Past ar As p i rate
Tha t is the m a n whom I
boug h t the h ouse from .
E c l i ps e . Sin an poll g_ !J.tagann an
Prefi xes luch6g amach as.
Present a
n- to That's the hole which the
vowe l s m ouse comes o u t of.
Ecli pse. Sin a n duine a mbeidh a
P refi xes mhac ag imirt anocht.
Futu re a
n- to Tha t's the person whose son
vowe l s will b e playing ton ig h t
Ec l i ps e . Sin duine a gceann6inn deoch
P refi xes d6.
Conditional a
n- to Tha t is a person whom I
vowe l s would buy a dri n k for
PARTICLES 127
3 .1 go
I n re po rted state m e nts i n E n g l i s h t h e c o nj u ncti o n that c a n be l eft o u t
w e c a n say S h e says sh e's com i ng , o r S h e says t h a t she's com i ng . I n I ri s h ,
h oweve r, e i t h e r gur o r go , t h e words m ea n i n g that, m u st a l ways b e
u sed .
Tense/ Aspirate
Particle Exa m p l e
M ood or Ecli pse
Duirt se gur cheannaigh se
teach nua.
Past gur As p i rate
H e said that has boug h t a
n ew h ouse.
Sflim gq mbionn se anseo
gach maidin.
Ec l i p s e . I th i n k t h a t h e is h ere every
Prefi xes morn ing .
Present go
n- to Sflim gQll- 61ann se barraio-
vowe l s cht.
I t h i n k that he dri n ks too
much.
Sflim gq ndeanfaidh m e
obair an t f nfos moille.
Ec l i ps e . I th i n k t h a t I w i l l d o t h e
Prefi xes h o usework later
Future go
n- to Sflim gon-iosfaidh me mo
vowe l s dhinneargo luath.
I t h i n k that I will eat my
d i n n er ea rly
128 PARTICLES
Th i s is t h e sa m e fo r fe m i n i n e n o u n s :
3.2 sula/sular
Tense/ Aspirate
Pa rticle Exa m p l e
M ood or Ecli pse
Sular cheannaigh se an teach
bhi c6naf air in cirascin.
Past sular As p i rate
Before he boug h t the h ouse
h e lived in a nat
Sula dtagann se ar ais abair
leis nuachtcin a fhciil dom.
Ec l i pse Before he comes back tel l him
Prefi xes to get a n ewspa per for me.
Present sula
n- to Sula n-osclaionn tu an
vowe l s doras faigheochair.
Before you open the door get
a key
Sula gcriochn6idh tu sin
beidh tucinnte go bhfuil se
ceart.
E c l i ps e .
Before you fln ish you will be
Prefi xes
Future sula s u re it is rig ht
n- to
Sula n-iosfaidh tu do
vowe l s
dhinnear nifidh d o lcimha.
Befo re you eat you r d i n n er
you will wash you r h a n ds.
130 PARTICLES
3.3 mura
Mura d_tiocfadh se nf
bheadh Sean sasta.
I f he weren't to come Sean
E c l i pse wouldn't be happy.
Prefi xes M ura bhfoghlaimeofa sin nf
Conditional mura
n- to bheadh seans sa scriidii
vowe l s agat.
If you wo uldn't't lea rn that
you would have n o chance i n
t h e exa m .
M ura raibh s e a n n ce eile a
bhf ann?
If h e wasn't there who was
there ?
Mura ndeachaigh n a paistf
ar saoire is cinnte go raibh
na tuismitheoirf ar saoire.
If the children didn't go on
holidays it's certa i n that
the parents did.
Mura ndearna siad sin ce a
Past tense rinne e?
with A s p i rate/
If they didn't do that who did
mura
6 i rreg u l a r E c l i pse
it?
verbs Mura bhfuair siad seal nf
raibh se sin cothrom.
If they didn't get a tum that
wasn't fa ir
Mura bhfaca tusa e ce a
chonaic e?
If you didn't see him who did
see him '
Mura ndiiirt siad sin nf
raibh ciall ar bith acu.
If they didn't say that they
were foolish
PARTICLES 133
3.4 ca/car
Tense/ Aspirate
Pa rticle Exa m p l e
M ood or Ecli pse
Car mb_uscail tu or maidin ?
Past car As p i rate Where did you wake up this
morning ?
ca dteann tu or scoil?
Ecli pse.
Where d o y o u go t o schoo l ?
Prefi xes
Present ca Ca n-ullmhaionn an c6caire
n- to an dinnear?
vowe l s Where does t h e cook prepa re
the d i n n er?
ca dtos6idh tu ag obair?
Ec l i ps e . Where w i l l y o u start working 1
Prefi xes ca n-iocfaidh tu as an
Futu re ca
n- to ticead?
vowe l s Where will you p a y ror the
ticket ?
ca gcraolfadh se an clar as?
E c l i pse Where would he broadcast
Prefi xes the prog ra m me rrom I
Conditional ca
n- to ca n-iosfa do mbeadh rogha
agat?
vowe l s
Where would you eat ;r you
had the choice?
134 PARTICLES
Ca raibh tu areir?
Where were you last n ig h t !
Ca ndeachiagh t u ar saoire?
Where did you go on holida y ?
Ca ndearna t u e sin ?
Past tense Where did you do thatl
with As p i rate/
ca Ca bhfuair tu an leabhar sin ?
6 i rreg u l a r Ec l i pse
Where did you get that boo I< /
verbs
Ca bhfaca siad e?
Where did they see h er?
ca nduirt siad sin an meid
sin /eat?
Where did they say all that to
yo u i
3 . 5 mci a n d dci
Tense/ Aspirate
Particle Exa m p l e
M ood or Ecli pse
Ma sl:!_abhtiil s e airgead
nuair a bhf se 6g nfl rud ar
Past ma As p i rate bith fagtha anois aige.
If he saved money when he was
you ng he has none left now
PARTICLES 135
Ma ta se anseo anois ni
fheicim e.
if he is h ere now I don't see
Present/ him.
ma As p i rate
Futu re Ma dheanann tu sin dom
beidh me sasta.
if you do that for me I will be
h a ppy
Da mbainfinn milliun euro
bheadh athas an domhain
orm.
If I won a m illion euro I would
Ec l i p s e . be very h a ppy
P refi xes Da rr-iocfadh se as na fiacha
Conditional da
n- to ar fad ata aige ni bheadh
vowe l s airgead a r bith fagtha
aige.
if he were to pay off a l l h is
debts he would h a ve no
money left
( THE CON D I TIONAL )
What is the condition a l mood�
T h e conditional mood i s a verb fo rm u sed to ta l k a b o u t s o m et h i n g
that may h a p p e n o r that may b e t ru e , o r that may h ave h a p pe n ed
o r m ay h ave b e e n true d e p e n d i n g o n c e rta i n co n d i t i o n s I would go
if I had perm issio n ; She would have won the race had she been fftter.
1 .1 Overview
4'61fainn I would d ri n k
Tq>
Yo u s h o u l d n ote that i n t h e co n d i t i o n a l m o o d , a l o t of t h e
p ro n o u n s a re i n co rpo rated i nto t h e e n d i n g , a n d so d o n o t req u i re
t h e p ro n o u n to be re peated . T h e refo re . ghlanfainn m e a n s I would
clea n . T h e p ro n o u n 'I' i s a l ready in t h e ve r b .
fainn
fa yo u
fadh se he
fadh si she
138 TH E CONDITIONAL
faimis we
faidfs they
dun close
Dl!unfainn an doras do mbeadh I would lock the door if I had the key
an eochair agam.
scriobh write
ol dri n k
finn
feo you
feadh se he
feadh sf she
fimis we
fidfs they
eist l isten
bris brea k
THE CONDITIONAL 139
Bhrisfeadh siad isteach sa teach They wo uld brea k into the house if
muna mbeadh eochair acu. they hadn't got a key.
fainn
fa you
fadh se he
fadh sf she
faimis we
faidfs they
taispeain show
6inn
o fa you
6dh se he
6dh sf she
6imis we
6idfs they
140 TH E CONDITIONAL
ceannaigh buy
brostaigh h u rry
> I f the verb e n d s in -ig h. we remove the -igh and add the fo l l owi n g
slender e n d i n g s
eoinn
eofa you
eodh se he
eodh sf she
eoimis we
eirigh get up
oibrigh work
6inn
ofo you
6dh se he
6dh si she
6imis we
6idis they
muscail wa l<e up
M hii sc16dh si go luath gach She wo uld wa l<e up every morn ing ir
maidin do mbeadh clog she had an a l a rm clocl<.
a/Oraim aici.
oscail open
eoinn
eofo you
eodh se he
eodh si she
eoimis we
eoidfs they
142 TH E CONDITIONAL
imir play
bheinn
nf bheinn an mbeinnan
I would be
bheifeti
nf bheifeti an mbeifeaan
you would be
bheadh se
nf bheadh se an mbeadh se
he would be
bf bheadh sf
nf bheadh sf an mbeadh sf
be she would be
bheimis
nf bheimis an mbeimis
we would be
bheadh sibh
nf bheadh sibh an mbeadh sibh
you would be
bheidfs
nf bheidfs an mbeidfs
they would be
thiocfainn
nf thiocfainn an dtiocfainn
I would come
thiocfti
nf thiocfci an dtiocfci
you would come
thiocfadh se
nf thiocfadh se an dtiocfadh se
h e would come
tar thiocfadh sf
n f thiocfadh sf an dtiocfadh sf
come she would come
thiocfaimis
nf thioc(aimis an dtiocfaimis
we would com e
thiocfadh sibh
n f thiocfadh sibh an dtiocfadh sibh
you would come
thiocfaidfs
nf thiocfaidfs an dtiocfaidfs
they would come
TH E CON DITIONAL 145
rachainn
n i rachainn an rachainn
I wo uld go
rachfci
ni rachfci an rachfci
you would go
rachadh se
ni rachadh se an rachadh se
he would go
teigh rachadh si
ni rachadh si an rachadh si
go she would go
rachaimis
ni rachaimis an rachaimis
we would go
rachadh sibh
ni rachadh sibh an rachadh sibh
yo u wo uld go
rachaidis
ni rachaidis an rachaidis
they wo uld g o
.
d'fheicfjnn
ni fheicfjnn an bhfeicfjnn
I wo uld see
d'fheicfeci
ni fheicfeci an bhfeicfeci
you would see
d'fheicfeadh se
ni fheicfeadh se an bhfeicfeadh se
he would see
feic d'fheicfeadh si
ni fheicfeadh si an bhfeicfeadh si
see she would see
d'fheicfjmis
ni fheicfjmis an bhfeicfjmis
we wo uld see
d'fheicfeadh sibh ni fheicfeadh an bhfeicfeadh
you would see sibh sibh
d'fheicfjdis
ni fheicfjdis an bhfeicfidis
they wo uld see
146 TH E CONDITIONAL
chloisfinn
nf chloisfinn an gcloisfinn
I wo uld h ea r
chloisfea
nf chloisfea an gcloisfea
you would hea r
chloisfeadh se
nf chloisfeadh se an gcloisfeadh se
he would hear
clois chloisfeadh sf
nf chloisfeadh sf an gcloisfeadh sf
hea r s h e wou l d hea r
chloisfimis
nf chloisfimis an gcloisfimis
we wo uld hea r
chloisfeadh sibh nf chloisfeadh an gcloisfeadh
yo u wou l d hea r sibh sibh
chlois(idfs
nf chlois(idfs an gclois(idfs
they would hea r
dearfainn
nf dhearfainn an ndearfainn
I wo uld say
dearfa
nf dhearfa an ndearfa
you wou l d say
dearfadh se
nf dhearfadh se an ndearfadh se
he wo uld say
abair dearfadh sf
nf dhearfadh sf an ndearfadh sf
say she would say
dearfaimis
nf dhearfaimis an ndearfaimis
we wo uld say
dearfadh sibh nf dhearfadh
an ndearfadh sibh
you wou l d say sibh
dearfaidfs
nf dhearfaidfs an ndearfaidfs
they would say
TH E CONDITIONAL 147
dheanfainn
nf dht?anfainn an ndeanfainn
1 would do/m a ke
dheanfci
nf dht?anfci an ndeanfci
you would do/make
dht?anfadh se
nf dht?anfadh se an ndeanfadh se
he would do/m a ke
dheanfadh sf
dean nf dht?anfadh sf an ndeanfadh sf
do/ she would do/make
m a ke dheanfaimis
nf dht?anfaimis an ndeanfaimis
we wo uld do/m a ke
dheanfadh sibh nf dht?anfadh
an ndeanfadh sibh
you would do/make sibh
dheanfaidfs
they wo uld do/ nf dheanfaidfs an ndeanfaidfs
m a ke
bht?arfainn
nf bht?arfainn an mbear(ainn
I would g ra b
bht?arfci
nf bht?arfci an mbearfci
you wo uld g ra b
bht?arfadh se
nf bht?arfadh se an mbearfadh se
he wo uld g ra b
beir bhearfadh sf
nf bhearfadh sf an mbearfadh sf
g ra b s h e would g ra b
bht?arfaimis
nf bhearfaimis an mbearfaimis
we would g ra b
bht?arfadh sibh nf bhearfadh
an mbearfadh sibh
you would g ra b sibh
bht?arfaidfs
nf bhearfaidfs an mbear(aidfs
they wo uld g ra b
148 THE CONDITIONAL
gheobhainn
nf bhfaighinn an bhfaighinn
I would get
gheofti
nf bhfaighfeti an bhfaighfeti
you wo uld get
gheobhadh se nf bhfaigheadh
an bhfaigheadh se
he would get se
faigh gheobhadh sf
nf bhfaigheadh sf an bhfaigheadh sf
get she would get
gheobhaimis
nf bhfaighimis an bhfaighimis
we wo uld get
gheobhadh sibh nf bhfaigheadh an bhfaigheadh
you would get sibhnf sibh
gheobhaidfs
bhfaighidfs an bhfaighidfs
they would get
thabharfainn
nf thabharfainn an dtabharfainn
I would g ive
thabharfti
nf thabharfti an dtabharfti
you would g ive
thabharfadh se nf thabharfadh
an dtabharfadh se
he would g ive se
tabhair thabharfadh sf
nf thabharfadh sf an dtabharfadh sf
g ive she would g ive
thabharfaimis an
nf thabharfaimis
we would g ive dtabharfaimisan
thabharfadh sibh nf thabharfadh
dtabharfadh sibh
you would g i ve sibh
thabharfaidfs
nf thabharfaidfs an dtabharfaidfs
they wo uld g ive
THE CONDITIONAL 149
d'fosfainn
nf fosfainn an fosfainn
I would eat
d'fosfa
nf fosfa an fosfa
you would eat
d'fosfadh se
nf fosfadh se an fosfadh se
he would eat
ith d'fosfadh sf
nf fosfadh sf an fosfadh sf
ea t she would ea t
d'fosfaimis
nf fosfaimis an fosfaimis
we would eat
d'fosfadh sibh
nf fosfadh sibh an fosfadh sibh
you would eat
d'fosfaidfs
nf fosfaidfs an fosfaidfs
they would ea t
Tep
To exp ress t h e c o n d i t i o n a l i n t h e past te n s e , i e I would have done
that, we u s e the c o n d i t i o n a l a s a bove .
( THE PASSIVE )
What is the passive?
The passive voice in I rish is t h e fo rm of t h e verb w h i c h is u sed
when we a re u n awa re of t h e s u bj ect of t h e s e n te n c e , o r we c h oose
n o t to say w h o o r what t h e s u bject is, fo r exa m p l e , the window was
broken ; the work will be done. I ri s h d iffe rs fro m E n g l i s h in the s e n s e
that w e ca n n ot h ave p h rases l i ke The window w a s broken by Orla ith .
I n t ra n s l a t i n g t h i s to I ri s h we m u st say Bhris Orlaith an fhuinneog
Orlaith broke the window.
1 .1 Overview
Past: -adh
Present: -tar
Future : -far
Conditio n a l : -faf
tog lift/build
glan clea n
Glantar na leithris gach lei. The toi lets a re clea n ed every day
foe pay
Locfm: an bilie in am. The bill will be paid i n time
1 52 THE PASSIVE
Past: -eadh
Present: -tear
Futu re : -fear
Conditio n a l : -fi
bris brea k
eist l isten
cuir put
mill destroy
Past: -adh
Present: -tar
Future : -far
Condition a l : -faf
TH E PASSIVE 1 53
taispeciin show
scibhciil save
s6inseciil change
tcistciil test
Past: -aiodh
Present: -aitear
Future : -6far
1 Conditional : -6fai
ceannaigh buy
beannaigh bless
ceartaigh correct
Past: -fodh
Present: -ftear
Future : -eofar
Conditiona l : -eofaf
bailigh collect
duisigh wa ke up
dfrigh d i rect
sfnigh sig n
Past: -aiodh
Present: oftear
Futu re : -6far
Conditional : -6faf
miiscail wa ke u p
oscail open
cosain defend
Past: -iodh
Present: -ftear
Future : -eofar
Conditional : -eofaf
imir play
eitil n Y
coigil save
inis tell
With s u bject:
Ar dhiol an fear an teach Has the man sold the h ouse yet ?
go f6ill?
With s u bject:
S o m e i rreg u l a r verbs c h a n g e i n t h e c o n d i t i o n a l
KEV POINTS
1 .1 Expressi n g a wish
> I f t h e ve rb is b road , we a d d -a , a n d if it is s l e n d e r, we a d d -e
KEY POINTS
2 Adverbs of time
T h e adverbs of t i m e a re n ever c h a n g ed :
anois now
inne yesterday
amarach tomorrow
inniu today
16ithreach i m m ediately
3 Adverbs of d irection
3 .1 Out a n d i n
Ta se amuigh. H e is out.
3 . 2 U p a n d down
A s i m i l a r system a p p l i e s fo r t h e w o rd s fo r up a n d down i n I ri s h , a n d t h e
wo rd w e u s e d e p e n d s o n t h e d i recti o n fro m w h i c h w e a re co m i n g a n d
t h e p o s i t i o n fro m w h i c h w e a re sta rti n g . A ve ry easy way t o l ea r n t h i s i s
t o t h i n k of b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e o f a sta i rcase.
suas up (g o i n g u p)
sios down (g o i n g d ow n )
Thit an pictiur anuas den bhalla. The pict u re rel/ down orrthe wa l l .
KEV POINTS
• S i m p l e p re p o s i t i o n s have o n e e l e m e n t . S o m e of t h e m a s p i rate
the n o u n that fo l l ows t h e m , ot h e rs e c l i pse it and s o m e m a ke no
c h a n g e to it
• T h e s i m p l e p re p o s i t i o n s in I ri s h a re as fo l l ows
ag at
ar on
as out of
chuig to
de of
do to
faoi u n der
gan without
go to
172 PREPOSITIONS
; in
idir between
ionsar towa rds
le with
mar lil<e
6 from
roimh before
seachas except
thar over
um about
• S o m e of the co m po u n d p re p o s i t i o n s in I ri s h a re a s fo l l ows
ar aghaidh opposite
ar chul beh ind
ar fud throug h o u t
de chois nea r
faoi bhun u nder
; /cir in the m iddle of
i measc among
in aice nea r
o s cionn a bove
os comhair before
ar feadh for
tar eis after
i rith d u ring
de bharr beca use of
le haghaidh for
i mbun in charg e of
PREPOSITIONS 173
�ar
Ta athas ar Sl!fle gur eirigh lei. Sfle is happy that she passed .
>gan
But
> idir
Ta loo mile idir Beal Feirste There a re 100 m iles between Belfast
agus Baile Atha Cliath. and D u b l i n .
>-thar
Nf raibh thar blleirt ann. There weren't more tha n two people
there.
>- i
• N o u n s a re e c l i psed after i
.,.. ag, or, as, chuig, faoi, gan, idir, mar, 6, roimh, seachas, thar, tri, um
N o c h a n g e s a re m a d e to n o u n s after t h e s e p re p o s i t i o n s
Ni raibh thar Qchtar ann. There weren't more tha n eig h t there .
.,.. g o, le
These p re po s i t i o n s p l a c e a n h befo re n o u n s .
.,.. de, do
• W h e n a p re p o s i t i o n is u sed w i t h t h e a rt i c l e it often c h a n g e s t h e
n o u n that fo l l ows i t .
4 .1 Method 1
• T h e re a re s o m e p re p o s i t i o n s w h i c h req u i re a s p i rati o n a l l t h e
t i m e , a s i n U l ste r.
• We ca n s h ow t h e c h a n g e s m a d e to n o u n s by g ro u p i n g t h e
n o u n s acco rd i n g to t h e l ette r t h ey beg i n w i t h .
ar an gcarr on the ca r
• N o u n s b eg i n n i n g w i t h t h e s e l etters ca n n ot be e c l i psed a n d
t h e refo re stay t h e sa m e .
PREPOSITIONS 181
• N o c h a n g e is m a d e to masculine n o u n s b eg i n n i n g w i t h t h e s e
g ro u ps of l ette rs .
4 . 2 M ethod 2
• We c a n s h ow t h e c h a n g es m a d e t o n o u n s b y g ro u p i n g t h e
n o u n s a c c o rd i n g to t h e l ette r t h ey beg i n with .
• N o u n s b eg i n n i n g with a c o n s o n a n t a re not c h a n g ed .
ar na r;.annaf on the ca ns
sna l:!ofcheanta \ ts
i. n t h e n ig
/
leis na l:!uiscf with the waters
KEV POINTS
1 .1 Overview
> W i t h ta
Sin an fhuinneog a briseadh. Tha t's the window that was broken .
1.3 Nach
an bhean nach n-6/ann (ion the wom a n who doesn't dri n k wine
an leanbh nach bhfuair the child who didn't get the prize
an duais
1.4 Ncfr
sin an buachaill nor oscail that's the boy who didn't ooen h is
a bhronntanas present
�After the i n te rro g atives ca mhead how m uch , ca fhad how long , cathain
when , cen uair when a n d conas how, we u s e a in a s i m i l a r way :
2.1 Overview
2.3 Nach
an leanbh nach bhfuair the child whose father didn't get the
a athair an duais prize
sin an buachaill nar oscail that's the boy whose father didn't
a athair a bhronntanas ooen h is present
196 RELATIVE CLAUSES
Tq>
We c a n u s e e i t h e r d i rect o r i n d i rect re l ative c l a u ses after t h e w o rd s
a m time, I d day, ofche n ig h t , bliain n ig h t o r o t h e r n o u n s w h i c h i m p l y
time:
1 Cardinal numbers 1
d
I n basic co u n t i n . we m u st p u t a befo re t h e n u m be r with n u m be rs 1-19.
0 naid
l a haon 6 a se
2 a do 7 a seacht
3 a trf 8 a hocht
4 a ceathair 9 a naoi
5 a ciiig 10 a deich
198 NUM BERS
2 Cardinal numbers 2
2 .1 Counting n o u n s 1 - 6
• After t h e n u m b e rs 1 -6, we do n ot h i n g to n o u n s b eg i n n i n g w i t h
a vowe l :
se uan six l a m bs
2 . 2 Counting n o u n s 7 -1 0
2 . 4 Counting n o u n s above 20
2 . 5 Counting n o u n s a bove 1 0 0
2 .7 M o n ey
>With Sterl i n g . va ri o u s c h a n g es o c c u r :
>The ru l es fo r c a rd i n a l n u m be rs 2 a p p l y to punt
dhci, trf, ceithre, cuig, se pllunt two, th ree, fou r, flve, six pounds
seacht, ocht, naoi, deich bpunt seven, eig ht, nine, ten pounds
204 NUM BERS
>Pingin , h oweve r, h a s a s p e c i a l p l u ra l w h e n u se d w i t h n u m be rs
• 1-2
• 3-10
3 Personal numbers
3 .1 Personal n u m bers 1 -1 2
I n I ri s h w e h ave to u s e s p e c i a l fo rms fo r n u m b e rs w h e n w e a re
c o u n t i n g peo p l e These a re
N u m ber
duine, duine amh6in, ao n duine amh6in
1
a person , a single person
2 beirt
3 triur
4 ceathrar
5 cuigear
G seisear
7 seachtar
8 ochtar
9 naonur
10 deichniur
11 (aon) duine dheag
12 dareag
Ttp
T h e wo rd beirt a s p i rates t h e n o u n w h i c h fo l l ows, except n o u n s
that can't b e a s p i rated a n d t h o s e that beg i n w i t h d, s o r t.
3 . 2 Personal n u m be rs a bove 1 2
40/50
daichead, caoga buachaill forty/fffty boys
etc
43 tri chailin is daichead forty-th ree g i rls
54 ceithre phaisineir is caoga fffty-fo u r passengers
65 cuig phaisineir is seasca sixty-ff ve passengers
98 ocht bpaisineir is n6cha n i n ety-eig h t passeng ers
208 NUM BERS
These a re t h e n u m be rs with w h i c h we d es c ri b e t h e o rd e r i n w h i c h
things come.
Ti;p
chead a s p i rates t h e n o u n w h i c h fo l l ows if i t beg i n s w i t h a
c o n s o n a n t w h i c h c a n be a s p i rated . I t h a s n o effect o n n o u n s w h i c h
beg i n w i t h vowe l s w i t h d , t o r s .
V' We u s e t h e c a rd i na l n u m be rs to te l l t h e t i m e .
V' i ndiaidh m e a n s past a n d g o dtf m e a n s to .
V' ceathru m ea n s q u a rter a n d leath mea n s h a l f.
212 TI ME AND DATE
KEV POINTS
V W h e n we a re s i m p l y l i sti n g t h e d ay s , we p l a ce an i n fro n t of
t h e d ay i n q u esti o n .
V W h e n w e a re ta l k i n g a b o u t o n a s p e c i fi c d ay, w e p l a c e D e i n
fro n t o f t h e d ay i n q u esti o n .
214 TI M E AND DATE
3 Dates
> W h e n we a re s i m p l y l i sti n g t h e m o n t h s , we u s e t h e fo l l ow i n g
Eanciir J a n u a ry
Feabhra Februa ry
Marta M a rch
Aibrecin April
Bea/taine May
Meitheamh June
liiil July
Lunasa August
Mean F6mhair Septem ber
Deireadh F6mhair October
Samhain N ovem ber
Nollaig December
lnniu an chead lei de mhi Eanciir. Today is the first ofJ a n u a ry.
)
TI M E AND DATE 21 5
Date
an chead 16 the first (day)
an dara 16 the second (da y)
an trfu 16 the th ird (day)
an ceathru 16 the fo u rth (day)
an cuigiu 16 the fifth (da y)
an seu 16 the sixth (da y)
an seachtu 16 the seventh (da y)
an t-ochtu 16 the eig hth (day)
an naou 16 the n i n th (da y)
an deichiu 16 the tenth (day)
an t-aonu 16 deag the eleven th (da y)
an dara 16 deag the twelfth (day)
an trfU 16 deag the th irteenth (da y)
an ceathru 16 deag the fou rteenth (da y)
an ciiigiu 16 deag the fifteenth (da y)
an seu 16 deag the sixteenth (day)
an seachtu 16 deag the seventeenth (da y)
an t-ochtu 16 deag the eig h teen th (da y)
an naou 16 deag the nineteenth (da y)
an fichiii 16 the twentieth (da y)
an t-aonu 16 is fiche the twen ty-first (da y)
an dara 16 is fiche the twen ty-second (da y)
an trfu 16 is fiche the twenty-th ird (day)
an ceathru 16 is fiche the twen ty-fo u rth (da y)
an cuigiu 16 is fiche the twenty-fifth (da y)
an seu 16 is fiche the twen ty-sixth (day)
216 TI M E AND DATE
M o nth
de mhf Eanair ofJ a n u a ry
de mhf Feabhra of Februa ry
de mhf an Mhcirta of M a rch
de mhfAibreain ofApri l
de mhf no Bealtaine of M a y
d e m h f an M heithimh ofJ u n e
d e m h f luil ofJ u l y
d e m h f Lunasa ofAugust
de mhf M hean F6mhair of Septem ber
de mhf Dheireadh F6mhair of October
de mhf no Samhna of November
de mhf no Nollag of Decem ber
�POI NTS
V' W h e n we a re sayi n g w h a t t h e date i s , we u s e t h e ord i n a l
n u m be rs .
V' We a l s o m u st u s e a s p e c i a l fo rm of t h e m o n t h s w h e n sayi n g
what d a te i t i s .
(NAMES AND SURNAMES J
1 Names
N a m e s i n I ri s h a re e i t h e r mascu l i n e o r fe m i n i n e a n d h ave co m m o n ,
vocative a n d g e n i tive fo rms T h e p e rso n a l n a m e s o f m e n a re
mascu l i n e , t h o s e of wo m e n fe m i n i n e .
1 .1 Names of men
i. T h o s e t h a t e n d i n a broad consonant
(a c o n s o n a n t p receded by a, o, u)
2. Those that end in a vowel o r slender consonant
(a c o n s o n a n t p reced ed by i, e)
3 . A s m a l l n u m b e r of o t h e r mascu l i n e n a m e s .
Exa m p l e s :
Breandan , Catha/, Ciaran , Colman , Donall, Lorean , Peadar, Pol
teach
Bh_reandain teach Ch_athail teach Dl1_6naill
Genitive
B rea ndan's Catha l's h ouse D6nal/'s h ouse
h ouse
KEV PO I NTS
2 Surnames
2 .1 6 s u rna mes
�asc u l i n e Fem i n i n e
Normal
Form
{,e adar 6 Neachtain Connlaith Ni Laoire
� 6 s u r n a m e s fo l l owed by vowe l s
Masc u l i n e Fem i n i n e
Normal
Peadar Mac Coin nigh N6irfn Nie Coin nigh
Form
A Pheadair Mhie
A N6irfn Nie Coinnigh,
Cionnaigh, nci dean
cci bhfuil tu?
Vocative sin!
N6irin N ie Coi n n ig h ,
Peadar Mac Coi n n ig h ,
where a re you ?
I don't do that!
teach Pheadair M hic teach N6irfn Nie
Cionnaigh Coin nigh
Genitive
Peadar Mac Coin n igh's N6irfn N i c Coi n n ig h's
h ouse house
Masc u l i n e Fe m i n i n e
Normal
Marcos Mac Oscair Sfle Nie Oscair
Form
A M harcais M hie Oscair, A Shfle Nie Oscair, cuir
cuidigh liom! ort do ch6ta!
Vocative
M a rcus M a c Osca i r, help Sfle N ie Osca ir, pu t on
me1 yo u r coat!
teach Mharcais Mhie
Oscair teach Shfle Nie Oscair
Genitive
M a rcos M a c Osca r's Sfle N ie Osca r's h ouse
h o use
NAM ES AN D SURNAM ES 223
K E V POI NTS
V 6 c h a n g es to Nf w h e n t h e s u rn a m e is fe m i n i n e .
V 6 c h a n g e s t o U i i n t h e vocative a n d g e n i tive cases .
V Mac c h a n g es to Nie w h e n t h e s u rn a m e i s fe m i n i n e .
V Mac c h a n g e s t o M hic i n t h e vocative a n d g e n itive cases.
[ PLACE NAM ES J
> I reland
\ • t h e n o r m a l fo rm : Eire
• t h e g e n i tive : Eireann
N o rmal
Gen itive Adjective
Form
cuige Uladh
Ultach
U lster Ulaidh the provin ce o r
a person rrom U lster
Ulster
Cuige Laighean Laighneach
Leinster Laighin the province o r a person rrom
Leinster Leinster
Cuige Mumhan M uimhneach
M u nster M umhain the provin ce o r a person rrom
M u nster M u nster
Cuige Chonnacht Connachtach
Con naught Connachta the province o r a person rrom
Con n a ug h t Con naught
>Counties
A n tlur N ewry
An 6maigh Omagh
An Longfort Longfort
PLACE NAM ES 227
1 Prefixes
r6-ard too ta ll
B UT
r6bheag too small
or after dea-
cliste intelligent b u t
2 Suffixes
>The s uffi xes -aire, -am h, -f, -eir, -6ir a n d -uir a re u sed fo r p rofes s i o n s
o r fo r s o m e o n e w h o carries o u t a n acti o n o n a reg u l a r ba s i s , l i ke t h e
s uffi x -er i n E n g l i s h i n teach�
Conj u gati o n s : Seco n d 61 , 62, 65, 66, E n d i n g s Adj ectives 36-43 , 46, 50-55
6 8 , 69, 70 , 80-81 , 8 2 , 89, 91-92 , Endings: Nouns l 0-1 4 , 21 , 36
1 3 6 , 1 3 0-1 42 , 1 5 0 , 1 53-1 5 6 , 1 63 E n d i n g s Ve rbs 61 , 6 2 , 63-67,
Co p u l a 3 , 1 01 -1 1 9 78-82, 89-93
Cop u l a : Classification F
S e n tences 1 01 -1 07, 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 faoi. see a lso
Co p u l a : Prepositi o n s 2 , 1 6 , 29 1 71 , 1 72 ,
I d e nt i fi cati o n Sentences 1 01 , 1 0 8-1 1 2 , 1 73 . 1 77. 179. 1 6
113, 114, 115 Fe m i n i n e : Adj ectives 31 , 3 2 , 4 5 , 5 6 , 57
Cop u l a : Fe m i n i n e N o u n s 1 , 4 , 8 , 9, 1 0 , 1 2-1 4 , 1 8 ,
I n te rrogative p ro n o u n s 1 04 , 1 09-1 1 0 1 9 -21 , 2 3 , 24 . 2 5 , 27, 2 8 , 31 ,
Co p u l a 3 2 , 37, 39, 1 1 7, 1 2 9 , 1 8 2 , 1 84 , 1 8 5
N egative fo rm 101, 1 04 , 1 0 5 , F u t u re Te nse 59. 89-98
1 07, 1 1 0 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2 F u t u re Te nse Fi rst conj u gation 89-90
Co p u l a : F u t u re Te n s e : I rreg u l a r verbs 93-98
N egative q u estion fo rm 1 01 , 1 0 5 , F u t u re Te n s e : Seco nd conj u g ation 91-92
111, 118
G
Cop u l a : Own e rs h i p 1 1 6-1 1 9
Co p u l a Past tense 1 1 3-1 1 5
G e n d e r, see a lso
Co p u l a Q u est i o n fo rm 1 0 1 , 1 0 5-1 0 6 ,
Fem i n i n e , M ascu l i n e 8, 3 0 , 31
1 1 0-l l l , 1 1 8
G e n itive case , see a lso
Co p u l a : Adj ectives , N o u n s 1, 3, 4 , 6 , 9 , 1 6-1 7
1 8-21 , 31 , 3 6 , 37-43
Repo rted s p e e c h (n egative) 1 07, 1 1 2
Co p u l a go, see a lso Prepositi o n s 1 71 , 1 73 , 1 77.
Repo rted speech (posit ive) 1 0 6-1 07, go, see also Pa rticles 1 27-1 28
1 1 1 -1 1 2 , 1 1 8-1 1 9
gur, see a lso Co p u la,
Co u nties 225-226
Pa rticles 1 0 6-1 07, 1 1 1 -1 1 2 ,
1 1 5 , 1 1 8-1 1 9 , 1 27
D
H
d6, see a lso Pa rticles 1 34-1 3 5
Dates 214-21 6
H a b itua l : H a b i t u a l Present
Days of t h e wee k 21 2-21 3
tense of verb 'to be'. 99
Dative Case 1 5-1 6 , 31, 35, 1 71 , 224
de, see a lso Pre p o s i t i o n s 2, 1 6 , 1 7, 1 71 . i, see a lso Pre p o s i t i o n s 1 6 , 1 72 ,
1 72 , 1 77. 179. 1 8 6 176, 178, 1 7 9
Deg rees o f com parison 44 I d e ntifi cati o n s e n t e n c e s :
Deg ree of eq u i a l i ty 44 see Co p u l a
Descri b i n g word s : see adj ectives I m m e d iate p resent tense
D i rect re lative c l a u s e 1 8 9-1 92 verb 'to be': see be
D i rect re lative parti c l e a 190 I m pe rative 5 9 , 60. 63-67, 1 21
D i recti o n : see adverbs I m p e rative : I rreg u l a r verbs 67
do, see a lso Prepositi o n s 2 9 , 1 71 , 1 73 . I m p e rative: Fi rst conj u g ation 63-65
1 77. 179. 1 87 I m p e rative : N egative 66-67
E
I m p e rative : Seco nd conj u g at i o n 65-66
E c l i pses 6-7
Is, see a lso Co p u l a 1 01 -1 03 ,
1 0 8-1 0 9 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 6
E c l i pses: N o u n s 6-7, 1 6 , 57, 200
E c l i pses: Ve rbs 7, 8 2 , 9 3 ,
I n struct i o n s : see I m p e rative
1 21 -1 2 9 , 136, 1 43 .
I nterrogative parti c l e s see Pa rti c l e s
E m phatic fo r m s I nte rrogative Pro n o u n s 1 0 9,114
of p ro n o u n s 24 . 27, 1 0 8-1 09
I re l a n d ( p l ace n a m e) 224
I rreg u l a r verbs 5 5 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 61 67, 71 -77.
M A I N I N DEX 235
Prepositional p ro n o u n s 22, 29 s
Prepos i t i o n s 2 , 6 , 1 5-1 6 , 5 0 , 1 0 1 . S u bj u n ctive 1 60-1 64
1 1 6-1 1 8 , 1 71-1 8 8 , 1 93 S u bj u n ctive Fi rst conj u ncti o n 1 62
Prepositio n s : S u bj u n ctive Seco n d conj u nction 1 63
Co m p o u n d p repositions 1 6 , 1 71 -1 72 S u ffixes 228 , 231 -232
Prepositions sula / sular
P l u ra l a rt i c l e 1 8 6-1 87 see a lso Pa rt i c l es 1 27, 1 29-1 3 0 ,
Prepos i t i o n s 1 6 1 , 1 64
S i m p l e p repositi o n s 1 71 , 1 73-1 8 8 S u pe rlative 44-48
Prepositions S u rnames 220-223
S i n g u lar article 1 79-1 8 5 T
Present tense 78-88, 99-1 0 0 thar, see a lso Prepositi o n s 2 , 1 72 , 176,
Present tense 1 77. 179. 186
Fi rst conj u g ation 78-80 thart, see a lso Prepositions 1 6 , 1 67
Present tense H a b i t u a l Ti m e 21 0-21 1
p resent t e n s e (ve rb t o be) trf, see a lso N u m bers 3 , 1 07, 1 9 8 , 1 99 .
Present tense I m m e d i ate 200-204, 206-207, 21 0
p resent tense trf, see a lso
(verb to be) 99-1 0 0 Prepos i t i o n s 2 , 1 6 , 1 77. 1 7 9 , 1 8 6
Present tense
u
I rreg u l a r verbs 83-88 , 1 21 -1 2 2 ,
1 24 , 1 94-1 9 5
um,
Present tense see a lso Pre p o s i t i o n s 2 , 1 6 , 1 72 , 1 73 .
1 77, 1 7 9 . 1 8 6
Q u estion fo rm 82-88, 1 3 6-1 37, 1 94
Present te n s e : v
Second conj u gation 78 , 80-82 Ve rbal adj ective s : see Adj ectives
Pro n o u n s 22-29 Ve rbal n o u n s 17
�
Pro n o u n s : Pers o n a l p ro n o u n s
Pr- n o u n s :
re positi o n a l p ro n o u n s
22-28
22 , 29
Ve rbal pa rt i c l e s , see a lso Pa rticles
Ve rbs
Ve rbs Co n d i t i o n a l mood
120
59-1 64
5 9 , 1 3 6-1 5 9
.
Pr n u nc1at1on 1 Ve rbs
Prov i n ces 224-225 , 227 Fi rst conj u g ati o n 61 , 63-64, 6 8 ,
78-82, 89-91 , 1 37-1 3 9 , 1 5 0-1 5 3 , 1 62
Q Ve rbs
Q u esti o n s : C o n d i t i o n a l tense 1 43
Q u est i o n s : F u t u re tense F u t u re tense 59, 89-98,
93
1 51 -1 5 6 , 1 58-1 5 9
Q u esti o n s : Past tense 70-71
Q u est i o n s : Present tense 82
Ve rbs I m perative 59-60 , 63-67
Ve rbs I m perative i r reg u l a r 67
R Ve rbs
Rel ative c l a u ses 1 9 8-1 9 6 I rreg u l a r verbs 67, 71-77, 83-88 ,
Rel ative c l a u s e D i rect 1 89-1 9 2 , 1 9 6 93-98, 1 44-149, 1 58-1 5 9
Rel ative c l a u s e : Ve rbs: Past tense 68-77. 149-1 5 1 , 1 57, 1 5 9
D i rect re lative parti c l e a 190 Ve rbs: Present tense 78-88 , 99-1 0 0
Rel ative c l a u se I n d i rect 1 93-1 9 6 Ve rbs
Rel ative c l a u s e Second conj u gation 61-62 , 6 5 - 6 6 ,
I n d i rect telative parti c l e a 1 94-1 9 5 6 8 - 6 9 , 78 , 80-82 , 8 9 ,
roimh , 9 1 - 9 3 , 1 3 6 , 1 39-1 42 ,
see a lso Prepositions 2 , 2 9 , 1 72 , 1 73 , 1 50-1 51 , 1 53-1 5 6 , 1 63
1 77. 179, 1 8 1 , 1 84 , 1 8 6 Vocative case 2, 1 5 . 31 , 36-37, 21 7-223
(VERB TABLESJ
I NTRO D U CTI O N
PAST I M PE RATIVE
d u i rt m e a b ra i m
d u i rt t u abai r
d u i rt s e a b ra d h se
d u i rt s f a b ra d h s f
d u ra m a r a b ra i m i s
d u i rt s i b h a b ra i g f
d u i rt s a i d a b ra i d fs
d u ra d h " d e i rtea r"'
' autonomous fo rm 2
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
rug me b e i ri m
r u g tu bei r
r u g se b e i re a d h se
rug sf b e i rea d h sf
rugamar b e i ri m i s
rug sibh beirigf
r u g sa i d b h e i r i d fs
r u g a d h r"' b e i rtea r"'
FUTU RE CO N D ITIONAL
bea rfa i d h me b h ea rfa i n n
bea rfa i d h t u b h e a rfa
bearfa i d h se b h ea rfa d h se
bea rfa i d h sf b h ea rfa d h sf
bearfa i m i d b h ea rfa i m i s
bearfa i d h s i b h b h e a rfad h s i b h
bearfa i d h sa i d b h e a rfa i d fs
bea rfa r"' b h ea rfaf"'
3 bi (to be)
CONDITIONAL I M PERATIVE
bhei n n bim
b h e ifea bi
b h ea d h se biod h se
b h ea d h sf biod h sf
bheimis bim i s
b h ea d h s i b h bigi
bheidis bid i s
b h eiff'' b i tea r"'
CON DITIONAL
d h ea n fa i n n
d h ea n fa
d h ea n fad h se
d h ea n fad h sf
d h ea n fa i m i s
d h ea n fa d h s i b h
d h ea n fa i d fs
d h ea n faf'''
5 * autonomous form
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
fua i r m e fa i g h i m
fu a i r t u fa i g h
fu a i r se fa i g h ea d h se
fu a i r sf fa i g h ea d h sf
fuai rea m a r fa i g h i m i s
fu a i r s i b h fa i g h i g f
fu a i r s a i d fa i g h i d fs
fuartha s''' fa i g htear'''
CO N D ITIONAL
d'fh e i cfi n n
d'fh e i cfea
d'fh e i cfead h se
d'fh e i cfea d h s f
d'fh e i cfi m i s
d'fh e i cfea d h s i b h
d'fh e i cfi d fs
d'fh e i cff'
7 • autonomous form
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
d'ith m e ith i m
d'ith t u ith
d ' i t h se i t h e a d h se
d'ith s i a d i t h ead h sf
d ' i t h ea m a r i th i m i s
d'ith s i b h ith igf
d'ith s i a d i t h i d fs
i t h ea d h ''' itea r"'
FUTURE CO N D ITIONAL
fosfa i d h me d 'fosfa i n n
fosfa i d h tu d'fo sfa
fosfa i d h se d'fosfa d h se
fosfa i d h sf d'fosfa d h sf
fosfa i m i d d'fosfa i m i s
fosfa i d h s i b h d 'fosfa d h s i b h
fosfa i d h s i a d d 'fosfa i d fs
fosfa r"' d 'fosfa f"'
' auto n o m o u s fo rm 8
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
thug me tugaim
t h u g tu ta b h a i r
thug se tugad h se
t h u g sf tugad h sf
thugamar tugai mis
thug sibh tugaigf
thug said t u g a i d fs
t u g a d h ''' t u g ta r' ''
FUTU RE CO N D ITIONAL
ta b h a rfa i d h m e t h a b h a rfa i n n
ta b h a rfa i d h t u t h a b h a rfa
ta b h a rfa i d h s e t h a b h a rfa d h se
ta b h a rfa i d h s f t h a b h a rfa d h s f
ta b h a rfa i m i d t h a b h a rfa i m i s
ta b h a rfa i d h s i b h t h a b h a rfa d h s i b h
ta b h a rfa i d h sa i d t h a b h a rfa i d fs
ta b h a rfa r"' t h a b h a rfaf'''
9 " auto n o m o u s fo rm
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PERATIVE
thai nig me ta g a i m
t ha i n i g t u ta r
thai n i g se tagad h se
thai n i g sf ta g a d h s f
thangamar tag a i m i s
t ha i n i g s i b h ta g a i g f
t h a i n i g sa i d tag a i d fs
t h a n g t h as'' tag ta r'''
FUTU RE C O N D ITIONAL
ti ocfa i d h me t h i ocfa i n n
t i ocfa i d h t u t h i ocfa
ti ocfa i d h se t h i ocfa d h se
ti ocfa i d h s f t h i ocfa d h sf
ti ocfa i m i d t h i ocfa i m i s
t i ocfa i d h s i b h t h i ocfa d h s i b h
ti ocfa i d h sa i d t h i ocfa i d fs
t i o cfa r"' t h i ocfaf'''
1 0 teig h (to g o)
CO N D ITIONAL
rac ha i n n
ra chfa
rac h a d h se
rac h a d h sf
rac h a i m i s
rac h a d h s i b h
rac h a i d fs
rachfa f"'
11 " autonomous fo rm
VERB TABLES
11 c l u i n/clois (to h ea r)
PAST
chuala me
chuala tu
c h ua l a se
c h ua l a sf
chualamar
chuala sibh
chuala siad
c h u a l a t h a s'''
PAST I M PE RATIVE
bhai l i g h me bailfm
bhai l i g h tu bai l i g h
bhai l i g h se ba i l io d h se
b h a i l i g h sf ba i l fo d h sf
b h a i l fo m a r ba i l f m i s
bhailigh sibh bailfgf
b ha i l i g h s a i d ba i l fd fs
ba i l fo d h ''' ba i l ftea r"'
FUTURE CO N D ITIONAL
ba i l e o i d h m e b h a i l eo i n n
ba i l eo i d h t u b h a i l eofa
bai l e o i d h s e b h a i l eo d h se
ba i l eo i d h sf b h a i l eo d h sf
ba i l e o i m i d bhaileoimis
ba i l eo i d h s i b h b h a i l eo d h s i b h
ba i l e o i d h s a i d b h a i l eo i d fs
b a i l eofa r"' b h a i l eofa f'''
13 ' autonomous fo rm
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
bheannaigh me b ea n nafm
b h ea n n a i g h t u b ea n n a i g h
b h ea n n a i g h se b ea n n afod h s e
b h ea n n a i g h sf b ea n n a fod h s f
b h e a n n a fo m a r b ea n nafm i s
b h ea n n a i g h s i b h b e a n nafgf
b h ea n n a i g h sa i d b e a n nafdfs
b ea n n afod h ''' b ea n na ftea r''
' auto n o m o u s fo rm 14
VERB TABLES
14 beic (to ye l I)
PAST I M PE RATIVE
bheic me be i c i m
bheic tu beic
b h e i c se b e i c ea d h se
b h e i c sf b e i c ea d h s f
b h e i c ea m a r beici m i s
bheic sibh beicigf
b h e i c sa i d b e i c i d fs
bei cead h ' ' b e i ctea r''
FUTU RE CO N D ITIONAL
b e i cfi d h me b h e i cfi n n
b e i cfi d h tu b h e i cfea
b e i cfi d h se b h e i cfead h se
b e i cfi d h s f b h e i cfead h sf
b e i cfi m i d b h e i cfi m i s
b e i cfi d h s i b h b h e i cfea d h s i b h
b e i cfi d h sa i d b h e i cfi d fs
b e i cfea r"' b h e i cff"'
15 * autonomous form
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PERATIVE
bhog me boga i m
bhog tu bog
b h o g se b o g a d h se
bhog sf b o g a d h sf
bhogamar bogai m i s
bhog sibh bogaigf
bhog said b o g a i d fs
b o g a d h ''' b o g ta r ''
FUTURE C O N D ITIONAL
bogfa i d h me b h o g fa i n n
bogfa i d h tu b h o g fa
bogfa i d h se b h ogfa d h se
bogfa i d h s f b h og fa d h sf
bogfa i m i d b h og fa i m i s
bogfa i d h s i b h b h ogfa d h s i b h
bogfa i d h s a i d b h o g fa i d fs
bogfa r" ' b h o g faf'''
* autonomous fo rm 16
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
b h ri s m e b ri s i m
b h ri s t u bris
b h ri s s e brisead h s e
b h ri s sf brisead h sf
b h ri s ea m a r brisi m i s
b h ri s s i b h brisigf
b h ri s s a i d b r i s i d fs
b ri s ea d h ''' b r i stea r"'
17 * autonomous fo rm
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
c h a i t h me caith i m
c h a i t h tu c a i t h ea n n tu
c h a i t h se ca i t h ea n n se
chaith sf c a i t h ea n n sf
c h a i t hea m a r caith i m i d
}
chaith sibh ca i t h ea n n sibh
chaith said ca i t h ea n n sa i d
caith ead h ''' cai tea r"'
FUTURE CO N D ITIONAL
caithfi d h me c h a i t h fi n n
caithfi d h tu c h a i thfea
caithfi d h se c h a i t hfea d h se
caithfi d h sf c h a i thfead h sf
caithfi m i d c h a i t h fi m i s
caithfi d h s i b h c h a i t hfea d h s i b h
caithfi d h s a i d c h a i t h fi d fs
ca i t hfea r''' c h a i t hff"'
* autonomous fo rm 18
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
chei l i u i r me ce i l i u ra i m
c h e i l i u i r tu ce i l i u i r
c h e i l i u i r se cei l i u ra d h se
c h e i l i u i r sf cei l i u ra d h s f
c h e i l i u ra m a r cei l i u ra i m i s
chei l i u i r sibh ce i l i u ra i g f
chei l i u i r said cei l i u ra i d fs
c e i l i u ra d h ' ' cei l i u rta r ''
FUTU RE C O N D ITIONAL
ce i l i u rfa i d h me c h e i l i u rfa i n n
ce i l i u rfa i d h tu c h e i l i u rfa
ce i l i u rfa i d h se c h ei l i u rfa d h se
ce i l i u rfa i d h s f c h e i l i u rfad h sf
cei l i u rfa i m i d c h e i l i u rfa i m i s
ce i l i u rfa i d h s i b h c h e i l i u rfad h s i b h
ce i l i u rfa i d h s a i d c h e i l i u rfa i d i s
ce i l i u rfa r"' c h e i l i u rfaf'''
19 • autonomous form
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
c h l ofg h m e c l ofm
c h l ofg h t u c l o ig h
c h l ofg h se c l o fo d h se
c h l ofg h sf c l ofod h sf
c h l o fo m a r clofmis
c h l ofg h s i b h c l o fo n n s i b h
c h l o fg h sa i d c l o io n n s a i d
c l ofod h ''' c l o ftea r'''
FUTURE C O N D ITIONAL
c l o ifi d h me c h l offi n n
c l o ffi d h tu c h l o ffea
c l o ffi d h se c h l o ifead h se
c l o ffi d h s f c h l o ffea d h sf
c l o ifi m i d c h l o ffi m i s
c l o ffi d h s i b h c h l o ifea d h s i b h
c l o ffi d h s a i d c h l o ffi d fs
c l o ifea r"' c h l o fff'
• autonomous fo rm 20
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
c h o sa i n m e cosnafm
c h o sa i n t u cosa i n
c h o sa i n s e c o s n a fod h se
c h o sa i n sf c o s n a fo d h sf
c h o s n a fo m a r cosnafm i s
c h o sa i n s i b h c o s n a fg f
c h o sa i n s a i d c o s n a fd fs
c o sn a fo d h ''' c o s n a ftea r"'
FUTU RE C O N D ITIONAL
co s n 6 i d h me chosn6inn
c o sn 6 i d h tu c h o s n 6fa
c osn 6 i d h se c h o s n 6 d h se
cosn 6 i d h sf c h o s n 6 d h sf
cos n 6 i m i d chosn6i mis
co s n 6 i d h s i b h chosn6d h sibh
co s n 6 i d h s a i d c h o s n 6 i d fs
cosn 6fa r'' c h o s n 6fa f"'
21 feoigh (to w i t h e r)
PAST I M PERATIVE
d'fh e o i g h m e feo i m
d'fh eo i g h t u feo i g h
d'fh e o i g h se feod h se
d'fh eo i g h s f feod h sf
d'fh e o m a r feo i m i s
feofa i d h s i b h feo i g f
feofa i d h sa i d feo i dfs
feo d h '' feo itea r'''
* autonomous form 22
VERB TABLES
22 i m i r (to p l ay)
i m rfm i m rf m e
i m rfo n n tu i m rf tu
i m rfo n n se i m rf se
i m rfo n n sf i m rf sf
i m rf m i d i m rfm i d
i m rfo n n sibh i m rf s i b h
i m rfo n n sa i d i m rf s i a d
i m rftea r"' i m rftea r''
PAST I M PE RATIVE
d 'i m i r m e i m rfm
d 'i m i r tu imir
d 'i m i r se i m rfod h se
d 'i m i r s f i m rfod h sf
d 'i m rfo m a r i m rfm i s
d 'i m i r s i b h i m rfg f
d 'i m i r s a i d i m rfd fs
i m rfod h ''' i m rftea r"'
FUTURE CO N D ITIONAL
i m reo i d h me d'i m re o i n n
i m reo i d h tu d'i m reofa
i m reo i d h se d'i m re o d h se
i m re o i d h sf d'i m re o d h sf
i m re o i m i d d'i m re o i m i s
i m re o i d h s i b h d'i m re o d h s i b h
i m reo i d h sa i d d'i m re o i d fs
i m reofa r ''' d ' i m reofa f'''
23 • autonomous fo rm
VERB TABLES
23 l u i g h (to l i e , set)
PAST I M PE RATIVE
luigh me l u fm
luigh tu luigh
luigh se l u fo d h se
luigh �f l u fo d h se
l u fo m a r l u fm i s
luigh sibh l u fg f
luigh said l u fdfs
l u fod h ''' l u itea r"'
FUTURE CO N D ITIONAL
l u ffi d h m e l u ffi n n
l u ffi d h tu l u ffea
l u ffi d h se l u ffea d h se
l u ffi d h sf l u ffea d h s f
l u ffi m i d l u ffi m i s
l u ffi d h s i b h l u ffead h s i b h
l u ffi d h s a i d l u ffi d fs
l u ffea r"' l u fff"
" autonomous fo rm
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
mhol me molaim
mhol tu mol
m h o l se moladh se
m h o l sf moladh sf
mholamar molaimis
mhol sibh molaigf
m h o l sa i d m o l a i d fs
m o l a d h ''' m o l ta r"'
PAST I M PE RATIVE
shai g h me sa i m
shaigh tu sa i g h
s h a i g h se sa d h se
s h a i g h sf sad h s f
shamar sa i m i s
shaig h sibh sa i g f
s h a i g h sa i d sa i d fs
sad h ''' sai tea r '''
* autonomous fo rm 26
VERB TABLES
PAST I M PE RATIVE
s h 6 i n sea i l m e s6 i n sea l a i m
s h 6 i n sea i l tu s 6 i n s ea i l
s h 6 i n sea i l se s6 i n sea l a d h se
s h 6 i n sea i l sf s6 i n sea l a d h sf
s h 6 i n sea l a m a r s 6 i n s ea l a i m i s
s h 6 i n sea i l s i b h s6 i n sea l a i g f
s h 6 i n sea i l s a i d s 6 i n s ea i l i d fs
s6 i n sea l a d h'' s 6 i n s ea i l tea r""''
FUTURE CO N D ITIONAL
s6 i n se a l fa i d h m e s h 6 i n se a l fa i n n
s6 i n sealfa i d h tu s h 6 i n sealfa
s6 i n sealfa i d h se s h 6 i n se a l fa d h se
s6 i n sealfa i d h sf s h 6 i n sealfa d h s f
s 6 i n sealfa i m i d s h 6 i n se a l fa i m i s
s 6 i n sealfa i d h s i b h s h 6 i n sealfa d h s i b h
s 6 i n sealfa i d h sa i d s h 6 i n sea l fa i d fs
s6 i n sea lfa r ''' s h 6 i n sea lfa f"'
27 * autonomous form
( V E R B I N D EX )
H OW TO U S E TH E V E R B I N D EX
abair 1 beath a i g h 13
a d m h a i g h (vb n a d m h a i l ) 13 beic 14
aimsigh 11 beir 2
a i st ri g h 11 beirigh 11
aith i n 22 bi 3
a i t h r i s (3rd pres a i t h risfo n n . bisigh 11
v b n a i t h ris) 20 blais 16
a l p (vb a dj a l ptha) 24 b l a i sti g h 11
a l ta i g h 13 boca i l 26
a m h a re (vb adj a m h a r t h a , b o d h ra i g h 13
v b n a m h a re) 24 bog 15
a o n ta i g h 13 bolaig h 13
a rd a i g h 13 b ra i t h 17
a t h c h u rsa i l 26 b reath n a i g h 13
a t h ra i g h 13 bris 16
b a b h ta i l 26 b rosta i g h 13
bac 15 b r u c h t ( v b adj b r u c hta) 26
baca i l 26 b ru i g h 25
bag a i r (vb a dj baga rtha) 20 b r u i t h ( v b n b r u ith) 17
ba i g h 25 b u a i g h (vb n b u a c h a n ) 25
ba i l i g h 12 b u a i l (vb n b u a l a d h) 16
b a i n (vb n b a i nt) 16 b u a i r (vb n b u a i rea m h .
ba n a i g h 13 v b adj b u a rtha) 12
basa i g h 13 buamail 26
base (vb adj basctha) 24 b u i r (vb n b u i reach) 12
bea n n a i g h 13 bunaigh 13
bearr 15 ca b h ra i g h 13
bearta i g h 13 cai l i g h 11
28
ca i l l 16 com h lanai g h 13
c ai n 16 c o m h o i b ri g h 11
caith 17 c 6 n a i g h (vb n c6n ai) 13
ca m pa i l 26 c on a i l 26
can 24 corn 15
caoch 24 c o r ra i g h (vb n co rral) 13
cao i n 16 cosa i n 20
caom h n a i g h 13 coth ro m a i g h 13
earn 15 c ra i g h 25
cas 24 c ra o l 24
ceada i g h 13 c r e i d ( v b n c re i d i u i n t) 16
c ea l g 15 c rfoc h n a i g h 13
c ea n g a i l (vb n cea n g a l , c ro c h 24
vb a dj cea n g a i l te) 20 c r o i t h ( v b n c ro i t h e a d h ) 17
c ea n n a i g h (vb n cea n n a c h ) 13 c ro m 15
cea p 15 c ro n a i g h 13
cearta i g h 13 c ros 24
cei l i u i r 18 cruthai g h 13
c e i sti g h 11 c u a rd a i g (vb n c u a rdach) 13
cia l l a i g h 13 cuidigh 11
c i c ea i l 26 c u i m h n i g h (vb n c u i m h n e a m h) 11
cinn 16 c u i m i (vb a dj c u i m i l te) 22
c i o n ta i g h 13 c u i r (vb n c u r, v b a dj c u rtha) 15
cf o r 15 c u i s i g h (vb n c u i sea m h) 11
ciunaigh 13 culaigh 13
claon 24 cum 15
c l a ra i g h 13 c u m h d a i g h ( v b n c u m h d ach) 13
c l ea c h t (vb adj c l e a ch ta) 24 c u rsa i l 26
c l i c ea i l 26 daor 15
Cl i s 16 dath a i g h 13
clofg h 19 d ea l ra i g h (vb n d ea l ra m h) 13
clois 11 dean 4
c l 6 scrfo b h (vb n cl 6scrfo b h , d e a rg 15
vb adj cl6scrfofa) 24 deisigh 11
c l u d a i g h (vb n c l u d a c h) 13 diailigh 11
cluin 11 d fo ( v b n d f o l ) 24
cnag 15 d f s h i o c (vb n dfsh i oc) 15
c n e a sa i g h 13 d i u l ta i g h 13
c n i ota i l 26 d fzi p ea i l 26
c n u a sa i g h (vb n c n uasach) 13 d6ig h 25
c o d a i l (vb n cod l a d h) 20 d re a p 15
cog a i n 20 d re i m (vb n d re i m ) 12
coig i l 22 d ru i d (vb n d ru i d i m ) 24
c o i m ea d (vb n co i m ea d ) 24 d u i s i g h (vb n d u i seacht) 11
coi m head (vb n c o i m h ea d ) 24 d u m pa i l 26
co i n n i g h (vb n co i n n e a i l ) 11 dun 24
c 6 i ri g h 11 d u n m ha ra i g h 13
c o i s r i c (vb n c o i s reaca n ) 18 eagao i n 16
29
eag ra i g h 13 f u a ra i g h 13
ea l a i g h 13 fuasea i l (vb a dj fuasea i l te) 20
easa o n ta i g h 13 fu l a i n g (3rd pres fu l a i n g fo n n ,
e a s p 6 rta i l 26 v b a dj fu l a i n g the) 20
eig n i g h 11 g a b h (vb a dj g a b h a i l . vb a dJ g afa) 24
eiligh 11 g a i r (vb n g a i rm ) 12
e i r i g h (vb n e i rf) 11 geal 24
e i s i g h (vb n e i s i u i nt) 11 geall 24
e i st (vb n e i stea e h t) 16 g ea ra n (vb n g ea ra n ) 24
e i ti g h (vb n e i teaeh) 11 gearr 15
eitil 22 gei 1 1 16
faesa i l 26 geit 16
fag ( v b n fa g a i l ) 15 g lae 15
fai g h 5 g lan 24
fa i l t i g h 11 g l a o i g h (vb n g l aoeh) 25
fa i r ( v b n fa i re) 12 g l a sa i l 26
fa i s e (vb n fasea d h) 12 g l eas 24
fa n (vb n fa n a e h t) 24 g n 6th a i g h 13
fas (vb n fas) 24 gob 15
fea b h sa i g h 13 g o i d (vb n g o i d ) 16
feae 15 g o i (vb n g o l ) 16
fea e h (vb n fea e h a i nt) 24 goill 16
fead (vb n fea d a e h ta i l ) 24 g o i n (vb n g o i n , vb a dj g o nta) 16
fea l l 24 g o rtai g h 13
feic 6 g ra i g h 25
fe i l ( v b n fe i l i u i nt) 16 g rata i l 26
fei sti g h 11 g read 24
feoi g h 21 g re a m a i g h 13
fi afra i g h (vb n fi afraf) 13 g rfose 15
fi 1 1 16 guigh 23
fi u e h 24 h i o p n 6 i si g h 11
f6g a i r 20 i a r na i l 26
fog h l a i m (3rd pres fog h l a i m fo n n . i a r r (vb n i a r ra i d h) 15
vb n fog h l a i m , vb adj fog h l a mtha) 2 0 fd i g h 11
fo i l s i g h 11 i m i g h ( v b n i m ea e h t) 11
f6 i r ( v b n f6 i ri t h i nt) 12 imir 22
fo l m ha i g h 13 i m p i g h (vb n i m pf) 11
fo rma i d i g h 11 i nfhei sti g h 11
fo rm h ea d a i g h 13 i n i s (vb n i n s i n t , v b a dj i n ste) 22
fosta i g h 13 foe (vb n foe) 15
fra m a i g h 13 i o m a i r (vb n i o m ra m h ,
frea g a i r 20 v b a dj i o m a rtha) 20
freasta i l (3rd pres freasta l a fo n n , i o m pa i g h 13
v b n freasta l , v b a dj frea stal ta) 20 i o m pa i r (vb n i o m p a r, vb a dj
fri o e h 24 i o m partha) 20
fuad a i g h ( v b n fuadaeh) 13 i o n sa i g h (vb n i o n sa f) 13
fua i g h (vb n fu a i l ) 25 i o n sa i g h 25
fu a i m n i g h 11 ionsuigh 25
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i o n t ra i l 26 maisig h 11
fos l a g h d a i g h 13 maith 17
fs l i g h 11 m a l a r ta i g h 13
ith 7 m ao l a i g h 13
l a b h a i r (vb a dj l a b h a rtha) 20 m a pa i l 26
lagaigh 13 m a ra i g h 13
lag hdaigh 13 m a rca i g h (vb n m a rcafocht) 13
l a i m h s ea i l 26 m a rca i l 26
laimhsigh 11 m ea b h ra i g h 13
lai nseail 26 mead a i g h 13
las 24 m ea i g h 25
l e a c h ta i g h 13 m ea l l 24
l ea g 15 m ea s ( v b n m eas) 24
leaigh 25 measc 15
lean 24 m ea s u n a i g h 13
l ea sa i g h 13 m eath (vb n m eat h . v b adj m eata) 24
l ea sa i g h 13 m e i l (vb n m e i l t) 16
l e i g h (vb n l ea m h) 25 mill 16
l e i g heas (vb n l e i g h eas) 24 m fn i g h 11
l e i m (vb n l e i m ) 15 moi l l i g h 11
l e i ri g h 11 mol 24
l e i r m h fn i g h 11 m o th a i g h 13
l e i rs i g h 11 much 24
lig 12 muin 16
ligh 23 m u sca i l (vb a dj m u sca i l te) 20
l fo m h (vb a dj If ofa) 24 n a i ri g h 11
lion 24 n a i s c (vb n n a scad h) 12
l i t ri g h 11 nigh 23
loc 15 n o c h t (vb a dj n o c h ta) 24
l o c h ta i g h 13 n 6 ta i l 26
16dai1 26 n u a c h 6 i ri g h 11
log 15 ofra i l 26
loic 12 o i b ri g h 11
l o i sc ( v b n l o scad h) 12 o i l (vb n o i l i u i nt) 16
l o i t (vb n l o t . v b adj l o i te) 16 o i r (vb n o i r i u nt) 12
l o rn 15 o i ri u n a i g h 13
lonnaigh 13 6 1 (vb n 6 1 ) 24
l o n ra i g h 13 o rd a i g h 13
l u a i g h (vb n l u a) 25 osca i l (vb a dj osca i l te) 20
l u asc 24 paca i l 26
l u asg h e a ra i g h 13 p a i rcea i l 26
1ub 15 pa sa i l 26
l u c h ta i g h 13 peaca i g h 13
luigh 23 p e i ntea i l 26
l u isnigh 11 pioc 15
m a fg h (vb n m a fo m h) 19 plab 15
m a i r (vb n m a i re a ch ta i l ) 12 plandaigh 13
m a i rsea i l 26 p l ea da i l 26
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p l ea n a i l 26 sca i p 12
p l ease 15 sca i rd 16
pleigh 25 sca i rt ( v b adj scai rte) 16
pluch 24 seal I 24
p6g 15 sca m h (vb a dj scafa) 24
po i b l i g h 11 sca n 24
p o i ntea i l 26 sca n n a n a i g h 13
p 6 ra i g h 13 sca n ra i g h 13
p6s 24 sea o i l 16
p ra m sa i l 26 sca r 15
p reab 15 sea ta i l 26
p reasa i l 26 sceith (vb n s c e i t h e a d h ) 17
p ri o c 15 sceitsea i l 26
p r i o n ta i l 26 sci a i l 26
p r6 i s ea i l 26 sci m e a i l 26
pule 15 sci o b 15
p u m pa i l 26 sciorr 15
ra m h a i g h ( v b n ra m h ach) 13 sci u rd 24
rea b 15 scoi l t (vb adj scoi l te) 16
rea c h ta i l 26 sco i r (vb n scor. v b a dj scortha) 12
rei t i g h (vb n re iteach) 11 scoith (vb n s c o i t h e a d h ) 17
reo i g h 21 s c 6 ra i l 26
ria l a i g h 13 sc read 24
r i n c (vb n r i n ce) 12 s e rf o b 15
rfo m h (vb n rfo m h . v b adj rfofa) 24 s c rfo b h (vb n scrfo b h , vb adj serf ofa) 24
rith (vb n rith) 17 scrios 24
ro b a i l 26 scri u a i l 26
rog h n a i g h 13 s c ro l l a i g h 13
roi n n (vb n ro i n n t) 16 s c ru d a i g h 13
rop 15 scuab 15
r6 st 24 sea c h a i d
ruaig 12 (vb n seacha da d h .
sa b h a i l 26 v b adj seachadta) 26
sac 15 sea c h a i n 20
saig h 25 sean 24
sa i g h n ea i l 26 searr 24
sa i l I 16 seas (vb n seasa m h) 24
sai n m h fn i g h 11 s e i c ea i l 26
sa i n n i g h 11 seid 16
sa m h l a i g h 13 s e i l g (vb n s e i l g ) 12
s a n ta i g h 13 s e i n n (vb n sei n m ) 16
sao l a i g h 13 seol 24
saor 15 sil 16
saoth ra i g h 13 sfl 16
s a ra i g h 13 sin 16
sasa i g h 13 s fn i g h 11
scag 15 sf o b 15
sea i n 16 sioc 15
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s i O i l (vb n s i O I . vb a dj s i O i l ta) 18 taisti l (3rd pres tai tstea l a io n n .
s l ea m h n a i g h 13 v b n tai stea l . v b a dj ta i stea l ta) 20
sl og 15 taiti n (vb n ta i t n ea m h) 22
s m a c h ta i g h 13 tapa i g h 13
s m a o i n i g h (vb n s m a o i n ea m h) 11 ta r 9
smear 15 tarl a i g h (past t h a r l a) 13
sm e i d 16 tarra i n g (3rd pres ta rra i n g io n n .
s n a m h (vb n s na m h) 24 vb adJ ta r ra i n g t he) 20
snigh 23 tasta i l 26
snoigh 19 teagasc (vb n teagasc) 15
socra i g h 13 tea n n 24
soi l e i ri g h 11 teasta i g h (vb n teasta i l ) 13
s o i ls i g h 11 tei g h 10
s6inseail 26 teip (vb n te i p) 12
soi p r i g h 11 t i o ma i n ( v b n t i o m a i n t .
s 6 1 a sa i g h 13 v b adj t i o m a i nte) 18
so l a t ha i r (vb n s o l a t h a r. t i o n ta i g h 13
v b adj solath ra i t h e) 20 tit ( v b n titi m . vb adj ti te) 16
s6rta i l 26 toe h a i l (vb adj tocha i l te) 20
sp a ra i l 26 toc h a i s (vb n tochas) 18
splanc 15 t 6 g (vb adj t6g a i l ) 15
s p raea i l 26 tog h (vb a dj tofa) 24
s p reag 15 to m ha i s (vb n tom h a s .
s p re i g h 25 v b adj to m h a i ste) 18
s ra n n 24 tosa i g h 13
s rao i l l 16 t6sta i l 26
s ro i c h 16 t rae n a i l 26
sruth laig h 13 t ra o c h 24
stad (vb n sta d ) 24 t ra s n a i g h 13
sta n 24 t rea s l a i g h 13
stea l I 24 t re i g (vb n t re i g e a n ) 12
sti O i r 18 tria i l (vb n tria i l ) 16
stop 15 trio m a i g h 13
st6 ra i l 26 t ro i d (vb n triad) 16
strea c h a i l 20 t u i g (vb n t u i sci n t) 12
striae 15 t u i r l i n g (3rd pres t u i rl i n g io n n .
str6 i c 12 v b adj t u i r l i n g t h e) 20
suigh 23 tum 15
suimigh 11 uasl6dail 26
s u itea i l 26 u c h ta i g h 13
ta b h a i r 8 u l l mhaig h 13
taca i g h 13 vacsain i g h 11
taifead 24 v6ta i l 26
ta i rg (vb n ta i ri s c i nt) 12 z i p ea i l 11
ta i s p ea i n (vb n ta i s p ea i n t .
vb adj ta i s pe a n ta) 18
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