CIVE1163 – Long span and High rise Structures

Special Cover Sheet

Special notes

1. Circle/highlight correct report descriptor in the first bar (ex. Lateral loads)
2. Acknowledgements in this template are regarded as an indication of authors’ recognition of
team members’ contribution towards the final project outcome.
3. Table 1 indicates authorship, partnership and direct contribution, as a percentage, of your
immediate sub-team partner. (ex. If report marks to be shared evenly indicate 50% in front of
each name. If all the work done by the author, with no measurable contribution from the
partner, then indicate “Individual”)
4. Table 2 indicates the remaining team members from other sub teams you wish to
acknowledge who works tirelessly in spirit and effort to make the project a success throughout
the semester. Number them in order. You may number 1 (most recognisable) to 4 (least
recognisable) - assuming 6 in a group. In situations where equal recognition is needed you
may give same ranking for more than one person. (ex. 1, 1, 2, 2)
5. If all team members have really contributed in all aspects, the team is a dream team,
colleagues are of the highest calibre, a treat to work with in a project this scale, and then
obviously you do not want to take anything away from them. The natural outcome would be -
50%, 50%, 1, 1, 1, 1 - for a group of six in all four reports.

Report Descriptor

Architecture Gravity Load Lateral Loads Constructability

Table 1 – Acknowledgement of Sub team Partnership/Authorship/Work commitment

Author St. No. Name and Work Load Sharing

1 S3225563 Panha Kruoch 50%

2 S3263850 Wan Amir Hisyam Wan Zakariah 50%

Table 2 – Acknowledgement of members of other sub-teams

St. No. Name of other member Ranking (1-4)

S3287643 Ian lau 1

S3283633 Marcelo Matanala 1
S3247583 Timothy Ivanda Sanyoto 1
S3267994 Johnny Lau 1

Rank 1 – most recognisable Rank 4 – Least recognisable

(No rank given – not active in the project)

 SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENT & CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

TITANIA TOWER
PROPOSAL
CIVE1163 – Long Span &High Rise Structures

Design Team: M1-02

Architectural : Johnny Lau & Ian Lau

Gravity : Timothy Sanyoto & Marcelo Matamala

Lateral : Kruoch Panha & Wan Amir Hisyam

Department of Civil & Infrastructure Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University,
Melbourne, Australia

A proposal report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil &
Infrastructure Engineering; under the supervision of Dr. Saman De Silva

TITANIA TOWER PROPOSAL REPORT

Lateral Loads
Analysis

Panha Kruoch

Wan Amir Hisyam Wan Zakariah

Contents
Lateral Loads Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 1
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2. LATERAL FORCES CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................ 4
2.1 WIND FORCE CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................ 4
Design Criteria (AS/NZS 1170.0: 2002 and AS/NZS 1170.2:2011) ................................................ 4
Site Wind Speed (AS/NZS 1170.2:2011)......................................................................................... 4
Wind Pressure Calculation (AS/NZS 1170.2:2011) ......................................................................... 5
Wind Force Calculation .................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Earthquake Force Calculations ............................................................................................... 7
2.3 Robustness Force Calculations .............................................................................................. 8
3. DEFLECTION CHECK..................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Wind Force Displacement Analysis......................................................................................... 9
3.2 Earthquake Force Displacement Analysis ............................................................................ 10
3.3 Robustness Force Displacement Analysis ............................................................................ 11
4. STRESS ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 North – South Direction ......................................................................................................... 12
4.1.1 Vertical Stress Calculation (P/A) ....................................................................................... 12
4.1.2 Ultimate Wind Stress Calculations .................................................................................... 16
4.2 West – East Direction ............................................................................................................ 18
4.2.1 Vertical Stress Calculation (P/A) ....................................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Ultimate Wind Stress Calculations (W-E) ......................................................................... 22
4.3 Stress Diagram...................................................................................................................... 24
4.4 Concrete Strength Check ...................................................................................................... 25
4.5 Steel reinforcement design ................................................................................................... 25
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 27
 1. Introduction
In lateral load design, the structure was analyzed in three different load cases, wind load, earthquake
load, and robustness load. This report covers majorly on the wind load design, where the wind load
governs or is the critical load for the design of the high-rise structure.

The wind load design calculations are based on finding the displacement of the structure due to the
wind loads, and the stress analysis of the structure’s core box.

These calculations conformed to AS/NZS 1170.2 – 2011 (wind actions). There are also coincided with
AS/NZS 1170.0 – 2002 (general principles of structures), where this code contributes in calculating
the wind forces. The AS 1170.0 provides the probability for serviceability and ultimate loads, and the
importance level for the designing structure. AS 1170.2 shows the wind pressure and force, for
ultimate and serviceability loads.

In the case of earthquake load design, the requirement for the structure design is to make an
equivalent static analysis. The outcome of this analysis will provide the vertical distribution (at each
level of the structure) of horizontal forces. The analysis is taken from AS 1170.4 – 2007 (Earthquake
actions in Australia). The analysis is in Section 6 of the code, where the necessary values and factors
are given to fulfill the condition of the design.

The robustness load design calculations are conformed to AS/NZS 1170.0 – 2002 (general principles
of structures). It can be found in Section 6 of the AS code. The calculations are meant to do
displacement analysis for robustness load for the structure.

‘Space Gass’ computer program was implemented to make deflection analysis and stress analysis in
the structure. The analyses are done for all lateral loads action on the structure in two critical
directions, which are N-S and W-E directions. From the analyses, the most severe/critical load action
on the structure was adopted to construct the stress diagram. In finding the most critical lateral load
action of the structure, the highest deflection on the structure by the specific lateral force will then
govern for lateral load. Then, the stress analysis based on the governed lateral load will then be
made. The stresses thus provide the sufficiency to calculate the required number of reinforcement
bars for the structure.
The table below shows the summary of the steps taken to achieve the desired lateral load design for
the building structure with respect to the Australian Standards codes.

Table 1 Design Codes Implemented for Calculations

AS 1170.0 AS 1170.2 AS 1170.4 AS 3600

Wind Load Probabilities for
Calculations serviceability and Wind pressure
Reinforcements
ultimate loads, and forces of
calculations
importance level the structure
of the structure
Earthquake Earthquake
Probabilities for
Load loads and
earthquake load
Calculations formulas
Robustness
Load Robustness load
Calculations
 2. LATERAL FORCES CALCULATIONS

2.1 WIND FORCE CALCULATIONS

Design Criteria (AS/NZS 1170.0: 2002 and AS/NZS 1170.2:2011)

Design Life Time: 50 Years

Structure Types for Importance Level: Level 3 (Table 3.1)
AS1170.0
Annual Probability of Exceedence: Ultimate Limit States 1/1000
Serviceability Limit States 1/25 (Table 3.3)
AS1170.0

Region 5: (Melbourne) (Figure 3.1 A) AS 1170.2

Site Wind Speed (AS/NZS 1170.2:2011)

(Equation 2.2) AS/NZS 1170.2

Where:
Regional gust wind speed, in meters per second, for annual probability of exceedence of 1/R
Wind directional multipliers for the 8 cardinal directions (β)
Terrain / height multiplier
Shielding multiplier
Topographic multiplier

Table 2 Site Wind Speed Information

(Table 3.1) (Table 3.2) (Table 4.1 (A)) (Clause 4.3) (Clause 4.4)
SLS 37 m/s
N–S 0-30m Cat 3, Building is on
No shielding
W–E 30-210 Cat 1 the flat ground
ULS 46 m/s

Table 3 Site Wind Speed, for Serviceability and Ultimate Limit State

Height (m/s) (m/s)

(m) SLS ULS SLS ULS
3 0.83 30.71 38.18
5 0.83 30.71 38.18
10 0.83 30.71 38.18
15 0.89 32.93 40.94
20 0.94 34.78 43.24
30 1 37 46
37 46 1 1 1
40 1.24 45.88 57.04
50 1.25 46.26 57.5
75 1.27 46.99 58.42
100 1.29 47.73 59.34
150 1.31 48.47 60.26
200 1.32 48.84 60.72

The linear interpolation method is used to calculate the intermediate values of height (z). The result of
‘Site Wind Speed of the Structure’ is given as Table A in the Appendix.
Wind Pressure Calculation (AS/NZS 1170.2:2011)

[ ] (Eq. 2.4 (1)) AS/NZS 1170.2

Where:
Design wind pressure in Pascal’s
Density of air, which shall be taken as 1.2 kg/m^3
Building orthogonal design wind speeds (taken as )
Aerodynamic shape factor
Dynamic response factor (taken as 1)

Aerodynamic Shape Factor ( ) (Clause 5.2)

External aerodynamic shape factor

(Eq. 5.2(2)) AS/NZS 1170.2

Where:
External pressure coefficient
Net pressure coefficient acting normal to the surface
Combination factor applied to external pressures
Area reduction factor
Local pressure factor
Proofs cladding reduction factor

Table 4 Pressure Coefficients

Surface
0.8 1 0.9 1 1
W 0.72
(Table 5.2 (A)) (Table 5.4) (Table 5.5) (Table 5.6) (Table 5.8)
-0.5 1 0.9 1 1
L -0.45
(Table 5.2 (B)) (Table 5.4) (Table 5.5) (Table 5.6) (Table 5.8)

Therefore,

[ ]
[ ] (Eq. 1.0)

The ‘Ultimate and Serviceability Pressure’ for each level of the structure are found by using ‘equation
1.0’. The summary of the pressures are given in Table B, in the Appendix.

Wind Force Calculation

(Eq. 2.0)
Surface Area
Table 5 Floor Surface Area
2 2 2
Level Area (m ) Level Area (m ) Level Area (m )
L1 230 L21 173 L41 114
L2 230 L22 240 L42 116
L3 230 L23 155 L43 176
L4 230 L24 151 L44 124
L5 230 L25 147 L45 118
L6 230 L26 143 L46 120
L7 225 L27 140 L47 121
L8 225 L28 124 L48 123
L9 220 L29 134 L49 126
L10 218 L30 198 L50 136
L11 215 L31 128 L51 119
L12 211 L32 126 L52 202
L13 196 L33 124 L53 136
L14 175 L34 120 L54 139
L15 200 L35 120 L55 142
L16 195 L36 180 L56 145
L17 190 L37 107 L57 149
L18 186 L38 117 L58 152
L19 182 L39 116 L59 155
L20 177 L40 114 L60 144

Wind Force (SLS & ULS)

The wind forces were calculated using ‘equation 2.0’. The pressure values taken from Table B were
used to calculate the wind forces for both cases at each level. The summary of the wind forces for
both cases calculated were given in the Appendix, as Table C and D. Figures 1 and 2 shown the
height of the structure against the wind forces for each case.

Figure 1 Serviceability Wind Force

 Figure 2 Ultimate Wind Force

2.2 Earthquake Force Calculations

AS 1170.4 – 2007 Section 6 – Equivalent Static Analysis
6.2 Check Earthquake Base Shear
Clause 6.2.1

Table 3.1 (Annual probability of exceedance P = 1/25)

Table 3.2 (Hazard factor for Melbourne)

6.2.3
(
Table 6.4
(Assume Class Rock, Period = 3.5 seconds)

(Concrete structures, assume ordinary moment-

Table 6.5(A)
resisting frames)

6.2.2

[ ]
6.3 Check Vertical Distribution of Horizontal Forces
6.3.1

6.3.2
k = 2.0 where
 n = 60 (Number of floors in the structure)
j = 1, 2, 3 … 60.

The calculations are made in a spreadsheet for a better interpretation.

The ‘Earthquake Base shear’ was calculated using the formula taken from Clause 6.2.1 from AS
1170.4 – 2007 code. The calculations for vertical distribution of horizontal forces of the structure were
then made. The forces for each level are shown in the Appendix as Table F. These distributed
horizontal forces were then used to calculate the displacement of the structure due to earthquake load
in Space Gass program.

2.3 Robustness Force Calculations

The structural robustness was designed in accordance with AS 1170.0 – 2002 code, Section 6. The
structural design shall have a minimum lateral resistance, in percentage of for each level.
In the case of this structure, the percentage shall be 1% (for structures over 15m) of the seismic
weight for each level. Also, the forces applied in both directions at each level (N-S and W-E
directions). The vertical horizontal distributed forces due to robustness were given in the Appendix, as
Table xx.

3. DEFLECTION CHECK
Core Boxes Dimensions

Figure 3 Core Box Dimensions

Core Boxes Positions

Figure 4 Core Box Positions

There are three core boxes, given as A, B & C. The arrangement is in such a way all three are
positioned 120 degrees with one another, from the middle floor plate. The distance for each core
boxes to the center of the plate is 5643mm, as stated above in the diagram. All core boxes have the
same dimensions and thickness.

3.1 Wind Force Displacement Analysis

Displacement due to wind forces on the structure was analyzed with Space Gass program. From the
calculated wind forces in both N-S and W-E directions, the forces were input into Space Gass and
placed on ‘dummy nodes’ that run throughout the whole structure. Linear static analysis was then
made to produce displacement due to the forces. Diagrams below showed the output of displacement
analysis due to N-S and W-E wind forces respectively. The floor taken for the analysis was the top
floor, where the highest displacement can be found.

Figure 5 Serviceability Wind Displacement N-S

 Figure 6 Serviceability Wind Displacement W-E

From the figure 1 analysis on N-S direction, the highest displacement recorded on the top floor of the
structure was -111.5mm in Z-direction. For figure 2 analysis on W-E direction, highest displacement
recorded was 173.01mm in X-direction. These high displacement values can be found at core box A.

3.2 Earthquake Force Displacement Analysis

The displacement analysis is carried out in Space Gass program. This is done by inserting the
distributed horizontal forces on each floor due to earthquake load into the structure made.

Figure 7 Earthquake Displacement N-S

Figure 8 Earthquake Displacement W-E

From the figure 3 & 4 shown, the highest displacement due to earthquake load in N-S direction is -
20.56mm, in Z-direction. In the case of W-E direction, it is 31.33mm, in X-direction. Both of these
highest displacements are at core box A with ‘emergency staircases’ section, which is the far left node
in both diagrams.

3.3 Robustness Force Displacement Analysis

Figure 9 Robustness Displacement N-S

Figure 10 Robustness Displacement W-E

From the figure 5 & 6 shown, the highest displacement due to robustness force in N-S direction is -
0.21mm in Z-direction. For W-E direction, the highest displacement recorded was 0.29mm in X-
direction. The analysis was done on the top floor of the structure.

The displacement due to wind forces will govern the design for lateral load as the displacements in
both directions are high. Thus, the stress analysis for lateral load design will be made based on
‘Ultimate Limit’ wind forces.

4. STRESS ANALYSIS
The stress analysis was done in two directions, which are N-S and W-E directions. The most critical
core box was analyzed, which is core box A. In this case, the ‘Ultimate Limit’ wind force was chosen
to make the stress analysis as it governs among the lateral forces. The wind force was used to do
stress analysis in both directions. The basic combination for the ultimate limit states use in the
checking strength shall be as follows, where the long-term and combination factors are given in Table
4.1 (AS/NZS 1170.0: 2002).

Permanent, wind and imposed action (compression)

Permanent and wind action reversal (tension)
In this analysis, the core box was divided into two parts, which are core wall 1 and core wall 2. Each
core wall has two stresses section, given as tension and compression side. Each core wall was
calculated in two directions N-S and W-E for stresses; Z-Z axis and Y-Y axis respectively. These
stress analysis was made in three different zones, for level 1 – 20, level 21 – 40, and level 41 – 60.

4.1 North – South Direction

4.1.1 Vertical Stress Calculation (P/A)
Self-weight of the Core Box calculations

Core Wall 1

The total self-weight of core wall #1 is calculated as 85,430kN

The tension side is 65% of the total core box area, which covered the upper part of the core wall.

Core Wall 2

The total self-weight of core wall #2 is calculated as 71,681kN

The tension side is 40% of the total core wall area
 Table 6 Self-Weight Core Wall 1&2 (N-S)

Self-Weight (kN) Core Wall 1 Self-Weight (kN) Core Wall 2

Tension Compression Compression
Floor level Tension (40%)
(65%) (35%) (60%)
0.9G
0.9G 1.2G 1.2G
At the Ground
49,977 35,880 25,805 51,610
Floor
st
At the 21 Level 33,318 23,919 17,203 34,407
st
At the 41 Level 16,659 11,960 8,602 17,203

Note: At the ground floor, the self-weight is taken as the total self-weight of core wall
st
At the 21 level, the self-weight is taken as two third of the total self-weight of the core wall
st
At the 41 level, the self-weight is taken as one third of the total self-weight of the core wall

Total Floor Loads calculations

In order to find the total floor loads, the average floor area for each three zones have to be chosen. It
was found by choosing the closest floor level to the calculated average floor area. In the case of zone
1 (level 1-20), the average floor area was level 11. Thus the floor load calculations were based on that
floor, e.g. tributary areas for tension and compression sides for both core walls. For zone 2, the floor
used was level 24. For zone 3, the floor used was level 44 of the structure.

Level 1 – 21

Figure 11 Level 1-20 Tributary Area (N-S)

Note: There are also shear wall marked in purple color from level 1-20 so the gravity load of the
structure is shared between core-wall and the shear wall. Thus, the tributary area for tension and
compression are roughly halved as marked in the diagram.
Level 21 – 40

Figure 12 Level 21-40 Tributary Area (N-S)

Level 41 – 60

Figure 13 Level 41-60 Tributary Area (N-S)

st st
The total area at the ground, 21 and 41 floors are given in Table 4.

Table 7 Tributary Area Core Wall 1 & 2 (N-S)

2 2
Floor area (m ) Core Wall 1 Floor area (m ) Core Wall 2
Floor Level 2 Compression 2 Compression
Tension (m ) 2 Tension (m ) 2
(m ) (m )
At the ground
276 x 20 floor 263 x 20 floor 171 x 20 floor 147 x 20 floor
floor
st
At the 21 Floor 225 x 20 floor 244 x 20 floor 140 x 20 floor 131 x 20 floor
st
At the 41 Floor 121 x 20 floor 132 x 20 floor 70 x 20 floor 67 x 20 floor

Note: At the ground floor, the floor area is the sum of all average tributary area for all levels.
st
At the 21 level, the floor area is the sum of the average tributary area from L21-60.
st
At the 41 level, average tributary area runs from L41-60.
Total P-value

The average self-weight (G) of the floor is equal to 13kPa (Provided from gravity sub-team)
The average live load (Q) of the floor is equal to 3kPa (Provided from gravity sub-team)

Tension side
Compression side

Table 8 Floor Load Core Wall 1&2 (N-S)

Floor Load (Core Wall 1) (kN) Floor Load (Core Wall 2) (kN)
Floor Level Tension Compression Tension Compression
0.9G x A (1.2G+0.4Q) x A 0.9G x A (1.2G+0.4Q) x A
At the ground floor 64,654 88,511 39,923 49,378
At the 21st Floor 52,580 82,247 32,786 43,989
At the 41st Floor 28,384 44,323 16,403 22,666

Table 9 P-Value Core Wall 1&2 (N-S)

Total P-Value (Core Wall 1) Total P-Value (Core Wall 2)

Floor Level Tension Compression Tension Compression
0.9G (kN) 1.2G+0.4Q (kN) 0.9G (kN) 1.2G+0.4Q (kN)
At the Ground Floor 114,631 124,391 65,728 100,989
At the 21st Floor 85,898 106,166 49,989 78,396
At The 41st Floor 31,926 18,225 15,739 22,592

P/A Calculation

Table 10 Cross Sectional Area Core Wall 1&2 (N-S)

2
Cross Sectional Area (m ) Tension Compression
Core Wall 1 9.25 5.24
Core Wall 2 5.35 8.49

Total P/A Value in North-South direction is given below.

Core Wall 1

Table 11 P/A Value Core Wall 1 (N-S)

Core Wall 1

Floor Tension Compression

Level
Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A
(kN) (m2) (MPa) (kN) (m2) (MPa)

At the ground
114,631 9.25 12.39 124,391 5.24 23.74
Floor
st
At the 21
85,898 9.25 9.29 106,166 5.24 20.26
Floor
At the 41st
31,926 9.25 3.11 18,225 5.24 3.48
Floor
Core Wall 2

Table 12 P/A Value Core Wall 2 (N-S)

Core Wall 2

Floor Tension Compression

Level
Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A
(kN) (m2) (MPa) (kN) (m2) (MPa)

At the ground
65728 5.35 12.29 100989 8.49 11.90
Floor
st
At the 21
49989 5.35 9.34 78396 8.49 9.23
Floor
At the 41st
15739 5.35 2.94 22592 8.49 2.66
Floor

4.1.2 Ultimate Wind Stress Calculations

Space Gass Data

In the North – South direction the core wall will be bending over Z-axis

Table 13 Space Gass Values (N-S)

Floor Core Wall 1 Core Wall 2

Level Z-Axis Moment Zzz – A Zzz – B
Z-Axis
Zzz – A Zzz – B
Moment
(kNm) (m3) (m3) (m3) (m3)
(kNm)
At the ground
243986 15.28 21.1 162781 12.18 6.13
floor
st
At the 21
47544 15.28 21.1 19970 12.18 6.13
floor
At the 41st
6911 15.28 21.1 6414 12.18 6.13
floor

In the diagram above, the two core walls are labeled with A, B, C and D. The labeling was done to
give better view or explanation for the calculations.

Tension stress is calculated from dividing bending moment by the elastic section moduli (Z zz) at the
tension side. In this case, it is ‘Z zz – A’.

(Eq. 3)

Compression stress is calculated from dividing bending moment by the elastic section moduli (Z zz) at
the tension side. In this case, it is ‘Z zz – B’.

(Eq. 4)
 Table 14 Ultimate Wind Stress

Core Wall 1 Core Wall 2

Tension Compression Tension Compression stress
Stress (MPa) stress (MPa) Stress (MPa) (MPa)
At the ground
16 8.7 13.4 26.6
floor
st
At the 21 floor 3.1 17 1.6 3.26
st
At the 41 floor 0.45 0.2 0.5 1

From the results above, it is shown that the highest tension stress is 16MPa on Core Wall 1. Also, the
highest compression stress calculated was 26.6MPa located on Core Wall 2.

Net Stress Calculations

Core Wall 1
Tension Negative (-)
Compression Positive (+)
Table 15 Net Stress Core Wall 1 (N-S)

Tension Site Compression Site

Stresses (MPa) Stresses (MPa)
(These stress will be reversed)) (These stress will be reversed)
Floor Level
P/A
Bending P/A Bending
Net 1.2G + Net
(-Wu) 0.9G Wu
0.4Q
Ground Floor -16 12.39 -3.58 8.7 23.7 32.4
st
21 Floor -3.1 9.29 6.17 1.7 20.3 22
st
41 Floor -0.45 3.11 2.65 0.2 3.4 3.7

Core Wall 2
Tension Negative (-)
Compression Positive (+)
Table 16 Net Stress Core Wall 2 (N-S)

Tension Site Compression Site

Stresses (MPa) Stresses (MPa)
(These stress will be reversed)) (These stress will be reversed)
Floor Level
P/A
Bending P/A Bending
Net 1.2G + Net
(-Wu) 0.9G Wu
0.4Q
Ground Floor -13.4 12.29 -1.08 26.6 11.9 38.4
st
21 Floor -1.6 9.34 7.7 3.26 9.23 12.5
st
41 Floor -0.5 2.94 2.42 1.01 2.66 3.7
 4.2 West – East Direction
4.2.1 Vertical Stress Calculation (P/A)
Self-Weight of the Core Box Calculations

Core Wall 1
The total self-weight of core box 1 is 85,430kN
The tension side is 65% of the total core wall area

Core Wall 2
The total self-weight of core box 2 is 71,681kN
The tension side is 40% of the total core wall area

Table 17 Self-Weight Core Wall 1 & 2 (W-E)

Self-Weight (kN) Core Wall 1 Self-Weight (kN) Core Wall 2

Compression Compression
Floor level Tension (65%) Tension (40%)
(35%) (60%)
0.9G 0.9G
1.2G 1.2G
At the Ground
38444 51258 32256 43009
Floor
st
At the 21 Level 25629 34172 21504 28672
st
At the 41 Level 12814 17086 10752 14336
Note: At the ground floor, the self-weight is taken as the total self-weight of core box
st
At the 21 level, the self-weight is taken as two third of the total self-weight of the core box
st
At the 41 level, the self-weight is taken as one third of the total self-weight of the core box
Total Floor Load Calculations

Level 1-20

Figure 14 Level 1-20 Tributary Area (W-E)

Note: Shear walls are located from level 1 – 20. Thus, the gravity load is shared between core walls
and shear walls.
Level 21-40

Figure 15 Level 21-40 Tributary Area (W-E)

Level 41-60

Figure 16 Level 41-60 Tributary Area (W-E)

st st
Total area for ground, 21 and 41 floors are given below.

Table 18 Tributary Area Core Wall 1&2 (W-E)

2 2
Floor Area (m ) Core Wall 1 Floor Area (m ) Core Wall 2
Floor Level 2 Compression 2 Compression
Tension (m ) 2 Tension (m ) 2
(m ) (m )
Ground Floor 247 x 20 floor 247 x 20 floor 159.6 x 20 floor 159.6 x 20 floor
st
21 Floor 220 x 20 floor 220 x 20 floor 137.4 x 20 floor 137.4 x 20 floor
st
41 Floor 120 x 20 floor 120 x 20 floor 68.7 x 20 floor 68.7 x 20 floor
Note: At the ground floor, the floor area is the sum of all average tributary area for all levels.
st
At the 21 level, the floor area is the sum of the average tributary area from L21-60.
st
At the 41 level, average tributary area runs from L41-60.

Total P-value

The average self-weight (G) of the floor is 13kPa (Provided by gravity load sub – team)
The average live load (Q) of the floor is 3kPa (Provided by gravity load sub-team)

Tension side
Compression side

Table 19 Floor Load Core Wall 1&2 (W-E)

Floor Load (Core Box 1) (kN) Floor Load (Core Box 2) (kN)
Floor Level Tension Compression Tension Compression
0.9G x A (1.2G+0.4Q) x A 0.9G x A (1.2G+0.4Q) x A
At the Ground
57798 83290 37346 53753
floor
st
At the 21 Floor 51480 74096 32152 46276
st
At the 41 Floor 28080 40416 16076 23138
 Table 20 Total P-Value Core Wall 1&2 (W-E)

Total P-Value (Core wall 1) Total P-Value (Core Wall 2)

Floor Level Tension Compression Tension Compression
0.9G (kN) 1.2G+0.4Q (kN) 0.9G (kN) 1.2G+0.4Q (kN)
At the Ground
96242 109056 69603 80355
Floor
st
At the 21 Floor 77109 85652 53656 60824
st
At The 41
19132 23404 15947 19531
Floor

Calculate P/A

Table 21 Core Sectional Area Core Wall 1&2 (W-E)

2
Cross Section Area (m ) Tension Compression
Core Wall 1 7.16 7.16
Core Wall 2 6.91 6.91

Total P/A value in the West-East direction is given below.

Core Wall 1

Table 22 P/A Value Core Wall 1 (W-E)

Core Wall 1
Floor Tension Compression
Level
Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A
(kN) (m2) (MPa) (kN) (m2) (MPa)
At the ground
96242 7.16 13.44 124391 7.16 15.23
Floor

At the 21st
77109 7.16 10.77 106166 7.16 11.96
Floor

At the 41st
19132 7.16 2.67 18225 7.16 3.27
Floor

Core Wall 2

Table 23 P/A Value Core Wall 2 (W-E)

Core Wall 2

Floor Tension Compression

Level
Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A Self-Weight Gross-Area P/A
(kN) (m2) (MPa) (kN) (m2) (MPa)

At the ground
65728 5.35 10.07 100989 8.49 11.63
Floor
At the 21st
49989 5.35 7.76 78396 8.49 8.8
Floor
At the 41st
15739 5.35 2.31 22592 8.49 2.83
Floor
 4.2.2 Ultimate Wind Stress Calculations (W-E)
Space Gass Data

In the West – East direction the core wall will be bending over Z-axis

Table 24 Space Gass Value (W-E)

Core Wall 1 Core Wall 2

Z-Axis Z-Axis
Floor Level Zzz – A Zzz – B Zzz – A Zzz – B
Moment 3 3 Moment 3 3
(m ) (m ) (m ) (m )
(kNm) (kNm)
At the ground
156440 47.9 47.9 33135 31.82 31.82
floor
st
At the 21 floor 15475 47.9 47.9 5398 31.82 31.82
st
At the 41 floor 10228 47.9 47.9 2248 31.82 31.82

Tension stress is the result of bending moment divide by the elastic section moduli (Zyy) at the tension
side in this case is Zyy – A.

(Eq. 5)

Compression stress is the result of bending moment divide by the elastic section moduli (Zzz) at the
tension side in the case is Zzz – B.

(Eq. 6)

Table 25 Stresses Core Wall 1&2 (W-E)

Core Wall 1 Core Wall 2

Floor Level Tension Compression Tension Compression stress
Stress (MPa) stress (MPa) Stress (MPa) (MPa)
At the ground
3.27 3.27 1 1
floor
st
At the 21 floor 0.323 0.323 0.17 0.17
st
At the 41 floor 0.21 0.21 0.071 0.071
Net Stress Calculations

Core Wall 1
Tension Negative (-)
Compression Positive (+)

Table 26 Net Stresses Core Wall 1 (W-E)

Tension Site Compression Site

Stresses (MPa) Stresses (MPa)
(These stress will be reversed)) (These stress will be reversed)
Floor Level
P/A
Bending P/A Bending
Net 1.2G + Net
(-Wu) 0.9G Wu
0.4Q
At the ground
-3.27 13.44 10.18 3.27 15.23 18.5
floor
st
At the 21 floor -0.323 10.77 10.45 0.323 11.96 12.29
st
At the 41 floor -0.21 2.67 2.46 0.21 3.27 3.48

Core Wall 2
Tension Negative (-)
Compression Positive (+)

Table 27 Net Stresses Core Wall 2 (W-E)

Tension Site Compression Site

Stresses (MPa) Stresses (MPa)
(These stress will be reversed)) (These stress will be reversed)
Floor Level
P/A
Bending P/A Bending
Net 1.2G + Net
(-Wu) 0.9G Wu
0.4Q
At the ground
-1 10.07 9 1 11.63 38.4
floor
st
At the 21 floor -0.17 7.76 7.6 0.17 8.8 12.5
st
At the 41 floor -0.071 2.31 2.2 0.071 2.83 3.7
4.3 Stress Diagram

Figure 17 Level 1-20 Stress Diagram

Figure 18 Level 21-40 Stress Diagram

 Figure 19 Level 41-60 Stress Diagram

4.4 Concrete Strength Check

The stress on the core walls must be lesser or equal to 40% of compressive strength at 28 days

Table 28 Concrete Strength Check

Floor Level (MPa) (MPa) Check

(Mpa)
At the ground
38.4 100 40 Ok > 38.4
floor
At the 21st floor 22 65 26 Ok > 22
At the 41st floor 3.7 50 20 Ok > 3.7

4.5 Steel reinforcement design

Tension stress: 3.58MPa.

Calculate the tension stresses over 1.0 m length

Therefore,

Steel reinforcement area ( calculations:

Therefore,

Check the minimum reinforcement.

Reinforcement requirements for the walls:

AS/NZS 3600: 2009

Clause 11.7.1 (Minimum Reinforcement)

In the vertical direction, of not less than the larger of 0.0015 and the value required for the strength
(Clause 11.7.1 (a))

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the concrete in 1.0 m length

There for

Calculate the cross-sectional area of the steel

Design for

Using 24mm diameter steel bar;

Area 24mm steel bar

Thus, the number of reinforcement bar required:

Spacing between steel bars calculations:

Using two grids reinforcement because the wall thickness is greater than 200mm

(Clause 11.7.3) AS (3600) – 2009

Calculate the spacing between the rebar:

Check the maximum spacing

Using two grids reinforcement because the wall thickness is greater than 200mm
(Clause 11.7.3) AS (3600) – 2009

Maximum is the less of 2.5 tw or 350mm, taking 350mm

167mm < 350mm OK.

Appendix
Table A Site Wind Speed Full Development

(m/s) (m/s) (m/s)

Level z (m) Level z (m) Level z (m)
SLS ULS SLS ULS SLS ULS
L1 3.5 30.71 38.18 L21 72.8 46.90 58.31 L41 143.6 48.37 60.13
L2 7 30.71 38.18 L22 77.8 47.05 58.49 L42 146.6 48.41 60.19
L3 10.5 30.71 38.18 L23 81.1 47.17 58.64 L43 151.6 48.48 60.27
L4 14 32.49 40.39 L24 84.4 47.26 58.75 L44 155.1 48.51 60.31
L5 17.5 33.67 41.86 L25 87.7 47.35 58.86 L45 158.4 48.53 60.33
L6 21 35.00 43.52 L26 91 47.43 58.97 L46 161.7 48.55 60.36
L7 24.5 35.67 44.34 L27 94.3 47.55 59.12 L47 165 48.58 60.40
L8 28 36.56 45.45 L28 97.3 47.64 59.23 L48 168.3 48.60 60.43
L9 31.5 37.89 47.10 L29 100.6 47.73 59.34 L49 171.6 48.63 60.45
L10 35 41.44 51.52 L30 105.6 47.80 59.43 L50 174.9 48.65 60.48
L11 38.5 44.10 54.83 L31 108.9 47.85 59.49 L51 177.9 48.67 60.51
L12 42 45.95 57.13 L32 112.2 47.91 59.56 L52 182.9 48.71 60.55
L13 45.3 46.07 57.27 L33 115.5 47.95 59.62 L53 186.2 48.74 60.59
L14 48.3 46.18 57.41 L34 118.8 48.00 59.67 L54 189.5 48.76 60.62
L15 51.8 46.28 57.54 L35 123.8 48.07 59.76 L55 192.8 48.78 60.65
L16 55.3 46.40 57.68 L36 127.1 48.13 59.84 L56 196.1 48.81 60.68
L17 58.8 46.49 57.79 L37 130.4 48.17 59.89 L57 199.4 48.83 60.71
L18 62.3 46.61 57.94 L38 133.7 48.22 59.95 L58 202.7 48.85 60.74
L19 65.8 46.69 58.05 L39 137 48.28 60.02 L59 206 48.88 60.78
L20 69.3 46.81 58.20 L40 140.3 48.32 60.08 L60 209 48.91 60.80
 Table B Ultimate and Serviceability Pressure

Site wind speed Pressure Site wind speed Pressure

Level (m/s) (Pa) Level (m/s) (Pa)
SLS ULS SLS ULS SLS ULS SLS ULS
L1 30.71 38.18 588 910 L31 47.85 910 1429 2208
L2 30.71 38.18 588 910 L32 47.91 910 1432 2214
L3 30.71 38.18 588 910 L33 47.95 910 1435 2218
L4 32.49 40.39 659 1018 L34 48.00 1018 1437 2222
L5 33.67 41.86 707 1093 L35 48.07 1093 1442 2229
L6 35.00 43.52 764 1182 L36 48.13 1182 1445 2234
L7 35.67 44.34 794 1227 L37 48.17 1227 1448 2238
L8 36.56 45.45 834 1289 L38 48.22 1289 1451 2242
L9 37.89 47.10 896 1385 L39 48.28 1385 1454 2248
L10 41.44 51.52 1072 1656 L40 48.32 1656 1457 2252
L11 44.10 54.83 1214 1876 L41 48.37 1876 1460 2256
L12 45.95 57.13 1318 2037 L42 48.41 2037 1462 2260
L13 46.07 57.27 1324 2047 L43 48.48 2047 1466 2267
L14 46.18 57.41 1331 2057 L44 48.51 2057 1468 2269
L15 46.28 57.54 1336 2066 L45 48.53 2066 1470 2271
L16 46.40 57.68 1343 2076 L46 48.55 2076 1471 2274
L17 46.49 57.79 1348 2084 L47 48.58 2084 1473 2276
L18 46.61 57.94 1355 2095 L48 48.60 2095 1474 2278
L19 46.69 58.05 1361 2103 L49 48.63 2103 1475 2280
L20 46.81 58.20 1367 2114 L50 48.65 2114 1477 2283
L21 46.90 58.31 1373 2122 L51 48.67 2122 1478 2285
L22 47.05 58.49 1381 2135 L52 48.71 2135 1480 2288
L23 47.17 58.64 1388 2146 L53 48.74 2146 1482 2291
L24 47.26 58.75 1393 2154 L54 48.76 2154 1483 2293
L25 47.35 58.86 1399 2162 L55 48.78 2162 1485 2295
L26 47.43 58.97 1404 2170 L56 48.81 2170 1487 2298
L27 47.55 59.12 1411 2181 L57 48.83 2181 1488 2300
L28 47.64 59.23 1416 2189 L58 48.85 2189 1489 2302
L29 47.73 59.34 1422 2197 L59 48.88 2197 1491 2305
L30 47.80 59.43 1426 2204 L60 48.91 2204 1493 2307
 Table C Wind Force (SLS)

Level Wind Pressure Area Force Level Wind Pressure Area Force
(Pa) (m2) (kN) (Pa) (m2) (kN)
L1 588 230 135.35 L31 1429 128 182.86
L2 588 230 135.35 L32 1432 126 180.45
L3 588 230 135.35 L33 1435 124 177.92
L4 659 230 151.46 L34 1437 120 172.50
L5 707 230 162.70 L35 1442 120 173.03
L6 764 230 175.83 L36 1445 180 260.18
L7 794 225 178.62 L37 1448 107 154.95
L8 834 225 187.62 L38 1451 117 169.74
L9 896 220 197.07 L39 1454 116 168.71
L10 1072 218 233.60 L40 1457 114 166.10
L11 1214 215 260.96 L41 1460 114 166.41
L12 1318 211 278.04 L42 1462 116 169.64
L13 1324 196 259.53 L43 1466 176 258.09
L14 1331 175 232.84 L44 1468 124 182.06
L15 1336 200 267.30 L45 1470 118 173.41
L16 1343 195 261.95 L46 1471 120 176.51
L17 1348 190 256.21 L47 1473 121 178.20
L18 1355 186 252.10 L48 1474 123 181.31
L19 1361 182 247.62 L49 1475 126 185.90
L20 1367 177 242.04 L50 1477 136 200.84
L21 1373 173 237.46 L51 1478 119 175.89
L22 1381 240 331.51 L52 1480 202 299.03
L23 1388 155 215.18 L53 1482 136 201.57
L24 1393 151 210.42 L54 1483 139 206.21
L25 1399 147 205.61 L55 1485 142 210.85
L26 1404 143 200.77 L56 1487 145 215.56
L27 1411 140 197.54 L57 1488 149 221.71
L28 1416 124 175.62 L58 1489 152 226.38
L29 1422 134 190.49 L59 1491 155 231.13
L30 1426 198 282.34 L60 1493 144 214.92
 Table D Wind Force (ULS)

Level Wind Pressure Area Force Level Wind Pressure Area Force
(Pa) (m2) (kN) (Pa) (m2) (kN)
L1 588 230 135.35 L31 1429 128 182.86
L2 588 230 135.35 L32 1432 126 180.45
L3 588 230 135.35 L33 1435 124 177.92
L4 659 230 151.46 L34 1437 120 172.50
L5 707 230 162.70 L35 1442 120 173.03
L6 764 230 175.83 L36 1445 180 260.18
L7 794 225 178.62 L37 1448 107 154.95
L8 834 225 187.62 L38 1451 117 169.74
L9 896 220 197.07 L39 1454 116 168.71
L10 1072 218 233.60 L40 1457 114 166.10
L11 1214 215 260.96 L41 1460 114 166.41
L12 1318 211 278.04 L42 1462 116 169.64
L13 1324 196 259.53 L43 1466 176 258.09
L14 1331 175 232.84 L44 1468 124 182.06
L15 1336 200 267.30 L45 1470 118 173.41
L16 1343 195 261.95 L46 1471 120 176.51
L17 1348 190 256.21 L47 1473 121 178.20
L18 1355 186 252.10 L48 1474 123 181.31
L19 1361 182 247.62 L49 1475 126 185.90
L20 1367 177 242.04 L50 1477 136 200.84
L21 1373 173 237.46 L51 1478 119 175.89
L22 1381 240 331.51 L52 1480 202 299.03
L23 1388 155 215.18 L53 1482 136 201.57
L24 1393 151 210.42 L54 1483 139 206.21
L25 1399 147 205.61 L55 1485 142 210.85
L26 1404 143 200.77 L56 1487 145 215.56
L27 1411 140 197.54 L57 1488 149 221.71
L28 1416 124 175.62 L58 1489 152 226.38
L29 1422 134 190.49 L59 1491 155 231.13
L30 1426 198 282.34 L60 1493 144 214.92
 Table E (G & Q for EQ loads calculations)

Equivalent Static Analysis (AS 1170.4 - 2007)

Area Height Live Load (Q)

Levels (sqm) (m) Dead Load (G) kPa kPa
60 2162 3.0 11.172 5
59 2071 5.0 18.62 4
58 1983 3.3 12.2892 2
57 1898 3.3 12.2892 2
56 1816 3.3 12.2892 2
55 1738 3.3 12.2892 2
54 1663 3.3 12.2892 2
53 1592 3.3 12.2892 2
52 1524 3.0 11.172 5
51 1461 5.0 18.62 4
50 1403 3.3 12.2892 2
49 1349 3.3 12.2892 2
48 1299 3.3 12.2892 2
47 1254 3.3 12.2892 2
46 1217 3.3 12.2892 5
45 1186 3.3 12.2892 2
44 1161 3.0 11.172 5
43 1143 5.0 18.62 4
42 1131 3.3 12.2892 2
41 1124 3.3 12.2892 2
40 1123 3.3 12.2892 2
39 1128 3.3 12.2892 2
38 1137 3.3 12.2892 2
37 1152 3.3 12.2892 2
36 1173 3.0 11.172 5
35 1198 5.0 18.62 4
34 1229 3.3 12.2892 2
33 1265 3.3 12.2892 2
32 1307 3.3 12.2892 2
31 1354 3.3 12.2892 2
30 1407 3.3 12.2892 2
29 1465 3.3 12.2892 5
28 1530 3.0 11.172 5
27 1601 5.0 18.62 4
26 1679 3.3 12.2892 2
25 1764 3.3 12.2892 2
24 1857 3.3 12.2892 2
23 1956 3.3 12.2892 2
22 2062 3.3 12.2892 2
21 2173 3.3 12.2892 5
20 2289 3.5 13.034 3
19 2408 3.5 13.034 3
18 2531 3.5 13.034 3
17 2657 3.5 13.034 3
16 2783 3.5 13.034 3
15 2910 3.5 13.034 3
14 3036 3.0 11.172 5
13 3159 3.3 12.2892 5
12 3279 3.5 13.034 3
11 3395 3.5 13.034 3
10 3504 3.5 13.034 3
9 3606 3.5 13.034 3
8 3699 3.5 13.034 3
7 3781 3.5 13.034 3
6 3852 3.5 13.034 5
5 3909 3.5 13.034 4
4 3952 3.5 13.034 4
3 3978 3.5 13.034 4
2 3988 3.5 13.034 4
1 3979 3.5 13.034 4
 Table F Vertical Distribution of EQ Horizontal Forces

V = 1474 kN

Wi (G + 0.3Q) hi Wihi^2 Fi (kN) Bending Moment (kNm)

27396.864 208.3 1188719518 90.36915293 18823.89456
41047.22 205.3 1730061923 131.5232299 27001.71909
25559.2836 200.3 1025440758 77.9563314 15614.65318
24463.7016 197 949411795.4 72.17643725 14218.75814
23406.7872 193.7 878215399.6 66.76392583 12932.17243
22401.4296 190.4 812100210.1 61.73769922 11754.85793
21434.7396 187.1 750353282.7 57.0435578 10672.84966
20519.6064 183.8 693202372 52.698816 9686.04238
19312.128 180.5 629193958.3 47.83275126 8633.811602
28957.02 177.5 912327111.4 69.35717549 12310.89865
18083.5476 172.5 538098563.3 40.90747279 7056.539057
17387.5308 169.2 497781359.8 37.84246757 6402.945513
16743.0708 165.9 460816356.4 35.03230421 5811.859268
16163.0568 162.6 427331179.6 32.48668515 5282.335005
16781.4564 159.3 425854460.5 32.37442161 5157.245363
15286.5912 156 372014483.4 28.28138449 4411.89598
14712.192 152.7 343048447.4 26.07932075 3982.312279
22654.26 149.7 507684005.5 38.59528915 5777.714786
14577.6852 144.7 305228884.7 23.20419185 3357.646561
14487.4608 141.4 289661711.7 22.02074007 3113.732645
14474.5716 138.1 276053384.5 20.98620417 2898.194796
14539.0176 134.8 264189070.4 20.08425212 2707.357185
14655.0204 131.5 253418276.5 19.26543195 2533.404301
14848.3584 128.2 244036333.9 18.5521954 2378.39145
14864.256 124.9 231882542.2 17.6282366 2201.766751
23744.36 121.9 352831929.3 26.82308323 3269.733846
15840.8268 116.9 216474561.1 16.45688694 1923.810084
16304.838 113.6 210413282.2 15.99609478 1817.156366
16846.1844 110.3 204952195.6 15.58093059 1718.576644
17451.9768 107 199807682.4 15.18983303 1625.312134
18135.1044 103.7 195019290.8 14.82580865 1537.436357
20201.178 100.4 203631106.4 15.4804984 1554.242039
19388.16 97.1 182799521.6 13.89683409 1349.38259
31731.82 94.1 280979237.1 21.36067866 2010.039861
21640.9668 89.1 171803523.6 13.06089339 1163.725601
22736.5488 85.8 167378287.1 12.72447688 1091.760116
23935.2444 82.5 162909257.2 12.38473109 1021.740315
25211.2752 79.2 158141253.3 12.02225662 952.1627244
26577.5304 75.9 153108102.9 11.63962512 883.4475466
29963.9316 72.6 157932692.1 12.00640133 871.6647366
31894.926 69.3 153175063.2 11.64471559 806.9787904
33553.072 65.8 145272722.7 11.04396175 726.692683
35266.954 62.3 136881275.9 10.40602494 648.2953537
37022.638 58.8 128003549.5 9.731120053 572.1898591
38778.322 55.3 118587598.7 9.015298125 498.5459863
40547.94 51.8 108799854.5 8.271211619 428.4487619
38472.192 48.3 89751391.99 6.82310431 329.5559382
43560.0828 45.3 89389210.31 6.795570437 307.8393408
45689.586 42 80596429.7 6.12712332 257.3391794
47305.93 38.5 70119214.74 5.330621684 205.2289348
48824.736 35 59810301.6 4.546914733 159.1420157
50246.004 31.5 49856597.47 3.790211578 119.3916647
51541.866 28 40408822.94 3.071970338 86.01516946
52684.454 24.5 31623843.51 2.404116284 58.90084895
55984.968 21 24689370.89 1.876941952 39.415781
55640.706 17.5 17039966.21 1.295416866 22.66979515
56252.768 14 11025542.53 0.838186741 11.73461437
56622.852 10.5 6242669.433 0.474581884 4.983109783
56765.192 7 2781494.408 0.211455511 1.480188579
56637.086 3.5 693804.3035 0.052744576 0.184606017
Table G Vertical Distribution of Robustness Horizontal forces
Levels Fi (kN) (1%) Levels Fi (kN) (1%)
60 0.903 30 0.148
59 1.315 29 0.154
58 0.779 28 0.138
57 0.722 27 0.211
56 0.668 26 0.131
55 0.617 25 0.127
54 0.57 24 0.123
53 0.52 23 0.12
52 0.478 22 0.116
51 0.6935 21 0.12
50 0.41 20 0.116
49 0.378 19 0.11
48 0.35 18 0.104
47 0.324 17 0.097
46 0.323 16 0.091
45 0.282 15 0.083
44 0.261 14 0.068
43 0.386 13 0.067
42 0.232 12 0.061
41 0.22 11 0.053
40 0.21 10 0.045
39 0.2 9 0.038
38 0.192 8 0.031
37 0.185 7 0.024
36 0.176 6 0.019
35 0.268 5 0.013
34 0.1645 4 0.008
33 0.159 3 0.005
32 0.155 2 0.002
31 0.151 1 0.001