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cibers, Yarns and Threads, in that order, are the most basic requirements of the Textile Industry.
Different kinds of fibers are used as raw materials to make yarns and threads. These yarns and
threads are then used for manufacturing finished textile goods.

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ciber is a threadlike strand which is used for spinning yarn. On the basis of source, fibers are
classified as natural and man made or synthetic fibers. Natural fibers like cotton, silk, linen, wool
etc. are obtained from natural products. Synthetic fibers like fiberglass, nylon, rayon etc. are
artificially made. They are usually long-chain polymers, produced industrially by the
condensation of many small units.

On the basis of composition, fibers have two categories - cilament and Staple cibers. cilament
cibers, further classified as Mono filaments and Multi filaments are of continuous length and
measured in yards or meters. Staple cibers are short fibers and are measured in inches. On the
basis of usage, fibers are classified as textile, cordage, brush, felt, filling, and plaiting fibers.

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Natural fibers are obtained from plants, animals and geological processes. They
can be classified as Plant ciber, Animal ciber and Mineral ciber Plant fibers
include cotton, flax, jute, bamboo, ramie, kapok, hem and sisal among others.
clax is the oldest known fiber crop and is used for linen production. Cotton
ciber, obtained from the seeds of the cotton plant, is the most widely used
natural-fiber. Jute ciber is the cheapest and strongest of all natural fiber and ranks second in
production after cotton. It is used in traditional packaging fabrics, carpet backing, mats, bags,
tarpaulins, ropes and twines etc. Bamboo ciber is environment-friendly and is sometimes mixed
with cotton or other raw materials. It is mainly used for bathrobes, towels, foot mats, bed clothes,
underwear, close-fitting T-shirt, stockings etc. Kapok, obtained from a tropical tree is used as
stuffing, especially for life preservers, bedding, upholstery, and for insulation against sound and
heat. Hemp is used for making various kinds of cordage, canvas and other cloths.

Wool fiber and silk fiber are the most widely used Animal cibers. Wool is
derived from the fur or hair of animals like sheep, goats, llamas and rabbits and
then coated with an oil, lanolin, which is waterproof and dirt proof. Silk is a
protein fiber obtained from the cocoon of silkworm. It is smooth, shiny with
sleek texture.

Asbestos has long, thin fibrous crystals and is the only naturally occurring long mineral fiber. It
is resistant to heat, electricity and chemical damage. Other Mineral cibers include Wollastinite,
Attapulgite and Halloysite which are short, fiber-like minerals used for sheeting, stage curtains,
and fire blankets.

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The fibers which are artificially made by various chemical compositions are
man-made or synthetic fibers. Some of them are manufactured from natural
cellulose, including rayon, modal, and Lyocell. Nylon is a made from diamines
and dicarboxylic acids and is used in many fabrics, mosquito netting, rope, and tire cords. Rayon
is made from cellulose of cotton linters and wood pulp. ciberglass is made from molten glass. It
is strong, durable, and impervious to many caustics and to extreme temperatures and are used for
curtains, drapery and for industrial purposes.

 
Yarnis a continuous length of interlocked fibers used for manufacturing textiles.
It is prepared by spinning. Spinning is the twisting together of fibers to form
yarn (or thread, rope, or cable). Earlier fiber was spun by hand using simple
tools like spindle and distaff. Later the use of spinning wheel gained
importance. Industrial spinning started in the 18th century with the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution. Hand-spinning remains a popular handicraft.

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Cotton is perhaps the most commonly used natural fiber. Derived from the cotton plant which
belongs to the same family as do plants such as hibiscus and okra, the fiber is both economical as
well as effective. The cotton plant is known to have been grown in India over 5000 years ago,
and perhaps existed even much before that.

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1)It is soft and comfortable.

2)It wrinkles easily.
3)It absorbs perspiration quickly.
4)It has good colour retention and is good to
print on.
4)Cotton is also strong and durable.

  

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1) Set your washing machine to the low setting.

2) Wash the cloth in cold water.

3) Set your iron to Medium to iron it.
4) Do not bleach the cloth.
5) Hang to dry but do not tumble dry.

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Cotton is used to make blouses, shirts, singlets, shorts,

bermudas, jackets and pants. It can also be made into
bedspreads, pillowcases, carpets and curtains.

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" is the fine strong soft lustrous fiber produced by silkworms.

The Chinese has used silk since the 27th century B.C.. Silk is
mentioned by Aristotle and became a valuable commodity both
in Greece and Rome. During the Roman Empire, silk was sold
for its weight in gold. The Chinese domesticated silk worms and
fed them with mulberry leaves. They unwound the silkworms'
cocoons to produce long strands of silk fiber.

 
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It is best to dry clean your silk garment either by individual or bulk method, in order to maintain
the characteristic of the silk.

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  Sending it to the dry cleaners may be done but make sure that you inform the dry
cleaner that your garment is made of silk.
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1) Make sure you wash in cool water.
2) Use a small amount of soap or mild detergent to
wash the silk.
3) After washing it, rinse in cold water.
4) Hang it or lay it flat in a shaded area to dry.
5) If pressing is needed, use an all cotton iron board
cover, a low or moderate steam setting, and press
on the wrong side of the fabric while ironing.

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1)It is versatile and very comfortable.

2)It absorbs moisture.
3)It is cool to wear in the summer yet warm to wear in winter.
4)It can be easily dyed.
5)It retains its shape and is relatively smooth.
6)It has a poor resistance to sunlight exposure.
7)It is the strongest natural fiber and is lustrous.

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áY Silk is used to make blouses.

áY Dresses, scarves, pants and ties.
áY It can also be made into curtains.
áY Draperies, cushion covers and sofa covers
WOOLS:

Woolen fabric is made from the fleece of sheep.

Wool was probably the first animal fiber to be made into

cloth. The art of spinning wool into yarn developed about
4000 B.C. and encouraged trade among the nations in the
region of the Mediterranean Sea.

  
 

It is better to hand wash your woolen products. Shampoos can be used to wash such garments.
Use a good shampoo not one containing "crème rinse". If shampoo can clean your hair without
leaving residues, it can clean your woolen products too. Be careful of what softener you use
because softeners may add products to your wool. Some types of softeners may leave a coating
on the fiber making it feel softer and smoother, but at the same time causing your wool to lose its
absorbency.

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1)It is hard wearing and absorbs moisture.

2)It does not burn over a flame but smoulders instead.
3)It is lightweight and versatile.
4)Wool does not wrinkle easily.
5)It is resistant to dirt and wear and tear.

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Wool is used to make sweaters, dresses, coats, suits, jackets, pants and the lining of boots.It can
also be made into blankets and carpets.
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 is a strong, light synthetic fiber. It is a man-made.

This synthetic fiber was introduced in the 1930s. It was another early substitute for silk and soon
quickly became the fiber of choice for women's stockings. The first commercial production of
nylon in the United States was in 1939 by the E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

After the whole drawing process, the yarn may be twisted a few turns per yard or metres as it is
wound onto spools. curther treatment to it can give it a different texture or bulk.

 
 

1) Machine wash in cold water.

2) Wash it separately from other types of fabric.
3) If needed, use only non-chlorine bleach to bleach your
nylon garment.
4) Turn the setting to low before tumbling dry.
5) Remove your nylon garment promptly from the
tumbler.

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1)It is strong and elastic.

2)It is easy to launder.
3)It dries quickly.
4)It retains its shape.
5)It is resilient and responsive to heat setting.

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Nylon is popular for hosiery and is used to make track pants, shorts, swimwear, active wear,
windbreakers, bedspread and draperies. It can also be made into parachutes, flak vests, combat
uniforms, tires and life vests, or used as the netting of bridal veils, umbrellas and luggage.
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 is the general name for any group of widely used
synthetic products. Polyesters are strong, tough materials
that are manufactured in a variety of colours, shapes and
sizes.

The first commercial production of polyester was by the du

Pont de Nemours Company. It is the most used fibre in the
United States.

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1) Machine-wash your fabric in cold water.

2) Wash with light colours.
3) Use a gentle cycle while washing.
4) Tumble dry with the setting low.
5) Do not bleach.
6) If needed, iron with a cool iron.

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1)It is resists wrinkling.

2)It is easy to launder.

3)It dries quickly.

4)It is resistant to stretching and shrinking.

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Polyester is used to make most forms of clothing like shirts, running shorts, track pants,
windbreakers, and lingerie. It can also be made into curtains and draperies.