Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1. Chemical
• Structural and functional characteristics of all organisms are determined by their chemical make-up
• Involves interactions among atoms & their combination into molecules
• ex. Collagen molecules – strong ropelike fibers that give strength & flexibility of skin
2.Organelle
• A small structure contained within a cell that performs one or specific functions
• Ex. Nucleus – contains the cell’s hereditary information
3.Cell
• The basic living unit of all plants and animals
4.Tissue
• Is a group of dells with similar structure and function plus the extracellular substances located between
them
• 4 Primary Tissues :
1.Epithelial 2.Connective 3.Muscular 4.Nervous
5. Organs
• These are composed of 2 or more tissue types that together perform 1 or more common functions.
6. Organ System
• Group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions
• 11 Major organ systems :
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular,
Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, Reproductive, Lymphatic
7. Organism
• Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell (bacterium) or trillions of cell
(human)
Cytology
• It is the study of individual cells and the different structures they contain
Histology
deals with the study of minute parts or structures in the human body beyond the reach of the
naked eye
it is the study of cells and the different tissues comprising the organs of the human body
Organology
• The study of organs or group tissues as a whole unit
5. Radiation Probes
• The microbeams of protons and beams of UV light to destroy certain structures of the cell leaving only
those that will be studied
6. Differential Centrifugation
• It is used to study individual organelles
• The tissue is centrifuged
• Organelles occupy different layers of the sediment according to the density gradient, the heaviest
occupy the lowest layer
7. Frozen Section
• Done in surgical biopsies to determine presence of cancer cells
• The tissue is cut with a freezing microtome and frozen microscopically
8. Freeze-drying method
• Tissue is frozen and dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum
9. Freeze substitution
• Alcohol or other more suitable solvents at very low temperature is used instead of ice
4. Dehydration
• Involves immersion in a series of solutions containing increasing concentrations of alcohol
• Function : to remove the water content, this is because most embedding media (paraffin) are
immiscible in water
5. Clearing
• Immersion in several changes of 95 % alcohol-aromatic oil mixture, then pure aromatic oil which is
visible with paraffin
7. Sectioning
• Cutting the paraffin-embedded sections into thin uniform slices
• How thin ? 5 – 15 microns
• Why ? To transmit light to study the morphology of cells
8. Mounting
• The specimen is placed on the Slide
9. Deparaffinization
• It involves the removal of the Paraffin
• How ? – the slide is dipped to several changes of xylene
10. Rehydration
• The water is put back
• Most stains used are aqueous preparations which are miscible with water
• Slide is dipped in decreasing contents of alcohol to remove xylene and replace with water
11. Staining
• The use of H and E stains
• H – hematoxylin – appears blue/black
• E – Eosin - appears pink/red
12. Dehydrate
• The tissue is covered with a cover slip
• Embryology
• it is the science that deals with the study of the anatomical and functional development of the
individual species
• Objective
- Show interest in viewing the actual microscopic appearances of the different tissues and organs.
• Psychomotor
- Focus and identify minute structures in the microscope
- illustrate cells and tissues as seen from the microscope
- Apply the skills acquired in related situations