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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 1

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 3

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 5

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 7

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 11

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 13

 POP SCI GOES TO HOLLYWOOD

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14 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 15

 POP SCI GOES TO HOLLYWOOD

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f
POP SCI MOVIE
AWARDS
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17
 POP SCI GOES TO HOLLYWOOD
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18 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 27

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20 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 21

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22 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 23
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24 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f
tus,ft0ef;tm;jzifh 33 pwk
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26 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
w,f/ tck aemufq;kH ay: HIV
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atmif enf;yg;wJh ZD0armfvD
usL; ypönf;awGudk cGJjcm; z,f
xkwf xde;f ausmif;udik w f ,
G Ef ikd f
pGr;f &Sv
d mapNyDjzpfw,f/ wHawG;
uae a&m*g &SmazG azmfxw k wf hJ
saliva diagnostics acwfwpf
acwf[m rMumrD a&mufvmcg
eD;aeygNyD/ wHawG;uae a&m*g
&SmazG&wm[m aoG;azmufNyD;
a&m*g&SmazG&wmxuf tm;om
csuf trsm;BuD; &Sdaeygw,f/
aoG;azmuf erlem,l&mrSm aq;
xdk;tyfeJY avhusifh uRrf;usifrI
&SdzdkY vdktyfygw,f/
trsdK;om; oGm;eJY rsufESm
½dk;jcrf; avhvma&;tifpwDusK
u okawoevkyfaqmifaewJh
tzGJU (7)ckudk wHawG;rS a&m*g
&SmazGa&; ud&d,mrsm; zGHUNzdK;
wd;k wufvmzdYkaiGaMu;axmufyhH
vsuf &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D pDrHcsuf
ya&m*sufxrJ mS ZD0aA'ynm&Sif
awG?oGm;bufqikd &f m uRr;f usif
olawG? ZD0tif*sifeD,m ynm
&Siaf wGeYJ tvTmpH?k enf;ynmpH?k
bufpHk,mOfeJY wufukefESif
vsuf&adS eygNyD/ Microfludics
trnf&Sd enf;ynmrSm wpf
vDwm&JU tyHkoef;wpfaxmifyHk
tpd w f t yd k i f ; tenf ; i,f
avmufyJ&SdwJh ZD0armfvDusL;
rsm; o,faqmif yg&Sw d hJ t&nf
pufuav;awGudk vlYqHcsnf
rQif&JU xdyfydkif;jywf tcsif;yrm
Pom&Sw d hJ >yefxJ jzwfoef;ap
NyD; a&m*gcHpm;aeolawGrSm
xkwfvkyf jzpfay:avh&SdwJh ZD0
armfvDusL; trSwftom;awG
udk cGJjcm; azmfxkwfay;Edkifyg
vdrfhr,f/
,cifu 'DvdktvkyfawG
udk ypönf;ud&d,mawG wpfjyHK
wpfacgif; pkjyHK wyfqifxm;wJh
"mwfcGJcef;xJrSmyJ vkyfaqmif
vdkY &EdkifwJhtvkyfyg/ tckawmh
ZD0tif*sifeD,mawG&JU wDxGif
ajymif;vJrIaMumifh tJ'D "mwfcGJ
cef;BuD;[m bussiness card
ac:wJh vdyfpmuwfjym; t&G,f
ay:a&muf&o dS mG ;cJyh gNyD/ xl;axG
onfh tH&maomf/ artificial-
nose vdkY ac:wJh ESmacgif;wk
pufu&d , d mu vlYwaH wG;xJrmS
ygwJh RNA armfvDusL; tydkif;
tpawG ppfaq;NyD; rdepfydkif;
twGi;f a&m*gtrnf? a&m*gyd;k
trsdK;tpm;trnfudk azmfxkwf
ay;ygvdrfhr,f/
e,l;a,muf wuúodkvf
oGm;bufqdkif&mXmeu ZD0
"mwkynm&Sif Daniel Ma-
lamud wdkYtzGJU vkyfaqmifae
wJh ud&d,m topfwpfcku
awmh uav;oli,fawG trsm;
qHk; jzpfay: cHpm;&wJh a&m*g
vufonfudk tcsdefrdepfydkif;
twGi;f tvsiftjref azmfxw k f
Edkifr,fh a&m*g &SmazG ppfaq;
a&; ud&d,m jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D
ud&d,mu rsdK;ADZcGJjcm;rIudk
rdkufu½dkcspf tjym;ay:rSm vkyf
aqmifEdkifwJh enf;ynm mi-
niaturezed genetic amalysis
&,f? udk,fcH ,EÅ&m;awG&JU
vI y f & S m ;wk H Y j yef r I enf ; vrf ;
(imunology techniques)
awG&,f? azmhpzdwaf &mif ajymif;
awmuf tcsufjypepf (phos-
phore - scence - based
 signaling) pwmawG aygif;pyf xGufay:vmwJh y#dZD0ypönf; wHawG;xJrSm b,fvdk jzpfay: wuúodkvfu tzGJUawGuawmh
pk p nf ; xm;wm jzpf w ,f / (antibodies) awG &SmazG azmf a&muf&Sdvmw,fqdkwmeJY bm cHwGif;uifqm&JU a&SUajy; vu©
uav;oli,fawGrmS trsm;qH;k xk w f r S m jzpf w ,f / 'k w d , udk t"dyÜm,faqmif azmfñTef; PmawGukd wHawG;xJu RNA
jzpfay: cHpm;&avh&w dS hJ touf ajrmuf channe u w&m;cH aeovJ qdkwmawGudk ,ck armfvDusL; tydkif;tpawGudk
½SLvrf;aMumif;qdkif&m a&m*g vufonf Adkif;&yfpf odkYr[kwf tcsdeftxd jywfjywfom;om; &SmazG azmfxkwf prf;oyfNyD;
awG[m Aufw;D &D;,m; rsdK;pdwf Auf w D ; &D ; ,m;&J U tay:,H &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; razmfxkwf BudKwifazmfxw k w f phJ epf atmif
(7)rsKd;? 'grSr[kwf Adkif;&yfpfrsdK; rsufEmS jyifu xkwv f w T w
f hJ y#d Edkifao;ygbl;/ vlwpfa,muf jrifpGm jyKvkyfEdkifcJhygw,f/
pdwf (7)rsdK;xJu wpfrsdK;rsdK; vIHYypönf; (antigens) awGudk t&uf a omuf w J h t cg oral okawoejyKaewJhtzGJU
aMumifh jzpfymG ;&avh &Syd gw,f/ &SmazG azmfxw k af y;rSmjzpfw,f/ level eJU blood level rSm jyae (7)cku ynm&SifawGuawmh
q&m0ef aq;cef;oGm;jywJt h cg wwd,ajrmufeYJ pwkwa¬ jrmuf wJh yg0ifudef; tcsdK;tpm;[m aemifvmrnfh ESpftenf;i,f
rSm oufqikd &f m q&m0eftaeeJY channal awGuawmh Adkif;&yfpf ud k u f n D a yr,f h *vl ; ud k Y pf twGif; taxGaxGa&m*guk
b,fydk;trsdK;tpm;aMumifh 'Dvdk &JU RNA armfvDusL;eJY AufwD; oMum; pm;oHk;wJhtcgrSmawmh jyifyaq;cef;awG? oGm;aq;
touf½SLvrf;aMumif;a0'em &D;,m;&JU DNA armfvDusL; tJ'D level ESpfckujywJh yg0if cef;awGtygt0if ,kwpf t G qH;k
jzpf a y:&w,f q d k w m &S m azG toD;oD;udk &SmazG azmfxkwfrSm udef; tcsdK;awG[m rudkufnD tdrfwdkif;rSmwyfqifxm;EdkifwJh
azmfxkwfzdkY tifrwef cJ,Of; jzpfw,f/ erlemypön;f [m tJ'D bJ wuGJwjym; jzpfaewwfyg pm;yGwJ ifueG yf sLwm(PC) t&G,f
ygw,f/ olwYkdtzGUJ wDxiG x f m; aemufrSm detector sheet ay: w,f/ 'gqdk wHawG;u a&m*geJY tpm; tvdktavsmuf wHawG;
wJh microfludics machine rSm jzwfoef;oGm;rSm jzpfNyD; hits ZD0ypönf;yrmP &SmazG azmf uae a&m*g &SmazGa&; pufawG
wpfNydKifeuf tvkyfvkyfEdkifwJh vd k Y a c:wJ h positive jzpf w J h xkwfrI[m t"dyÜm,f r&Sdovdk ae&m,lvmrSm rvGJbl;vdkY qdk
microscopic channel u (4) ae&mav;awGrSm azmhpzdwf jzpfoGm;jyefa&m/ oGm;zHk;a&m*g aeMuygw,f / vuf a rmif ;
ck yg0ifw,f/ yxrqHk; cha- a&mifajymif;awmufawG vif; (gum disease) eJ Y cH w G i f ; aoG;azmufwmwdkY? vnfyif;
nnel u ul;pufa&m*gydk;udk vufvmrSm jzpfw,f/ uifqm (oral cancer) azmf tom;p jcpfxw k f erlem,lwm
vlYcE¨mud, k &f UJ a&m*g umuG,f biomarker vdYk ac:wJh ZD0 xkwf&mrSmawmh 'Dvdk tcuf wdYk vkyzf Ykd rvdw
k ahJ cwfukd a&muf
a&; ,EÅ&m;pepfu wHkYjyef&mrS trSwftom; ypönf;av;awG tcJawG r&Sdygbl;/ UCLA rSm rvGJygbl;/
Ref : Discover, 2006.
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tmumoodYk rnfol yxrqH;k a&mufcyhJ genf;
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123
½k&Sm;vlrsKd; tmumo,mOfrSL; Yuri Alexeyevitch Gagarin onf Vostok tmumo
,mOfjzifh urÇmudkywfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf 1961 ckESpf {NyDv 12 &ufwGifjzpfí
tmumoodkY vlom;tjzpf vdkufygcJhonfh yxrqHk;tBudrfvnf;jzpfcJhygonf/
tqdkygc&D;pOfonf 108 rdepf MumjrifhcJhonf/ tar&duefwdkY\ yxrqHk; urÇmywf
c&D;pOfudk 1962 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 20 &ufwGif tmumo,mOfrSL; John Glenn u
rmusL&D tmumo,mOf (Mercury Atlas 6-Friendship7) jzifh jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
wu,fwrf;wGif Alan Shepard u 1961 ckESpf arv 5 &ufwGif tmumoodkY
tjrifh uDvdkrDwm 180 txd a&mufcJhygonf/ 1961 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 21 &ufwGif
tmumo,mOfrSL; Gus Grissom vnf; tmumoodkY a&mufcJhonf/ odkYaomf
olwdkYonf urÇmudk ywfcJhjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tmumowGif acwåom MumjrifhcJhonf/
tqdkyg vlom;wdkY tmumoodkYra&mufrD ouf&dSowå0gwdkY t&ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
1959 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 4 &ufwGif 'Sam' [k trnfay;xm;aom arsmufwpfaumifudk
tmumoodkY vTwfwifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/1961 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufwGif tar&duefEdkifiHrS Yuri Gagarin
csifyiffZD ac: arsmuf0Huav; 'Ham' onf rmusL&D tmumo,mOfjzifh tmumoodkY a&mufcJh
onf/ 1961 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 29 &ufwGif arsmuf0Huav; 'Enos' onfvnf; tmumoodkY a&mufcJhygonf/

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 27

28 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
urÇm&JU [krd mS bufjcrf;u tjzpftysuaf wGukd urÇm&JU onfrmS bufjcrf;u vlu
½kyfjrifoHMum;rSm awGYjrifvdkuf&½HkrQESifh olYudk Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&ovdkrsKd;
tEÅ&m,f ud, k xf ifjyw,fvYkd ½IjrifraI wGukd awG&Y avh&w dS ,f/
tJ'D taMumufw&m;udk aq;aomufvYkd aysmufygrh vm;/

taMumufw&m;udk
ukpm;Ekdifyghrvm;

2 004 ckEpS f tapmydik ;f umvwke;f uayg/h 3 ESpef ;D yg; t&G,rf Qom&Sad o;wJh
uReaf wmfo h rD; ]a&buúm} [m a&csK;d cef;rSm a&csK;d ae&if;eJY a&ydu
k af cgi;f rSm
wyfqifxm;wJh ud&d,mwpfckyGifhoGm;cJhordkY olr[m ililBuD; Muufao aooGm;cJhw,f/
olrqD tajy;tvTm;oGm;a&mufNy;D uReaf wmfu [efcsux f ed ;f ay;vku
d &f w,f/
]a&buúm} [m rsuEf mS Bu;D eDjref;Ny;D atmf[pfiakd <u;ygava&m/

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 29

 tJ'v
D jkd zpfysuNf yD; vaygif;
twef M umwJ h t xd ol r [m
a&csKd;&if tEÅ&m,f&Sdw,fvdkY
pGJrSwfaecJhw,f/ taMumuf
w&m;jzpfay:rIqdkif&m tm½Hk
aMumawGudk avhvm pl;prf;wJh
orm;awmfwpfa,muftaeeJY
uReaf wmfuawmh aumif;aumif;
odaew,f/ cHpm;rIjrpfzsm;cH&m
udk avhvmqef;ppfwhJ OD;aESmuf
twGif;&Sd vHkNcHK ab;uif;wJh
A[kdcsufeJY olr OD;acgif;&JU
a&SUykdif;&Sd tjriftm½Hkzrf; cor-
tex wdkY&JU qufoG,f owif;
ay;ydkYcJhjcif;aMumifh ]a&buúm}
rSm taMumufw&m;udk cHpm;
ae&aMumif; uRefawmfodcJhyg
w,f/ 'Da&ydkufacgif;uaeNyD;
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aMumif;udk olr&JU OD;aESmufA[kd
csurf xH owif;tcsut f vuf
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BuD;u tvGefYtvGef awmifh
wif;pGmeJY qkwfuefqkwfuef

aMumufpw
d jf zpfay:atmif cH,l wHjYk yefrI
awmifay:vrf;wpfckrSm avQmufvSrf;vmaeolwpfOD;[m a>r
wpfaumifuakd wGY&awmh aMumufpw d af y:vmw,f/ tJ'D aMumuf
pdwjf zpfay:vmatmif wkYHjyefaqmif&u G rf aI wGukd OD;aESmuftwGi;f &Sd
Cortical eJY Subcortical wdkY&JU qufoG,fa&; vrf;aMumif;awG
ay:rSm xkwfvkyfaeMuwm jzpfw,f/ NyD;awmh Thalamus u
tjriftm½HEk ;Id qGru I kd yxrqH;k jzpfay:apw,f/ tJ't D jriftm½Hak wG
[m Thalamus uaeNyD; amygdala qDoYdk tajy;tvTm; owif;
ydYkay;w,f/ 'Dvt dk vsit f jref xkwv f iT rhf aI Mumifh OD;aESmufuaeNyD;
jzpfEidk af jctEÅ&m,fudk wHkYjyefxkwfvTifhaeMuw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;
rSmyJ tjriftm½HkcH cortex uvnf; thalamus xHrS tcsufjy
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awmhrS vrf;ay:u a>r&,fvkdY ydkif;jcm;Ekdifvmw,f/ tJ'Dvdk &&Sd
xm;wJh owif;tcsut f vufukd amygdala qDukd vTaJ jymif;ydYk ay;
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wHkYjyefjcif; rjyK&ef y,fxkwfNyD; jzpfvdrfhr,f/

30 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

jyKaew,f/ a&csKd;cef;xJu
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f
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31
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32 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f
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33
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34 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 35
 uvkef;yGm;&ef {&mr cufcJ
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atmifjrifrIr&yg/
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aMumufaep&mrvdkyg/

24
36 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
vSonfh vkyif ef;
«3» om;avmif; ul;ajymif;jcif; «4» arG;zGm;jcif; uvke;f pGr;f aqmif &nf

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uk, d 0f efprJG I vu©Pmudk apmifMh uyf
Munfh½I&w,f/

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 25

37
 odyÜHqdkwmbmvJ
odyyHÜ nmqdw k m rdr0d ef;usifrmS jzpfay:aewJt
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qdwk m odvm&w,f/

38 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

38 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
 odyyHÜ nmeJY udik ;f cGrJ sm;
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tJ'Dtrsm;BuD;xJu wcsKdUyJ jzpfw,f/

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awGu ouf&SdawGtaMumif; awGu tyifawGtaMumif; awGu "mwkypönf;rsm;eJY
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ogy) vdkYac:w,f/ Munfh/

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qHk;jzwfcsufcswmrsKd; vkyfEkdif
pGrf;&Sdw,f/

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 39

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 39
 odyÜHynm&SifwkdY&JU
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d mudk
oDtdk&DcdkifrmoGm;wJh oabmaygh/ ajc&mcHEkdifwmaygh/

40 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

40 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
 'guawmh comet ac: wJh Mu,fwHcGefygyJ/ Mu,fwHcGefawG[m
apmifMh unfah vhvmjcif; tmumoxJrSm jzwfoef;vGifharsmaewJh a&cJeJY zkefrIefYtwdNyD;wJh
Observing qdkwJh toHk;tEIef;[m t&m0w¬KawG jzpfw,f/ Mu,fwHcGefa&GUvsm;&m vrf;aMumif;udk
apmifhMunfhavhvm wkdif;wmjcif;vdkY MunfhNyD; aemufxyf b,fukdoGm;NyD; b,fukda&mufr,fqdkwm
t"dyÜm,f&w,f/ odyÜHynm&Sifwpfa,muf yDozdkY cefYrSef;EkdifMu&w,f/
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 41

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 41
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42 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

42 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 43
10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 43
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10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 45

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aqmufxm;NyD; 1930 jynfhESpf
rsm;rwdik rf D urÇmay:wGif tjrifh
qH k ; taqmuf t OD j zpf c J h N yD ;
jyifopfEdkifiH\ xif&Sm;aom
trSwftom;vnf; jzpfonf/
1954 ckEpS f jAdwed Ef ikd if o
H m; tm;
upm;orm;wpfO;D jzpfol Roger
Bannister onf wpfrdkif c&D;
udk av;rdepfjzifh ajy;EdkifcJhyg
onf/ olonf tqdkyg pHcsdef
udk yxrqHk; wifEdkifcJholvnf;
jzpfonf/
arG;zGm;jcif;
1871 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; "mwk
7th MAY
&Sm;aom ukrP Ü D jzpfcyhJ gonf/
'Sony' [laom trnfonf
vufwifbmom 'sonus' jzpf
í ]toH} udk qdkvdkonf/ xdk
tcsed t
f cgrsm;u *syefEikd if w
H iG f
acwfqefaom vli,frsm;udk
vnf; 'sonny' [k ac:Muyg
onf/
1998 ckEpS f Mercedes-Benz
ukrÜPDonf Chrysler um;
vkyfief;udk a':vm bDvD,H
40 jzifh 0,f,lvdkufygonf/
¤if;onf 'Daimler Chrysler'
um;ukrP Ü D wpfct k jzpf ordik ;f
wGif tBuD;qH;k aom pufrI vkyf
ief; jzpfcJhygonf/ ,cktcg
'Mercedes-Benz' um;rsm;
jzifh emrnf ausmfMum;aom
ukrÜPDvnf; jzpfonf/
2002 ckEpS f China Southern
Airlines avaMumif;vdkif;rS
MD-82 c&D;onfwif av,mOf
aA'ynm&Sif Victor Grignard
udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ olonf
Edb
k ,fvq f &k iS w
f pfO;D vnf;jzpf
í 1935 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJh
ygonf/
1916 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsKd;
½lyaA'ynm&Sif Robert H.
Dicke udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ ol
onf ta&;Bu;D aom vkyif ef;rsm;
jzpfonfh atomic physics,
astrophysics, cosmology
gravity wdkYESifh ywfoufí
azmfxkwfvkyfudkifcJholjzpfNyD;
1997 ckEpS wf iG u
f ,
G v
f eG cf o
hJ nf/
1929 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsKd;
"mwkaA'ynm&Sif Paul Lau-
terbur udk arG;zGm;cJhonf/ ol
onf 'magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) udk azmfxw k f
wpfpif;onf yifv,f0gtwGi;f
odkY xkd;usysufpD;cJh&m vlaygif;
112 OD; aoqHk;cJh&ygonf/
arG;zGm;jcif;
1700 jynfEh pS f 'wfcsEf ikd if zH mG ; aq;
ynm&Sif wpfOD;jzpfol Gerard
vam Swieten uG,fvGefcJhyg
onf/ olonf ½kua© A'O,smOf?
"mwkaA' "mwfcGJcef;rsm;ESifh
aq;bufqikd &f m nTeMf um;csuf
rsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ olYudk
1772 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo
1861 ckEpS f tdE´d,EkdifiHom; pm
a&;q&m Rabindranath Ta-
gore uG,fvGefcJhygonf/ ol
onf uAsmq&m? 0w¬Ka&;q&m?
aw;a&;ynm&Si?f tawG; tac:
orm;ponf tEkynm e,fy,f
wGif pG,fpHk uRrf;usifol jzpfNyD;
tdE´d,\ tEkynm Mu,fwpf
yGithf jzpf xif&mS ;cJo
h l jzpfonf/
olonf tm&Swdkuf\ yxr
qHk;aom Edkb,fvfqk&Sifvnf;
jzpfí olYukd 1941 ckEpS w
cJholjzpfNyD; ]]ouf&dSuvyfpnf;
rsm;rS xkwfvTifhonfh a&'D,dk
vd I i f ; rsm;ud k wG u f c suf j cif ;
rsm;wGif aqmif&u G af y;Edik o f nfh
oHvdkuf"mwf pufuGif;twGif;
ajymif;vJEIef;}} udk rdwfquf
azmfxkwfcJholvnf; jzpfonf/
olonf Edb k ,fvq f &k iS f wpfO;D
vnf; jzpfygonf/
aoqHk;jcif;
1859 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; pl;prf;
&SmazGolESifh obm0avhvmrI
ynm&S i f Alexander von
Humboldt uG,fvGefcJhonf/
olonf awmiftar&duESifh
tar&duwdkuf tv,fydkif; a'
orsm;odkY oGm;a&mufcJhNyD; odyÜH
qdik &f m jrifuiG ;f rsm;udk avhvm
cJNh yD; pmwrf;rsm;pGm jyKpkco hJ nf/
zGm;cJhygonf/
1909 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsKd;
wDxGifol Edwin H. Land
udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ olonf
ydvk m½du
k u
f ifr&mudk wDxiG cf o hJ l
jzpfí ]]ta&mifwYkd\oDt&kd }D } udk
azmfxkwfcJholvnf;jzpfonf/
olonf 1991 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG f
cJyh gonf/
1939ckEpS f uae'gEdik if zH mG ; "mwk
aA' ynm&Sif Sidney Altman
h nf/
f iG f arG;
xdkYtjyif ol\ yx0DESifh ½ku©
aA'qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
onf 'biogeography' [lí
ay:aygufap&ef tajccHrsm;
vnf;jzpfcJhonf/ olYudk 1769
ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
1963 ckEpS f [efa*&DE, G zf mG ; ½ly
aA' ynm&Sif Theodore von
Karman uG,v f eG cf ohJ nf/ ol
onf tif*sife, D mwpfO;D vnf;
jzpfí aeronautics ESifh aero-
dynamics qdi k &f m vkyif ef;rsm;
udk azmfxw k af qmif&u G cf o hJ nf/
¤if;tcsufrsm;onf super-
sonic ESifh hypersonic qdkif&m
avaMumif ; ysH o ef ; rI r sm;
twGuf tajccHrsm; jzpfcJhyg
onf/ olYudk 1881 ckESpfwGif
arG;zGm;cJhonf/
udk arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ olonf
tRNA armfvDusL;udk a&'D,dk
"mwkenf;jzifh oefYpifaponfh
enf;udk a&SUajy; azmfxkwfcJhol
jzpfí Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfOD;
vnf;jzpfonf/
aoqHk;jcif;
1941 ckEpS f paumhcsv f rl sK;d rEkó
aA' ynm&Sif Sir James Geo-
rge Frazer uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/
olonf a&S;acwf bmoma&;
ESihf '@m&Dqikd &f m tjzpftysuf
rsm;udk acwfrDenf;rsm;jzifh
azmfxkwf avhvmcJhol jzpfNyD;
olYukd 1854 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJh
ygonf/
1998 ckEpS f awmiftmz&duEdik if H
om; ½lyaA' ynm&Sif Allan
McLeod Cormack uG,v
onf/ olonf uGefysLwmoHk;
(CAT) sacn udk wDxi G &f mwGif
yg0ifco hJ jl zpfí Edb
k ,fvq
vnf;jzpfonf/ olYudk 1924
ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
8st MAY
tjzpftysurf sm;
1541 ckEpS f pydefEdkifiHom; e,f
ajropf &SmazGol Hernando
de Soto onf Mississippi
jrpfodkY a&mufcJhonf/ ¤if;udk
'Rio de Espiritu Santo' [k
trnf ay;cJhygonf/ olonf
yem;rm;? eDum&m*Gm? [Ge'f ;l &yf
ponf a'orsm;odYkvnf; a&muf
cJhol jzpfí a&TwGif;? aiGwGif;
rsm;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfcJhonf/
1886 ckEpS f aq;0g; azmfpyfol
tar&duefEdkifiHom; Dr. John
Styth Pemberton onf umAGef
"mwfaiGU xnfhoGif;xm;aom
azsmf&nfwpfrsKd;udk wDxGifcJhyg
onf/ ¤if;udk 'Coca-Cola' [k
trnf ay;cJhonf/ rlvu ¤if;
azsmf&nfudk uzdef;"mwf yg0if
aom aq;0g;azsmf&nftjzpf
xkwfvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfí tqdkyg
trnfudk ol\ pm&if;udkifjzpf
ol Frank Robinson u ay;
cJhjcif; jzpfygonf//
1902 ckEpS f jyifopfEikd if &H Sd Pelee
rD;awmif aygufucJG o hJ nf/ ¤if;
aMumifh pdefYyD;&D;NrdKUonf vHk;0
ysupf ;D cJu
h m vlaygif; 3 aomif;
ausmf aoauscJh&ygonf/ NrdKU
ol NrdKUom; tenf;i,fom
vGwfajrmufcJhygonf/
arG;zGm;jcif;
1828 ckEpS f qGpZf mvefEikd if o H m;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Siw f pfO;D jzpf
ol Jean Henri Dunant udk
arG;zGm;cJhonf/ olonf c&D;
f eG cf hJ
vSnfhvnfpOftwGif; ppfyGJrsm;
ESifh BuHKawGUcJhum ¤if; tawGU
tBuHKrsm;udk 'A memory of
f &k iS f
Solferino' [k pmtkyf a&;om;
xkwfa0cJhonf/ olonf ppfyGJ
twGif; 'Pf&m&olrsm;udk ul
nDvdkpdwf 0ifcJhum 'Interna-
tional Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC) tzG J U
tpnf;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf/
¤if;onf urÇmwpf0ef;wGif
MuufajceD (Red Cross) tzGJU
tpnf; jzpfvmcJhygonf/ ol
onf Edb k ,fvq f &k iS v
f nf; jzpf
í 1910 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJh
ygonf/
1902 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; tPk Urville uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/ ol
ZD 0 aA' ynm&S i f Andre onf a&wyft&m&dw S pfO;D vnf;
Michael Lwoff udk arG;zGm;cJh jzpfí urÇmwpf0ef; &GufvTifh
onf/ olonf Adkif;&yfpf tcsKdU oGm;vmcJu h m wd&pämefEiS hf tyif
\ jzpfpOfudk &SmazG awGU&dScJhol rsm;udk pkaqmif; o,faqmifcJh
jzpfNyD; Edkb,fvfqk&Sifvnf; onf/ olonf awmif0if½;kd pGe;f
wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ olonf a'orsm;txdyg a&muf&dScJhol
1994 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhyg jzpfonf/ olYukd 1790 jynfEh pS f
onf/ wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
1947 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d ZD0 1950 jynfhESpf b&mZD;vlrsKd;
aA'ynm&Sif H. Robert Hor- aq;ynm&Sif Vital Brazil uG,f
vitz udk arG;zGm;cJoh nf/ olonf vGecf ohJ nf/ olonf ZD0 aq;
neurobiology udk azmfxkwfcJh odyEHÜ iS hf ud,
k cf t
H m;qdik &f m aq;
oljzpfNyD; qkwHqdyfESifh *kPfjyK ynm&Sifvnf;jzpfí a>rqdyfudk
csD;jr§ifhjcif; rsm;pGmudk &&dScJhol umuG , f E d k i f o nf h aq;ud k
jzpfonf/ olonf Edkb,fvf azmfpyfcJhol jzpfonf/ olonf
qk&SifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfygonf/ yifhul? uif;ajcrsm;? uif;NrD;
aoqHk;jcif; aumuf ponfh ydk;rTm;rsm;\
1788 ckEpS f tDwvDEikd if zH mG ; aq; tqdy&f efrS umuG,o f nfh aq;
ynm&SiEf iS hf obm0 avhvmol rsm;udk azmfpyfcJhol jzpfonf/
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
olYukd 1865 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJh
uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ olonf tJhvf
ygonf/
awmifwef;wpfavQmufwGif
1960 jynfhESpf NAd w d o Qvl r sKd ;
tyifEiS hf yd;k aumifrsm;udk tcsdef
ocsmF ynm&Sif J.H.C. White-
,lavhvm pkaqmif;cJNh yD; pmtkyf
head uG,v f eG cf yhJ gonf/ ol
rsm;pGmudk a&;om; xkwfa0cJh
onf ][dkrdkwdkzD oDtdk&D} udk azmf
onf/ olYudk 1723 ckESpfwGif
xkwfcJholjzpfí 'Topology'
arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
*sme,fudk xkwfa0cJhonf/ olY
1842 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; pl;prf;
udk 1904 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;
&SmazGol Jules Dumont d'
cJhygonf/
10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 47
 9nd MAY
tjzpftysurf sm;
1889 ckEpS f tar&duefEikd if o H m;
avaMumif;ESifh ppfzuft&m&dS
rsm; jzpfMuaom Richard E.
Byrd ESifh Floyd Bennett
wdkYonf ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;udk
ausmjf zwfEikd cf ahJ Mumif; aMunm
cJhygonf/ ¤if;rS rMumrDumv
rsm;wGif ol\ aeYpOfrSwfwrf;
udk ppfaq;Munh&f mwGif tcsuf
tvufrsm;t& ra&mufEdkifcJh
aMumif; od&ygonf/ odYk&mwGif
aemufydkif; ESpfrsm;wGif olwdkY
onf awmifESifhajrmuf 0if½dk;
pGef;a'orsm;odkY a&mufcJhum
odyÜHqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;
udk pkaqmif;EdkifcJhygonf/
1956 ckEpS f urÇmay:wGif &Spfck
ajrmuf tjrifhqHk;awmif jzpf
onfh 'Manaslu' awmifudk
yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf wuf
a&mufcJhMuygonf/ ¤if;onf
eDaygEdkifiHwGif wnf&dSí tjrifh
ay 26ç758 (8ç156 rDwm) jzpf
ygonf/ ¤if;awmifwef;udk
*syefEdkifiH awmifwuftzGJUrS
wufa&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
arG;zGm;jcif;
1837 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; tif*sif
eD , mES i f h puf r I v k y f i ef ; &S i f
wpfOD;jzpfol Adam Opel udk
arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ olonf ]tdyk ,f}
trsKd;tpm; um;rsm;udk xkwf
48 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
vkyfcJhol jzpfí tyfcsKyfpufESifh
pufbD;rsm;udkvnf; xkwfvkyf
cJyh gonf/ olonf 1895 ckEpS f
wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf/
1882 ckEpS f tar&duef vlrsKd;
oabFmwnfaqmufoyl nm&Sif
Henry J. Kaiser udk arG;zGm;cJh
onf/ olonf oabFmwnf
aqmufjcif;wGif acwfreD nf;rsm;
jzifh aqmif&GufcJhNyD; tjcm;
aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk
vnf; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ olonf
1967 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhyg
onf/
aoqHk;jcif;
1931 ckEpS f *smrefEdkifiHzGm; ½ly
aA'ynm&Sif Albert Abraham
Michelson uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
olonf ]]tvif;a&mif\ oGm;
EIef;}} udk wdkif;wmEdkifcJholjzpfí
Edb
k ,fvq f &k iS v f nf; jzpfonf/
olYudk 1852 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJh
ygonf/
1950 jynfEh pS f pydefEG,fzGm; odyÜH
ESifh ocsFm ynm&Sif Esteban
Terradas i Illa uG,fvGefcJh
onf/ olonf ocsFmynm&yf
wGif us,fjyefYpGm avhvmcJhol
jzpfNyD; pydeEf ikd if \
H w,fvzD ek ;f
ESihf &xm;vrf;qdik &f m tBuHay;
t&m&dS wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
olYukd 1769 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJh
ygonf/
10rd MAY
tjzpftysurf sm;
1908 ckEpS f ]]tarrsm;aeY}} udk
yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf usif;y
jyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ ¤if;udk tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk taemuf Am*sD;eD;
,m;jynfe,f ]*&yfzfwef} NrdKU&dS
Andrew’s Methodist bk&m;
ausmif;wGif usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfí
ESppf Of arv\ 'kw, d ywfwiG f
usa&mufonfh we*FaEGaeYwiG f
jzpfonf/ urÇmwpf0ef; EdkifiH
rsm;wGifvnf; tarrsm;aeYudk
usif;yMuaomfvnf; ¤if; aeY
rsm;onf uGJjym;Muygonf/
1960 jynfhEpS f EsL;uvD;,m;
pGr;f tifo;kH a&ikyo f abFm USS
tjzpftysurf sm;
1928 ckEpS f yxrqH;k temavmhcsf
trsKd;tpm; wDAD xkwfvTifhrI
vkyif ef;udk WGY-TV ukrP Ü rD S
pwifcJhygonf/ ¤if;onf ESpf
ouf t&SnfqHk;aom a&'D,dk
xkwfvTifhonfh vkyfief;wpfck
jzpfí tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
e,l;a,mufjynfe,fwiG f wnf
&dSygonf/
1934 ckEpS f jyif;xefaom zkef
rkewf ikd ;f wpfco
k nf tar&duef
EdkifiH ajrmufydkif; a'orsm;wGif
2 &ufMum jyif;xefpGm wdkuf
cwfcJhonf/ ¤if;onf ajrjyifrS
ajrqDvTmrsm;udk wdkufpm; ukef
cef;apcJhygonf/
1953 ckEpS f tar&duefEikd if H wuf
qufjynfe,f&dS 0gudkNrdKUwGif
'Waco Tornado' [k trnf
ay;xm;onfh rkew f ikd ;f wdu
k cf wf
Triton onf urÇmudk ywfí
armif;ESifjcif; c&D;pOf NyD;qHk;cJh
onf/ ¤if;onf xGufcGmcsdefrS
pí pkpkaygif;&uf 60 ESifh 21
em&D MumjrifhcJhonf/
1908 ckEpS f jzpf½;kd jzpfpOf r[kwf
bJ wdkufcwfcJhaom rkefwdkif;
aMumifh {0&ufawmifxyd f teD;
0ef;usif t&yfrsm;wGif awmif
wuform; 8 OD;udk aoaus
apcJhonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif tawGU
tBuHK &dSMuaom awmifwuf
tzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfMu
onfh Rob Hall ESifh Scott
Fischer wdYkvnf; yg0ifco hJ nf/
¤if;onf awmifwufc&D;pOf
11th MAY
cJ&h m vlaygif; 114 OD; aoqH;k cJh
&ygonf/ xdYk twl 1970 jynfh
ESpw f iG f wdu
k cf wfco hJ nfh 'Lub-
bock Tornado' rkew f ikd ;f aMumifh
¤if; jynfe,f&dS vyfabmufcf
NrdKUwGif vl 26 OD; aoqHk;cJh&yg
onf/
1960 jynfEh pS f yxrqHk;aom
y#doaE¨wm;aq;udk aps;uGuf
wGif xkwv f yk f a&mif;cscJo h nf/
¤if ; ud k oH k ; pG J o l r sm;rS v nf ;
aumif;pGm vufccH MhJ uygonf/
1997 ckEpS f IBM ukrP Ü \ D Deep
Blue [k trnfay;xm;onfh
ppfwk&if upm;Edkifonfh qlyg
uGefysLwmonf vlom;jzpfol
ppfwk&if csefyD,H Garry Kas-
parov ESifh ,SOfNydKifupm;cJh&m
aemufqHk;yGJpOfwGif tEdkif&cJhyg
onf/ ¤if;onf uGeyf sLwmpuf
u vlom;jzpfoludk yxrqHk;

rsm;wGif aoaysmufrI trsm;
qHk; jzpf&yfvnf;jzpfcJhygonf/
1997 ckEpS f tD&efEdkifiH ta&SU
ajrmuf a'orsm;wGif ajrivsif
vIycf wfrI jzpfymG ;cJ&h m vlaygif;
2400 rQ aoqHk;cJh&ygonf/
arG;zGm;jcif;
1788 ckEpS f jyifopfvrl sK;d ½lyaA'
ynm&Sif Augustin Jean Fresnel
udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf
'wave optics' oDtdk&Dudk azmf
xkwcf o
hJ jl zpfNyD; tvif;\ jyKrl
wwfyHkrsm;udk pmawGUESifh vuf
awGUyg avhvm azmfxkwfcJhol
jzpfonf/ olonf 1827 ckESpf
wGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
1841 ckEpS f tar&duefvlrsKd; pm
ay xkwaf 0ol James Gordon
Bennett Jr. udk arG;zGm;cJo h nf/
olonf tm;upm;zufwGif
vnf; 0goemygoljzpfí 0gwm
ydkvdkuvyf? &GufavStoif;
rsm;? um;armif; NydKifyGJrsm;ESifh
rdk;ysHabmvHk;NydKifyGJrsm;udk OD;pD;
usif;ycJholjzpfonf/ olonf
1918 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhyg
onf/
aoqHk;jcif;
1482 ckEpS f tDwvDvrl sK;d eu©wå
aA'ESifh ocsFmynm&Sif Paolo
dal Pozzo Toscanelli uG,f
vGecf o hJ nf/ olonf Mu,fwcH eG f
rsm;udk avhvmcJhNyD; ¤if;wdkY\
N*dK[fywfvrf;aMumif;rsm;udk
wGucf sucf yhJ gonf/ ¤if;wdYkwiG f
a[vDMu,fwHcGefvnf; tyg
t0if jzpfonf/ olYudk 1397
ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
1566 ckESpf *smrefvlrsKd; ½ku©
aA'ynm&Sif Leonhart Fuchs
uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ olonf aq;
0g;xkwv f yk Ef ikd o
f nfh tyifrsm;
udk pkaqmif; okawoejyKcJhNyD;
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cJholvnf; jzpfygonf/ olYudk
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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ olonf "mwf
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wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/

atmifjrifcJhonfh jzpf&yfvnf;
jzpfcJhygonf/
1998 ckEpS f tdE, d´ Edik if H ]&m*sypf f
oef} oJuEÅm&wGif yxrqHk;
tBudrftjzpf ajratmuf EsL;
uvD;,m; prf;oyfazmufcGJrI
udk jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
2003 ckEpS f a&Tyef;xdrfynm&Sif
Benvenuto Cellini \
'Saliera (salt cellar)' ac: ½kyf
wkonf AD,ifemNrdKU&dS jywdu k rf S
cd;k ,ljcif; cHc&hJ ygonf/ tqdyk g
½kyw f uk kd 2006 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv
21 &uf u MopBwD;,m;EdkifiH
AD,ifemNrdKUajrmufbuf&Sd awm
tkyf wpfcktwGif; jr§yfEHSxm;&m
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arG;zGm;jcif;
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½lyaA'ynm&Sif Theodore
von Karman udk arG;zGm;cJh
onf/ olonf tif*sifeD,m
wpfOD;vnf;jzpfí 'aeronau-
tics, aerodynamics' e,fy,f
rsm;wGif wuf<upGm yg0if vkyf
aqmifcJhNyD; 'supersonic' ESifh
'hypersonic' avaMumif ;
pD;qif;rIudk avhvm azmfxkwf
cJholjzpfonf/ olonf 1963
ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhygonf/
1930 jynfEh pS f 'wfcsfvlrsKd; uGef
ysLwm odyÜH ynm&Sif Edsger
Dijkstra udk arG;zGm;cJo
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onf y½dk*&rfbmompum;
rsm;\ ae&m owfrw S cf surf sm;
udk tajccH wnfaqmufEikd cf í hJ
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&&dScJhol jzpfygonf/ olonf aA' ynm&Sif Jean Baptiste
2002 ckEpS wf iG f uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
Boussingault uG , f v G e f c J h
1946 ckEpS f tar&duefvrl sK;d ½lyonf/ olonf rdkif;vkyfief;ESifh
aA' ynm&Sif Robert Jarvik ywfoufonfh "mwfypön;f rsm;?
udk arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ olonf pdkufysKd;a&;qdkif&m "mwkypönf;
wDxGifol wpfOD;vnf; jzpfí rsm;? tpm;taomuf trsKd;rsKd;
vlvkyf ESvHk;wkudk wDxGifol wGif Edu
k x f ½d*k siyf g0ifrI ponf
vnf; jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;
aoqHk;jcif; ol jzpfonf/ olYukd 1802 ckEpS f
1871 ckEpS f NAdwdoQvlrsKd; ocsFmwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
ESifh eu©wåaA' ynm&Sif John 1891 ckESpf jyifopfvlrsKd; ½ly
Herschel uG,v f eG cf hJ ygonf/
aA' ynm&Sif A. E. Becque-
olonf ]*sLvD,H jyu©'ed }f pepf rel uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ olYukd 1820
udktoHk;jyKí eu©wåaA'enf; jynfhESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
rsm;udk wGucf sufco hJ jl zpfonf/
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olonf "mwfyHkvkyfief;oHk; aA' ynm&Sif Odd Hassel
"mwk a q;&nf r sm;ud k v nf ; uG,fvGefcJhy gonf/ olonf
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hyposulphite' ponf pum; &SmazGazmfxw k cf ohJ jl zpfonf/ ol
vHk;rsm;udk tpOD; toHk;jyKcJhol onf Edkb,fvfqk&Sif wpfOD;
vnf; jzpfonf/ olYudk 1792 vnf;jzpfí olYukd 1897 ckESpf
ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/ wGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf/
1887 ckEpS f jyifopfvlrsKd; "mwk

10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 49

 12th MAY a&ylprf;rSm a&pdrfMu&atmif
“SPA” [laom pum;vHk;onf obm0twdkif;xGuf&dSaom a&yl
tjzpftysurf sm; zdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f ]qrfbmem odkYr[kwf a&ylprf;a&udk qdkvdkonf/ ¤if;udk aomufoHk;jcif;
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versity' (University of aom vrf;c&D;wGif vrf;acsmf aponf[q k ykd gonf/use;f rma&;twGuf aumif;rGeaf omukx;kH wpf&yf
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¤if;onf ydkvefEdkifiHwGif a&S; 1803 ckEpS f *smrefvlrsKd; "mwk ol<u,fwdkYonf tqdkyg a&ylprf;rsm;odkY wul;wu oGm;a&mufum
tusqHk; wuúodkvfvnf; jzpf aA'ynm&Sif Justus von Lie- a&csKd;Muonf/ ,ckacwftcgrsm;wGif [dkw,fBuD;rsm;ü aq;zuf0if
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um wnfaqmufcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ tyfaom Edkufx½dk*sifudk &SmazG pm;&dwfpu BuD;jrifhygvdrfhrnf/ tqdkdyg a&ylprf;a& csKd;Edkifaom
a&S;tcgrsm;uyif ausmif;om; awGU&dcS o hJ jl zpfNyD;'father of fer- [kdw,frsm; pm&if;udk oD;jcm;
OD;a&\ 40 &mcdkifEIef;onf tilizer industry' [k ac:wGif azmfjyxm;wwfonf/
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a&muf oifMum;Mujcif;jzpf\/ 1873 ckEpS w f iG u
f ,G vf eG cf o hJ nf/ vmOD;rnfh usef;rma&;twGuf
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wifco hJ nfh vlem-5 tmumo odyyHÜ nm&SiEf iS hf 0if½;kd pGe;f a'o
pl ; prf ; ,mOf o nf vay:od k Y rsm;odkY oGm;a&muf avhvm pl; wGif uG,v f eG fcJhygonf/ wGif eu©waå A' ynm&yftwGuf
ysufuscJyh gonf/ ¤if;onf vl prf; &SmazGcJhol Lincoln El- 1895 ckEpS f uae'D,ef Edik if o H m; bmomcGJudk wnfaxmifcJhol
vdkufygoGm;jcif; r&dSonfh tm lsworth udk arG;zGm;cJo h nf/ ol "mwkaA' ynm&Sif William jzpfí olYudk 1692 ckESpfwGif
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1989 ckEpS f tar&duefEdkifiH í tjcm;vma&mufavhvmol jzpfí 1982 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG f aA'ynm&Sif Anselme Payen
awmifypdzdwfvrf;rS ukew f if rsm;ud k v nf ; OD ; aqmif c J h o l cJhonf/ uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ olonf pufrI
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"mwkaA' ynm&Sif Dorothy enf;vrf;rsm;udk azmfxkwfcJhol
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zGm;cJo
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onf/ olronf Edkb,fvf uvuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif
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50 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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jcif;? &&Sdaomb@maiGudk oifhwifhrQwpGm cGJa0okH;pGJjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ygonf/
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BuD;BuD;&Sif;jyoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'geJY qufpyfNyD; aqG;aEG;ay;ygOD; cifAsm/
BuD;BuD;jr - 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'yk'fr (96) &JU jy|mef;csuf
eJYtnD vTwfawmfawGu b@ma&;aumfrwDawG zGJUpnf;NyD; aqmif&GufcJhw,f
qkdayr,fh tJ'Dwkef;u b@ma&;aumfrwDzGJUpnf;rI[m tck b@ma&;
aumfr&SifzGJUpnf;ovdk tajccHOya'rSm wpfygwnf; jy|mef;NyD; zGJUpnf;xm;wm
rsKd; r[kwfbl;uGJU/ 'g[m jzpfay:vmr,fh zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opfu b@ma&;
qkdif&m tcGifhtmPmcGJa0tyfESif;rItydkif;rSm ydkNyD; tESpfom& jynhf0aeaMumif;
ay:vGif xif&Sm;apwJh tcsufwpfcsufygyJ/
10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 51
bBuD;pdk; - tJ'Dvkd b@ma&;aumfr&Sif zGJUpnf;aqmif&Guf½Hkwifrubl;/jynf
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tzGJUtpnf;awG&JU t&tokH;cefUrSef;ajc aiGpm&if;udk EkdifiHawmf or®wu
wm0efay;tyfwJh 'kwd,or®wwpfOD;u OD;aqmifpdppfNyD; t&tokH; aiGpm&if;
vsmxm;csufudk b@ma&;aumfr&SifokdY wifjyoGm;&r,fvdkYvJ tao;pdwf
tajccH&r,fhrl owfrSwfay;xm;ygao;w,f/
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bBu;D /
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EkdifiHawmfor®wu wm0efay;tyfwJh usef'kwd,or®wwpfOD;u OD;aqmif
pdppfNyD; t&tokH;aiGpm&if; vsmxm;csufudk b@ma&;aumfr&SifokdY wifjyoGm;
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pm&if;awGukd b@ma&;aaumfr&Siu f kd wifjyvmwJt
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jynfaxmifpk&JUb@maiG t& tokH;qkdif&m Oya'Murf;ukd jynfaxmifpkvTwf
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rdrdwkdYwkdif;a'oMuD;awG? rdrdwkdYjynfe,fawG&JU b@ma&; vdktyfcsufawGudk xd
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axmifpk&JU b@maiG t&tokH; qkdfif&m Oya'Murf;udk &&SdvmwJhtcgrSm EkdifiH
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r[kwf&if EkdifiHawmfor®wu wm0efay;tyfxm;wJh yk*¾Kdvfujzpfap tJ'D Oya'
Murf;udk jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfokdY wifjyoGm;&rSm jzpfw,f/
pdk;jrausmf - 'gqkd jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu tJ'DOya'Murf;eJY pyfvsOf;NyD;
oabmwltwnfjyKjcif;? jiif;y,fjcif;? avQmhícGifhjyKjcif;awGudk trsm;qE´eJY
tnD vkyfaqmifEkdifwmayghaemf bBuD;/
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arGUpGm pOfqufrjywfvnfywfEkdifa&;twGuf tcuftcJeJY MuefYMumrIawG r&Sd
52 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
atmif jynfaxmifpk&JU b@maiGt&tokH;qkdfif&m Oya'Murf;rSmyg&SdwJh tokH;
p&dwftcsKdUeJY pyfvsOf;NyD; jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu aqG;aEG;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
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csrSwfxm;wm&Sdw,f/ tJ'DtokH;p&dwfawGuawmh (1) EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya't& zGJUpnf;xm;aom jynfaxmifpktqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\
tBuD;tuJrsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;0ifrsm;\ vpm? p&dwfESifh ,if;tzJGYtpnf;rsm;\
tokH;p&dwfrsm;? (2) jynfaxmifpku ay;qyf&ef wm0ef&Sdaoma<u;NrDrsm;? ,if;
a<u;NrDrsm;ESifh qufET,faom tjcm; ukefus p&dwfrsm;? jynfaxmifpku acs;,l
aiGrsm;ESifh qufET,faom tjcm; ukefus p&dwfrsm;? (3) w&m;½Hk;okdYr[kwf cHk½Hk;
wpfckck\ pD&ifcsuf? trdefY? 'Drdkua&pD t& ay;aqmif&ef&&Sdaom tokH;p&dwf
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t&jzpfap uscH&rnfhtjcm;tokH;p&dwfrsm;wkdYyJjzpfw,f/
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t& zGJUpnf;xm;aom wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftqifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
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\ tokH;p&dwfrsm;/ (2) EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOyayt& zGJUpnf;xm;aom
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rsm;ESifh qufET,faom ukefusp&dwfrsm;/ (4) w&m;½Hk; okdYr[kwf cHk½Hk;wpfckck\
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t& uscH&rnfh tjcm; tokH;p&dwfrsm;qkdwmawGyJ jzpfw,f/
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r&Sdrjzpfaom tajccHvkdtyfcsuf (3) &yfjzpfwJh EkdifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;eJY &yf&Gm
at;csrf;om,ma&;? EkdifiHawmfeJYjynfolwdkY&JU pD;yGm;a&;b0 zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufa&;?
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txl;vdktyfwJhtajccHtaqmufttHk (Infrastructure) awGudk vuf&Sd
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pnf;MuyfaumufcHonfh b@mawmfaMu;rsm; - (uu) a&csKdig;vkyfief;tay:
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odkYr[kwf jynfe,f b@m&efykHaiGrsm; xkwfacs;ojzifh&&Sdaom twdk;rsm;? (11)
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rsm;? (12) wdkif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; &Sd opfawmrsm;rS atmufyg
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ESifh owfrSwfaom opfrmrsm;rSty usefopfrsm; tay:wGif aumufcHonfh
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opfarT;? ysm;xGuf ypönf;rsm;tay: aumufcHonfhtcGef? (13) rSwfyHkwifaMu;?
(14) yGJcGef? (15) qm;cGef? (16) jynfaxmifpkb@m &efykH aiGrS&&Sdonfh
b@maiGrsm;? (17) wdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd pnfyifom,m
a&;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ xnfh0ifaiGrsm;? (18) ydkif&Sifray:aom oGif;xm;
aiGrsm;ESifh ypönf;rsm;? (19) &wemodkuf (Treasure Trove)wkdY yJjzpfw,f/
pdk;jrausmf - wdkif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,fawGudk aumufcHcGifhjyKxm;wJh
tcGeftctrsKd;tpm;awGu trsm;BuD;yJaemf BuD;BuD;/
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wufa&;twGuf Oya'eJUtnD oHk;pGJoGm;Mu&rSmayghaemf/
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taeudk pdppfNyD; cGifhjyKEkdifpGrf;&SdwJh axmufyHhaiGawGudk txl;udpöwpf&yftaeeJY
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pdk;jrausmf - tJ'Dvkd wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fawG zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif
aqmif&GufEkdifzkdY &efyHkaiGawGxm;&SdNyD; ESpfpOftokH;p&dwfawG owfrSwfay;zkdY
vkdtyfovdk jynfaxmifpktaeeJYvJ jynfaxmifpk wpf0ef;vHk; zGHYNzdK; wkd;wuf
atmif pDrHudef;BuD;awG? vkyfief;BuD;awG azmfaqmifa&;twGuf jynfaxmifpk
b@m&efyHkaiGuae tokH;p&dwfrsm; uscHay;EkdifzdkYvJ vdktyf rSmyJaemf/
bBuD;pkd; - 'gaMumifhrdkY trsKd;om;nDvmcHu ]jynfaxmifpkonf wkdfif;a'oBuD;
odkYr[kwf jynfe,frsm;u aumufcHcGifh&Sdaom tcGeftcrsm;rSty tjcm;tcGef
tcrsm;udk Oya'eJYtnD aumufcHí jynfaxmifpk b@m&efyHkaiGokdY ay;oGif;&
rnf/ jynfaxmifpkonf jynfaxmifpkb@m&efykHaiGudk Oya'eJYtnD okH;pJGydkifcGifh
&Sdonf}vdkY tao;pdwftajccH&r,fhrl csrSwfay;xm;wmyJ jzpfw,f/
pd;k jrausmf - jynfaxmifpke,fajrtwGuf tcGeftcaumufcHykHuaum bBuD;/
bBuD;pdk; - wkdif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fawGaumufcHzdkY owfrSwfxm;wJh
&aiGrsm;eJY tcGeftctrsKd;tpm;awGudk jynfaxmifpke,fajrawGrSm aumufcHzkdY
&Sd&if jynfaxmifpku Oya'eJYtnD aumufcHNyD; jynfaxmifpk b@m&efykHaiGudk
ay;oGif;oGm;&rSmjzpfw,f/
pdk;jrausmf - aus;Zl;ygyJ cifAsm/ tckvdk EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya' a&;qGJ
&mrSm yg0ifr,fh Oya'jyKa&;qkdif&m tmPmcGJa0rItydkif;twGuf tao;pdwf
tajccH&r,hfrltm;vHk;udk aqG;aEG;NyD;csdefrSm tem*wfEkdifiHawmf&JU Oya'jyKrI
toGifoP²mefuvJ pepfwus? tESpfom&uvJ tjynfht0&SdaeaMumif;udk
ay:vGif xif&Sm;pGm ½IjrifykHazmfEkdifygNyD/
bBuD;pdk; - 'gaygh armifausmf/ tem*wfEkdifiHawmf&JU Oya'jyKa&;tydkif;rSm EkdifiH
awmfeJY wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk;twGuf tESpfom&awG jynfhpHkaewm awGU&rSmjzpf
ovkd tem*wfEkdifiHawmfeJY EkdifiHawmf&JUtkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;rSmvJ wdkif;&if;om;
tm;vHk;twGuf b,fvkdtESpfom&awG? tusKd;aus;Zl;awGeJY jynfhpkHaew,f
qkdwmudk aemuftywfrSm qufNyD; aqG;aEG; ykHazmfMunfhMuwmaygh/
BuD;BuD;jr - tJ'DaeYus&if armifausmfwkdYwl0&D;twGuf BuD;BuD;u a&aEG;Murf;?
vufzufokyfwifrubJ rdwfaqGwpfa,muf vufaqmifay;xm;wJh qwf
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pdk;jrausmf - tawmfyJ BuD;BuD;a&/ qwfom;ajcmufrpm;&wm MumNyDqkdawmh
vmr,fhtywfus&if uRefawmf apmapmvmcJhyghr,f/
pdk;jrausmf
10 ar 2006 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 53
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uGefysLwmacwfa&mufonftxd jzwfoef;cJh&aom
wDxiG rf I orkid ;f aMumif;rsm; (5)

1950 jynfEh pS f refcsufpwmwuúodkvfwGif ae&mvdktyfcsuft& 7 ay_

*syefvlrsKd; [D'dk,mrmulcsD OD;aqmifaomtzGJYwpfzGJYonf 19 ay tus,ft0ef;yrmP&Sdaom SSEM (Small-Scale
*syefEkdifiHtwGuf tBuD;qHk; tDvufx&Gefepf uGefysLwmjzpfonfh Electronic Machine) BuD;tm; jzKwfcsvkdufMu&onf/
TAC (Tokyo Automatic Calculator) BuD;wpfvHk;udk wnf LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) wGif T-Raymond
aqmuf&ef pwifBudK;pm;cJhonf/ Thompson ESifh John Simmons wdkY OD;aqmifaom tzGJUwpfzGJUrS
National Bureau of Standards wGif vufawGY vkyaf qmif yxrqH;k aom business computer wpfv;kH udk wnfaqmufNyD;pD;
&eftwGuf SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) cJhonf/
BuD; wpfvHk;udk vTJtyfay;cJhonf/ refcsupf wmwuúov kd w
f iG f yxrqH;k commerical compu-
National Physical Laboratory rS Pilot ACE udk vkyu f ikd f ter udk"First Ferranti MARK I [laom trnfay;xm;í wnf
aqmif&GufrIrsm; pwifcJhonf/ aqmufNyD;pD;oGm;um toHk;jyKaeNyD jzpfonf/
SWAC (Standards Western Automatic computer ) tar&duefEidk if H oef;aumifpm&if;AsL½dkwGif
udk toHk;jyKaeMuNyD jzpfonf/ ¤if;jzifh SEAC udk tm;jznfhvkduf UNIVAC uGefysLwmBuD;udk wyfqifvnfywf
aomtcg ¤if;onf urÇmay:wGif aemufq;kH ay:tjzpf todtrSwf Ekdif&ef aqmif&GufvkdufEkdifonf/ ¤if;onf
jyKcJh&onfh uGefysLwmBuD; jzpfvm&onf/ yxrqHk;a&mif;cs&aom uGefysLwmBuD;wpfvHk;[k
Zl;&pf&Sd (Federal Polytechnical Institute CETH) rS owfrSwfcJhMu&onf/
konrad Zuse qdkolu tqifhjrifh Z 4 udk wyfqifay;cJhonf/ IAS (Institute for Advanced Study) pufBuD;onf
Z4 onf vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk xkud of ifah om taetxm;wpfcjk zifh tvkyv f yk af eEkid Nf yD jzpfonf/
tqufrjywf aqmif&GufEkdifrnfhtjyif [dkuf'½dk*sifAHk; wnfaqmufrI'DZdkif;udk integral calculations
xGufvmrnfh tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; ESifhtwl yxrqHk; prf;oyftoHk;cscJhonf/
zwf½IEkdifrnfh ud&d,mBuD; jzpfvmonf/
Alan Turing onf Interogator pufBuD;udk toH;k csjcif;jzifh 1952 ckEpS f
vlom;ESihf uGeyf sLwmtMum; tjyeftvSef ar;cGe;f ajzMum;rIwYdk ukd Ferrite magnetic cores rsm;udk toHk;csxm;í Howard
xnfhoGif;,lonf/ ¤if;\ oDtdk&Dt& uGefysLwmonf vlom; Aiken \pufudk tjrefEeI ;f jr§iw hf if,v l u
dk u
f m Harvard-MARK
wkYd \ ar;jref;csufukd uGeyf sLwm zwf½EI idk o
f rQESihf oufaojyay; IV tjzpf [m;bwfwuúodkvfwGif pwiftoHk;jyKEkdifcJhonf/
aprnf[k rSw, f El idk o
f nf/ ¤if;udt
k rsm;u Turing Test [kvnf; uGefysLwmrsm;wGif toHk;jyKEkdif&eftwGuf magnetic drum
odxm;Muonf/ xdktcsdeftxd rnfonfhuGefysLwmrQ tqkdyg memories rsm;udk tawmftoifh ,HMk unf pdwcf s&aomtqifjh zifh
tqdkjyKcsufukd rpGrf;aqmifEkdifao;ay/ jyKvkyfum Andrew Donald Booth ESifh ¤if;\ zcifwkdYu
a&mif;csMuonf/
1951 ckEpS f IAS (Institute for Advanced Study) \ pufrsm;jzpf
vufiif;jzpfay:vmaom tajctaeESifhjyóemrsm;udk ajz aom MANIAC version ESihf ORDVAC versio n rsm; vkyif ef;
&Sif;ay;Ekdifrnfh Whirlwind pufBuD;udk tar&duefa&wyfpcef; aqmif&GufEkdifaomtqifhodkY a&mufoGm;Muonf/
\ Research and Invention XmewGif toHk;jyKvsuf&Sdae\/ UNIVAC udk toHk;csum or®wa&G;aumufyGJwGif
bkdpwGefwGif Wang Laboratories Inc. ukrÜPDudk w½kwf Dwight D.Eisenhower rS 7 &mcdi k Ef eI ;f tom
EkdifiHrS An Wang qdkolu wnfaxmifvkdufonf/ aemifwGif jzifh tEkdif&Ekdifrnf[k cefYrSef;wGufcsufay;
tqkdyg ukrÜPDonf uGefysLwmxkwfvkyfjcif;wGif t"duusaom &mwGif rSefuefrI&SdaMumif; awGYMu&onf/
ukrÜPDwpfck jzpfvmonf/ Manchster Electronic Computer MARK II

54 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006

tjzpf od&Sdem;vnfcJhaom Ferranti MARK I udk awmf&Gefwdk udk aemufqHk;tBudrfjyKjyifrItjzpf aqmif&Guf
ENIAC
wuúodkvfwGif wyfqifNyD;pD;cJhonf/ Muonf/ 'DwGufcsufrIu ydkí pGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdvmonf/
IBM World Headquarters rS yxrqHk;aom IBM 701
xGuvf monf/ tqdyk g uGeyf sLwmpufonf 256 40 bit yrmP&Sd 1956 ckEpS f
memory udk toHk;csxm;um wpfpuúefYtwGif; tBudrfaygif; Transistor rsm;udk atmifjrifpmG wDxi G Ef idk cf o
hJ jzifh Bell Labs
2ç200 cefY ajr§mufay;Ekdifonfhpuf jzpfonf/ rS John Bardeen Walter Brattain ESifh William Shockley wdkY
Moore ausmif;rS aemufq;kH wGif EDVAC version pufBuD; oHk;OD;om; yl;wGJEkdb,fvfqk (½lyaA') tjzpf csD;jr§ifhjcif; cHMu&
wnfaqmufNyD;pD;Ekid cf o
hJ nf/ tqdyk g pufonf 1-MHz (Mega- onf/
hertz) wGif clock speed wpfck&Sdonf/ UNIVAC twGuf wDxi G Ef idk rf EI iS t
hf wl LARC (Liver more
Atomic Research Computer ukrP Ü o D nf IBM udk ydik yf ikd Ef idk Ef idk f
1953 ckEpS f ,SOfNydKifvmonf/ LARC onf decimal-only memory sto-
vuf&Sd vacuum tube memories rsm;xuf t&G,ftpm; rage t,ltqtay: tajccHxm;onfh uGey f sLwmpufrsm; zefw;D
ydkao;um ydkí jrefqefrI&Sdaom magnetic memory wpfrsKd;udk &ef BudK;pm;rItwGuf wGef;tm;&vmonf/
MIT wGif wnfaqmufNyD;pD;cJhMuonf/ yxrqHk; hard disk drive ygonfh uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;
odyyHÜ nm&Sit
f odik ;f t0ef;twGuf toH;k csaprnfh 701 jzpfvm tjzpf 305 RAMAC udk IBM rS wifydkY jzefYcsda&mif;cscJhonf/
&onf/ tvHk;a&aygif; 19 vHk; a&mif;csNyD;pD;oGm;onf/ refcsufpwmwuúodkvfrS ATLAS uGefysLwmpDrHudef;udk
pwif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G , f Ml uonf/ vkyif ef;rsm;pGm
1954 ckEpS f udk wpfNydKifeuf aqmif&GufEkdifrnfh plyguGefysLwm wpfcktwGuf
toHk;usaom workhorse computer wpfrsKd;tjzpf IBM 'DZdkif;jyKvkyfEkdifa&; pDrHudef;[k qdk&rnf/
rS 650 trsKd;tpm;udk aps;uGufa&mufonftxd xkwfvkyfcJhMu
onf/ xkdukrÜPDrS ¤if;udk &SpfESpfumvtwGif; tvHk;a& 1800 1957 ckEpS f
ausmfausmf xkwfvkyfay;cJhonf/ Kenneth Olsen qdkolonf Digital Equipment Corp.
yxrqH;k aom version jzpfonf/ FORTRAN (FORmula udk wnfaxmifvkdufonf/ ¤if;onfaemifwGif
TRANslator) ukd IBM rS jzefYcsday;vku d o
f nf/ odYk aomf vkyif ef;IBM uJhodkY t"du network computer
wGif FORTRAN jzifh pwif toHk;jyKEkdifMuonf/ Influential xkwfvkyfol jzpfvm&onf/
FORTRAN II jzifh tqifjh rifh yuwd programming language Allen Newell, H.A Simon ESihf
ukd pwifEkdif&ef tajctaeay;vmonf/ ¤if;udk John Backus J.C .Shaw wdYk onf GPS (General
ESihf tzGUJ u zefw;D ay;cJo
h nf/ English Electric ukrP Ü rD S DEUCE Problem Solve) y½d* k &rfukd
trnfjzifh flight simulation package wpfct k jzpf wnfaqmuf a&;om;cJhMuonf/ xdky½dk*&rfonf jyóem ykpämaygif;pHkudk
NyD;pD;oGm;onf/ tvsiftjref ajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufay;onfh y½dk*&rfjzpfonf/
Texas Instrument ukrP Ü rD S ½lyaA'ynm&Sif Gordon Teal John Mc Carthy onf LISP programming language
onf tvGef wefzdk;BuD;onf germanium tpm; xdkufoifh udk zefwD; a&;om;jyefonf/ ¤if;onf A[kokwrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;
oavmufom wefz;kd BuD;onhf silicon jzifh transistor rsm; jyKvkyf &Sif;&Sif; toHk;cs,lum t&m&mudk wGufqEkdifrnfh enf;vrf;
&ef enf;vrf;wpfck awGYoGm;cJhonf/ jzpfojzifh Artificial Intelligence u@twGuf rsm;pGm taxmuf
tuljyKay;Ekdifonf/
1955 ckEpS f yxrqHk;xGufay:aom transistor oHk; uGefysLwmwpfrsKd;
Artificial intelligence [laom tjzpf Philco rS TRANSAC -S -2000 udk xkwfvkyfvmonf/
a0g[m&udk 'wfarmuf aumvdyfrS John ½k&Sm;EkdifiHrS yxrqHk; artificial satellite udk sputnik [k
Mc Carthy qdkolu pwifoHk;pGJcJhonf/ trnfay;um vTwfwifEkdifcJhonf/
Bell Labs rS yxrqHk; transister oHk; uGefysLwmudk rdwf qufvufazmfjyay;ygO;D rnf/
qufay;vkdufonf/ Transistors rsm;onf vuf&Sd toHk;jyKae oef;xufatmif
Muaom vacuum tubs rsm;xuf ydkíao;i,fum ydkíjrefqef Ref: Smart Computing
aom EIe;f xm;udk &Ekid af ponft
h jyif tylxu G Ef eI ;f avsmhyg;ojzifh
uGefysLwmrsm;wGif ydkrdktusKd;&SdapEkdifcJhonf/
10 ar 2005 > odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f 55
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puú L qd k w m opf o m;p jyefvkyfwJhtcgjzpfap virgin
awGukd aysmzh wftjzpf zefw;D NyD; fibres awGudk xyfxnfhay;zdkY
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56 odyEHÜ iS ehf nf;ynm*sme,f > 10 ar 2006
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Ref: Last Word