Unconscious and Interpretation

Anne Lysy-Stevens

This text, based on my introductory presentation from the “Knottings”[1] Seminar held in Tel Aviv
in November 2008, reflects the position I had reached at the start of our year’s work. I have been
trying to locate the conceptual framework in which interpretation is situated in Lacan’s teaching
by rereading some of the fundamental texts and by relying heavily on Jacques-Alain Miller’s
lectures, which clarify the logic of Lacan’s teaching. I will certainly not be covering every detail of
this trajectory here. Instead, in the first part, I will present you with some of the findings it led me
to, and in the second part we will pause together at a specific moment, the lectures of 1975 which
seem to me a most enlightening way of approaching Lacan’s final teaching. The hypothesis that
has served me as Ariadne’s thread through this investigation is the tight correlation between two
concepts, unconscious and interpretation.

1. Some points of reference

What do we mean by interpretation?

Let us take things from the simplest angle, starting with the analytic session. There are two
people present, the analyst and the analysand. The first is invited to speak, to free associate, to
speak about his suffering. He suffers from symptoms without knowing the reason why, and
without yet knowing what he is suffering from. The analyst is expected to listen, to listen in a
particular way, beyond what is spoken, but is also called upon to respond. Even when silent for
long periods, the analyst must also appear present. Between the two, there is thus a knowledge in
waiting (un savoir en souffrance), a knowledge which is not known, according to Lacan’s
definition of the unconscious. One speaks, without knowing what is said, the other knowing
nothing in advance of this knowledge; but something will be produced, which will have some
effect. You will have gathered here that I’m describing the phenomenology of what Lacan
formulated with his formula of the subject supposed to know. Here we can refer back to Jacques-
Alain Miller’s schema, called the “triangle of transference”[2], which indicates the association of
three terms: the analysand, the analyst, and unconscious knowledge.

Up to this point, everything seems surprisingly simple. The questions arise when we try to define
these terms in relation to each other. And these are the questions that Lacan endeavoured to
answer throughout his teaching. Who speaks? The ego? The subject? What is the function of this
speech? Is it to communicate, to be recognised, to establish a new dialogue? Or does one speak
alone, and the other inserts themselves into this dialect? What is it to listen? What is it to hear?
What is it that must be heard? How does one respond, or give no response at all, or even respond
without delay; but then respond to what, when, and how? What are the means, and to what end?
Is it to gain access to unconscious knowledge, to remove the symptom, to modify the mode of
jouissance? And finally, what is it that allows someone to respond in an effective way? Is this
something that can be learnt? What makes it possible to sustain such an operation?

We can see recurrent themes in these answers; we can also see that the concept does not exist in
isolation – we can, for example, explore them in pairs, some of which are classic: interpretation
and transference, interpretation and unconscious, interpretation and language, etc. In brief, we
can see that this trajectory involves important conceptual shifts: how could interpretation remain
unchanged, when essential concepts such as language, the subject, therefore the unconscious,
the symptom, are profoundly modified?

Let me remind you of a guiding thread running through Jacques-Alain Miller’s reading in his
course. Lacan attempts to find an articulation between two heterogeneous dimensions that
appear together in Freud’s work from the outset: on the one hand, the unconscious as a language,
in the Freud of the Traumdeutung and the formations of the unconscious; and on the other, the
dimension of the drive, or jouissance, in the Freud of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.
Lacan initially privileged the former. His “return to Freud” was an innovative return to the
dimension of speech and language, as both the heart and the instrument of the analytic
experience. The thesis “the unconscious is structured like a language” was his point of departure,
and for a long time would remain the point of reference for his teaching. In fact, gradually, and in
diverse ways, the drive is linked to the signifier, in particular with the introduction of the object
petit a, heterogeneous to the signifier and the imaginary – initially heavily embodied[3], it quickly
adopts a logical consistency, an element included in the signifying logic of discourse[4] .

It is only with Seminar XX Encore that a complete inversion of the above perspective is achieved,
which J.-A Miller has indexed as the subversion and devaluation of the concept of language in
favour of lalangue. Up to that point, jouissance remains subordinate to the signifier, whereas now
the signifier and jouissance become equal, and it is even fair to say that the latter is accorded
primacy. The thesis is now: “There, where it speaks, it enjoys” (Encore), in contrast to the former
thesis: “Jouissance is prohibited to him who speaks as such” (“Subversion of the subject”). It is a
complete inversion with regards to the role of the signifier! Up until then, it deadened, now it has
an effect of jouissance. I will cite the whole sentence from Encore (p. 95): “The unconscious is not
the fact that being thinks . . . the unconscious is the fact that being, by speaking, enjoys, and, I
will add, wants to know nothing about it at all”. Here the unconscious appears in a completely
different light than that of an articulated signifying chain S1-S2, responding to the signifying laws
of metaphor and metonymy.

In his course “The flight of sense” (1995-1996), J-A. Miller stated that a theory of interpretation
worthy of the name is also a theory of the unconscious[ 5]. The relation between unconscious and
interpretation is evident in “Function and Field” or in “The Instance of the Letter” and “The
Direction of the Treatment”. Interpretation is a signifying operation on a signifying substance. But
things get rather complicated when it is jouissance that becomes central: what happens to
interpretation at this point? It is a term that becomes more and more problematic, J.-A Miller says,
to the degree that the mode of jouissance becomes the core of the analytic experience. On this
matter we witness a change of tone in Lacan concerning the possibilities of interpretation and,
more generally, the analytic experience itself. Early on, primarily in “Function and Field”, there is
an affirmation of the power of speech and a faith in the advent of the truth of the subject.
Whereas, at the end, in 1977 for example, Lacan poses the question, somewhat dramatically, of
the very possibility of psychoanalysis: if the real excludes meaning, if the bridge between things
and names is cut[6], how does psychoanalysis, a practice that works with meaning, manage to
operate?

The observation to which this trajectory leads me, through these shifts, is that of a double-sided
constant: 1) interpretation bears precisely on what escapes, on what cannot be said – what
escapes is formulated in different ways depending on the stage; 2) to have an effect, it appeals to
the “poetic” capacity of language – a capacity which is also given various formulations, even if
‘equivocation’ is the term most frequently used.
In “Function and Field of Speech and Language” (1953), what escapes is the “censored chapter”
or “imprisoned meaning”. The aim of analysis is the “advent of authentic speech” and “the
subject’s assumption of his history”, a subjectivisation through the construction of meaning and
intersubjective recognition by the Other. The unconscious is clearly defined here in the dimension
of language in the Saussurian sense, but it is presented as the “censored chapter” (the truth of
which is inscribed elsewhere) that interpretation – “the exegesis” – will restore, thus
reestablishing its continuity. Interpretation is the “act of freeing imprisoned meaning” from the
symptom. The responsibility of the analyst is to be the one who “intimates the subjective
function” for the subject (“you are my wife”, is of this kind). It is he who punctuates the discourse
of the analysand, at once “scribe” and “master of the truth of which the discourse is the
progress”. It is he who plays on “semantic resonances” and on the “property of language to imply
what it does not say” – interpretation is a form of indirect communication, one that uses the
poetic resources of language.

In “The Direction of the Treatment” (1958), that which cannot be said is unconscious desire, the
signified of the chain S1-S2, as slippery as an eel. The entire treatment must be orientated in a
way that preserves a place for desire and lack, without covering it in demand; it is necessary to
“take desire to the letter”, follow it at every turn, leading the subject to “the avowal of desire”; but
this avowal is impossible, since it comes up against “the incompatibility of desire with speech”.
This is, moreover, why interpretation must always be (or by structure can only be) “allusive”, and
the psychoanalyst, “well lettered”.

With the object (a), Lacan introduced an element “left blank” by linguistics (according to his
expression in “Radiophonie”), heterogeneous to the signifier and the imaginary. From then on
analysis will be oriented in relation to the real. A real defined from the start as “impossible”. “That
which never stops not being written” is the real for psychoanalysis: the impossible writing of the
sexual relation. We find this formalisation among others in “L’étourdit” (1972)[7]; it is here that he
proposes equivocation as the possibility of delimiting [cerner] the real – equivocation which is
moreover homogeneous to the unconscious, made up of lalangue – and he distinguishes three
modalities: homophony, grammar, and logic.

The last phase of Lacan’s teaching, from the knots onwards, is oriented more and more on the
real and is built on the incompatibility between the real and meaning, or the real and truth, or,
again, between jouissance and meaning. Joyce, by way of his symptom, by way of Finnegans
Wake, testifies to this “mark of the unintelligible” and to the “jouissance peculiar to the symptom.
Jouissance, opaque for having excluded meaning”[8]. How can psychoanalysis, as praxis of
meaning, operate on what is excluded from it? Here again, Lacan appeals to poetry as a point of
reference for interpretation – not just any poetry, since he refers specifically to Chinese poetic
writing or to the use of “double meaning”, in other words to poetry which is “effect of meaning
but also effect of hole”[9].

And finally, the ultimate stage of his teaching, as shown last year by J.-A Miller, will devalue in a
certain way the place of interpretation, since in his final writing, “Preface to the English edition of
Seminar XI”[10] – designated by J.-A Miller as “L’esp d’un laps” – he brings about a disjunction
between the unconscious and interpretation: we can be sure that we are dealing with the
unconscious when “the space of a lapsus no longer carries any meaning (or interpretation)” – it is
here that he names it, and seldom elsewhere, “the real unconscious”.

2. The lectures of 1975

Following these giant steps through Lacan’s teaching, I suggest we move on now to some texts
and read some extracts together, but still following our thread of interpretation- unconscious. I
refer to the lectures in which Lacan develops in a concrete way some renewed concepts,
introduced in Encore, in particular the unconscious, lalangue, and the symptom (le symptôme),
and where he speaks of interpretation in a pragmatic manner. These lectures were given in Nice
(end of 1974), Geneva and the United States (1975)[11].

In Nice, Lacan poses with insistence the question of knowing how a statement (un dire) can have
effects. “We know that some words hit the mark, and some don’t. It’s what we call interpretation”.
And he recalls how he began from here 21 years earlier – i.e. in 1953 – and this met with
“opposition” or deafness… “I asked my colleagues how it came about that they were able to
work…with words. There are some processes that are effective and that only work with words.”
The question is, “How does this actually work?” And on this point, Lacan answers his own
question, and shifts the emphasis: it’s not whether language communicates that’s important, he
says, nor that it serves the truth – since words are used just as much for lying as for telling the
truth: “The fact is, it helps. Full stop.” And therefore we notice “there are statements (des dires)
that work, there are statements that have no effect”. They operate in the sense that they go
beyond the idle chatter that the subject is invited to. They have a power of modification (N).

This impact is possible because a human being is a being of language. He is, says Lacan,
parasited, even “afflicted”, by language (US); this is the unconscious (N). In Geneva, “the
unconscious is the way in which the subject was impregnated, if this can be said, by language”.
And in the United States the unconscious “is a discovery of a very specialised type of knowledge,
intimately entangled with the material of language, that sticks to the skin of each person, by virtue
of the fact that he is a human being.” He continues: it’s a “lesion” (G), “a pest” (N), “a wound”
(US)… This is why he proposes substituting for the term “unconscious” that of “parlêtre”,
“speaking being”: to equivocate on “la parlotte”, “chin wag”, “chatter” and on the fact that it’s to
language that we owe our being and our belief that there actually is Being. (US, N)

The language of which Lacan is speaking here is not abstract language; it’s not language as
structure, like what linguists have constructed as a system, “elucubration of knowledge about
lalangue”[12]. Nor is it theoretical language (G). He revises and comments anew on his
fundamental thesis, “the unconscious is structured like a language”. He introduces a qualification
about the word “structure”; it’s as if this thesis presupposed the existence of a structure, he says
in the United States. But “what creates the structure, is the way in which language emerges in a
human being at the beginning”. A subject does not learn a language, he receives it, he is
impregnated by it; right from the start, he has a relation with lalangue – which Lacan writes as one
word – which is the “mother tongue”, in the sense that the child receives it from his mother (US).
He chose this word so “it was as close as possible to the word “lallation” (G) – i.e. the babble that
precedes words and syntax. “The unconscious is structured like a language”; yes: and “not like
language”; “language is too general” he indicates further, “too logical” (US). It’s a very particular
language which the subject receives. “It’s in the way in which lalangue was spoken and also
heard for such and such in his particularity, that something will then arise in dreams, in all kinds
of slips, in all kinds of ways of speaking. It’s in this motérialisme that the foothold of the
unconscious resides” (G). This neologism accentuates the materiality of the signifier. It is a
question of “marks”; the unconscious is made up of these marks, left by “the encounter of these
words with one’s body” (G). “The unconscious takes root” (N). In this sense, it is no longer an
abstract chain of S1-S2, but a lawless series of S1. Lalangue is also a concept that subverts
language as a system. Lalangue does not serve either for conversing or for communicating[ 13].
J.-A Miller says that it’s the concept which shows that the signifier has effects of jouissance and
not, in the first instance, effects of sense[14].

The symptom itself is redefined on this basis. Lacan defines it in his Seminar “R,S,I” as “that of
the unconscious which is translated by a letter”. It sustains itself with marks of the unconscious,
marks which Lacan indicates in Geneva carry traces of the parents’ desire: “The way in which a
mode of speaking was instilled in him can only carry the mark of the mode under which the
parents accepted him”. In Nice he says that they are the traces of the missed encounter of the two
spouses, of the two parlêtres. “A symptom is the inscription, at the level of the real, of this
projection of the unconscious” – he uses here the image of “projectiles” that mark, pierce, and
perforate a surface; “The symptom is the inscription of the perforation of the parlêtre by the
statements of the two spouses (…)”. The symptom is therefore “the core mark of the human
dimension” (US, G), it’s “what many people have that is most real” (US).

This new definition of the symptom, no longer a message to be deciphered, entails that the
symptom is “an event of the body”[15]. As formulated by J.-A. Miller in his lecture series on
“Spare Parts”[16], it’s something that happens to the body as a result of language. A symptom is
a composite in Lacan’s final teaching; Lacan says things about it that go in different directions[17]
. “Jouissance, opaque for having excluded meaning”, he states in relation to Joyce, who
incarnates the symptom detached from any effect of meaning - illegible, pluralising signifiers
without a quilting point, producing, exactly thereby, equivocation ad infinitum. He says elsewhere,
“It’s the only thing that is truly real, that is, that preserves a meaning in the real”[18] – which, on
the side of der Sinn, leaves a possible foothold for the analytic process to operate with meaning.

So how then does Lacan situate interpretation in this context? He presents these matters very
clearly. I will pick out some formulations.

Firstly, in Nice: “There is (…) a strong chance that what is most effective is a statement that does
not have any meaning”. Freud discovered the connection between jokes and the unconscious.
“And a Witz is equivocation. And equivocation is language”. So: “If a Witz has meaning, it’s
precisely through equivocating. It’s precisely this that gives us the right model for analytic
interpretation.”

“It is at the level of lalangue that interpretation has effect” (N). Since lalangue is the locus of
equivocation, “in lalangue of which one has received an imprint, a word is equivocal”, he says in
Geneva; he gives the example of not-knot, that echoes the d’eux-deux from Encore. He takes this
up again in Nice and in the United States, where he returns to Freud’s well known example in his
essay on fetishism, where he sees the origins of a fetish, the shine on the nose, in a German
speaking person, in an equivocation between two languages: the ”Glanz auf der Nase” in German,
can be interpreted as ”to glance at the nose” in English – English which was the language spoken
by this subject when he was small, the language of his parents at his birth, by which he was
fashioned. “Glanz” (shine) in German sounds like “glance” in English.

I see there an example where “interpretation must always – for the analyst – take into account the
fact that in what is said, there is something that sounds, and what sounds must resound with
what is unconscious” (US).

In the United States, Lacan reiterates that interpretation must be equivocal. It should not be
“theoretical, suggestive, or in other words imperative”; one should never “impose words that only
make sense for the analyst himself”. “It’s from analysands that I learn everything…I borrow my
interventions from them”. And he continues; “Analytic interpretation is not made to be
understood; it is designed to make waves”. But for that, he adds, “one has to have been formed
as an analyst”: “having observed how a symptom completes itself”.

He also says that what the analyst has to say to his analysand is of the order of truth. This may
appear somewhat of a surprise to see this term of the early Lacan reappear here. Is this once
again the analyst as “master of the truth” of “Function and Field”? The connotations have
changed, since he highlights immediately that truth is not-all, it can only be half-said, and this is
precisely what must be made clear to the analysand: that it’s not a generic truth. The analyst only
intervenes from a particular truth, since the child is not an abstract child, he has his own
completely particular history – it’s not the same thing to have had your own mother and not your
neighbour’s (US). One is far also from the history of the subject defined by the universal! The
stress on particularity permeates these lectures, from every point of view, down to the details of
Lacan’s formulations – thus, for example, he doesn’t say “the human being”, but refers to it as “a
human being”[19].

Finally, equivocation is “the only weapon we have against the sinthome”[20]. “Targeting the
sinthome”[21], is the goal, indeed, of Lacan’s final teaching. But what is meant by “targeting the
sinthome”? The relation between interpretation and the sinthome, which I can only touch on here,
is not simple, since the final teaching of Lacan provides us with no single answer to this “aporetic
problem”[22]. As it is the exclusion of the real and of meaning “that provides the axis of Lacan’s
Borromean period”, “how are we to think the unthinkable of meaning-in-the- real?”[23]

As J.-A. Miller has fully developed it in the past few years, the symptom that Lacan formalises on
the basis of the teaching he draws from Joyce – and which he rewrites as sinthome – is no longer
the symptom as “the signifier of a repressed signified” or formation of the unconscious to be
deciphered. The symptom as “an event of the body” has a fixity which it owes to its character as
knot of jouissance and lalangue. The symptom of which Joyce offers us an abstraction, has
“cancelled its subscription to the unconscious”, and is “unanalysable”[24]; “jouissance, opaque
for having excluded meaning”[25]. Does psychoanalysis, thus, surrender its weapons before the
symptom? In any case, Lacan makes clear, the absolute value of this jouissance that excludes
meaning is “devalued” by the fact that analytic practice makes use of meaning in order to
dissolve it. Analysis thus becomes the dupe of the father.[26]

Perhaps we can imagine things as follows: there are two sides to the symptom, the side of
meaning, and the side of the real – I refer back to J.-A. Miller’s paper in Madrid in 1998: Sinn and
Bedeutung. The analyst is concerned only with what the patient says, with the Sinn of the
symptom, which returns back to the symptom as its reference, its Bedeuntung[27] . By allocating
them a distinct place in the analyst’s discourse, J.-A. Miller differentiates them: on one side, at the
locus of truth is the S2, the variable truth of the symptom, a knowledge which is only supposed,
and on the other side, at the locus of the real is the S1, the symptom as “that of the unconscious
which is translated by a letter”:

(T) S2 │ S1 (R)

Sinn │ Bedeutung
Supposed Knowledge│ letter

These distinctions enable me to better locate the various elaborations of Lacan in his lectures of
1975. Indeed, on one hand he can say that: “That which concerns us is the symptom. The
symptom is an effect that is located in the field of the real” (N). And on the other hand that the
analyst “is supposed to speak the truth (…) which the analysand must hear (…) for what he
expects, namely to be liberated from the symptom”; and that this “supposes that the symptom
and this kind of intervention by the analyst (…) are of the same order. The symptom also says
something. It says, it is another form of vrai dire, and in short what the analyst does is attempt to
do something a little better than simply skate over it. (…) The symptom, it resists, and it’s not
something that will go away by itself” (US).

Lacan uses the knot with four loops, where the sigma of symptom ∑ forms a circle with the
symbolic S; in this way, it does not exclude the unconscious; “it’s as much a part of the
unconscious”. The symptom and the unconscious form the ring: “a screw endlessly drilling. And
we never reach a point where everything comes out. Urverdrangung: there is a hole. It’s because
there is a knot and something real that remains at the bottom” (US). Interpretation touches on the
symptom to the degree that it is supported by lalangue. “When we interpret we form a circle with
∑, giving free rein to what can be supported by lalangue, whereas what the analysand always bear
witness to is his symptom” (US). Equivocation, which is what interpretation plays on, is then said
to be what closes the circle between a symptom and the symbolic. For, intervening in a certain
way upon the symptom, one finds onself equivocating” (US).

In these lectures it is equivocation that serves as the paradigm of interpretation; it’s the path by
which analysis might perhaps succeed in reaching the Bedeutung by way of the Sinn. As
highlighted last year by J.-A. Miller, an interpretation carries real weight only when it has effects
on jouissance. Taking as the starting point that the symptom is a fixation of jouissance, the
question is then asked to what it is “that may be displaced of jouissance” in analysis. There are
not only revelations, truth events, produced in analysis – there are also events of jouissance:
“interpretation is to be judged according to the jouissance event it is ultimately capable of
generating”.[28]

3. Questions:

Many questions arise in me in the course of this reading, and there are as many points in need of
clarification that must be followed up. They meet to a degree with certain issues addressed by
Pierre-Gilles Guéguen and Alexandre Stevens, in their orienting texts for the next Congress of the
NLS, to which I refer.[29]

In addition to this difficult problematic of the symptom that I have just outlined, there is also
equivocation: what is exactly meant by equivocation? Could this be the play on words ad
infinitum that managed to pass for a whole epoch as the nec plus ultra of a Lacanian practice? If
this was the case, it would seem to me a misreading of the core of the real in the symptom. Nor is
it equivocation to entrust oneself to meaning(S1→S2). Instead, the lectures suggest that it is a
“statement without meaning”, like a means of touching the irreducible marks of jouissance,
isolated S1 of lalangue. This leads me back to J.-A. Miller’s intervention “Interpretation in
reverse”[30], where he suggests an “other way” of interpretation that aims not at interpreting “by
emulating the unconscious”, by deciphering (S1→S2), but by “bringing the subject back to his
truly elementary signifiers, on which he has, in his neurosis, had a delusion”, which means by
circumscribing the S1, “senseless”, “as it was before it was articulated in the formation of the
unconscious which gives it the sense of a delusion”. Such a “post-interpretative practice” takes
its bearings, according to him, “not on punctuation, but on the cut”, which we can imagine “as a
separation between S1 and S2”. Rather than adding the S2, it withholds it, rather than looping
back on meaning, it cuts it.

Consequently, how do we locate equivocation in relation to the cut?

Lacan introduced the cut in “Function and Field”, to account for his practice of the short session,
or sessions of variable lengths; it can be considered as a mode of interpretation, as a handling of
time. The cut is a concept that is used in his topology, whether in the form of operations of cutting
of surfaces such as the torus – evoked particularly in passages on interpretation in “L’étourdit” –
or in the handling of the knots.

One then needs to examine the relation between equivocation and the cut, and how equivocation
as a use of lalangue becomes a “mode of saying” that produces a cut? Or how a particular usage
of language can at once make sense and make a hole, as with a certain type of poetry, which
interpretation should take inspiration from, in 1977[31]. What then is the relation between
equivocation and the letter?

Lastly, silence: where does it find its place?

There are interpretations that are silent. The cut of the session, without a word, is one example.
The testimonies of the AEs have provided us at times with more examples. But more generally,
Eric Laurent highlights that “Lacanian interpretation has to aim at silence, and has to include
silence”, adding: “Equivocation does not mean that all meanings are possible. Equivocation
means that the play on meaning is sufficient for there to be some silence, for the signifier to be
able to be decomposed, to be broken, for there to be neither an endless concatenation nor a
frozen signification.” It is an “interpretation as a separation from the Other”[32]. Equivocation is
therefore a mode of saying which produces, or which includes silence. Lastly, always on the
question of silence in what is said (le dire), I will cite a final reference to be explored: the
intervention in the United States of December 2, 1975, entitled “Impromptu on the analytic
discourse”. I will only refer to one fragment, the distinction between “what is enunciated” and
“what is not said”, and an aspect of the commentary about a over S2: “The analyst only speaks in
words (…) This S2, which the analyst is supposed to know, (…) is only ever said in the form of a
half-said of truth”. “It is as a semblant of waste (a) that he intervenes at the level of the barred
subject S/”. Lacan writes besides S2 on the schema of the analytic discourse: “half-said of truth”,
and next to (a): “semblant of waste”, and in brackets: “silence”. “Silence corresponds to the
semblant of waste”.

Translated by Keith Al-Hasani.

Revised by Roger Litten. Thanks to Russell Grigg for his feedback.

Footnotes

[1]This is a re-written text of my introductory intervention at the “Knottings” seminar of the NLS,
on “Lacanian interpretation”, in Tel Aviv, November 15, 2008.
[2]In his seminar, “Les us du laps”, Lacanian orientation, at the Department of Psychoanalysis,
University of Paris VII, lesson of the 17th November 1999, unpublished. I had previously adapted
this schema in a paper on transference in psychoses, Mental 19.

[3]In Seminar X, on Anxiety, (1962-1963), L’angoisse, Seuil, Paris, 2004.

[4]I refer back to these modes of articulation in the developments of “The six paradigms of
jouissance” (Cause freudienne, 43) or to “Barcelona Seminar on Die Wege der Symptombildung”,
in Le symptôme charlatan, collected works by the Fondation du Champ freudien, Seuil, Paris,
1998. “The Seminar of Barcelona”, in Psychoanalytical Notebooks of the London Circle, Issue No
1, 1998.

[5]J.-A. Miller, “La fuite du sens”, lecture of the 20th March 1996, unpublished.

[6]J. Lacan, Seminar “L’insu que sait de l’une-bévue, s’aile à mourre”, 8th March 1977, Ornicar?,
16, automne 1978, p13: “(…) to arrive at the idea that the only real there is excludes any kind of
meaning is exactly the opposite of our practice, since our practice is steeped in the idea that not
only names, but also simply words, have an effect. I don't see how to explain it. If names did not in
some way stick to things, how would psychoanalysis be possible? Psychoanalysis would in some
way be a fake, I mean a semblant.”

[7]J. Lacan, “L’étourdit”, Autres écrits, Seuil, Paris, 2001, pp. 449-495.

[8]J. Lacan, “Joyce le Symptôme”, Autres écrits, p.570.

[9]See his seminar on “L’insu que sait de l’une-bévue, s’aile à mourre”, 1976-1977, lectures of the
19th April, 15th March and 17th May 1977 respectively, Ornicar ?, 17/18, spring 1979, pp. 7-23.

[10]J. Lacan, Préface à l’édition anglaise du Séminaire XI, Autres écrits, pp. 571-573 (texte de mai
1976). “Preface to the English edition of Seminar XI”, The Four Fundamental Concepts of
Psychoanalysis, The Hogarth Press, 1977.

[11]In Nice: «Le phénomène lacanien» [“The Lacanian Phenomenon”], (30 November 1974), Les
cahiers cliniques de Nice, 1, June 1998, pp. 9-25. In Geneva: “La conférence à Genève sur le
symptôme” [“The Geneva seminar on the symptom”] (4th October 1975), Le Bloc-notes de la
psychanalyse, 5, 1985, pp. 5-23. In the USA: “Conférences et entretiens dans des universités nord-
américaines” [“Lectures and discussions at various North American universities]” (November-
December, 1975), Scilicet 6/7, Seuil, 1976, pp. 5-63. I refer to them in the text by the letters N, G,
US.

[12]Seminar XX, Encore, Paris, Seuil, 1975, p. 127.

[13]J. Lacan, Encore, p. 126

[14]J.-A. Miller, « Pièces détachées » [“Spare Parts”], Cause freudienne, 60, p. 165. See also
“Biologie lacanienne” [“Lacanian biology”], Cause freudienne, 44, p. 46-47.

[15]J. Lacan, “Joyce le Symptôme” [“Joyce the symptom”], Autres écrits, p. 569.
[16]Cause freudienne, 61, p. 152.

[17]See J.-A. Miller, “Barcelona seminar”, and “Le symptom: savoir, sens et réel” [“the symptom:
knowledge, meaning, and real”], Le symptôme charlatan, op. cit.

[18]Seminar “L’insu que sait de l’une-bévue…”, 15th March 1977, Ornicar ? 17/18, spring 1979, p.
9.

[19]“What creates the structure, is the way in which language emerges at the beginning in a
human being” (USA).

[20]J. Lacan, Le Séminaire Livre XXIII, Le sinthome, Seuil, Paris, 2005, p. 17 (lesson of 18th
November 1975).

[21]Cf. J.-A. Miller, « L’interprétation à l’envers », Cause freudienne, 32, p. 11: “Une pratique qui
vise dans le sujet le sinthome n’interprète pas à l’instar de l’inconscient (…) ». [“Interpretation in
reverse”, Bulletin of the NLS, 4, 2008, p. 72: “A practice which targets the sinthome in the subject
does not interpret like the unconscious.” And Eric Laurent uses this expression in “Interpréter la
psychose au quotidien”, Mental, 16, p.21; “Interpreting psychosis from Day to Day”, Bulletin of the
NLS, 4, 2008, p. 93.]

[22]Cf. J.-A. Miller, “the symptom: knowledge [savoir], meaning, and real”, Le symptôme
charlatan, p. 60.

[23]Ibid., pp. 57-58.

[24]J. Lacan, “Joyce le symptôme”, lecture of June 16 1975, in Le sinthome, pp. 166-167.

[25]J. Lacan, “Joyce le symptôme”, in Autres écrits, p. 570.

[26]Ibid. See J.-A. Miller’s commentary in his lecture on May 14 2008 (online at AMP website).

[27]J.-A. Miller, “Le symptôme: savoir, sens et réel”, op. cit., p. 58.

[28]J.-A. Miller, lecture on March 12 2008, Ten Line News n°384.

[29]P.-G. Guéguen, “L’interprétation lacanienne”, NLS-Messager 500, June 10 2008; published in

English in Bulletin of the NLS 4. A. Stevens, “L’interprétation lacanienne”, courrier électronique
VIIe Congrès NLS, (French and English) October 24 2008, published since in Lettre mensuelle de
l’ECF n°273, December 2008.

[30]J.-A. Miller, “Interpretation in reverse”, op. cit.

[31]J. Lacan Seminar “L’insu que sait de l’une-bévue, s’aile à mourre”, op.cit., May 17 1977

[32]E. Laurent, “Interpréter la psychose au quotidien”, Mental 16, pp. 22-23; ‘Interpreting
Psychosis from Day to Day’, Bulletin of the NLS, 4, p. 95.