1.
methodology
the study of an electrical installation
by means of this guide requires the
reading of the entire text in the order
in which the chapters are presented.
B
listing of power demands
The study of a proposed electrical installation corresponding chapter
necessitates an adequate understanding of B - general - installed power
all governing rules and regulations.
A knowledge of the operating modes of
power-consuming appliances, i.e. "loads"
(steady-state demand, starting conditions,
non-simultaneous operation, etc.) together
with the location and magnitude of each load
shown on a building plan, allow a listing of
power demands to be compiled. The list will
include the total power of the loads installed
as well as an estimation of the actual loads to
be supplied, as deduced from the operating
modes.
From these data the power required from
the supply source and (where appropriate)
the number of sources necessary for an
adequate supply to the installation, are
readily obtained.
Local information regarding tariff structures is
also required to permit the best choice of
connection arrangement to the power-supply
network, e.g. at high voltage or low voltage.
service connection
This connection can be made at:
c High Voltage: C - HV/LV distribution substations
a consumer-type substation will then have to
be studied, built and equipped. This
substation may be an outdoor or indoor
installation conforming to relevant standards
and regulations (the low-voltage section may
be studied separately if necessary). Metering
at high-voltage or low-voltage is possible in
this case
c Low Voltage: D - low-voltage service connections
the installation will be connected to the local
power network and will (necessarily) be
metered according to LV tariffs.
reactive energy
The compensation of reactive energy within E - power factor improvement
electrical installations normally concerns only
power factor improvement, and is carried out
locally, globally or as a combination of both
methods.
LV distribution
The whole of the installation distribution F - distribution within a low-voltage
network is studied as a complete system. installation
The number and characteristics of standby
emergency-supply sources are defined.
Earth-bonding connections and neutral-
earthing arrangements are chosen according
to local regulations, constraints related to the
power-supply, and to the nature of the
installation loads.
The hardware components of distribution,
together with distribution boards and
cableways, are determined from building
plans and from the location and grouping of
loads.
The kinds of location, and activities practised
in them, can affect their level of resistance to
external influences.
protection against electric shock
The system of earthing (TT, IT or TN) having G - protection against electric shock
been previously determined, it remains, in
order to achieve protection of persons against
the hazards of direct and indirect contact, to
choose an appropriate scheme of protection.
general - installed power - B1
 1. methodology (continued)

B
circuits and switchgear
Each circuit is then studied in detail.
From the rated currents of the loads; the level
of short-circuit current; and the type of
protective device, the cross-sectional area of
circuit conductors can be determined, taking
into account the nature of the cableways and
their influence on the current rating of
conductors.
Before adopting the conductor size indicated H1 - the protection of circuits
above, the following requirements must be
satisfied:
c the voltage drop complies with the relevant
standard,
c motor starting is satisfactory,
c protection against electric shock is assured.
The short-circuit current Isc is then
determined, and the Isc thermal and electro-
dynamic withstand capability of the circuit is
checked.
These calculations may indicate that a
different conductor size than that originally
chosen is necessary.
The performance required by the switchgear H2 - the switchgear
will determine its type and characteristics.
The use of cascading techniques and the
discriminative operation of fuses and tripping
of circuit breakers are examined.

particular supply sources

and loads
Particular items of plant and equipment are J - particular supply sources and loads
studied:
c specific sources such as alternators or
inverters,
c specific loads with special characteristics,
such as induction motors, lighting circuits or
LV/LV transformers, or
c specific systems, such as direct-current
networks.

domestic and similar premises

and special locations
Certain premises and locations are subject to L - domestic and similar premises and special
particularly strict regulations: the most locations
common example being domestic dwellings.

Ecodial 2.2 software

Ecodial 2.2 software* provides a complete conception and design package for LV installations, in
accordance with IEC standards and recommendations.
The following features are included:
c construction of one-line diagrams,
c calculation of short-circuit currents,
c calculation of voltage drops,
c optimization of cable sizes,
c required ratings of switchgear and fusegear,
c discrimination of protective devices,
c recommendations for cascading schemes,
c verification of the protection of persons,
c comprehensive print-out of the foregoing calculated design data.
* Ecodial 2.2 is a Merlin Gerin product and is available in French and English versions.

B2 - general - installed power

2. rules and statutory regulations

B
Low-voltage installations are governed by a
number of regulatory and advisory texts,
which may be classified as follows:
c statutory regulations (decrees, factory acts,
etc.),
c codes of practice, regulations issued by
professional institutions, job specifications,
c national and international standards for
installations,
c national and international standards for
products.

2.1 definition of voltage ranges

IEC voltage standards and
recommendations
three phase, four wire or three wire systems single phase, three wire systems
nominal voltage (V) nominal voltage (V)
- 120/240
230/400(1) -
277/480(2) -
400/690(1) -
1000 -
table B1: standard voltages between 100 V and 1000 V (IEC 38-1983).
1) The nominal voltage of existing 220/380 V and 240/415 V systems shall evolve towards the recommended value of
230/400 V. The transition period should be as short as possible, and should not exceed 20 years after the issue of this IEC
publication. During this period, as a first step, the electricity supply authorities of countries having 220/380 V systems should
bring the voltage within the range 230/400 V +6% -10% and those of countries having 240/415 V systems should bring the
voltage within the range 230/400 V +10% -6%. At the end of this transition period the tolerance of 230/400 V ±10% should have
been achieved; after this the reduction of this range will be considered. All the above considerations apply also to the present
380/660 V value with respect to the recommended value 400/690 V.
2) Not to be utilized together with 230/400 V or 400/690 V.

50 Hz and 60 Hz systems 60 Hz systems

series I series II (North American practice)
highest voltage nominal system highest voltage nominal system
for equipment (kV) voltage (kV) for equipment (kV) voltage (kV)
3.6(1) 3.3(1) 3((1) 4.40(1) 4.16(1)
7.2(1) 6.6(1) 6(1) - -
12 11 10 - -
- - - 13.2(2) 12.47(2)
- - - 13.97(2) 13.2(2)
- - - 14.52(1) 13.8(1)
(17.5) - (15) - -
24 22 20 - -
- - - 26.4(2) 24.94(2)
36(3) 33(3) - - -
- - - 36.5(2) 34.5(2)
40.5(3) - 35(3) - -
table B2: standard voltages above 1 kV and not exceeding 35 kV (IEC 38-1983).
* These systems are generally three-wire systems unless otherwise indicated. The values indicated are voltages between
phases.
The values indicated in parentheses should be considered as non-preferred values. It is recommended that these values should
not be used for new systems to be constructed in future.
1) These values should not be used for public distribution systems.
2) These systems are generally four-wire systems.
3) The unification of these values is under consideration.

general - installed power - B3

 2. rules and statutory regulations (continued)

B
2.2 regulations
In most countries, electrical installations shall
comply with more than one set of regulations,
issued by National Authorities or by
recognised private bodies. It is essential to
take into account these local constraints
before starting the design.

2.3 standards
This Guide is based on relevant IEC
standards, in particular IEC 364. IEC 364 has
been established by medical and engineering
experts of all countries in the world
comparing their experience at an international
level. Currently, the safety principles of
IEC 364 and 479-1 are the fundamentals of
most electrical standards in the world.
IEC - 38 Standard voltages
IEC - 56 High-voltage alternating-current circuit breakers
IEC - 76-2 Power transformer - Part 2: Temperature rise
IEC - 76-3 Power transformer - Part 3: Insulation levels and dielectric tests
IEC - 129 Alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC - 146 General requirements and line commutated converters
IEC - 146-4 General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 4: Method
of specifying the performance and test requirements of uninterruptible power
systems
IEC - 265-1 High-voltage switches - Part 1: High-voltage switches for rated voltages above
1 kV and less than 52 kV
IEC - 269-1 Low-voltage fuses - Part 1: General requirements
IEC - 269-3 Low-voltage fuses - Part 3: Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by
unskilled persons (fuses mainly for household and similar applications)
IEC - 282-1 High-voltage fuses - Part 1: Current limiting fuses
IEC - 287 Calculation of the continuous current rating of cables (100% load factor)
IEC - 298 AC metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated voltages above 1kV
and up to and including 52 kV
IEC - 364 Electrical installations of buildings
IEC - 364-3 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 3: Assessment of general
characteristics
IEC - 364-4-41 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection of safety - Section 41:
Protection against electrical shock
IEC - 364-4-42 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection of safety - Section 42:
Protection against thermal effects
IEC - 364-4-43 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Protection of safety - Section 43:
Protection against overcurrent
IEC - 364-4-47 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 4: Application of protective measures
for safety - Section 47: Measures of protection against electrical shock
IEC - 364-5-51 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Section 51: Common rules
IEC - 364-5-52 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Section 52: Wiring systems
IEC - 364-5-53 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 5: Selection and erection of electrical
equipment - Section 53: Switchgear and controlgear
IEC - 364-6 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 6: Verification
IEC - 364-7-701 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7: Requirements for special
installations or locations - Section 701: Electrical installations in bathrooms
IEC - 364-7-706 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7: Requirements for special
installations or locations - Section 706: Restrictive conductive locations
IEC - 364-7-710 Electrical installations of buildings - Part 7: Requirements for special
installations or locations - Section 710: Installation in exhibitions, shows, stands
and funfairs
IEC - 420 High-voltage alternating current switch-fuse combinations
IEC - 439-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 1: Types-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies
IEC - 439-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 2: Particular
requirements for busbar trunking systems (busways)
IEC - 439-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Part 3: Particular
requirements for low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies intended
to be installed in places where unskilled persons have access for their use -
Distribution boards
IEC - 446 Identification of conductors by colours or numerals
IEC - 479-1 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 1: General aspects
IEC - 479-2 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 2: Special aspects
IEC - 529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC - 644 Specification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications

B4 - general - installed power

 B
IEC - 664 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems
IEC - 694 Common clauses for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear standards
IEC - 724 Guide to the short-circuit temperature limits of electrical cables with a rated
voltage not exceeding 0.6/1.0 kV
IEC - 742 Isolation transformer and safety isolation transformer. Requirements
IEC - 755 General requirements for residual current operated protective devices
IEC - 787 Application guide for selection for fuse-links of high-voltage fuses for
transformer circuit application
IEC - 831-1 Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for a.c. systems having a rated
voltage up to and including 660 V. - Part 1: General - Performance, testing
and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation

2.4 quality and safety of an electrical installation

Only by
c the initial checking of the conformity of the
electrical installation,
c the verification of the conformity of electrical
equipment,
c and periodic checking
can the permanent safety of persons and
security of supply to equipment be achieved.

general - installed power - B5

 2. rules and statutory regulations (continued)

B
2.5 initial testing of an installation
Before a power-supply authority will connect These tests and checks are basic (but not
an installation to its supply network, strict exhaustive) to the majority of installations,
pre-commissioning electrical tests and visual while numerous other tests and rules are
inspections by the authority, or by its included in the regulations to cover particular
appointed agent, must be satisfied. cases, for example: TN-, TT- or IT-earthed
These tests are made according to local installations, installations based on class 2
(governmental and/or institutional) insulation, SELV circuits, and special
regulations, which may differ slightly from one locations, etc.
country to another. The principles of all such The aim of this guide is to draw attention to
regulations however, are common, and are the particular features of different types of
based on the observance of rigorous safety installation, and to indicate the essential rules
rules in the design and realization of the to be observed in order to achieve a
installation. satisfactory level of quality, which will ensure
IEC 364 and related standards included in safe and trouble-free performance. The
this guide are based on an international methods recommended in this guide,
consensus for such tests, intended to cover modified if necessary to comply with any
all the safety measures and approved possible variation imposed by a local supply
installation practices normally required for authority, are intended to satisfy all pre-
domestic, commercial and (the majority of) commissioning test and inspection
industrial buildings. Many industries however requirements.
have additional regulations related to a
particular product (petroleum, coal, natural
gas, etc.). Such additional requirements are
beyond the scope of this guide.
The pre-commissioning electrical tests and
visual-inspection checks for installations in
buildings include, typically, all of the following:
c insulation tests of all cable and wiring
conductors of the fixed installation, between
phases and between phases and earth,
c continuity and conductivity tests of
protective, equipotential and earth-bonding
conductors,
c resistance tests of earthing electrodes with
respect to remote earth,
c allowable number of socket-outlets per
circuit check,
c cross-sectional-area check of all
conductors for adequacy at the short-circuit
levels prevailing, taking account of the
associated protective devices, materials and
installation conditions (in air, conduit, etc.),
c verification that all exposed- and
extraneous metallic parts are properly
earthed (where appropriate),
c check of clearance distances in bathrooms,
etc.

2.6 periodic check-testing of an installation

In many countries, all industrial and
commercial-building installations, together
with installations in buildings used for public
gatherings, must be re-tested periodically by
authorized agents.
Table B3 shows the frequency of testing
commonly prescribed according to the kind of
installation concerned.

installations which require c locations at which a risk of degradation, annually

the protection of employees
installations in buildings
used for public gatherings,
where protection against
the risks of fire and panic
are required
residential
table B3: frequency of check-tests commonly recommended for an electrical installation.
fire or explosion exists
c temporary installations at worksites
c locations at which HV installations exist
c restrictive conducting locations where mobile
equipment is used
other cases every 3 years
according to the type of establishment
and its capacity for receiving the public,
the re-testing period will vary from one
to three years
according to local regulations

B6 - general - installed power


2.7 conformity (with standards and specifications) of equipment used in the installation
conformity of equipment with the
relevant standards can be attested in
several ways.
the standards define several
methods of quality assurance which
correspond to different situations
rather than to different levels of
quality.
B
attestation of conformity
The conformity of equipment with the relevant
standards can be attested:
c by an official conformity mark granted by
the standards organization concerned, or
c by a certificate of conformity issued by a
laboratory, or
c by a declaration of conformity from the
manufacturer.
declaration of conformity
In cases where the equipment in question is
to be used by qualified or experienced
persons, the declaration of conformity
provided by the manufacturer (included in the
technical documentation) together with a
conformity mark on the equipment
concerned, are generally recognized as a
valid attestation. Where the competence of
the manufacturer is in doubt, a certificate of
conformity can be obtained from an
independent accredited laboratory.
mark of conformity
Conformity marks are inscribed on
appliances and equipment which are
generally used by technically inexperienced
persons (for example, domestic appliances)
and for whom the standards have been
established which permit the attribution, by
the standardization authority, of a mark of
conformity (commonly referred to as a
conformity mark).
certification of Quality
Assurance
A laboratory for testing samples cannot certify
the conformity of an entire production run:
these tests are called type tests. In some
tests for conformity to standards, the samples
are destroyed (tests on fuses, for example).
Only the manufacturer can certify that the
fabricated products have, in fact, the
characteristics stated.
Quality assurance certification is intended to
complete the initial declaration or certification
of conformity.
As proof that all the necessary measures
have been taken for assuring the quality of
production, the manufacturer obtains
certification of the quality control system
which monitors the fabrication of the product
concerned. These certificates are issued by
organizations specializing in quality control,
and are based on the international standard
ISO 9000, the equivalent European standard
being EN 29000.
These standards define three model systems
of quality assurance control corresponding to
different situations rather than to different
levels of quality:
c model 3 defines assurance of quality by
inspection and checking of final products,
c model 2 includes, in addition to checking of
the final product, verification of the
manufacturing process. This method applies,
for example, to the manufacture of fuses
where performance characteristics cannot be
checked without destroying the fuse,
c model 1 corresponds to model 2, but with
the additional requirement that the quality of
the design process must be rigorously
scrutinized; for example, where it is not
intended to fabricate and test a prototype
(case of a custom-built product made to
specification).
general - installed power - B7
 3. motor, heating and lighting loads

B
an examination of the actual
apparent-power demands of different
loads: a necessary preliminary step
in the design of a LV installation.
The examination of actual values of
apparent-power required by each load
enables the establishment of:
c a declared power demand which
determines the contract for the supply of
energy,
c the rating of the HV/LV transformer, where
applicable (allowing for expected increases in
load),
c levels of load current at each distribution
board.

3.1 induction motors

the nominal power in kW (Pn) of a
motor indicates its rated equivalent
mechanical power output.
The apparent power in kVA (Pa)
supplied to the motor is a function of
the output, the motor efficiency and
the power factor.
Pa = Pn
η cos ϕ
current demand
The full-load current Ia supplied to the motor
is given by the following formulae:
Pn x 1,000
3-phase motor: Ia =
ex U x η x cos ϕ
1-phase motor: Ia = Pn x 1,000
U x η x cos ϕ
where
Ia: current demand (in amps)
Pn: nominal power (in kW of active power)
U: voltage between phases for 3-phase
motors and voltage between the terminals for
single-phase motors (in volts). A single-phase
motor may be connected phase-to-neutral or
phase-to-phase.
η: per-unit efficiency, i.e. output kW
input kW
cos ϕ: power factor, i.e. kW input
kVA input

motor-starting current
Starting current (Id) for 3-phase induction
motors, according to motor type, will be:
c for direct-on-line starting of squirrel-cage
motors:
v Id = 4.2 to 9 In for 2-pole motors
v Id = 4.2 to 7 In for motors with more than
2 poles (mean value = 6 In), where
In = nominal full-load current of the motor,
c for wound-rotor motors (with slip-rings), and
for D.C. motors:
Id depends on the value of starting
resistances in the rotor circuits:
Id = 1.5 to 3 In (mean value = 2.5 In).
c for induction motors controlled by speed-
changing variable-frequency devices (for
example: Altivar Telemecanique), assume
that the control device has the effect of
increasing the power (kW) supplied to the
circuit motor (i.e. device plus) by 10%.

it is generally advantageous for compensation of reactive-power

technical and financial reasons to
reduce the current supplied to
induction motors. This can be
achieved by using capacitors without
affecting the power output of the
motors.
(kvar) supplied to induction
motors
The application of this principle to the
operation of induction motors is generally
referred to as "power-factor improvement" or
"power-factor correction".
As discussed in chapter E, the apparent-
power (kVA) supplied to an induction motor
can be significantly reduced by the use of
shunt-connected capacitors.
Reduction of input kVA means a
corresponding reduction of input current
(since the voltage remains constant).
Compensation of reactive-power is
particularly advised for motors that operate
for long periods at reduced power.
As noted above cos ϕ = kW input so that a
kVA input
reduction in kVA input will increase (i.e.
improve) the value of cos ϕ.
The current supplied to the motor, after
power-factor correction, is given by:
Ia x cos ϕ
cos ϕ'
where cos ϕ is the power factor before
compensation and cos ϕ' is the power factor
after compensation, Ia being the original
current.

table of typical values

Table B4 shows, as a function of the rated
nominal power of motors, the current
supplied to them at different voltage levels
under normal uncompensated conditions,
and the same motors under the same
conditions, but compensated to operate at a
power factor of 0.93 (tan ϕ = 0.4).
These values are averages and will differ to
some extent according to the type of motor
and the manufacturer concerned.
B8 - general - installed power
Note: the rated voltages of certain loads
listed in table B4 are still based on 220/380 V.
The international standard is now (since
1983) 230/400 V.
To convert the current values indicated for a
given motor rating in the 220 V and 380 V
columns to the currents taken by 230 V and
400 V motors of the same rating, multiply by
a factor of 0.95.
 B
3.1 induction motors (continued)
without compensation with compensation
nominal η cos ϕ Pa current at different voltages cos ϕ capa- Pa current at different voltages
power at Pn 1-PH 3-PH at Pn citor 1-PH 3-PH
Pn 220 V 220 V 380 V 440 V 500 V 660 V rating 220 V 220 V 380 V 440 V 500 V 660 V
kW HP % kVA A A A A A A kvar kVA A A A A A A
0.37 0.5 64 0.73 0.79 3.6 1.8 1.03 0.99 0.91 0.6 0.93 0.31 0.62 2.8 1.4 0.8 0.77 0.71 0.47
0.55 0.75 68 0.75 1.1 4.7 2.75 1.6 1.36 1.21 0.9 0.93 0.39 0.87 3.8 2.2 1.3 1.1 1 0.72
0.75 1 72 0.75 1.4 6 3.5 2 1.68 1.5 1.1 0.93 0.48 1.1 4.8 2.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 0.88
1.1 1.5 75 0.79 1.9 8.5 4.4 2.6 2.37 2 1.5 0.93 0.53 1.6 7.2 3.7 2.2 2 1.7 1.3
1.5 2 78 0.80 2.4 12 6.1 3.5 3.06 2.6 2 0.93 0.67 2.1 10.3 5.2 3 2.6 2.2 1.7
2.2 3 79 0.80 3.5 16 8.7 5 4.42 3.8 2.8 0.93 0.99 3 13.7 7.5 4.3 3.8 3.3 2.4
3 4 81 0.80 4.6 21 11.5 6.6 5.77 5 3.8 0.93 1.31 4 18 9.9 5.7 5 4.3 3.3
3.7 5 82 0.80 5.6 25 13.5 7.7 7.1 5.9 4.4 0.93 1.59 4.8 22 11.6 6.6 6.1 5.1 3.8
4 5.5 82 0.80 6.1 26 14.5 8.5 7.9 6.5 4.9 0.93 1.74 5.2 22 12.5 7.3 6.8 5.6 4.2
5.5 7.5 84 0.83 7.9 35 20 11.5 10.4 9 6.6 0.93 1.80 7 31 17.8 10.3 9.3 8 5.9
7.5 10 85 0.83 10.6 47 27 15.5 13.7 12 8.9 0.93 2.44 9.5 42 24 13.8 12.2 10.7 7.9
9 12 86 0.85 12.3 - 32 18.5 16.9 13.9 10.6 0.93 2.4 11.3 - 29 16.9 15.4 12.7 9.7
10 13.5 86 0.85 13.7 - 35 20 17.9 15 11.5 0.93 2.6 12.5 - 32 18 16.4 13.7 10.5
11 15 87 0.86 14.7 - 39 22 20.1 18.4 14 0.93 2.50 13.6 - 36 20 19 17 13
15 20 88 0.86 19.8 - 52 30 26.5 23 17.3 0.93 3.37 18.3 - 48 28 25 21 16
18.5 25 89 0.86 24.2 - 64 37 32.8 28.5 21.3 0.93 4.12 22.4 - 59 34 30 26 20
22 30 89 0.86 28.7 - 75 44 39 33 25.4 0.93 4.89 26.6 - 69 41 36 31 23
25 35 89 0.86 33 - 85 52 45.3 39.4 30.3 0.93 5.57 30 - 79 48 42 36 28
30 40 89 0.86 39 - 103 60 51.5 45 34.6 0.93 6.68 36 - 95 55 48 42 32
33 45 90 0.86 43 - 113 68 58 50 39 0.93 7.25 39 - 104 63 54 46 36
37 50 90 0.86 48 - 126 72 64 55 42 0.93 8.12 44 - 117 67 59 51 39
40 54 91 0.86 51 - 134 79 67 60 44 0.93 8.72 47 - 124 73 62 55 41
45 60 91 0.86 57 - 150 85 76 65 49 0.93 9.71 53 - 139 79 70 60 45
51 70 91 0.86 65 - 170 98 83 75 57 0.93 11.10 60 - 157 91 77 69 53
55 75 92 0.86 70 - 182 105 90 80 61 0.93 11.89 64 - 168 97 83 74 56
59 80 92 0.87 74 - 195 112 97 85 66 0.93 10.98 69 - 182 105 91 80 62
63 85 92 0.87 79 - 203 117 109 89 69 0.93 11.66 74 - 190 109 102 83 65
75 100 92 0.87 94 - 240 138 125 105 82 0.93 13.89 88 - 225 129 117 98 77
80 110 92 0.87 100 - 260 147 131 112 86 0.93 14.92 93 - 243 138 123 105 80
90 125 92 0.87 112 - 295 170 146 129 98 0.93 16.80 105 - 276 159 137 121 92
100 136 92 0.87 125 - 325 188 162 143 107 0.93 18.69 117 - 304 176 152 134 100
110 150 93 0.87 136 - 356 205 178 156 118 0.93 20.24 127 - 333 192 167 146 110
129 175 93 0.87 159 - 420 242 209 184 135 0.93 23.84 149 - 393 226 196 172 126
132 180 94 0.87 161 - 425 245 215 187 140 0.93 24 151 - 398 229 201 175 131
140 190 94 0.87 171 - 450 260 227 200 145 0.93 25.55 160 - 421 243 212 187 136
147 200 94 0.87 180 - 472 273 236 207 152 0.93 26.75 168 - 442 255 221 194 142
150 205 94 0.87 183 - 483 280 246 210 159 0.93 27.26 172 - 452 262 230 196 149
160 220 94 0.87 196 - 520 300 256 220 170 0.93 29.15 183 - 486 281 239 206 159
180 245 94 0.87 220 - 578 333 289 254 190 0.93 32.76 206 - 541 312 270 238 178
185 250 94 0.87 226 - 595 342 295 263 200 0.93 33.79 212 - 557 320 276 246 187
200 270 94 0.88 242 - 626 370 321 281 215 0.93 30.78 229 - 592 350 304 266 203
220 300 94 0.88 266 - 700 408 353 310 235 0.93 33.81 252 - 662 386 334 293 222
250 340 94 0.88 302 - 800 460 401 360 274 0.93 38.44 286 - 757 435 379 341 259
257 350 94 0.88 311 - 826 475 412 365 280 0.93 39.45 294 - 782 449 390 345 265
280 380 95 0.88 335 - 900 510 450 400 305 0.93 42.63 317 - 852 483 426 378 289
295 400 95 0.88 353 - 948 546 473 416 320 0.93 44.80 334 - 897 517 448 394 303
300 410 95 0.88 359 - 980 565 481 420 325 0.93 45.66 339 - 927 535 455 397 306
315 430 95 0.88 377 - 990 584 505 445 337 0.93 47.98 356 - 937 553 478 421 319
335 450 95 0.88 401 - 1100 620 518 472 365 0.93 51 379 - 1041 587 490 447 336
355 480 95 0.88 425 - 1150 636 549 500 370 0.93 54 402 - 1088 602 519 473 350
375 500 95 0.88 449 - 1180 670 575 527 395 0.93 57.1 424 - 1117 634 544 499 374
400 545 95 0.88 478 - 1250 710 611 540 410 0.93 60.84 453 - 1183 672 578 511 388
425 580 95 0.88 508 - 1330 760 650 574 445 0.93 64.60 481 - 1258 719 615 543 420
445 600 95 0.88 532 - 1400 790 680 595 455 0.93 67.63 504 - 1325 748 643 563 431
450 610 95 0.88 538 - 1410 800 690 608 460 0.93 68.50 509 - 1334 757 653 575 435
475 645 95 0.88 568 - 1490 850 730 645 485 0.93 70.40 538 - 1410 804 691 610 459
500 680 95 0.88 598 - 1570 900 780 680 515 0.93 72.26 566 - 1486 852 738 643 487
530 720 95 0.88 634 - 1660 950 825 720 545 0.93 80.64 600 - 1571 899 781 681 516
560 760 95 0.88 670 - 1760 1000 870 760 575 0.93 85.12 634 - 1665 946 823 719 544
600 810 95 0.88 718 - 1880 1090 920 830 630 0.93 91.33 679 - 1779 1031 871 785 596
630 855 95 0.88 754 - 1980 1100 965 850 645 0.93 95.81 713 - 1874 1041 913 804 610
670 910 95 0.88 801 - 2100 1200 1020 910 690 0.93 101.88 758 - 1987 1135 965 861 653
710 965 95 0.88 849 - - 1260 1075 960 725 0.93 107.95 804 - - 1192 1017 908 686
750 1020 95 0.88 897 - - 1350 1160 1020 770 0.93 114 849 - - 1277 1098 965 729
800 1090 95 0.88 957 - - 1450 1250 1100 830 0.93 121.68 905 - - 1372 1183 1041 785
900 1220 95 0.88 1076 - - 1610 1390 1220 925 0.93 136.86 1019 - - 1523 1315 1154 875
1100 1500 95 0.88 1316 - - 1980 1700 1500 1140 0.93 167.35 1245 - - 1874 1609 1419 1079

table B4: power and current values for typical induction motors.
Reminder: some columns refer to 220 and 380 V motors. for 230 V and 400 V motors is 0.95, as noted on the
The international (IEC 38) standard of 230/400 V has been previous page.
in force since 1983. The conversion factor for current values

general - installed power - B9

 3. motor, heating and lighting loads (continued)

B
3.2. direct-current motors
D.C. motors are mainly used for specific
applications which require very high torques
and/or variable speed control (for example
machine tools and crushers, etc.).
Power to these motors is provided via speed-
control converters, fed from 230/400 V
3-phase a.c. sources; for example, Rectivar 4
(Telemecanique).
The operating principle of the converter does
not allow heavy overloading. The speed
controller, the supply line and the protection
are therefore based on the duty cycle of the
motor (e.g. frequent starting-current peaks)
rather than on the steady-state full-load
current.
For powers i 40 kW, this solution is
progressively replaced with a speed-
changing variable-frequency device and an
asynchronous motor. It is still used for
gradual starters and/or retarders.
Im

M
V power-supply network

In

fig. B5: diagram of a low-power speed controller.

motor maximum power motor GRADIVAR catalogue number weight
220 V 380 V 415 V 440 V (60 Hz) In Ith kg
kW kW kW kW A A
1.5 3 3.3 - 7 10 VR2-SA2121 1.95
- - - 3.5 7 10 VR2-SA2123 1.95
4 5.5 6 - 12 20 VR2-SA2171 3.10
- - - 6.5 12 20 VR2-SA2173 3.10
5.5 7.5 8 - 16 30 VR2-SA2211 4.90
- - - 8.5 16 30 VR2-SA2213 4.90
11 18.5 20 - 37 60 VR2-SA2281 5.30
- - - 21.5 37 60 VR2-SA2283 5.30
18.5 30 33 - 60 100 VR2-SA2361 5.30
- - - 35 60 100 VR2-SA2363 5.30
22 37 40 - 72 130 VR2-SA2401 5.40
- - - 42 72 130 VR2-SA2403 5.40
- 55 60 - 105 200 VR2-SA2441 10.00
- - - 63 105 200 VR2-SA2443 10.00
table B6: progressive starters with voltage ramp.

motor maximum power motor GRADIVAR catalogue number weight

220 V 380 V 415 V 440 V (60 Hz) In Ith kg
kW kW kW kW A A
4 5.5 6 - 12 20 VR2-SA3171 3.30
- - - 6.5 12 20 VR2-SA3173 3.30
5.5 7.5 8 - 16 30 VR2-SA3211 5.10
- - - 8.5 16 30 VR2-SA3213 5.10
11 18.5 20 - 37 60 VR2-SA3281 5.50
- - - 21.5 37 60 VR2-SA3283 5.50
18.5 30 33 - 60 100 VR2-SA3361 5.50
- - - 35 60 100 VR2-SA3363 5.50
22 37 40 - 72 130 VR2-SA3401 5.60
- - - 42 72 130 VR2-SA3403 5.60
- 55 60 - 105 200 VR2-SA3441 11.00
- - - 63 105 200 VR2-SA3443 11.00
- 75 80 - 140 350 VR2-SA3481 45.00
- - - 90 140 350 VR2-SA3483 45.00
- 132 140 - 245 530 VR2-SA3521 45.00
- - - 147 245 530 VR2-SA3523 45.00
table B7: progressive starters with current limitation.

B10 - general - installed power

 B
3.3. resistive-type heating appliances and incandescent lamps (conventional or halogen)
The power consumed by a heating appliance For an incandescent lamp, the use of
the power consumed by a heating
or an incandescent lamp is equal to the halogen gas allows a more concentrated light
appliance or an incandescent lamp is nominal power Pn quoted by the source. The light output is superior and the
equal to the nominal power Pn manufacturer (i.e. cos ø = 1). life of the lamp is doubled.
quoted by the manufacturer The currents are given by: Note: at the instant of switching on, the cold
(i.e. cos ø = 1). c 3-phase case: filament gives rise to a very brief but intense
Ia = Pn* peak of current.
ex U
the currents are given by: c 1-phase case: * Ia in amps; U in volts. Pn is in watts. If Pn is
c 3-phase case: Ia = Pn* in kW, then multiply the equation by 1,000.
U
Ia = Pn* where U is the voltage between the terminals
ex U of the equipment.
c 1-phase case:
nominal current demand
Ia = Pn* power 1-phase 1-phase 3-phase 3-phase
U
kW 127 V 230 V 230 V 400 V
where U is the voltage between the
0.1 0.79 0.43 0.25 0.14
terminals of the equipment. 0.2 1.58 0.87 0.50 0.29
0.5 3.94 2.17 1.26 0.72
1 7.9 4.35 2.51 1.44
1.5 11.8 6.52 3.77 2.17
2 15.8 8.70 5.02 2.89
2.5 19.7 10.9 6.28 3.61
3 23.6 13 7.53 4.33
3.5 27.6 15.2 8.72 5.05
4 31.5 17.4 10 5.77
4.5 35.4 19.6 11.3 6.5
5 39.4 21.7 12.6 7.22
6 47.2 26.1 15.1 8.66
7 55.1 30.4 17.6 10.1
8 63 34.8 20.1 11.5
9 71 39.1 22.6 13
10 79 43.5 25.1 14.4
table B8: current demands of resistive heating and incandescent lighting (conventional or
halogen) appliances.

3.4. fluorescent lamps and related equipment

the power in watts indicated on the
tube of a fluorescent lamp does not
include the power dissipated in the
ballast.
the current is given by:
Pballast + Pn
Ia =
U x cos ø
If no power-loss value is indicated for
the ballast, a figure of 25% of Pn may
be used.
standard tubular fluorescent
lamps
The power Pn (watts) indicated on the tube of
a fluorescent lamp does not include the
power dissipated in the ballast.
The current taken by the complete circuit is
given by:
Ia = Pballast + Pn
U x cos ø
where U = the voltage applied to the lamp,
complete with its related equipment.
with (unless otherwise indicated):
c cos ø = 0.6 with no power factor (PF)
correction* capacitor,
c cos ø = 0.86 with PF correction* (single or
twin tubes),
c cos ø = 0.96 for electronic ballast.
If no power-loss value is indicated for the
ballast, a figure of 25% of Pn may be used.
Table B8 gives these values for different
arrangements of ballast.
* "Power-factor correction" is often referred to as
"compensation" in discharge-lighting-tube terminology.

general - installed power - B11

 3. motor, heating and lighting loads (continued)

B
3.4. fluorescent lamps and related equipment (continued)
arrangement of tube power current (A) at 220V/240 V tube
lamps, starters power consumed PF not PF electronic length
and ballasts (W) (1) (W) corrected corrected ballast (cm)
single tube with starter 18 27 0.37 0.19 60
36 45 0.43 0.24 120
58 69 0.67 0.37 150
single tube without 20 33 0.41 0.21 60
starter (2) with 40 54 0.45 0.26 120
external starting strip 65 81 0.80 0.41 150
twin tubes with starter 2 x 18 55 0.27 60
2 x 36 90 0.46 120
2 x 58 138 0.72 150
twin tubes without starter 2 x 40 108 0.49 120
single tube with 32 36 0.16 120
high frequency ballast 50 56 0.25 150
cos ø = 0.96
twin tubes with high- 2 x 32 72 0.33 120
frequency ballast 2 x 50 112 0.50 150
cos ø = 0.96
(1) Power in watts marked on tube.
(2) Used exclusively during maintenance operations.

table B10: current demands and power consumption of commonly-dimensioned

fluorescent lighting tubes (at 220 V/240 V - 50 Hz).

compact fluorescent tubes

Compact fluorescent tubes have the same
characteristics of economy and long life as
classical tubes.
They are commonly used in public places
which are permanently illuminated (for
example: corridors, hallways, bars, etc.) and
can be mounted in situations otherwise
illuminated by incandescent lamps.
type of lamp lamp power current at
power consumed 220/240 V
(W) (A)
globe lamps with 9 9 0.090
integral ballast 13 13 0.115
cos ø = 0.5 (1) 18 18 0.160
25 25 0.205
electronic lamps 9 9 0.070
cos ø = 0.95 (1) 11 11 0.090
15 15 0.135
20 20 0.155
lamps with type 5 10 0.185
starter single 7 11 0.175
only "U" form 9 13 0.170
incorporated cos ø ≈ 0.35 11 15 0.155
(no ballast) type 10 15 0.190
double 13 18 0.165
"U" form 18 23 0.220
cos ø ≈ 0.45 26 31 0.315
(1) Cos ø is approximately 0.95 (the zero values of V and I are almost in phase) but the power factor is 0.5 due to the
impulsive form of the current, the peak of which occurs "late" in each half cycle.
table B11: current demands and power consumption of compact fluorescent lamps
(at 220 V/240 V - 50 Hz).

B12 - general - installed power


3.5. discharge lamps
the power in watts indicated on the
tube of a discharge lamp does not
include the power dissipated in the
ballast.
B
These lamps depend on the luminous
electrical discharge through a gas or vapour
of a metallic compound, which is contained in
a hermetically-sealed transparent envelope at
a pre-determined pressure.
These lamps have a long start-up time,
during which the current Ia is greater than the
nominal current In. Power and current
demands are given for different types of lamp
in table B12 (typical average values which
may differ slightly from one manufacturer to
another).
The power in watts indicated on the tube of a
discharge lamp does not include the power
dissipated in the ballast.

table B12 gives the current taken by type of power current In(A) starting luminous average utilization
a complete unit, including all lamp demand PF not PF Ia/In period efficiency life of
(W) at corrected corrected lumens lamp
associated ancillary equipment. (W) 230V 400V 230V 400V 230V 400V (mins) (per watt) (h)
high-pressure sodium vapour lamps
50 60 0.76 0.3 1.4 4 to 6 80 to 120 9000 - lighting of
70 80 1 0.45 to 1.6 large halls
100 115 1.2 0.65 - outdoor
150 168 1.8 0.85 spaces
250 274 3 1.4 - public
lighting
400 431 4.4 2.2
1000 1055 10.45 4.9
low-pressure sodium vapour lamps
standard lamp
18 26.5 0.14 1.1 7 to 15 100 to 200 8000 to - lighting of
35 43.5 0.62 0.24 to 1.3 12000 autoroutes
55 72 0.34 - security
lighting, station
90 112 0.84 0.50 platform,
135 159 0.73 stockage areas
180 216 0.98
economy lamps
26 34.5 0.45 0.17 1.1 7 to 15 100 to 200 8000 to - new types
36 46.5 0.22 to 1.3 12000 more
66 80.5 0.39 efficient
same
91 105.5 0.49 utilization
131 154 0.69
mercury vapour + metal halide (also called metaliodide)
70 80.5 1 0.40 1.7 3 to 5 70 to 90 6000 - lighting of
150 172 1.80 0.88 6000 very large
250 276 2.10 1.35 6000 areas by
projectors (for
400 425 3.40 2.15 6000 example:sports
1000 1046 8.25 5.30 6000 stadiums, etc)
2000 2092 2052 16.50 8.60 10.50 6 2000
mercury vapour + fluorescent substance (fluorescent bulb)
50 57 0.6 0.30 1.7 3 to 6 40 to 60 8000 to - workshops
80 90 0.8 0.45 to 2 12000 with very high
125 141 1.15 0.70 ceilings (halls,
hangars)
250 268 2.15 1.35 - outdoor
400 421 3.25 2.15 lighting
700 731 5.4 3.85 - low light
1000 1046 8.25 5.30 output (1)
2000 2140 2080 15 11 6.1
(1) replaced by sodium vapour lamps.
Note: these lamps are sensitive to voltage dips. They extinguish if the voltage falls to less than 50% of their nominal voltage, and
will not re-ignite before cooling for approximately 4 minutes.
Note: Sodium vapour low-pressure lamps have a light-output efficiency which is superior to that of all other sources. However,
use of these lamps is restricted by the fact that the yellow-orange colour emitted makes colour recognition practically impossible.
table B12: current demands of discharge lamps.

general - installed power - B13

 4. power* loading of an installation

B
In order to design an installation, the actual
maximum load demand likely to be imposed
on the power-supply system must be
assessed.
To base the design simply on the arithmetic
sum of all the loads existing in the installation
would be extravagantly uneconomical, and
bad engineering practice.
The aim of this chapter is to show how all
existing and projected loads can be assigned
various factors to account for diversity (non-
simultaneous operation of all appliances of a
given group) and utilization (e.g. an electric
motor is not generally operated at its full-load
capability, etc.). The values given are based
on experience and on records taken from
actual installations. In addition to providing
basic installation-design data on individual
circuits, the results will provide a global value
for the installation, from which the
requirements of a supply system (distribution
network, HV/LV transformer, or generating
set) can be specified.
*power: the word "power" in the title has
been used in a general sense, covering
active power (kW) apparent power (kVA) and
reactive power (kvar). Where the word power
is used without further qualification in the rest
of the text, it means active power (kW).
The magnitude of the load is adequately
specified by two quantities, viz:
c power,
c apparent power.
power
The ratio = power factor
apparent power

4.1 installed power (kW)

the installed power is the sum of the
nominal powers of all power-
consuming devices in the installation.
This is not the power to be actually
supplied in practice.
Most electrical appliances and equipments
are marked to indicate their nominal power
rating (Pn).
The installed power is the sum of the nominal
powers of all power-consuming devices in the
installation. This is not the power to be
actually supplied in practice.
This is the case for electric motors, where the
power rating refers to the output power at its
driving shaft. The input power consumption
will evidently be greater (See 3.1).
Fluorescent and discharge lamps associated
with stabilizing ballasts, are other cases in
which the nominal power indicated on the
lamp is less than the power consumed by the
lamp and its ballast (See 3.4).
Methods of assessing the actual power
consumption of motors and lighting
appliances are given in Section 3 of this
Chapter.
The power demand (kW) is necessary to
choose the rated power of a generating set or
battery, and where the requirements of a
prime mover have to be considered.
For a power supply from a LV public-supply
network, or through a HV/LV transformer, the
significant quantity is the apparent power in
kVA.

B14 - general - installed power


4.2 installed apparent power (kVA)
the installed apparent power is
commonly assumed to be the
arithmetical sum of the kVA of
individual loads. The maximum
estimated kVA to be supplied
however is not equal to the total
installed kVA.
B
The installed apparent power is commonly From this value, the full-load current
assumed to be the arithmetical sum of the Ia (amps)* taken by the load will be:
kVA of individual loads. The maximum Pa 103 for single phase-to-neutral
c Ia =
estimated kVA to be supplied however is not V connected load
equal to the total installed kVA.
c Ia =
Pa 103
for three-phase balanced load
The apparent-power demand of a load (which ex U
might be a single appliance) is obtained from where: V = phase-to-neutral voltage (volts)
its nominal power rating (corrected if U = phase-to-phase voltage (volts)
necessary, as noted above for motors, etc.) It may be noted that, strictly speaking, the
and the application of the following total kVA of apparent power is not the
coefficients: arithmetical sum of the calculated kVA ratings
output kW of individual loads (unless all loads are at the
η = the per-unit efficiency =
input kW same power factor).
kW It is common practice however, to make a
cos ø = the power factor =
kVA simple arithmetical summation, the result of
The apparent-power kVA demand of the load which will give a kVA value that exceeds the
Pn true value by an acceptable "design margin".
Pa =
η x cos ø
* For greater precision, account must be
taken of the factor of maximum utilization as
explained below in 4-3.
When some or all of the load characteristics generally too small to be expressed in kVA or
are not known, the values shown in table B13 kW). The estimates for lighting loads are
may be used to give a very approximate based on floor areas of 500 sq-metres.
estimate of VA demands (individual loads are
fluorescent lighting (corrected to cos ø = 0.86)
type of application estimated (VA/m2) average lighting
fluorescent tube level
with industrial reflector (1) (lux = Im/m2)
roads and highways 7 150
stockage areas, intermittent work
heavy-duty works: fabrication and 14 300
assembly of very large work pieces
day-to-day work: 24 500
office work
fine work: 41 800
drawing offices
high-precision assembly workshops
power circuits
type of application estimated (VA/m2)
pumping station compressed air 3 to 6
ventilation of premises 23
electrical convection heaters:
private houses 115 to 146
flats and apartments 90
offices 25
dispatching workshop 50
assembly workshop 70
machine shop 300
painting workshop 350
heat-treatment plant 700
(1) example: 65 W tube (ballast not included), flux 5,100 lumens (lm), luminous efficiency of the tube = 78.5 lm/W.
table B13: estimation of installed apparent power.
general - installed power - B15
 4. power* loading of an installation (continued)
B
4.3 estimation of actual maximum kVA demand
all individual loads are not
necessarily operating at full rated
nominal power nor necessarily at the
same time. Factors ku and ks allow
the determination of the maximum
power and apparent-power demands
actually required to dimension the
installation.
B16 - general - installed power
All individual loads are not necessarily
operating at full rated nominal power nor
necessarily at the same time. Factors ku and
ks allow the determination of the maximum
power and apparent-power demands actually
required to dimension the installation.
factor of maximum utilization (ku)
In normal operating conditions the power In an industrial installation this factor may be
consumption of a load is sometimes less than estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
that indicated as its nominal power rating, a For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor
fairly common occurrence that justifies the always equals 1.
application of an utilization factor (ku) in the For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend
estimation of realistic values. entirely on the type of appliances being
This factor must be applied to each individual supplied from the sockets concerned.
load, with particular attention to electric
motors, which are very rarely operated at full
load.
factor of simultaneity (ks)
It is a matter of common experience that the number of down- factor of
simultaneous operation of all installed loads stream consumers simultaneity (ks)
of a given installation never occurs in 2 to 4 1
practice, i.e. there is always some degree of 5 to 9 0.78
diversity and this fact is taken into account for
10 to 14 0.63
estimating purposes by the use of a
simultaneity factor (ks). 15 to 19 0.53
The factor ks is applied to each group of 20 to 24 0.49
loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution 25 to 29 0.46
or sub-distribution board). 30 to 34 0.44
The determination of these factors is the 35 to 39 0.42
responsibility of the designer, since it requires 40 to 49 0.41
a detailed knowledge of the installation and 50 and more 0.40
the conditions in which the individual circuits
are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not table B14: simultaneity factors in an
possible to give precise values for general apartment block.
application.
Factor of simultaneity for an apartment
4th 6 consumers
block floor 36 kVA
0.78
Some typical values for this case are given in
table B14, and are applicable to domestic
consumers supplied at 230/400 V (3-phase 3rd 4 consumers
4-wires). In the case of consumers using floor 0.63
24 kVA
electrical heat-storage units for space
heating, a factor of 0.8 is recommended,
regardless of the number of consumers. 2nd 5 consumers
floor 0.53
30 kVA
Example:
5 storeys apartment building with
25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed
1st
load. floor
6 consumers 0.49
36 kVA
The total installed load for the building
= 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the ground 4 consumers
building = 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA floor 24 kVA 0.46
From table B 14, it is possible to determine
the magnitude of currents in different sections
of the common main feeder supplying all
floors. For vertical rising mains fed at ground
level, the cross-sectional area of the fig. B15: application of the factor of
conductors can evidently be progressively simultaneity (ks) to an apartment block of
reduced from the lower floors towards the 5 storeys.
upper floors.
These changes of conductor size are
conventionally spaced by at least 3-floor
intervals.
In the example, the current entering the rising
main at ground level is
150 x 0.46 x 103
= 100 A
400 x e
The current entering the third floor is:
(36+24) x 0.63 x 103
= 55 A
400 x e
 B
Factor of simultaneity for distribution Factor of simultaneity according
boards to circuit function
Table B16 shows hypothetical values of ks for ks factors which may be used for circuits
a distribution board supplying a number of supplying commonly-occurring loads, are
circuits for which there is no indication of the shown in table B17.
manner in which the total load divides
between them. circuit function factor of
If the circuits are mainly for lighting loads, it is simultaneity (ks)
prudent to adopt ks values close to unity. lighting 1
heating and air
number of factor of conditioning 1
circuits simultaneity (ks) socket-outlets 0.1 to 0.2 (1)
assemblies entirely tested lifts and catering hoists (2)
2 and 3 0.9 - for the most powerful
4 and 5 0.8 motor 1
6 to 9 0.7 - for the second most
10 and more 0.6 powerful motor 0.75
assemblies partially tested - for all other motors 0.60
in every case choose 1.0 (1) In certain cases, notably in industrial installations, this
table B16: factor of simultaneity for factor can be higher.
(2) The current to take into consideration is equal to the
distribution boards (IEC 439). nominal current of the motor, increased by a third of its
starting current.
table B17: factor of simultaneity according
to circuit function.

4.4 example of application of factors ku and ks

an example in the estimation of
actual maximum kVA demands at all
levels of an installation, from each
load position to the point of supply.
In this example, the total installed apparent kVA x 103
I=
power is 126.6 kVA, which corresponds to an Ue
actual (estimated) maximum value at the LV where kVA is the actual maximum 3-phase
terminals of the HV/LV transformer of 65 kVA apparent-power value shown on the diagram
only. for the circuit concerned, and U is the phase-
Note: in order to select cable sizes for the to-phase voltage (in volts).
distribution circuits of an installation, the
current I (in amps) through a circuit is
determined from the equation
level 1 level 2 level 3

utilization apparent- utilization apparent- simultaneity apparent- simultaneity apparent- simultaneity apparent-
power (Pa) factor power demand factor power demand factor power demand factor power demand
kVA max. max. kVA kVA kVA kVA
workshop A lathe n°1 5 0.8 4 distribution
box
n°2 5 0.8 4
n°3 5 0,8 4 power
circuit
0.75 14.4 workshop
n°4 5 0.8 4 A
distribution
pedestal- n°1 2 0.8 1.6 board
drill main
n°2 2 0.8 1.6 0,9 18.9
socket- general
5 socket- outlets distribution
outlets 10/16 A 18 1 18 0.2 3,6 lighting board
circuit MGDB
30 fluorescent 3 1 3 1 3
lamps
power
circuit LV/HV
workshop B compressor 15 0.8 12 1 12 socket- workshop
B 65
3 socket- 10/16 A 10.6 1 10.6 0.4
outlets
4,3 lighting distribution 15.6 0.9
outlets circuit
board
10 fluorescent 1 1 1 1 1 0.9
lamps
workshop C ventilation n°1 2,5 1 2.5 distribution workshop
fan box C
n°2 2,5 1 2.5 power distribution
circuit
1 35 board
oven n°1 15 1 15
0.9 37.8
n°2 15 1 15
socket-
5 socket- outlets
outlets 10/16 A 18 1 18 0.28 5 lighting
circuit
20 fluorescent 2 1 2 1 2
lamps

table B18: an example in estimating the maximum predicted loading of an installation (the factor values used are for demonstration purposes
only).

general - installed power - B17

 4. power loading of an installation (continued)

B
4.5 diversity factor
The term DIVERSITY FACTOR, as defined
in IEC standards, is identical to the factor of
simultaneity (ks) used in this guide, as
described in 4.3. In some English-speaking
countries however (at the time of writing)
DIVERSITY FACTOR is the inverse of ks i.e.
it is always u 1.

4.6 choice of transformer rating

When an installation is to be supplied directly
from a HV/LV transformer and the maximum
apparent-power loading of the installation has
been determined, a suitable rating for the
transformer can be decided, taking due
account of the following considerations:
c the possibility of improving the power factor
of the installation (see chapter E),
c anticipated extensions to the installation,
c installation constraints (temperature...)
standard transformer ratings.

In (A)
voltage (at no load) 400 V 420 V 433 V 480 V
rated power (kVA)
50 72 69 67 60
100 144 137 133 120
160 231 220 213 192
250 361 344 333 301
315 455 433 420 379
400 577 550 533 481
500 722 687 667 601
630 909 866 840 758
800 1155 1100 1067 962
1000 1443 1375 1333 1203
1250 1804 1718 1667 1504
1600 2309 2199 2133 1925
2000 2887 2749 2667 2406
2500 3608 3437 3333 3007
table B19: IEC-standardized kVA ratings of HV/LV 3-phase distribution transformers and
corresponding nominal full-load current values.

The nominal full-load current In on the LV Simplified equation for 400 V (3-phase load)
side of a 3-phase transformer is given by: In = kVA x 1.4
Pa 103 The IEC standard for power transformers is
In = where
Ue IEC 76.
* as given on the transformer-rating
Pa = kVA rating of the transformer
nameplate. For table B19 the no-load voltage
U = phase-to-phase voltage at no-load* (in
used is 420 V for the nominal 400 V winding.
volts)
In is in amperes.
For a single-phase transformer:
3
In = Pa 10 where
V
V = voltage between LV terminals at no-load*
(in volts).

B18 - general - installed power


4.7 choice of power-supply sources
The study developed in F2 on the importance
of maintaining a continuous supply raises the
question of the use of standby-power plant.
The choice and characteristics of these
alternative sources are described in F3-3.
For the main source of supply the choice is
generally between a connection to the HV or
the LV network of the public power-supply
authority.
In practice, connection to a HV source may
be necessary where the load exceeds (or
is planned eventually to exceed) a certain
level - generally of the order of 250 kVA, or if
the quality of service required is greater than
that normally available from a LV network.
Moreover, if the installation is likely to cause
disturbance to neighbouring consumers,
when connected to a LV network, the supply
authorities may propose a HV service.
Supplies at HV can have certain advantages:
in fact, a HV consumer:
c is not disturbed by other consumers, which
could be the case at LV,
c is free to choose any type of LV earthing
system,
c has a wider choice of economic tariffs,
c can accept very large increases in load.
B
It should be noted, however, that:
c the consumer is the proprietor of the HV/LV
substation and, in some countries, he must
build and equip it at his own expense. The
power authority can, in certain circumstances,
participate in the investment, at the level of
the HV line for example,
c a part of the connection costs can, for
instance, often be recovered if a second
consumer is connected to the HV line within a
certain time following the original consumer's
own connection,
c the consumer has access only to the LV
part of the installation, access to the HV part
being reserved to the supply-authority
personnel (meter reading, operational
manœuvres, etc.). However, in certain
countries, the HV protective circuit breaker
(or fused load-break switch) can be operated
by the consumer,
c the type and location of the substation are
agreed between the consumer and the
supply authority.
general - installed power - B19