THE LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF

DOUBLY SYMMETRIC WIDE FLANGE SECTIONS

by

RONALD H. DE VALL

B.A.Sc. (Civil Eng.)

The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , 1966

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE

i n t h e Department

of

C I V I L ENGINEERING

We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as c o n f o r m i n g
to the r e q u i r e d standard

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

M a r c h , 1968
 I n p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r an advanced degree a t the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I agree thav the

L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y . I further

agree t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y pur-

poses may be g r a n t e d by the Head o f ' m y Department or by h i s representatives.

It i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g or p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n

s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .

R. H. De V a i l

Department of C i v i l Engineering

The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia
Vancouver 8 , B . C .

March 1968
 i

ABSTRACT

In t h i s t h e s i s , a s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x which i n c l u d e s the non-linear

e f f e c t s of p r i n c i p a l p l a n e s h e a r s , moments and a x i a l l o a d s on l a t e r a l and

t o r s i o n a l d e f l e c t i o n s i s developed f o r a d o u b l y symmetric wide f l a n g e s e c t i o n .

Initially, an e x a c t e i g h t by e i g h t l i n e a r m a t r i x i s developed f o r an

element of c o n s t a n t s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s . The e i g h t a l l o w a b l e d e f l e c t i o n s allows

the independent r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e d e f l e c t i o n s of e i t h e r f l a n g e a t either

end. The n o n - l i n e a r e f f e c t s a r e i n c l u d e d i n the d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s by

c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e f f e c t of the p r i m a r y s t r e s s e s on t h e e q u i l i b r i u m of a d i s -

placed element.

Two a p p r o x i m a t i o n s a r e t h e n i n t r o d u c e d . The f i r s t c o n s i s t s of a

n u m e r i c a l t e c h n i q u e f o r s o l v i n g the d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s . The second c o n -

s i s t s of a s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of the boundary c o n d i t i o n s i n s o l v i n g t h e d i f f e r e n -

t i a l equations. U s i n g t h e s e two a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , the n o n - l i n e a r p o r t i o n of the

m a t r i x i s then b u i l t .

Several s t r u c t u r e s are then analyzed. Each s t r u c t u r e i s d i v i d e d into

s e v e r a l elements. T h i s a l l o w s beams of n o n - c o n s t a n t section properties to be

a n a l y z e d , and i n c r e a s e s t h e a c c u r a c y o f the r e s u l t s of t h e a p p r o x i m a t e m a t r i c e s .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e a n a l y s e s a r e t h e n compared t o theoretical

r e s u l t s and t a b u l a t e d . It i s seen t h a t t h e m a t r i x g i v e s good agreement f o r all

cases t e s t e d .
 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF FIGURES iii

DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER I I DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR MATRIX 3

CHAPTER I I I DEVELOPMENT OF NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 13

CHAPTER IV METHODS OF APPROXIMATIONS 20

CHAPTER V ILLUSTRATION OF METHODS OF APPROXIMATIONS 22

CHAPTER VI DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL STABILITY MATRIX 31

i A p p l i c a t i o n of A p p r o x i m a t i o n s 31

ii C a l c u l a t i o n of N o n - l i n e a r S t i f f n e s s M a t r i x
f o r Type One Loads 33

iii C a l c u l a t i o n of N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r Type
Two Loads , 40

iv N u m e r i c a l Examples 45

CHAPTER V I I CONCLUSIONS 53

LIST OF REFERENCES
 iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Fig. 1 Sign Conventions 3

Fig. 2 Beam Segment 4

Fig. 3 P r i m a r y Modes f o r R i g h t Hand End D e f l e c t i o n s 6

Fig. 4 S u p e r p o s i t i o n of P r i m a r y Modes 8

Fig. 5 Linear Stiffness Matrix K 9

b
o
Fig. 6 Test R e s u l t s f o r K 11
o
Fig. 7 E f f e c t of F l a n g e Warping 12

Fig. 8 S i g n C o n v e n t i o n f o r P r i n c i p a l S h e a r , Moment
and A x i a l Load 13

Fig. 9 E l e m e n t a l Beam S e c t i o n s i n D i s p l a c e d P o s i t i o n

Under the A c t i o n of P r i m a r y S t r e s s e s 14

Fig. 10 R e p l a c i n g D i s t r i b u t e d Loads by F i x e d End R e a c t i o n s 20

Fig. 11 O r d i n a r y Beam S t i f f n e s s D e f l e c t i o n s , F o r c e s and C u r v a t u r e s 22

Fig. 12 N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column M a t r i x f o r Type 1 L o a d s ,

F i x e d End C o n d i t i o n s 25

Fig. 13 N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column Terms f o r Type 2 Loads 25

Fig. 14 N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column M a t r i x f o r Type 2 Loads 26

Fig. 15 Complete N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column M a t r i x , F i x e d End

Conditions 26
Fig. 16 N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column Terms f o r Type 1 L o a d s ,
P i n n e d End C o n d i t i o n s 27
Fig. 17 N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column M a t r i x f o r Type 1 L o a d s ,
P i n n e d End C o n d i t i o n s 28

Fig. 18 Complete N o n - l i n e a r Beam Column M a t r i x , Pinned

End C o n d i t i o n s 28

Fig. 19 P l o t of % E r r o r v s . Number of Elements f o r Beam-Column

M a t r i c e s f o r 3 Column Types 30

Fig. 20 Type 1 Terms f o r N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r 67 = 1 35

Fig. 21 Type 1 Terms f o r N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r 65 = 1 38

Fig. 22 N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r Type 1 Loads , 39

Fig. 23 Component D e f l e c t i o n s f o r 6 7 = 1 40
 iv

LIST OF FIGURES ( C o n t d . )

Page

Fig. 24 F o r c e Components Due t o End D e f l e c t i o n s f o r 6 7 = 1 40

Fig. 25 Type 2 Terms f o r N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r 67 = 1 42

Fig. 26 Component D e f l e c t i o n s f o r 6g = 1 41

Fig. 27 F o r c e Components Due t o End D e f l e c t i o n s f o r 65 = 1 43

Fig. 28 V e r t i c a l F l a n g e D e f l e c t i o n s as F u n c t i o n s of <>
f 44

Fig. 29 Type 2 Terms i n N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r 6g = 1 46

Fig. 30 N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r Type 2 Loads 47

Fig. 31 The Complete N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r Loads of Type 1 and 2 48

Fig. 32 T a b l e of R e s u l t s f o r T e s t Structures 50

Fig. 33 P l o t of A c c u r a c y v s . Number o f Elements Used. 52

 DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS

moment of i n e r t i a of f l a n g e about s t r o n g axis

moment of i n e r t i a of s e c t i o n abou. : z a x i s
1

moment of i n e r t i a of s e c t i o n about y a x i s

p o l a r moment of inertia

a r e a of section

a r e a of web

torsional constant

Youngs modulus

s h e a r modulus

JG

depth of section
2

2C/EIh

l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n (along y a x i s )

v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n (along z a x i s )

torsional deflection

f l a n g e shear

torque

distributed load

distributed torque

s t i f f n e s s matrix deflection i n n direction

s t i f f n e s s matrix force i n n d i r e c t i o n

l e n g t h of element

p r i n c i p a l a x i a l l o a d i n element

p r i n c i p a l moment a t cj: of element

p r i n c i p a l shear i n element
M - VL/2 + Vx = moment i n element @ p o i n t x
o
normal s t r e s s i n element
 DEFINITION Oi SYMBOLS ( C o n t d . )
?

M^ = f l a n g e moment

0 = P/A
o

T = shear s t r e s s i n element

p = p r e s s u r e due t o n s t r e s s e s

X = M^/2EI = parameter i n s o l u t i o n expansion

v = n term m s e r i e s s o l u t i o n of y
n

<j> n = n*"^ term i n s e r i e s s o l u t i o n of <)j

1

n = dummy i n t e g r a l parameter

p = dummy i n t e g r a l parameter

£; = dummy i n t e g r a l parameter

' = d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n with respect to x

R.H.S R i g h t hand s i d e

L.H.S L e f t hand s i d e
 vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o thank h i s s u p e r v i s o r , D r . R. F. H o o l e y , for his

i n v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e and encouragement d u r i n g t h e development of t h i s work.

G r a t i t u d e i s a l s o e x p r e s s e d t o t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l of Canada f o r

f i n a n c i a l support, and t o the U . B . C . Computing C e n t e r f o r the use of its

facilities.

March 1968

Vancouver, B.C.
 THE LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF

DOUBLY SYMMETRIC WIDE FLANGE SECTION

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The l a t e r a l t o r s i o n a l b u c k l i n g of beams has been a t o p i c of interest

and r e s e a r c h f o r y e a r s . The f o u n d a t i o n s of t h e t h e o r y of l a t e r a l torsional

b u c k l i n g of t h i n r e c t a n g u l a r s e c t i o n s were l a i d by P r a n d t l and M i c h e l l e [ 5 , 6]

i n 1899 i n the s t u d y of the l a t e r a l b u c k l i n g of t h i n r e c t a n g u l a r sections.

H. R e i s s n e r [6] l a t e r s t r e s s e d the e f f e c t o f d e f l e c t i o n s i n the major principal

a x i s i n the P r a n d t l - M i c h e l l e t h e o r y and i n t r o d u c e d m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o account for

them. I n 1910, S . Timoshenko [1] developed t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n t h a t in-

c l u d e d the w a r p i n g e f f e c t of the f l a n g e s of I s e c t i o n s deformed i n t o r s i o n . In

1929, Wagner [6] d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h i n open s e c t i o n s may b u c k l e i n a pure tor-

s i o n a l mode under an a p p l i e d a x i a l load.

S i n c e t h e n many o t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s have c o n t r i b u t e d to the knowledge

of l a t e r a l b u c k l i n g . The u s u a l form t h i s work has t a k e n i s t h e d i r e c t solution

of t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r s i m p l e cases and t h e use of n u m e r i c a l methods

i n t h e more c o m p l i c a t e d c a s e s . The drawback i n the above approaches i s the

difficulty i n a p p l y i n g them t o the g e n e r a l c a s e . As the c o m p l e x i t y of t h e l o a d

and s u p p o r t c o n d i t i o n s i n c r e a s e s , the problem becomes i n t r a c t i b l e .

The purpose of t h i s t h e s i s w i l l be t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n of a method for

t h e e l a s t i c a n a l y s e s of l a t e r a l t o r s i o n a l b u c k l i n g of doubly symmetric wide

f l a n g e s e c t i o n s under p r i n c i p a l moment, shear and a x i a l l o a d s . The method of

s o l u t i o n u t i l i z e s a s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x c o n s i s t i n g of two p a r t s - an exact elastic

l i n e a r p o r t i o n and an a p p r o x i m a t e n o n - l i n e a r p o r t i o n . The m a t r i x i s developed

a
Numbers i n s q u a r e b r a c k e t s r e f e r to the R e f e r e n c e s .
 2.

u s i n g the assumptions t h a t d e f l e c t i o n s i n the p r i n c i p a l p l a n e remain s m a l l , the

s t r e s s e s remain e l a s t i c , t h e r e i s no d i s t o r t i o n of the c r o s s - s e c t i o n , and the

l o a d s m a i n t a i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l d i r e c t i o n of a p p l i c a t i o n . These m a t r i c e s , once

o b t a i n e d , can be used t o b u i l d any case of v a r y i n g s u p p o r t , f i x i t y and l o a d

c o n d i t i o n s of beams w i t h v a r y i n g s e c t i o n properties.
 3.

CHAPTER II

DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR MATRIX

I n order to develop a s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x , the g o v e r n i n g differential

e q u a t i o n s of the s e c t i o n must f i r s t be o b t a i n e d .

"For the development of the l i n e a r c a f e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s , a

r i g h t - h a n d e d c o - o r d i n a t e system was used as i n F i g . 1 ( a ) , w i t h the u s u a l bending

moment-shear s i g n c o n v e n t i o n used f o r bending of the top f l a n g e , as i n F i g . 1(b).

R o t a t i o n p r o d u c i n g p o s i t i v e y d e f l e c t i o n of t h e upper f l a n g e was chosen as p o s i -

t i v e as shown i n F i g . 1 ( c ) . A p o s i t i v e end t o r q u e T i n d u c e s p o s i t i v e pure

t o r s i o n i n the s e c t i o n and a n e g a t i v e shear i n the top f l a n g e .

Z Ely =-w
w

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)

Fig. 1 SIGN CONVENTIONS

 To o b t a i n the d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r t o r s i o n , i t i s o n l y necessary

t o c o n s i d e r t h e a p p l i e d t o r q u e a t any p o i n t a l o n g t h e s e c t i o n . The t o r q u e due

i ti iti 2

t o shear i n t h e f l a n g e i s = - Vh = - (h<j> /2) (EIh)= -<j> E l h / 2 . The t o r q u e

i
due t o p u r e t o r s i o n i s C<> j . T h e r e f o r e t h e e q u a t i o n f o r t o r q u e T a c t i n g a t any

section i s
• 2 III
C«> - Elh <>
j -
2 0)
as f i r s t d e v e l o p e d by Timoshenko [ 1 ] .

E q u a t i o n (1) reduces t o
III 2 2 2

<(> - a $ = - a T where a = _2C

C 7
Elh
One i n t e g r a t i o n gives
II 2 2

tj) - a <>
{ = - a_T [x + A] (2)

To o b t a i n t h e e q u a t i o n of t h e s e c t i o n under t h e a c t i o n o f a d i s t r i b u t e d

t o r q u e , e q u a t i o n (1) i s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d once t o g i v e
i i 2 m i i
Ctj> - Elh cj> = T = - q (3)
2

The e q u a t i o n g o v e r n i n g p u r e l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n i s t h e w e l l known
mi

2EIY _ = - u> (4)

R a t h e r t h a n s o l v e e q u a t i o n s (2) and (4) f o r any c o n d i t i o n o f l o a d or

v a r i a t i o n of s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s , i t i s better t o s p l i t t h e beam i n t o a number

of segments; each segment h a v i n g c o n s t a n t s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s , t o r q u e s and

l a t e r a l shears. The s o l u t i o n of e q u a t i o n s (2) and (4) f o r such a segment w i l l

be r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e , and a s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x f o r the segment can e a s i l y be

built. By u t i l i z i n g s e v e r a l elements t o r e p r e s e n t a s t r u c t u r e under distributed

l o a d o r v a r y i n g s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s , v e r y l i t t l e a c c u r a c y w i l l be l o s t .

The segment used i s shown i n F i g . 2 .

 5.

* ^1
2|

f/
F
e

Fig. 2 BEAM SEGMENT

In t h i s f i g u r e , t o r s i o n a l d e f l e c t i o n s and f o r c e s a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r

indirectly t h r o u g h t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n l a t e r a l s h e a r d e f l e c t i o n and f o r c e s .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between the e i g h t independent d e f l e c t i o n s and t h e i r corres-

ponding f o r c e s a r e g i v e n by kS = f where 6 i s an 8x1 m a t r i x r e p r e s e n t i n g the

deflections 6 l s ... 6 , f i s an 8x1 m a t r i x r e p r e s e n t i n g the f o r c e s f j ,

8 ... f ,
8

and k i s an 8*8 m a t r i x j o i n i n g the two. By e x a m i n i n g the segment i n F i g . 2,

and u s i n g F i g . 1(c), the f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d .

- tj> h/2
= y - EI(y - * h/2)
i
6 2
= y + <|> h/2 f 2
- EI(y +* h/2)
x = 0 x = 0
fi 3 = y + <>
j h/2 f3 = + Ei(y 'h/2) - C<f> /h
i
fi 4 = y - <>
f h/2 fit = + El(y 'h/2) + C4> /h
•
(5)
- $h/2 f 5 = + EI(y - <r h/2)
»
fi 6 = y + cb'h/2 f 6 = + El(y + $ h/2)
x = L x •=> L
h = y + * h/2 f ? - Ei(y + <r 'h/2) + ctf'/h

fi 8 = y - f h/2 fft «= - EI(y - <>

f h/2) - C<j> /h
 I f k
8 8
x
w e r e
o b t a i n e d by a l l o w i n g 6 n = 1, with a l l other 6's

e q u a l to z e r o , t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s would e n t a i l w o r k i n g w i t h combined b e n d i n g and

torsion. It i s therefore proposed to s o i v e f o u r b a s i c pure b e n d i n g cases and

f o u r b a s i c pure t o r s i o n a l cases which can oe superposed to g i v e any desired

d e f l e c t e d shape. The f o u r of t h e s e modes a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the r i g h t hand end

d e f l e c t i o n s are given i n F i g . 3.

>
S =S FS3=S =S =S = o
| 2 4 5 6
V V 1
8=8 =8 =8 =8 =8 =o
(a) shear 12 3 4 7 8
(b) end rotation

AY

->

W W W 0
V-Vi W W W 0
W 1

(c) torsion (d) warping

Fig. 3 PRIMARY MODES FOR RIGHT HAND END DEFLECTIONS

The shapes i n F i g . 3(a), (b) are solved using e q . ( 4 ) . Since their

s o l u t i o n gives the w e l l known beam s t i f f n e s s equations, they w i l l not be gone

into i n further detail. The shapes p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 3(c), (d) are torsional

shapes and can be s o l v e d u s i n g eq.(2).

The shape i n F i g . 3(c) represents a unit torsional rotation with all

other allowable d e f l e c t i o n s fixed. The end c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h i s case a r e :

 7.

x = 0 <>
j = 0 x = L <>j = 1
i
4- = 0 • = 0

The s o l u t i o n of e q . ( 2 ) f o r t h i s case i s

<>
f = B s i n h ax + D cosh ax + T , .,
o o _o [x + AJ
r

where B = - T D = T ( c o s h aL - 1) A = - ( c o s h aL - 1)
o o o o o
aC Ca s i n h aL a s i n h aL

T = aC s i n h aL
° [ 2 - 2 cosh aL + aL s i n h aL]

The shape i n F i g . 3(b) i s o b t a i n e d by a p p l y i n g e q u a l and o p p o s i t e

moments to t h e upper and l o w e r f l a n g e s of one e n d , and r e s t r a i n i n g a l l o t h e r

allowable deflections. The end c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h i s case a r e :

• . x = 0 <|> = 0 ' x = L <>

j = 0
t i
4> «= 0 ' •j» h = - 1
2

The s o l u t i o n of e q . ( 2 ) f o r t h i s case i s :

d> = Bi s i n h ax + Di cosh ax + Ti , '. ,

_ [x + A i J
r
1 1

where Ti [ s i n h aL - aL ] A i = s i n h aL - aL
(7)
~ [ a ( l - cosh aL)] a ( l - cosh aL)
Ca

Ti= - 2C [ ] cosh aL
h [ 2 - 2 cosh aL + aL s i n h aL]

U s i n g t h e above s o l u t i o n s , the i n d i v i d u a l columns of the s t i f f n e s s

m a t r i x may be o b t a i n e d by s u p e r p o s i t i o n . As an example, columns 6 and 7 can

be o b t a i n e d , by u s i n g t h e shapes i n F i g . 3 as i n d i c a t e d i n F i g . 4.
 8.

Fig. 4 SUPERPOSITION OF PRIMARY MODES

S i m i l a r o p e r a t i o n s y i e l d t h e o t h e r columns of t h e s t i f f n e s s matrix.

P r e s e n t a t i o n of the m a t r i x i s s i m p l i f i e d by i n t r o d u c i n g the following

functions.
3
S : = (aL) s i n h aL/12<f>
' - 2

5 2 = (aL) (cosh aL — -1) /6d>

5 3 = aL (aL cosh aL - s i n h aL)/4c(>

S^ = aL ( s i n h aL - aL)/2<J>
4> = 2 - 2 cosh aL + aL s i n h aL
2 • 2
a = 2C/EIh

where S j , S 2 , S 3 , Sn and <>

J a r e the same as the s t a b i l i t y functions given in

Gere and W e a v e r . [ 2 ] Use of t h e s e f u n c t i o n s to represent the f o r c e s g i v e s the

complete l i n e a r m a t r i x K , shown i n F i g . 5 .
 2
1 2L [1 + S ] 3

2 2
2 2L [1 - S ] 3 2L [1 + S ] 3

3 3L[1 - S ] 2 3L[1 + S ] 2 6[1 + S ] x

SYMMETRIC .

4 3L[1 + S ] 2
3L[1 - S ] 2 6[1 - S ] x
6[1 + S ] x

2
5 L [l + S ]
2
4 L [l2
- S J 3L[1 - S ] 2
3L[1 + S ] 2 2L [1 + S ] 3

2 2 2
6 L [l
2
- S J L [1 + S j 3L[1 + S ] 2 3L[1 - S ] 2 2L [1-S ] 3 2L [1 + S ]
3

7 3L[-1 + S ] 2 3L[-1 - S ] 2 6[-l - +6[-l + S]

x 3L[-1 + S ] 2 3L[-1 - S ]
2 6[1 + S ]
x

8 3L[-1 - S ] 2 3L[-1 +'S ] 2 6[-l + ^ 1 6[-l - S ] x 3L[-1 - S ] 2 +3L[-1 + S ] 2 6[1 - S ]

x

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig. 5 LINEAR STIFFNESS MATRIX K Q

 •10.

T h i s m a t r i x r e p r e s e n t s t h e e x a c t l i n e a r case w i t h two l i m i t a t i o n s :

t h e l o a d s must be a p p l i e d a t the node p o i n t s of the s t r u c t u r e and the s e c t i o n

p r o p e r t i e s between nodes must remain c o n s t a n t .

A s t r u c t u r e m a t r i x was g e n e r a t e d by standard, methods and the results

f o r v a r i o u s l o a d c a s e s were compared t o e x i s t i n g t h e o r e t i c a l s o l u t i o n s . Two

s t r u c t u r e s were a n a l y z e d , a c a n t i l e v e r and a r e s t r a i n e d beam. The cantilever

had a l l degrees of freedom f i x e d a t one e n d , and a l l f r e e a t the o t h e r . The

r e s t r a i n e d beam had a l l degrees of freedom f i x e d a t one e n d , but o n l y t h e f l a n g

r o t a t i o n s were f i x e d at t h e o t h e r e n d . T h i s a l l o w e d p l a c i n g an end t o r q u e on

t h e r e s t r a i n e d beam. The r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 6.

From F i g . 6 i t can be seen t h a t the m a t r i x g i v e s t h e same r e s u l t s as

t h e s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l s s o l u t i o n . T h i s i s t o be e x p e c t e d s i n c e no a p p r o x i -

m a t i o n to t h e s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l s o l u t i o n was used i n the d e r i v a t i o n .

I n some beams, most of t h e t o r q u e can be c a r r i e d i n pure t o r s i o n .

If t h e beam i s r e p r e s e n t e d w i t h many s h o r t elements w h i c h tend t o c a r r y most of

t h e t o r s i o n i n f l a n g e b e n d i n g , the q u e s t i o n a r i s e s as t o whether the m a t r i c e s

c o n t a i n s u f f i c i e n t a c c u r a c y t o c o n v e r t the weak pure t o r s i o n r e s i s t a n c e of the

element t o t h e predominant pure t o r s i o n r e s i s t a n c e of t h e main s t r u c t u r e . In

other words, if there i s i n s u f f i c i e n t accuracy i n the computation procedure,

t h e f l a n g e s h e a r may overshadow t h e pure t o r s i o n terms i n s h o r t elements and

produce erroneous r e s u l t s when summed i n t o a l a r g e structure.

I n o r d e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h i s p r o b l e m s e v e r a l s t r u c t u r e s of varying

l e n g t h were a n a l y z e d . Each s t r u c t u r e was f u l l y r e s t r a i n e d at one e n d , and had

the f l a n g e r o t a t i o n s r e s t r a i n e d a t t h e o t h e r e n d . For each of t h e s e structures

a p l o t of t o r q u e c a r r i e d by shear over t o t a l t o r q u e (Vh/T) a g a i n s t x was made,

where the r e s u l t s came from s t r e n g t h of m a t e r i a l s c a l c u l a t i o n s .

The r e s u l t s a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 7.
 I =41.6 in 4
E= 3 0 0 0 0 k/in " 1

T
Cantilever >
J = 1.25 in G = 1 0 0 0 0 k/in^

h = 10

L = 240" @ 3 Segments

S t r e n g t h of S t r e n g t h of
Material M a t r i x Value Material M a t r i x Value
F l a n g e Moment F l a n g e Moment Flange D e f l e c t i o n s Flange D e f l e c t i o n s
X (Kip inches) (Kip inches) (inches) (inches)

0 70.5 70.496 0. 0.
80" 22.32 22.501 0.1270 0.128
160" 6.55 6.57 0.3850 0.3843
240" 0. 0. 0.678 0.6780

L = 240" @ 1 Segment

0 70.5 70.496 0. 0.
240" 0. 0. .678 0.6780

L = 360

Restrained

Properties as above

10 Segments @ 3 6 " 15 Segments @ 24"

S t r e n g t h of S t r e n g t h of
Material M a t r i x Value Material M a t r i x Value
F l a n g e Moment F l a n g e Moment F l a n g e Moment - F l a n g e Moment
X (Kip inches) (Kip inches) (Kip inches) (Kip inches)

0 69.8 69.795 69.8 69.807

36"
72"
41.5
24.15
41.473
24.155 24.15
-
24.161
108"
144"
13.26
5.86
13.244
5.846 5.36
-
5.87
180" 0. 0. - -
Fig. 6 TEST RESULTS FOR K
o
 12.

I =41.6in E = 3 0 0 0 0 k / i n
4 2

"»T J =1.25 i n 4
G =1000 k/in 2

h= 10
> X

1.0
L = 3'
.9 L = 6'

.8

.7
Vh
T .6

.5

.4

.3

.2

.1 L = 35
L = I40'
0 ->x
.IL .2L .3 L .4L .5L

Fig. 7 EFFECT OF FLANGE WARPING

It c a n . b e seen from F i g . 7 t h a t the e f f e c t s of the f l a n g e s i n carry-

i n g t o r s i o n f o r members of t h i s t y p e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e and i n t h e c a s e of short

members, t h e f l a n g e s c a r r y v i r t u a l l y the e n t i r e t o r q u e . T h i s would i n d i c a t e

t h a t c a u t i o n s h o u l d be e x e r c i s e d i n r e p r e s e n t i n g s t r u c t u r e s w i t h a l a r g e number

of e l e m e n t s . However, a thirty f o o t beam of t h e same type as r e p r e s e n t e d in

Fig. 7 was a n a l y z e d a c c u r a t e l y u s i n g two f o o t elements (see F i g . 6) so the p r o -

blem i s not o v e r l y serious.

The l i n e a r m a t r i x d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n , or v a r i a t i o n on i t ,

s h o u l d be used i n t h e a n a l y s i s of g r i d frameworks composed of wide f l a n g e

s e c t i o n s , as i t c o n s i d e r s the e f f e c t of f l a n g e w a r p i n g . T h i s i s i m p o r t a n t , as

f l a n g e w a r p i n g may account f o r a l a r g e p a r t of t h e t o r s i o n a l s t r e n g t h of a wide

flange section.
 13.

CHAPTER III

DEVELOPMENT OF NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The team element may be s u b j e c t e d t o moments, s h e a r s and a x i a l l o a d s

i n t h e major p r i n c i p a l axes as shown i n F i g . 8 .

L
>

V
<-

M= M-~ + v x

Fig. 8 SIGN CONVENTION FOR PRINCIPAL SHEAR, MOMENT AND AXIAL LOAD

When t h i s c o n d i t i o n e x i s t s , the element b e h a v i o u r i s no l o n g e r linear,

and a s t r u c t u r e composed of t h e s e elements may r e a c h a c o n d i t i o n of instability.

To i n v e s t i g a t e t h i s c o n d i t i o n , elements of t h e web and f l a n g e under the a c t i o n

of P, M, and V were examined i n a d i s p l a c e d p o s i t i o n , as shown i n F i g . 9 .

From symmetry, the s h e a r c e n t e r of t h e s e c t i o n c o i n c i d e s w i t h the

c e n t r o i d , and i t s l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n i s measured by y , as shown i n F i g . 9(a).

L a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n s of p o i n t s o t h e r t h a n the c e n t r o i d a r e found from the rela-

t i o n y i = y + <J>n. Due t o t h e p r e s e n c e of P, M and V, the d i f f e r e n t i a l elements

a r e under the a c t i o n of s t r e s s e s a and x as shown i n F i g s . 9(b), (c), (d), (e)

where

' o = (P _ MQ) _ „ M and T = V

(A I ) o ~ ~ A
y I w
 14.

(a)

(b) web (c) flange

curature = z' =4>' p

(e) flange

Fig. 9 ELEMENTAL BEAM SECTIONS IN DISPLACED POSITION UNDER THE ACTION OF

PRIMARY STRESSES

The shear s t r e s s T i s assumed c o n s t a n t over the web and t h e b e n d i n g

moment M i s g i v e n by

M = M - VL
o — + Vx

The s t r e s s e s a and T may be c o n s i d e r e d as g e n e r a t i n g l a t e r a l p r e s -

s u r e s i n the y d i r e c t i o n of p and p , as shown i n F i g s . 9(b), (c), (d), which

a c t on t h e element where
i i ? i
(a - Mn )• ' 1
(a - MQ. ) (y + $> n ) t (8)
( ° I ) l • y fc
" ( 0
I )

p = TtcJ. + 2xt £ '

T n — 2T(J) t
(9)
 15.

where t = b i n the web

= w i n the f l a n g e

The s t r e s s e s a may a l s o be thought of as g e n e r a t i n g v e r t i c a l p r e s s u r e s

a c t i n g on elements i n the top f l a n g e of v a l u e .p , as shown i n F i g . 9(e),

where

p = (a - Mh ) ." n. n

° ( ° 21) * p e
^ ^

By i n t e g r a t i n g t h e s e p r e s s u r e s over t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s and d i v i d -

i n g by d x , t h e f o r c e s and t o r q u e s per u n i t l e n g t h can be o b t a i n e d .

They a r e g i v e n by

+ h/2
L a t e r a l force/Length = . (p + p ) dn dx (11)
dx . J 0 T

-n <= - h/2

+ h/2 + w/2
Torque/Length = 1 _ j (p & + p^) ndn dx + 1_ pdp dx (12)
dx dx
n = - h/2 p = - w/2

•+ w/2
V e r t i c a l f o r c e / L e n g t h = JL_ ^ . p^ dp (13)
dx
p = - w/2

Now, t h e l a t e r a l f o r c e / u n i t l e n g t h becomes the R . H . S . of e q . ( 4 ) to

give: +h/2

^Ely"" - ' |- ( o
o - ^ ( y
" + L + d r i
(14)
n = - h/2 1 c
V J

The t o r q u e / u n i t l e n g t h becomes the R . H . S . of eq.(3) t o give:

2 '"' 11 + h/2 ,, ,, ,
E l h <ji CtJ) ' = ' t-(a - MnHy + tj> n) n t + 2 cp t n ] dn
X

2 - ( ° I.)
= -h/2 y

+ w/2 + w/2

(° 2 i ) <
f ' P e d
P +
f ( ° 21) $ P e d
P ( ) 1 5

p = - w/2 y p = - w/2 y
 16.

The v e r t i c a l f o r c e / u n i t l e n g t h a f f e c t s the z d e f l e c t i o n of the c e n -

t r o i d of the s e c t i o n i n the f o l l o w i n g manner:

+ w/2 r- / 2
w

EI z / (a - Mh ) , . I (a + Mh ) ,
y } o -zj : <J> pedp + } o — ' $ pedp (16)
P = - w/2 1
y }
P = - w/2 1
^V
By m u l t i p l y i n g o u t , i n t e g r a t i n g , and u s i n g the symmetry properties

of t h e s e c t i o n , e q s . (14), (15), (16) reduce t o t h e g o v e r n i n g differential

e q u a t i o n of t h e s e c t i o n as follows:

M M • I I I I • f

2EIy = - Py + M<>
j + 2cj>V (17)

2 M M t I I I I I

E l h <>
f - Cd> = - a I $ +My (18)
2 ° P

EI z =0 (19)
y -
where I = p o l a r moment of i n e r t i a about centroid.
P

E q u a t i o n (19) i s the e q u a t i o n g o v e r n i n g the v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n s of

the s e c t i o n . It s t a t e s t h a t the p r i n c i p a l axes f o r c e s M, P and V have no

e f f e c t on t h e v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n s when the element undergoes a l a t e r a l or

t o r s i o n a l displacement. It s h o u l d be n o t e d though t h a t t h e r e w i l l be some

e f f e c t on the y , z and <>

f d e f l e c t i o n s due t o v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n , but i n this

d e r i v a t i o n t h e v e r t i c a l d e f l e c t i o n s a r e assumed to be s m a l l and t h e i r effect

i s t a k e n as z e r o .

The e x a c t s o l u t i o n f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e v a r i o u s

end c o n d i t i o n s r e q u i r e d by the s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x would be d i f f i c u l t to o b t a i n .

I n s t e a d an i t e r a t i v e t e c h n i q u e w i l l be d e v e l o p e d .

If the beam i s r e p r e s e n t e d by s e v e r a l e l e m e n t s , t h e s e w i l l be much

s h o r t e r than the s t r u c t u r e . T h i s means the d e f l e c t i o n s of the element relative

to i t s l o c a l c o - o r d i n a t e s w i l l be much s m a l l e r t h a n the s t r u c t u r e deflections

and c o n s e q u e n t l y the element w i l l be much s t i f f e r than t h e s t r u c t u r e . Because

of t h i s , the c r i t i c a l P , M and V f o r the s t r u c t u r e w i l l be much lower t h a n the

 17.

c r i t i c a l P , M and V f o r t h e e l e m e n t . Thus t h e P , M and V i n each element w i l l

have o n l y a s m a l l e f f e c t i n m o d i f y i n g ?:he d e f l e c t i o n s ; consequently the l i n e a r

shape, p r e v i o u s l y o b t a i n e d , w i l l be q u i t ^ c l o s e t o t h e f i n a l d e f l e c t e d shape.

By p l a c i n g t h e l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n s , w h i c h were p r e v i o u s l y obtained,

i n t o the R.H.S. of e q s . ( 1 7 ) and (18) we o b t a i n new l i n e a r e q u a t i o n s , i n w h i c h

the e f f e c t of M, P and V w i l l be a p p r o x i m a t e l y accounted f o r ; s o l v i n g these

new e q u a t i o n s f o r homogeneous boundary c o n d i t i o n s y i e l d s i n c r e m e n t s i n y and <j>.

T h i s p r o c e s s can be r e p e a t e d u s i n g t h e newly o b t a i n e d y and <>

} t o get

a f u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t on t h e l i n e a r y and cf>.

T h i s may be s i m p l y w r i t t e n as

2 E I
y +i = -
n
p
y n " + M+n' + 2 V
V <>20

2 " " ' ' ' ' "

E l h ch - C| , , = - o H +My (21)
— — T
n+1 o p n n

n+i

where n = 0 , 1 , 2 . . . and y^ and <j> r e p r e s e n t Q the l i n e a r deflections.

S i n c e t h e boundary c o n d i t i o n s a r e s a t i s f i e d by t h e l i n e a r deflections
y and <>
j , t h e sequence of new s o l u t i o n s y and <h , n = l , 2 . . . a s remarked
o Y
o n n Y

above must s a t i s f y homogeneous boundary conditions.

Upon t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e i t e r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s may

be o b t a i n e d by summing t h e y^ and <)j f u n c t i o n s o b t a i n e d , as'shown i n e q s . (22)

y = y D + y i + y2 • • • y n

• = + 0 + *1 + * 2 ••• + n
( ?
' 2 )

By u s i n g t h i s t e c h n i q u e , t h e f i n a l y and <>
f obtained s a t i s f y the

r e q u i r e d end c o n d i t i o n s , and t h e terms i n t h e s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x can be found by

s u i t a b l e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of y and cj>.

As has been p r e v i o u s l y i n d i c a t e d , t h e use of s e v e r a l elements t o

r e p r e s e n t a s t r u c t u r e reduces t h e e f f e c t of M, P and V on the element d e f l e c -

tions. Indeed, t h i s e f f e c t c a n be made as s m a l l as we p l e a s e Dy t a k i n g

 18.

s u f f i c i e n t elements; i n these c i r c u m s t a n c e s , then, i t can be m a i n t a i n e d t h a t

one i t e r a t i o n of e q s . (20) and (21) w i l l g i v e s u f f i c i e n t a c c u r a c y i n the

results. S i n c e the l i n e a r f o r c e s have a l r e a d y been found from y and S , it

•'o o

o n l y remains to f i n d the f o r c e s due to y j and qb^. These f o r c e s w i l l be the

n o n - l i n e a r terms of i n t e r e s t , and the m a t r i x o b t a i n e d from them w i l l be c a l l e d

Kj. T h i s m a t r i x may be thought of a r i s i n g from a known d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d , due

to a p r e v i o u s l y o b t a i n e d s e t of y and <j>, b e i n g a p p l i e d to t h e l i n e a r differen-

tial equations.
tii . II

It s h o u l d be noted t h a t the use of y and y t o f i n d s h e a r s and

moments i m p l i e s t h a t t h e c o - o r d i n a t e system i n w h i c h t h e f o r c e s on t h e beam a r e

r e p r e s e n t e d t r a n s l a t e s and r o t a t e s w i t h the member. In other words, the forces

a r e tangent and p e r p e n d i c u l a r to t h e f i n a l d e f l e c t e d beam shape. T h i s means

t h a t t h e f o r c e s on t h e beam end must be t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o the s t r u c t u r e co-

ordinate system. S i n c e t h e f o r c e s found from the d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n need

i

o n l y be m o d i f i e d by the c o s i n e of a n g l e s <>
j or y , they remain b a s i c a l l y

unchanged f o r s m a l l d e f l e c t i o n t h e o r y . However, s i n c e t h e p r i n c i p a l f o r c e s M,

P and V a r e a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s e a x e s , they must a l s o be t r a n s f o r m e d into

i

s t r u c t u r e c o - o r d i n a t e s by the use of t h e s i n e of cf> or y . Since for small

d e f l e c t i o n theory s i n e 0 = 8 , the components w i l l be t h e f o r c e s of interest

m u l t i p l i e d by the d e f l e c t i o n of i n t e r e s t . The j o i n t f o r c e s must be s u i t a b l y

a d j u s t e d t o account f o r t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e s e components. These component

f o r c e s may be thought of as p o i n t l o a d s , and t h e m a t r i x due t o t h e i r effects

w i l l be c a l l e d K . 2 S i n c e t h e s e f o r c e s a r e due o n l y to t h e l i n e a r end d e f l e c t i o n s

of the e l e m e n t , they a r e u n a f f e c t e d by element l e n g t h or assumed end c o n d i t i o n s

f o r the s o l u t i o n of t h e n o n - l i n e a r d i f f e r e n t i a l equations.

For c o n v e n i e n c e of r e f e r e n c e , the e f f e c t i v e d i s t r i b u t e d loads will

be known as l o a d s of the f i r s t t y p e and the p o i n t l o a d s w i l l be known as l o a d s

of t h e second t y p e . The complete n o n - l i n e a r p o r t i o n of the m a t r i x i s then

 19.

K, + K „ . t o w h i c h must be added the l i n e a r m a t r i x K . .

1
l- o

A l t h o u g h t h e n u m e r i c a l t e c h n i q u e as d e s c r i b e d s i m p l i f i e s the solution

of t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s , i t s t i l l e n t a i l s the s o l u t i o n of a second order

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n as w e l l as s e v e r a l i n t e g r a t i o n s . It i s therefore pro-

posed t o overcome t h i s work w i t h a f u r t h e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n or s i m p l i f i c a t i o n to

be d e s c r i b e d i n the next chapter.

 20.

CHAPTER IV

METHODS OF APPROXIMATIONS.

B e f o r e p r e s e n t i n g the n e x t a p p r o x i m a t i o n used i n the s o l u t i o n of the

d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n , i t may p r o v e v a l u a b l e to i n v e s t i g a t e t h i s same a p p r o x i -

m a t i o n a p p l i e d t o a s i m p l e r and more f a m i l i a r p r o b l e m .

I n t h e a n a l y s i s of beams under the a c t i o n of d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d s , one

method of t r e a t m e n t e n t a i l s d i v i d i n g t h e beam i n t o s e v e r a l segments by intro-

d u c i n g new j o i n t s a l o n g the member as i n F i g . 10(a).

w w
± * v v v v v v i/ „ </ - I - ^
m
' „ >' - v „

'—A
C
L
3 UJ
wL wL
w
2 2

D-
wL<
12 12

j
wL wL wL wL wL

I 1
wL I wL
12

„ L
->< Or <- 5^ -5<f-

Fig. 10 REPLACING DISTRIBUTED LOADS BY FIXED ENp REACTIONS

 21.

The d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d on each segment i s then r e p l a c e d by f i x e d end

r e a c t i o n s a c t i n g at the j o i n t s , as i n F i g . 1 0 ( b ) . When t h e s e a r e p l a c e d on the

beam as j o i n t l o a d s , t h e moments c a n c e l at t h e i n t e r i o r j o i n t s and a r e present

o n l y a t t h e end j o i n t s , as i n F i g . 10(c). These a r e u s u a l l y i g n o r e d as they

have n e g l i g i b l e e f f e c t on t h e a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s i f s u f f i c i e n t elements a r e

used.

For beams w i t h an a r b i t r a r y load d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e end moments w i l l

not i n g e n e r a l c a n c e l at each i n t e r i o r j o i n t . However, the end s h e a r s are

p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e l e n g t h of the e l e m e n t , whereas the end moments a r e p r o -

p o r t i o n a l to the l e n g t h squared. T h i s means t h a t as the l e n g t h L goes to zero,

t h e end moments d e c r e a s e f a s t e r than t h e end s h e a r s . Therefore, by d e c r e a s i n g

L, w h i c h means i n c r e a s i n g the number of e l e m e n t s , the moments approach zero.

S i n c e an i n c r e a s e i n the number of elements a l s o causes the d i s t r i b u t e d loads

on a d j a c e n t members to approach each o t h e r i n v a l u e , the end moments not only

approach z e r o , they approach each o t h e r but w i t h a s i g n d i f f e r e n c e . A good

a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s t h e n o b t a i n e d by u s i n g s e v e r a l e l e m e n t s , i g n o r i n g the s m a l l

moment r e s u l t a n t s , and u s i n g o n l y the end s h e a r s . T h i s amounts to r e p l a c i n g

the f i x e d end r e a c t i o n s of each element by p i n - e n d reactions.

This leads to the next approximation i n the s o l u t i o n of the differ-

e n t i a l equation for l a t e r a l t o r s i o n a l b u c k l i n g :

A p p l y the t y p e one l o a d s of t h e R . H . S . of e q s . ( 2 0 ) and (21) to a

s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d element r a t h e r t h a n a f i x e d element.

T h i s w i l l e l i m i n a t e end moments a c t i n g a t the j o i n t s due t o l o a d s of

t y p e one. The t y p e two l o a d s e x i s t unchanged by t h i s approximation.

 22.

CHAPTER V

ILLUSTRATION OF METHODS OF APPROXIMATIONS

As an i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e above method and a p p r o x i m a t i o n , the b u c k -

l i n g m a t r i x of a beam column w i l l be developed w i t h the type one l o a d s a c t i n g

on a f i x e d element and t h e n on a s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d e l e m e n t . Each n o n - l i n e a r

m a t r i x w i l l be developed i n two p a r t s : a f i r s t p a r t due to type one l o a d s and

a second p a r t due to type two l o a d s . The e x a c t m a t r i x i s g i v e n by Gere and

Weaver [2].

For a beam element under c o n s t a n t a x i a l l o a d , the d i f f e r e n t i a l equa-

tion is

Ely = - P.y ' - (23)

f o r t h e element of F i g . 1 1 ( a ) . E q u a t i o n (23) w i l l be a p p l i e d to a f i x e d

ended element f i r s t , u t i l i z i n g the s i g n c o n v e n t i o n of F i g . 1(b) for shear,

moment and l o a d .

Properties - E,I

A y"=M/EI 46
L.2
x

-6 • i _ - 6 ^ I2x
y
~2 +
~~3

M/EI + 2_
L
^ r r n . x

-4 6x
y = —
L L

Fig.11 ORDINARY BEAM STIFFNESS DEFLECTIONS, FORCES AND CURVATURES

 23.

The e q u a t i o n of f o r 61 e q u a l s u n i t y is

1 1
y = - 6 , 12x
o
y
-7 +•-—3 (24)
L L
S u b s t i t u t i o n of e q . ( 2 4 ) i n t o the R . H . S . of e q . (23) g i v e s

E I y i " = " P [ - 6 _ , 12x] ( .

L L

Integration gives

Ely'i" = " P[-6x 6x^ ] (26)

r 2 +
3 + A
]
L L J

Ely/ = - P[- 3 x ! + 2x1 + A x + B J ( 2 7 )

[
L L ]

»
El y i = - P [ - x _ + 2L. 3 + A x _ + B x + l ( 2 g )

L 2L J

Ei y i = - p[- x!_ + * ! _ + A|! + B^! + C X + D ] ( 2 9 )

1
4L 10L J

I t i s t o be remembered t h a t t h e y^ i n t h e above e q u a t i o n i s t h e y^

due t o l o a d s o f t y p e o n e .

For a f i x e d e l e m e n t , t h e end c o n d i t i o n s a r e :

@x = 0 yj = 0 @x = L .y 1 = 0

y[ = 0 y[ = 0

U s i n g t h e s e end c o n d i t i o n s and s o l v i n g f o r t h e c o n s t a n t s gives

A = 6/5L

B = - 1/10

C = 0

D = 0
 24.

Eqs.(26) and (27) t h e n g i v e end s h e a r s and moments as

ii II

@x = 0 M = Ely! = P/10 @x = L M = EIy 1 = - P/10

V = ElyJ " = - 6P/5L V = EIy[ " = - 6P/5L

11
For 6 = 1, y2 d =. - 4 + 6x ( 3 0 )

L
L

S u b s t i t u t i o n of e q s . ( 3 0 ) i n t o eqs.(23) gives

Elyi = - P (( - 4
L + 6x
2 )
) ( 3 1 )
L

Integration gives
I I I 2
Elyj = - P ( - 4x 3x_ ) ( 3 2 )

( L 2 1 )

^ i ' =
" P
["|- - + X
4+A x 1 + B 1
)
) (33)

i 3 4 2

•"'••'i'^^T ^* "^) 1 1 (35)

The end c o n d i t i o n s f o r a f i x e d element a r e

@x = 0 y ! = 0 x = L y x = 0

y[ = 0 yi = 0

S o l v i n g f o r the constants y i e l d s

A : = 11/10

B : = -2L/15

Ci = 0

D l = 0
 Substitution of A j , B j , C' and Dj i n t o eqs. (32) and (33) y i e l d s the
1

shears and moments o f i n t e r e s t .

it t t

(?;•; = 0 M = Ely = 2PL/15 @x = L M = Ely = PL/30

V = E l y / ' = - 11 P/10 V = E l y / ' = .- P/10

The ead f o r c e s f o r ,$ and SL, e q u a l t o one can be found

3 using similar

calculations t o t h e ones above. When t h e r e s u l t s a r e p l a c e d i n m a t r i x form,

they g i v e the p o r t i o n o f the n o n - l i n e a r m a t r i x due t o l o a d s of the f i r s t type

acting on a f i x e d ended element. The m a t r i x i s g i v e n i n F i g . 12.

6P IIP P
" 5L 10 10

P 2PL
+ ^
10 15 30

+ JL 6P + 1 1 P

5L 5L 10
10

P 2PL
+ ^
~ 10 30 15

Fig. 12 NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN MATRIX FOR

TYPE 1 LOADS,' FIXED END CONDITIONS

For t h e p o r t i o n o f t h e n o n - l i n e a r m a t r i x due t o l o a d s of the second

type, the v a l u e o f the l i n e a r end d i s p l a c e m e n t need be c o n s i d e r e d . See F i g . 1 3 .

Fig. 13 NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN TERMS FOR TYPE 2 LOADS

 26.

For 6^ = 1 , as i n F i g . 1 3 ( a ) , t h e r e a r e no components of P a c t i n g i n

t h e shear d i r e c t i o n , so t h e r e a r e no c o n t r i b u t i o n s i n t h e second p o r t i o n of the

m a t r i x f o r t h i s d e f l e c t e d shape.

For 6 2
=
1J a s
i n
F i g . 13(b), the l o a d P w h i c h the j o i n t must provide

has a component i n t h e shear d i r e c t i o n of v a l u e P x s i n e (0) = P0 = P a t the

L . H . S of t h e s t r u c t u r e . T h i s v a l u e must be e n t e r e d i n t h e shear f o r c e position

of the m a t r i x f o r 6 2 = 1. The R.H.S has no component.

By t r e a t i n g t h e o t h e r d e f l e c t i o n s the same way, t h e second p o r t i o n of

the n o n - l i n e a r m a t r i x i s b u i l t up as shown i n F i g . 1 4 .

0 +p 0 0

0 0 0. 0

0 0 0 -p

0 0 0 0

Fig. 14 NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN MATRIX FOR TYPE 2 LOADS

When t h e m a t r i c e s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g s . 12 and 14 a r e added, the result

i s the complete second o r d e r m a t r i x as shown i n F i g . 1 5 .

6P . P P
5L 10 + f 10

P 2PL
10 15 + •£

6P
+ & 5L
5L

P 2PL
10 15

Fig. 15 COMPLETE NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN MATRIX, FIXED END CONDITIONS

 27.

In summary, t h i s m a t r i x wat- found by using the l i n e a r deflected

shape to g e n e r a t e a l o a d t o use i n eq.'23). T h i s l o a d was a p p l i e d t o an

element f i x e d a t t h e ends.

It i s of i n t e r e s t t o note a t t h i s p o i n t the r e l a t i o n between t h e

exact matrix f o r buckling, containing s i n e and c o s i n e f u n c t i o n s , and the approx-

imate m a t r i x i n F i g . 16. I f t h e s e r i e s expansions f o r the s i n e and c o s i n e a r e

s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o the exact m a t r i x , the second term of t h i s expansion g i v e s the

approximate m a t r i x d e r i v e d above.

E q u a t i o n (23) w i l l now be a p p l i e d t o a p i n ended element.

Fig. 12 s t i l l represents the l i n e a r d e f l e c t e d shapes and t h e type one

loads. To s o l v e f o r the f o r c e s , i t i s o n l y n e c e s s a r y t o i n t e g r a t e eq.(23)

t i

t w i c e s i n c e t h e known end c o n d i t i o n s of y =0 a t the ends w i l l s o l v e the two

constants o f i n t e g r a t i o n , and then one d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w i l l g i v e the end s h e a r s .

However, because o f the simple type one loads f o r these c a s e s , s t a t i c s can be

used t o determine the end s h e a r s , as i n F i g . 16.

Fig. 16 NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN TERMS FOR

TYPE 1 LOADS, PINNED END CONDITIONS
 28.

S i m i l a r l y , t h e end f o r c e s f o r 63 and 64 equal t o one can be o b t a i n e d .

Combining t h e end f o r c e s i n t o m a t r i x form g i v e s the p o r t i o n o f the n o n - l i n e a r

m a t r i x due to l o a d s o f the f i r s t type a c t i n g on a pinned element. See F i g . 1 7 .

p -p ., I 0
L L

0 0 0 0

P
0 + P
L

0 0 0 0

F i g . 17 NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN MATRIX FOR

TYPE 1 LOADS, PINNED END CONDITIONS

The p o r t i o n o f the m a t r i x due t o l o a d s o f the second type remains un-

changed. T h e r e f o r e , t h e complete m a t r i x i s found by adding the m a t r i x o f

F i g . 1 7 and F i g . 1 4 . T h i s y i e l d s a r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e m a t r i x , as shown i n

Fig. 18.

p P
0 + L- 0
L

0 0 0 0

P P
+ T 0 0
L L

0 0 0 0

Fig. 18 COMPLETE NON-LINEAR BEAM COLUMN MATRIX,

PINNED END CONDITIONS.

I t i s of i n t e r e s t t o note t h a t t h i s i s the n o n - l i n e a r m a t r i x f o r a

pin-ended strut under a x i a l l o a d .

 29.

The e f f e c t of t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s w i l l now be c o n s i d e r e d . Three s t r u c -

t u r e s , a p i n n e d c o l u m n , a f i x e d column w i t h a p i n a t t h e c e n t e r and c. f i x e d

column were a n a l y z e d u s i n g t h e m a t r i c e s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 18 and F i g . . 5 . Each

column was a n a l y z e d u s i n g a v a r y i n g number of e l e m e n t s . The per cent er.rors

i n t h e l e s u l t s of each a n a l y s i s were p l o t t e d a g a i n s t t h e number of elements

used f o r each column, as shown i n F i g . 1 9 .

It s h o u l d be noted t h a t the f o r c e s due t o l o a d s of t h e second t y p e

i n the m a t r i x a r e of no i m p o r t a n c e i n members w i t h c o n t i n u o u s deflections.

T h i s a r i s e s from t h e f a c t t h a t the a d j o i n i n g ends of elements i n a continuous

s t r u c t u r e have t h e same d e f l e c t i o n s but the end f o r c e s a r e of o p p o s i t e s i g n .

The c o n t r i b u t i o n s of end f o r c e s to each j o i n t from each member t h e n c a n c e l

each o t h e r o u t . However, i f a p i n e x i s t s i n the s t r u c t u r e , continuity of

s l o p e no l o n g e r e x i s t s and the end f o r c e components of a d j a c e n t elements may

n o t be s e l f c a n c e l l i n g . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t the type one l o a d s a r e a l l t h a t is

necessary to analyze continuous s t r u c t u r e s , but t h a t they w i l l f a i l to analyze

structures with i n t e r i o r pins. The r e s u l t s of a n a l y s i s of v a r i o u s interior

p i n n e d column u s i n g m a t r i c e s w i t h and w i t h o u t the e f f e c t s of l o a d s of the

second t y p e b e a r t h i s out.

In conclusion then, i t i s proposed t o . c a l c u l a t e y 1 on t h e b a s i s of

y =y
1 1 = 0 a t each end and j u s t use t h e c a l c u l a t e d end s h e a r s i n t h e m a t r i x
i

r a t h e r than using =
Yj = 0 as the end c o n d i t i o n s and u s i n g the a s s o c i a t e d

c a l c u l a t e d s h e a r s and moments i n the m a t r i x . The type two t e r m s , w h i c h a r e

added to t h e above r e s u l t s , a r e the same f o r e i t h e r s e t of assumed end c o n -

ditions.
 Accuracy Plots of fix-fix Matrices
p i n - pin

Fig. 19 PLOT OF % ERROR VS. NO. OF ELEMENTS FOR B E A M — COLUMN

MATRICES FOR 3 COLUMN T Y P E S
 31.

CHAPTER VI

• DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL STABILITY MATRIX

i A p p l i c a t i o n of Approximations

Only one i t e r a t i o n w i l l be used to develop the m a t r i x . The linear

p o r t i o n of the m a t r i x , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the d e f l e c t i o n s y ^ and <j>, has a l r e a d y

o

been o b t a i n e d . The n o n - l i n e a r terms of the m a t r i x due to y and <J> w i l l now be

J
l 1

found by s o l v i n g the d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n f o r y^ and ^ u s i n g boundary c o n d i -

tions o f y 1 = y 1 =<f' =<f>

1 1 = 0 a t each end. Shears and torques a r e then found

from y^ and <f> . I t i s deduced from the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n t h a t i t i s not neces-

i i

s a r y to use y^ = y^ = 0 and = <J>j =0 a t each end as boundary conditions.

Once a g a i n , the type two l o a d terms a r e independent of whichever boundary con-

d i t i o n s are used. However, the use of s t a t i c s t o determine the end shears on a

pinned element was d i s c a r d e d as the type one l o a d s were more complex than those

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the beam column. I n s t e a d , the g o v e r n i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s ,

a f t e r s u b s t i t u t i o n o f the l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n s i n the R.H.S were i n t e g r a t e d twice

and then s o l v e d f o r the end conditions.

Equations (20) and (21) become f o r n = 0,

ti i t it II

2EIy 1 = - Py Q + M<f> + 2V$

o Q (36)
2 "" II i i i t
E l h 4>, - C6, = - o I <j> + My (37)
—2— 1 1
o p o o
J

I n t e g r a t i n g t w i c e , eqs.(36) and (37) become

II II

2EIy 1 = -'Py + ffW Q dxdx + 2V/<j> dx + Ax + B o (38)

2 i i II
•Elh A - = - o I (j) + //My dxdx + Dx + E -
(39)
— - — l
y
1 o p o o J
 32.

i t t i
Integrating fM§ dxdx by p a r t s , and remembering M = V and V =0, gives
i t

JM<$> dxdx = JMd) dx - ft, Vdx (40)

o o o

Integration o f /Mcfi^dx by p a r t s gives

/Mcf> dx = Mtt - V/(J> dx (41)

o o o v J

S u b s t i t u t i o n of (41) i n t o (40) gives

ii

J7:McJ> dxdx = Mcf> - 2VJ"<j> dx (42)

0 o o

A similar integration gives

it

//My Q dxdx = M y - 2V/y dx Q Q (43)

Now, s u b s t i t u t i o n of e q s . ( 4 3 ) and (42) i n t o e q s . ( 3 8 ) and (39) gives

1i i

2EI y i = - Py Q + McJ> + Ax + B
o (44)

2 i i
E l h tt, - Ccf), = - a I <>
J + My - 2V/y dx + Ex + D (45)
— — 1 1
o p o o o

II II

The end c o n d i t i o n s of <f>j = cj)^ =

y i =
y i = u w e r e
then a p p l i e d to

equations (44) and ( 4 5 ) . These e q u a t i o n s l e n d themselves t o t h i s a p p r o a c h , as

the L . H . S of b o t h e q u a t i o n s become z e r o a t x = 0 , L , and t h e R . H . S o f t h e

e q u a t i o n s c o n t a i n s o n l y t h e v a l u e s of t h e l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n s a t x = 0 , L, t h e

i n t e g r a t i o n of y ^ , and f o u r unknown c o n s t a n t s . These c o n s t a n t s A , B , C , D a r e

e a s i l y found and t h e n o n - l i n e a r m a t r i x f o r c e s due t o l o a d s of t y p e one a r e then

o b t a i n e d by a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n s ( 4 6 ) .
III i i
Shear = E I y x = - Py Q + M<J> + Vcj> + A
(46)
i 2 III i t
Torque = C A , - E l h cb, = + a I <>
f -My +Vy - E
T
l T
i o p o 'o T
o 1
 33.

ii C a l c u l a t i o n of N o n - l i n e a r S t i f f n e s s M a t r i x f o r Type One Loads

The terms of the n o n - l i n e a r m a t r i x w i l l be c a l c u l a t e d f i r s t for 67

ii
f o r which y^ i s g i v e n by one h a l f of F i g . 3(a) or,

y0 = 3 6x
~z - — (47)
. L - L

I n t e g r a t i n g eq.(47) t h r e e times gives

3 k
fy dx = x_ - x
(48)
2 3
2L Z
4L D

A c o n s t a n t s h o u l d be added t o e q . ( 4 8 ) , but i t i s taken t o be com-

b i n e d w i t h D i n eq.(45). From F i g . 4, the v a l u e s of the l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n s a t

the ends of the element f o r 6 7 = 1 are:

x = 0 y = 0 x = L 1/2

= 0 1/h

= 0 0 (49)

= 0 0

The end c o n d i t i o n s f o r s o l u t i o n of eqs. (44) and (45) are

11 11
yi = y i =+!=<!>! = 0 @x = O,L (50)

Using eqs.(50), (49) w i t h the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (44) gives

x = 0 2EI[0] = - P[0] + M[0] + A[0] + B (51)

x = L 2EI[0] = - P [ l / 2 ] + M [ l / h ] + A[L] + B (52)

S o l v i n g eqs. (51) and (52) f o r A and B gives

 34.

U s i n g eqs.(49) and (50) with the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (45) gives

x = 0 E l h [ 0 ] - C[0] = - a I [0] + M[0] - 2 V [ 0 ] + E [ 0 ] + D (53)

—z— o p

x = L E l h [ 0 ] - C [ 0 ] = - a I [1/h] + M [ l / 2 ] - 2V[L/4] + Ei L + D (54)

o p

From e q s . ( 5 3 ) and ( 5 4 ) ,

VL
D = 0 E = c l (M + ^ ~ ) . „
o p - o 2 + V
hL 2L 2

Substituting t h e v a l u e s of A, B, D, E back i n t o eqs.(46) and u s i n g t h e r e l a -

tions i n (49) gives

SHEAR @x = 0 Q = - P [ 0 ] + M[0] + V [ 0 ] + A

= I (P - (M + ^ ) )
L(2 -fi-j- - 2
)

@x = L Q = - P [ 0 ] + M[0] + V [ l / h ] + A

VL
V + 1 (P - (M + -f^ ))
h 1(2 — T ) (55)

TORQUE @x = 0 T = a I [ 0 ] - M[0] + V [ 0 [ - E
o p

hL 2L

(?x = L T = o I [ 0 ] - M[0] + V [ l / 2 ] - E
o p

hL 2L

By u s i n g s u i t a b l e s i g n s , and t h e r e l a t i o n Q = T/h, t h e column o f t h e s t i f f n e s s

matrix f o r 67 = 1 was b u i l t from r e l a t i o n s ( 5 5 ) and i s shown i n F i g . 20.

 35.

jjr . VL VL
1 [P - o 2~] + 1 [V^ - M
o +
T + V ]
2L [2 h ] h [ hL 2L 2 ]

M J L _ M . VL
_1 [P. - o 2 ] - _1 [ o p - o 2 + y_ J
2L [2 h ] h [ hL 2L 2 ]

vr _L VL , VL
M + —, , ,a I M + — ,
1 t l + I QL o 2 ) ]-].[+
r
o p - o 2 ]
2 [h L (2 h ) ]- h [ hL 2L ]

M + ^
JL [V + 1 (P VHjD ] + 1 f+ o p o 2 g I
]
2 [h L (2 h ) ] h [ hL 2L ]

F i g . 20 TYPE 1 TERMS FOR NON-LINEAR MATRIX FOR 6 7 = 1

 36.

11
For §6 ' 1 )=
y i s
g i v e n by one h a l f of F i g . 3(b) or

y = - 1 + 3x
L 2
L

I n t e g r a t i n g t h r e e times gives

3 . h
fy = - x + x ,

From F i g . 4, the v a l u e s of the l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n a t the ends of the element f o r

6g = 1 a r e :

x=0 y = 0 x = L y =o
o •'o

t . i
y = 0 y = + 1/2
^o J
o

4> = 0
O - * D = 0 (57)

<j> = 0 4> = + 1/h

o o

The end c o n d i t i o n s f o r s o l u t i o n of the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (44) and (45) are

11 II

still yi = yi (58)

U s i n g eqs.(57) and (58) w i t h the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (44) gives

x = 0 2EI[0] = - P[0] + M[0] + A[0] + Bj (59)

x = L 2EI[0] = - PfO] + M[0] + A L

: + B l (60)

From eqs.(59) and (60), Bj and Aj are

Aj = 0 Bj = 0

U s i n g eqs.(57) and (58) w i t h the d i f f e r e n t i a l equation (45) g i v e s

x = 0 EIh [0]
2
- C[0] = - a I [0] + M[0] - 2V[0] + E,[0] + D, (61)
i on i *
2 ° P

2
[L ] 2

x = L E l h [0] - C[0] = - a I [0] + M[0] - 2V [24]

~ + E, L + D, (62)
.*"2— ° P 124 J l l

From eqs.(61) and (62)

T> 1 = 0 E = - VL/12
 37,

S u b s t i t u t i o n o f the v a l u e s o f A ^ . B j , C j ^ D j b a c k i n t o eqs. (46) and u s i n g

relations (57) g i v e s

SHEAR x = 0 Q = - P [ 0 ] + M[0] + V[0]

=0

x = L Q = - P [ l / 2 ] + (M + ~ ) (1/h) + V[0]
o z

- - £ > < M
o +
f > (63)

TORQUE x = 0 T = + a I [ 0 ] - M[0] + V[0] - E

Q p 1

= + VL
12

x = L T = + l [1/h] + (M + ~ ) [ 1 / 2 ] + V[0] - E,
op o
a
2 1

= + o I - (M + ? ) + VL
o P o 2 —
h x z

By u s i n g the r e l a t i o n s i n (63) w i t h s u i t a b l e s i g n s , and t h e r e l a t i o n Q = T/h,

the column of t h e m a t r i x due t o type one l o a d s f o r 65 = 1 was b u i l t , as shown

i n F i g . 21.

Similarly, the o t h e r s t i f f n e s s d e f l e c t i o n s were t r e a t e d . The com-

p l e t e n o n - l i n e a r p o r t i o n o f the m a t r i x due t o l o a d s o f type one i s and can

be w r i t t e n as K, = Pk. + Mk, + Vk. , as i n F i g . 22. The p o r t i o n o f the

1
lp lm lv ^
m a t r i x due t o l o a d s of type two must s t i l l be c a l c u l a t e d .
 6

1 0

2 0

3 0 + 1 [- VL]
h [ 12]

4 0 - 1 I- VL]
h [ 12]

5 0

6 0

VL VL
M + r o I .M +
7 - 1 t- P + o 2 ] 1 [- o p + o 2 - VL]
2 [ 2 h ] h [ h 2 12]

VL VL
M + a I M +
8 - 1 [- P + o 2 ] + 1 L- o p + o
r
2 - VL]
2 [ 2 h ] h [ h 2 12]

F i g . 21 TYPE 1 TERMS FOR NON-LINEAR MATRIX FOR 6 6 = 1

 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 - a + b - a - b -(a+b)/L (-a+b)/L 0 0 (a+b)/L (a-b)/L
Pk . = P 4 - a - b - a - b (-a+b)/L -(a+b)/L 0 0 (a-b)/L (a+b)/L
Pi
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 . 0 0 . (a+b)/L (a-b)/L a - b a + b -(a+b)/L (-a+b)/L

8 0 0 (a-b)/L (a+b)/L a + b a - b (-a+b)/L (-a-b)/L

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 +L +1 0 0 0 -1 0
Mk = M(f ) 4 -L 0 0 -1 0 0 0 +1.
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 -1 0 0 -L +1 0
8 0 0 0 +1 +L 0 0 -1

X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 +1 -5 ri -6/L -1 -1 0 +6/L
4 +5 -1 +6/L 0 +1 +1 -6/L 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 -1 -1 0 -6/1 +1 -5 0 +6/L
8 +1 +1 +6/L 0 +5 -1 -6/L 0

a = 1/4 b = I /Ah Fig. 22 NON-LINEAR MATRIX FOR TYPE 1 LOADS

P
 40.

iii C a l c u l a t i o n o f N o n - l i n e a r M a t r i x f o r Type Two Loads

The e f f e c t o f t h e type two l o a d s can b e s t be c a l c u l a t e d by s p l i t t i n g

each s t i f f n e s s d e f l e c t i o n i n t o i t s l a t e r a l and t o r s i o n a l component.

For 6 7 = 1, t h e component l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 23.

Ay

(a)

Fig. 23 COMPONENT DEFLECTIONS FOR 6 ? = 1

By applying M, P and V and t a k i n g t h e i r components about t h e R.H.S,

of t h e s e c t i o n as shown i n F i g . 24, g i v e s

Fig. 24 FORCE COMPONENTS DUE TO END DEFLECTIONS FOR 6 = 1

 41.

In F i g . 24(a), t h e r e a r e i;o components a c t i n g i n any of t h e a l l o w a b l e

joint deflections. Therefore:

Shear =0

Moment = 0

Torque =0

For F i g . 2 4 ( b ) , t h e components a c t i n g on the c r o s s s e c t i o n which must

be s u p p l i e d by t h e j o i n t a r e

Shear = + V/h

Moment = - (M + )/h
o 2

Torque = 0

The L.H.S. o f t h e d e f l e c t e d shapre f o r 6 7 = 1 has no components, as

all the d e f l e c t i o n s are zero. The column i n t h e m a t r i x f o r l o a d s o f the second

type f o r <J = 1 i s g i v e n i n F i g . 25.

7

° F o r <$6 = 1, t h e component l i n e a r d e f l e c t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 26.

(a) - (b)

Fig. 26 COMPONENT DEFLECTIONS FOR 6 6 = 1

A p p l y i n g M, P and V, and t a k i n g t h e i r components a l o n g the allowed

deflections gives:

(i) F o r t h e L.H.S. - no components, no f o r c e s .

(ii) F o r t h e R.H.S. - see F i g . 27.

 42.

5"
2h

O 2
2h

+ £_
2h

2h

Fig. 25 TYPE 2 TERMS FOR NON-LINEAR MATRIX FOR S 7 = 1

 43.

Fig. 27 FORCE COMPONENTS DUE TO END DEFLECTIONS FOR 6 6 = 1

For F i g . 27(a) components a c t i n g a l o n g t h e a l l o w e d d e f l e c t i o n s a r e

M/2, P/2. In s t i f f n e s s matrix s i g n convention,

Shear = - P/2

Moment = 0

Torque = (M + VL/2)/2

For F i g . 27(b) t h e s l o p e changes c o n t i n u o u s l y from top t o bottom.

T h e r e f o r e i n t e g r a t i o n a l o n g t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n must be used. Consider the

e f f e c t o f a a t z on an element o f a r e a t d z , where

o = + P - M z = a -Mz
T r
o r
A
I I
z z

A force =aztdz

s l o p e @ z i n x d i r e c t i o n i s z/h

T h e r e f o r e , t h e component o f f o r c e a t z i s oztdz
h
 44.

Integrating with respect t o z t o g e t the shear and torque gives

+ h/2 2
Shear . (a z t M z -t) . , M M + VL/2
r v cz + r = o
I h {
z = - h/2
( z )

+ h/2 2

Torque M z t) , a I
r ( dz o z
1
Ih"
( z )
z = - h/2

Because t h e f l a n g e s s u f f e r the same a n g u l a r d i s p l a c e m e n t s as the

s e c t i o n as a whole, the end s l o p e s of the f l a n g e s must be taken i n t o account.

See F i g . 28.

h 1
=e

Fig. 28 VERTICAL. FLANGE DEFLECTIONS AS FUNCTIONS OF <j>

The s l o p e o f t h e z d e f l e c t i o n i n the x d i r e c t i o n i n the f l a n g e i s

t
£<j> = £/h a t p o i n t £. The d i f f e r e n t i a l f o r c e a t p o i n t £is

A f o r c e = oedE,

The v e r t i c a l shear component i s

+ w/2
(a e£ M h£e)
r
") d? = 0
21
w/2 ( z )
 45.

The torque i s

+ w/2 2 2 3 + w/2
. (a e£ - M h£ e) o I M £ e

;^r^ 21 d ?
- - ~ +
^i~
- - w/2 ( 2
> Z
- w/2

However, t h e bottom f l a n g e has the same c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h a moment

s t r e s s on i t o f o p p o s i t e s i g n . T h e r e f o r e t h e n e t torque c o n t r i b u t i o n o f the

f l a n g e s under moment s t r e s s i s z e r o . However, t h e a x i a l , l o a d contribution i s

the same f o r t h e bottom f l a n g e as f o r the t o p .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e t o t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e shape i n F i g . 27(b) i s

g i v e n by

Shear = (M + VL/2)/h
o
Moment = 0

Torque = - 2 a I - a I = - o I
o o z o p
h h h

A f t e r combining these f o r c e s , the column i n the m a t r i x f o r 65 = 1 due

to type two l o a d s i s g i v e n i n F i g . 29. The r e m a i n i n g s i x columns can be found

from s i m i l a r c a l c u l a t i o n s . T h i s m a t r i x , c a l l e d K , can be w r i t t e n as
2

K 9 = Pk + Mk + Vk
^ pz m 2 v 2

See F i g . 30.

The complete non-linear matrix f o r l a t e r a l t o r s i o n a l s t a b i l i t y i s

g i v e n i n F i g . 31 and i s o b t a i n e d by adding the m a t r i c e s and K . 2

iv Numerical Examples

The m a t r i x i n F i g . 31 was used t o c a l c u l a t e the c r i t i c a l loads of

s e v e r a l s t r u c t u r e s , and t h e r e s u l t s were compared t o the t h e o r e t i c a l solutions.

A determinant p l o t method o f s o l u t i o n was used. That i s , the d e t e r -

minant o f the s t r u c t u r e m a t r i x f o r i n c r e a s i n g v a l u e s of M, P and V were

 46.

P 0 1 M + —• M . + —
J? - o p + o 2 + o 2
4 , 2
2h 2h

i_ +
+ a i M
o P + o
+ f2 -
M
o
+
2
—

4 , 2
2h 2h

F i g . 29 TYPE 2 TERMS IN NON-LINEAR MATRIX FOR 6 6 = 1

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 a - b a + b 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pk = P 4 a + b a - b 0 0 0 0 0 0
' P2
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 - a + b - a - b 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 - a - b - a + b 0 0

1 0 0 + L/2' - L/2 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 + L/2 - L/2 0 0 0 0

3 0 - L 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mk
ni2
•« M C{7 )
o hLT 4 + L 0 0 0 0 '. 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 - L/2 + L/2

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 - L/2 + L/2

7 0 0 0 0 0 + L 0 0

8 0 0 0 0 - L 0 0 0

1 0 0 - 3 + 3 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 - 3 + 3 0 0 0 0

3 0 + 6 - 6/L + 6/L 0 0 0 0

V k
v 2 " <T2h>
V
4 -6 0 - 6/L .. + 6/L 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 3 + 3
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 3 + 3

7 0 0 0 0 0 + 6 + 6/L - 6/L
8 0 0 0 0 -6 0 + 6/L - 6/L

a =.1/4 b = I /Ah
P
F i g . 30 NON-LINEAR MATRIX FOR TYPE 2 LOADS
 1 2 3 4 . 5 6 7 8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o" 0 -(a+b)/L (-a+b)/L 0 0 (a+b)/L (a-b)/L

0 0 (-a+b)/L -(a+b)/L 0 0 (a-b)/L (a+b)/L

0 0, 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 (a+b)/L (a-b)/L 0 0 -(a+b)/L (-a+b)/L
0 0 (a-b)/L (a+b)/L 0 0 (~a+b)/L -(a+b)/L

0 0 + L/2 - L/2 0 0 0 0

0 0 + L/2 - L/2 0 0 0 0
0 0 + 1 0 • o 0 - 1 0

0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 + 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 - L/2 • + L/2
0 0 0 0 0 0 - L/2 + L/2
0 0 - 1 0 0 0 + 1 0

0 0 0 + 1 0 0 0 - 1

0 0 - 3 + 3 0 0 0 0
0 0 - 3 + 3 0 0 0 0

+ 1 + 1 - 6/L 0 - 1 - 1 0 + 6/L
- 1 - 1 0 + 6/L + 1 + 1 - 6/L 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 - 3 + 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 - 3 + 3
- 1 - 1 0 - 6/L + 1 + 1 + 6/L 0

+ 1 + 1 + 6/L o - 1 - 1 0 - 6/L
2

a = 1/4 b = I. /Ah F i g . 31 THE COMPLETE NON-LINEAR MATRIX

P
FOR LOADS OF TYPE 1 AND 2
 49.

c a l c u l a t e d and p l o t t e d . The v a l u e of M, P and V a t which the determinant

e q u a l l e d zero was taken as the c r i t i c a l load. T h i s t e c h n i q u e was p r e f e r r e d to

an e i g e n v a l u e approach s i n c e i t a v o i d s the problem of c o n v e r g i n g to a r e a l

e i g e n v a l u e which a r i s e s when an e i g e n v a l u e t e c h n i q u e i s a p p l i e d . t o systems

c o n t a i n i n g unsymmetric m a t r i c e s .

A t a b l e of the r e s u l t s i s g i v e n i n F i g s . 3 2 and 32(a). A plot of

the number of elements used a g a i n s t the a c c u r a c y o b t a i n e d f o r f o u r cases i s

g i v e n i n F i g . 33.

The e f f e c t of a p p l y i n g v e r t i c a l l o a d s a t p o i n t s o t h e r than the cen-

" t r o i d can be accounted f o r by m o d i f y i n g the s t i f f n e s s m a t r i x of the structure.

 50.

10 E L E M E N T S USED IN EACH STRUCTURE

-° pinned fixed

PURE EULER BUCKLING I=9.7in L=20' E = 30,000k/in

4 2

STRUCTURE ERROR

->

1.2%

* P

-o pinned fixed

PURE TORSIONAL BUCKLING

STRUCTURE ERROR
-o < 2%

< 3.5%

Ip^OOOin 4
l=500ir 4
J=5in 4
E = 3 0 , 0 0 0 k/in 2
L = 20*
G = 11,500 k/in
A = 10 i n 2

h = 9.5 in

Fig. 32 TABLE OF RESULTS FOR TEST STRUCTURES

 51.

10 E L E M E N T S USED IN EACH STRUCTURE

<; 1
pinned ) £ fixed

LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

STRUCTURE ERROR

M |M . 5 %

i
1%

2.5%

w
i i i i i i i i r~r i i i i i i i i i

4%

1=21 i n 4
I = l5lin
p
4
A = 7.l25in 2
J = .l48in 4
E = 30,OOOk/in 2

G= II , 5 0 0 k / i n
2

Fig. 3 2 a TABLE OF R E S U L T S FOR T E S T STRUCTURES

 52.

Fig. 3 3 PLOT OF ACCURACY VS. N U M B E R OF E L E M E N T S USED

 CHAPTER V I I

CONCLUSIONS

An 8 x 8 m a t r i x f o r the exact l i n e a r treatment o f doubly symmetric

•wide f l a n g e beams under t o r s i o n and l a t e r a l d i s p l a c e m e n t was developed. This

m a t r i x a l l o w s each f l a n g e a t e i t h e r end t o assume t r a n s l a t i o n s and r o t a t i o n s

independent t o t h e o t h e r flange.

An approximate m a t r i x a c c o u n t i n g f o r the e f f e c t o f p r i n c i p a l p l a n e

forces on t h e l a t e r a l d e f l e c t i o n s was developed. When added t o t h e l i n e a r

m a t r i x , i t makes p o s s i b l e the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e l a t e r a l - t o r s i o n a l b u c k l i n g

l o a d s o f wide f l a n g e d beams.

The non-linear m a t r i x was based on s m a l l p r i n c i p a l plane deflections

and no d i s t o r t i o n o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n . Applied external l o a d s must m a i n t a i n

t h e i r d i r e c t i o n of a p p l i c a t i o n .

To o b t a i n the n o n - l i n e a r s t i f f n e s s matrix, d i f f e r e n t i a l equations

were developed by c o n s i d e r i n g a displaced element under t h e a c t i o n of the

p r i n c i p a l forces. These were then s o l v e d t o f i n d t h e end f o r c e s which were

entered i n the matrix.

To ease t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e e q u a t i o n , a n u m e r i c a l t e c h n i q u e was

developed. This e n t a i l e d s u b s t i t u t i o n of the l i n e a r d e f l e c t e d shape i n t o the

R.H.S. o f the d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n t o produce a known l o a d , and then s o l v i n g

the L.H.S. f o r t h e new y^ and <J> ^. The new d e f l e c t i o n s were y^ and ^ were

then p l a c e d i n t o t h e R.H.S. and t h e p r o c e s s r e p e a t e d . The end c o n d i t i o n s used

were t o be those o f a f i x e d element. E f f e c t i v e end p o i n t l o a d s a c t i n g due t o

the initial l i n e a r end d e f l e c t i o n s gave a second l o a d s e t .

Two a p p r o x i m a t i o n s were then u t i l i z e d to f u r t h e r s i m p l i f y the s o l u -

t i o n of the equations. The f i r s t e n t a i l e d using only one c y c l e o f the i t e r a -

 54.

t i o n scheme. The second was to a p p l y the e f f e c t i v e l a t e r a l l o a d s to an

element w i t h no end moment r e s t r a i n t .

T e s t s of the element a g a i n s t known s o l u t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t good

a c c u r a c i e s can be o b t a i n e d , but depend on the number of elements used ii- the

analysis. A c c e p t a b l e a c c u r a c i e s were o b t a i n e d u s i n g ten elements, the largest

e r r o r encountered being 5%.

The advantages of t h i s m a t r i x are s e v e r a l . Cases i n v o l v i n g general

l o a d , support and end c o n d i t i o n s of s e c t i o n s w i t h v a r y i n g s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s

may now be s o l v e d by s i m p l y b r e a k i n g the s t r u c t u r e up i n t o s e v e r a l elements

and a p p l y i n g the p r e s e n t e d matrix.

 LIST OF REFERENCES

Timoshenko, S.P., " S t r e n g t h of M a t e r i a l s , P a r t I I "

D. Van Nostrand Company, I n c . , New York, N.Y. pp. 255-265, 1956

Gere, J.M., and Weaver, W., " A n a l y s i s of Framed S t r u c t u r e s "

D. Van Nostrand Company, I n c . , New York, N.Y. pp. 430, 1965

Timoshenko, S.P., and Gere, J.M. , "Theory of E l a s t i c Stability"

M c G r a w - H i l l , I n c . , New York, N.Y. pp. 251-270, 1961

B l e i c h , F., " B u c k l i n g S t r e n g t h of M e t a l S t r u c t u r e s "

M c G r a w - H i l l , I n c . , New York, N.Y. pp. 149-160, 1952

Timoshenko, S.P., " H i s t o r y of S t r e n g t h of M a t e r i a l "

M c G r a w - H i l l , I n c . , New York, N.Y. pp. 393, 1953

G o o d i e r , J.N., "Some O b s e r v a t i o n s on E l a s t i c S t a b i l i t y "

P r o c e e d i n g s o f the F i r s t N a t i o n a l Congress of A p p l i e d Mechanics