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Chapter 6 Problem Set
Spring 2018
#32 (2 points)
Want: potential energy (PE) and kinetic energy (KE) of ball B at point II
Given:
‐ diagram, point I – elevation = 0 m, point II – elevation – 3.00 m
‐ ball A: mA = 2.00 kg, initially at 10.0 m elevation
‐ ball B: mB = 4.00 kg, initially at 0 m elevation
‐ All energy of ball A transferred to B at point I.
energy = PE + KE
The total energy of the system is constant.
PE = mgz, where m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2), and z is the elevation.
KE = mv2/2
Ball A:
‐ initial energy = mgz = (2.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(10.0 m) = 1.96 x 102 kg‐m2/s2 (no KE)
‐ final energy = 0
Ball B:
‐ initial energy = 0
‐ final energy = PE + KE = mgz + mv2/2 = initial energy of ball A = 1.96 x 102 kg‐m2/s2 (by
conservation of energy)
‐ PE = (4.00 kg)(9.81 m/s2)(3.00 m) = 1.18 x 102 kg‐m2/s2 (J)
‐ KE = 1.96 x 102 kg‐m2/s2 – 1.18 x 102 kg‐m2/s2 = 78 kg‐m2/s2 (J)
Chem C180 ‐ Giron Chapter 6
#44 (2 points)
Want: ΔE for condensation of 1 mole of water at 1.00 atm and 100. °C
Given:
‐ 1 mole H2O(g) at 1.00 atm and 100. °C has a volume of 30.6 L.
‐ Condensation of 1 mole of H2O(g) at 1 atm and 100. °C releases 40.66 kJ of heat.
‐ The density of H2O(l) at 1.00 atm and 100. °C is 0.996 g/cm3.
ΔE = q + w
q: This information is given in the heat released in the condensation, –40.66 kJ. (Negative sign because
from the point of view of the system, heat leaves the system.)
w: We have here a volume change from gas to liquid. The work term is given by –PΔV. The volume
change is negative, and the work term is positive – work is performed on the system.
Determining work:
30.6
1 18.02 /
1.81 10
0.996 /
10 101.325 1000 / ∙
1 1.81 10 30.6
3.10 10 3.10
Determining ΔE:
Chem C180 ‐ Giron Chapter 6
#66 (1.5 points)
Want: ΔH for the neutralization reaction
Given:
‐ 100.0 mL of 1.0 M NaOH and 100.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl are mixed
‐ Ti = 24.6 °C (both solutions), Tf = 31.3 °C (final mixture)
‐ All solutions have ρ = 1.0 g/cm3 and S = 4.18 J/g‐°C.
Assume:
‐ No heat is lost to surroundings or the calorimeter.
‐ Also, the reaction has 100% yield.
The balanced neutralization reaction is:
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The increase in temperature of the solution is due to the neutralization reaction, so the heat release is
equal in magnitude to the enthalpy of the reaction for this particular experiment. To determine the heat
of the reaction, the following equation can be used:
Q = m x S x ΔT = ρV x S x T
Plugging in the values given yields:
Q = (1.0 g/mL)(100.0 mL + 100.0 mL)(4.18 J/°C‐g)(31.3 °C – 24.6 °C) = 5.6 kJ
This energy is the same magnitude as the enthalpy of reaction given the particular conditions. In order
to find the enthalpy on a molar basis, the moles of the reactants need to be considered: ΔH = ‐ Q/n,
where n is the number of moles. The negative sign was added because heat is released to surroundings
in the reaction.
There are no limiting reactants in this case. The number of moles of NaOH (or HCl) at the beginning of
the reaction is: (100.0 mL)(L/1000 mL)(1.0 mol NaOH/L) = 0.10 mol NaOH.
The enthalpy of reaction is then: ΔH = ‐ Q/n = (–5.6 kJ)/(0.10 mol) = –56 kJ/mol. Note that this value is
the same as what you would find using the enthalpies of formation listed in the appendix of the
textbook.
Chem C180 ‐ Giron Chapter 6
#116 (2 points)
Want ΔH for reaction: FeO(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g)
Given:
1) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) ΔH° = –23 kJ
2) 3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) 2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) ΔH° = –39 kJ
3) Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 3FeO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH° = 18 kJ
Hess’ law can be used to determine the enthalpy of reaction. Things to note from the given information:
‐ The italicized reactants and products in the given chemical equations above are not in the final
chemical equation, so they need to be cancelled out when Hess’ law is applied.
‐ FeO(s), a reactant in the final chemical equation, is only in chemical equation #3 – on the
products side. Therefore, this reaction will need to be reversed when Hess’ law is applied.
‐ Fe(s), a product in the final chemical equation, is only in chemical equation #1 – on the products
side. Therefore, this reaction can remain in its current direction, though inspection of the
coefficients shows that this reaction will need to be scaled to match the final reaction.
‐ CO(g), the second reactant in the final chemical equation, is in all three equations given. When
Hess’ law is applied, this compound will be on both the reactants and products side, and a
remainder that should match that of the final equation will be left over after some quantity is
cancelled out.
‐ CO2(g), the second product in the final chemical equation, is in all three equations as well, so the
previous point also applies.
The given chemical equations can be manipulated as follows and added together:
1) Scale equation #1 by 1/2.
2) By inspection and/or trial and error, determine that equation #2 should be reversed and scaled
by 1/6.
3) Reverse equation #3 and scale by 1/3.
These operations are written down below:
1) (1/2)[Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)] ΔH° = –23/2 kJ
2) (1/6)[2Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) 3Fe2O3(s) + CO(g)] ΔH° = +39/6 kJ
3) (1/3)[3FeO(s) + CO2(g) Fe3O4(s) + CO(g)] ΔH° = –18/3 kJ
Adding up these equations and their enthalpies yields:
1) (1/2)Fe2O3(s) + (3/2)CO(g) Fe(s) + (3/2)CO2(g) ΔH° = –23/2 kJ
2) (1/3)Fe3O4(s) + (1/6)CO2(g) (1/2)Fe2O3(s) + (1/6)CO(g) ΔH° = +39/6 kJ
3) FeO(s) + (1/3)CO2(g) (1/3)Fe3O4(s) + (1/3)CO(g) ΔH° = –18/3 kJ
Chem C180 ‐ Giron Chapter 6
FeO(s) + (3/2)CO(g) + (1/2)CO2(g) + (1/2)Fe2O3(s) + (1/3)Fe3O4(s)
Fe(s) + (3/2)CO2(g) + (1/2)CO(g) + (1/2)Fe2O3(s) + (1/3)Fe3O4(s)
Cancelling out like species yields:
FeO(s) + (3/2)CO(g) + (1/2)CO2(g) + (1/2)Fe2O3(s) + (1/3)Fe3O4(s)
Fe(s) + (3/2)CO2(g) + (1/2)CO(g) + (1/2)Fe2O3(s) + (1/3)Fe3O4(s)
FeO(s) + (3/2 – 1/2)CO(g) Fe(s) + (3/2 – 1/2)CO2(g)
FeO(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g)
which is the desired reaction. Adding the enthalpies of the set of reactions yields:
ΔH° = (–23/2 + 39/6 – 18/3) kJ = – 11 kJ
#134 (4 points)
a. Want:
‐ ΔH° of the reaction
‐ the mass of sodium carbonate required to complete neutralization of the spill
‐ the quantity of heat evolved
Given:
‐ Reaction: 2HNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(s) 2NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
‐ 2.0 x 104 gal of nitric acid solution spilled
‐ Solution is 70.0% by mass nitric acid.
‐ The solution’s density is 1.42 g/cm3.
‐ ΔHf° = – 467 kJ/mol for NaNO3(aq)
The enthalpy of the reaction can be determined using the enthalpies of formation of the
reactants and products according to the following equation (Eq. 6.1 on page 232):
° °
ΔH° = [2(– 467) – 286 – 393.5] – [2(– 207) – 1131] kJ/mol = –69 kJ/mol
To find the mass of sodium carbonate required to complete the neutralization, the number of
moles of nitric acid needs to be determined first:
1.2 10
Using the balanced equation, the mass of sodium carbonate required is:
105.99
1.5 10 6.3 10
2
The quantity of heat evolved is then:
– 69 kJ
1.5 10 4.1 10
2
Note that since the standard enthalpy for the reaction listed above is being used, the
coefficients must be taken into account: the standard enthalpy is per mole of sodium carbonate
reacted or per 2 moles of nitric acid reacted.
b. Want: the major concern of the authorities about dangerous air pollution
Given: the magnitude of ΔH°
Approximating the solution’s specific heat as that of water, assuming that the solution does not
change phase during the reaction, and assuming that the solution absorbs the heat the evolves
from the reaction, the temperature change of the solution after the reaction is complete is:
1000 3.7854 1000 1.42 4.184
4.1 10 2.0 10
∙°
91°
Given the outside temperature of Denver during the springtime, the solution would likely boil
off instead of having a temperature change of this magnitude. While some measure of carbon
dioxide pollution will occur regardless, the NOx compounds that could form in the atmosphere
because of the boiling of the solution would be of major concern.
#142 (3 points)
a. Want: the standard heat of formation for nitromethane
Given:
‐ Reaction: CH3NO2(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + N2(g) + H2O(g)
‐ ΔHrxn° = –1288.5 kJ/mol for balanced reaction with smallest whole‐number coefficients
Chem C180 ‐ Giron Chapter 6
First, the reaction needs to be balanced:
CH3NO2(l) + (3/4)O2(g) CO2(g) + (1/2)N2(g) + (3/2)H2O(g)
4CH3NO2(l) + 3O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Now, Hess’ law using the standard heats of formation can be used:
° °
ΔHrxn° = –1288.5 kJ/mol = [4(‐393.5) + 2(0) + 6(–242)] – [4ΔHCH3NO2° + 3(0)]
This gives: ΔHCH3NO2° = –434 kJ/mol
b. Want: the mass of nitrogen produced
Given:
‐ Reaction goes to completion.
‐ V = 15.0 L (flask)
‐ T = 100.0°C
‐ Ptotal = 950. torr (after reaction completion)
‐ χN2 = 0.134
Assuming:
‐ Excess oxygen (given that reaction goes to completion)
‐ Ideal gases
The number of moles of nitrogen produced can be determined from the mole fraction and the
total pressure. The partial pressure of nitrogen is:
Using the ideal gas law, the number of moles of nitrogen is determined:
127 15.0
0.0819
0.08206 ∙ / ∙ 100.0 273.15 760
The mass of nitrogen produced is:
28.02
0.0819 2.29