Crash test

A crash test is a form of destructive testing usually performed in order to ensure

safe design standards in crashworthiness and crash compatibility for various modes
of transportation (see automobile safety) or related systems and components.

Contents
Types
Major providers Frontal small-overlap crash test of a
Data collection 2012 Honda Odyssey.

Consumer response
Crash testing programs
See also
References
External links

Types
2018 Dodge Grand Caravanbeing
Frontal-impact tests: which is what most people initially think of when
asked about a crash test.Vehicles usually impact a solidconcrete wall struck by a mobile deformablebarrier
at a specified speed, but these can also be vehicle impacting vehicle at 62 km/h.
tests. SUVs have been singled out in these tests for a while, due to the
high ride-height that they often have.
Moderate Overlap tests: in which only part of the front of the car
impacts with a barrier (vehicle).These are important, as impactforces
(approximately) remain the same as with a frontal impact test, but a
smaller fraction of the car is required to absorb all of the force. These
tests are often realized by cars turning into oncoming traf fic. This type of
testing is done by the U.S.A.Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
(IIHS), EuroNCAP, Australasian New Car Assessment Program
(ANCAP) and ASEAN NCAP.
Small Overlap tests: this is where only a small portion of the car's
structure strikes an object such as a pole or a tree, or if a car were to
clip another car. This is the most demandingtest because it loads the 2016 Honda Fit striking a wall head-
most force onto the structure of the car at any given speed. These are
on at 56 km/h.
usually conducted at 15-20% of the front vehicle structure.
Side-impact tests: these forms of accidents have a very significant
likelihood of fatality, as cars do not have a significant crumple zone to
absorb the impact forces before an occupant is injured.
Roll-over tests: which tests a car's ability (specifically thepillars holding
the roof) to support itself in a dynamic impact. More recently , dynamic
rollover tests have been proposed in lieu of static crush testing
(video).[1]
Roadside hardware crash tests: are used to ensure crash barriers and
crash cushions will protect vehicle occupants from roadside hazards,
and also to ensure that guard rails, sign posts, light poles and similar
appurtenances do not pose an undue hazard to vehicle occupants.
Old versus new: Often an old and big car against a small and new Passenger-side oblique crash test of
car,[2][3] or two different generations of the same carmodel. These tests a 2015 Chevrolet Malibu.
are performed to show the advancements in crashworthiness.
Computer model: Because of the cost of full-scale crash tests,
engineers often run manysimulated crash tests using computer models
 engineers often run manysimulated crash tests using computer models
to refine their vehicle or barrier designs before conducting live tests.
Sled testing: A cost-effective way of testing componentssuch as
airbags and seat belts is conducting sled crash testing. The two most
common types of sled systems are reverse-firing sleds which are fired
from a standstill, and decelerating sleds which are accelerated from a
starting point and stopped in the crash area with a hydraulic ram.

Jeep Liberty undergoing routine

impact testing at Chrysler's Proving
Grounds

A reverse-firing sled with Frontal moderate overlap

a buck representing a crash test of a 2016
conventional sedan prior Toyota Tundra.
to a run.

NHTSA research crash test involving

two Ford Five Hundreds.

Driver-side small overlap Passenger-side small

crash test of a 2017 overlap crash test of a
Toyota Tacoma. 2018 Kia Soul.

Full-scale crash test of variousairbag

technologies on an AH-1G (Mod)
helicopter.

Side impact crash test of Side impact crash test of

a 2016 Honda Fit. a 2018 Honda Odyssey.
 Rollover crash test of a Side-impact crash test of Side pole impact crash Front full-width crash test
2006 Chevrolet Cobalt a 2002 Dodge Ram 1500 test of a 2017 Lexus IS. of a 2006 Honda
SS. striking a 2004 Honda Ridgeline
Accord mid-size sedan.

Frontal full-width crash Side impact crash test of Rear offset impact of a Frontal oblique crash test
test of a 2017 Cadillac a 2014 Scion FR-S. 2015 Ford F-150. of a 2017 Honda
ATS-V. Ridgeline.

Major providers
Australasian New Car Assessment Program(ANCAP)
Auto Review Car Assessment Program ARCAP)(
China New Car Assessment Program (C-NCAP)
European New Car Assessment Programme Euro ( NCAP)
Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club ADAC)
( in Germany
Japan New Car Assessment Program (JNCAP)
Latin New Car Assessment Program (Latin NCAP) in Latin America
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA) in the United
States, specifically the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS)
and New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety(IIHS) in the United States Fiat 500 del 2007 in Euro NCAP
crash test (Torino museum).

Data collection
Crash tests are conducted under rigorousscientific and safety standards. Each crash test is very expensive so the maximum amount of
data must be extracted from each test. Usually, this requires the use of high-speed data-acquisition, at least one triaxial accelerometer
and a crash test dummy, but often includes more.

Some organizations that conduct crash tests include Monash University department of Civil Engineering, which routinely conducts
crash tests for the purposes ofroadside barrier safety and design.

Consumer response
 In 1998 the Rover 100 received a one-star Adult Occupant Rating in
EuroNCAP crash tests; sales promptly collapsed and the 18-year-old
design was quickly scrapped.
In 2005 the Daewoo Kalos made news in Europe and Australia by
scoring only two stars in its crash test, resulting in lower sales and
demonstrating the influence of vehicle crashworthiness on a model's
success in the marketplace. The result for Holden in Australia, who
retailed the Kalos under theHolden Barina name, resulted in a
considerable amount of negativepublicity, with the managing director of
Holden forced to publicly defend the vehicle[4]
The second generationIsuzu Trooper (1995–1997) models were rated
"Not Acceptable" by Consumer Reports for their tendency to roll over
during testing. After the report Trooper sales never recovered and two
This auto test track is used for a
years later production ceased.
range of tests. It is operated by
Consumer Reports.
Crash testing programs
There are a number of crash test programs around the world dedicated to providing consumers with a
source of comparitative information in relation to the safety performance of new and used vehicles.
Examples of new car crash test programs include National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's NCAP,
the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Australasian New Car Assessment Program, EuroNCAP and
JapNCAP. Programs such as the Used Car Safety Ratings provide consumers information on the safety Crash Test
performance of vehicles based on real world crash data. graphics

See also
Air safety
Automobile safety
Automobile safety rating
Car accident
Crash test dummy
Crashworthiness
European New Car Assessment Programme Euro
( NCAP)
Head injury criterion Crash test dummy left paraplegic
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety after a severe oblique crash test
Moose test inside a 1997 Geo Metro.
Out of position (crash testing)
NASA Impact Dynamics Research Facility

References
1. "Newly Developed Roof Crush Test Proves Existence of Safer Vehicles that can Withstand Rollover Crashes"(http://
www.autosafety.org/article.php?scid=37&did=1255). The Center for Auto Safety.
2. "Ford Fiesta Vs Ford Sierra"(https://web.archive.org/web/20080419004010/http://www
.adac.de/Tests/Crash_Tests/J
ubilaeumscrash/default.asp?ComponentID=193389&SourcePageID=8645) . ADAC. Archived fromthe original (http://
www.adac.de/Tests/Crash_Tests/Jubilaeumscrash/default.asp?ComponentID=193389&SourcePageID=8645)on
April 19, 2008.
3. Renault Modus Vs Volvo 940 (https://web.archive.org/web/20140216035021/https://www .youtube.com/watch?v=k3y
gYUYia9I&feature=related). Archived from the original (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3ygYUYia9I&feature=rel
ated) on February 16, 2014.
4. Fallah, Alborz (14 June 2006)."Holden Barina 2006 Poor Safety Slows Sales"(http://www.caradvice.com.au/250/hol
den-barina-2006-poor-safety-slows-sales/). CarAdvice.

External links
 How Crash Testing Works at HowStuffWorks
Insurance Institute of Highway Safety
EuroNCAP
Motorward: All you need to know about crash tests

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