Assignment: 5 (Solutions)

Total: 50

Note: The numerical value marked in red colour is correct answer while the answers within
the numerical range of value given in the blue colour are considered as correct answer.

A blower discharges air at the rate of 2 m3/s and density of the air is 1.2 kg/m3. The height
difference between the suction and pressure end centre lines is 750 mm. The suction end pipe
diameter is 300 mm and the pressure end cross section is 250 x 300 mm. The pressure measured
at the suction and pressure ends of the blower are –25 mm of water column and 200 mm of water
column respectively. Calculate the

1. specific work …….. (𝑚2 /𝑠 2 ) (2.5)

2. coupling power ……. (kW) (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

𝑉̇ = 2 𝑚3 /s ; 𝜌𝑎 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ; 𝑍𝑝 − 𝑍𝑠 = 750 𝑚𝑚 = 0.75 𝑚; 𝑑𝑠 = 300 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3 𝑚

Cross-section at pressure end = 250 mm × 300 mm

𝑃𝑠 = −25 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ρg × (-0.025) = 1000×9.81 × (-0.025) = -245.25 N/𝑚2

𝑃𝑝 = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ρg × (0.2) = 1000×9.81×(0.2) = 1962 N/𝑚2

𝑊̇ 𝑃𝑝 −𝑃𝑠 𝐶𝑃2 −𝐶𝑠2

Specific work, w = 𝑚̇ =[ + + 𝑔(𝑧𝑝 − 𝑍𝑠 )]
𝜌 2

𝑉̇ = 𝐴𝑠 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑝 𝐶𝑝 = 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠2 = 4 (0.3)2 = 0.07069 𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑝 = 0.25 × 0.3 = 0.075 𝑚2

2 2
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴 = 0.07069 = 28.29 m/s
𝑠

2 2
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐴 = 0.075 = 26.67 m/s
𝑝

1962−(−245.25) 26.672 −28.292

Specific work, w = [ 1.2
+ 2
+ 9.81(0.75)] = 1802.215 𝑚2 /𝑠 2
(1800 𝑚2 /𝑠 2 - 1805 𝑚2 /𝑠 2 )

Coupling Power, 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚̇𝑤 = 𝜌𝑎 𝑉̇ w = 1.2×2×1802.215 = 4325.316 W = 4.325 kW

(4 kW - 4.5 kW)

The static conditions at inlet to an air compressor are pressure of 110 kPa and temperature of 30
ºC and exit pressure of 450 kPa and temperature of 210 ºC. The inlet and exit velocities are 60
m/s and 90 m/s respectively. Find the compressor

3. total-total efficiency …… (%) (2.5)

4. static-static efficiency …… (%) (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

𝑃1 = 110 𝐾𝑃𝑎; 𝑇1 = 30 ºC = 303 K; 𝑃2 = 450 𝐾𝑃𝑎; 𝑇2 = 210 ºC = 483 K; 𝐶1 = 60 m/s;

𝐶2 = 90 m/s
ℎ −ℎ
𝜂𝑡−𝑡 = ℎ 02−ℎ 01
02 01𝑠

ℎ −ℎ
𝜂𝑠−𝑠 = ℎ 2−ℎ 1
2 1𝑠

𝑃2 𝑇 450 𝑇
= ( 𝑇2𝑠 )𝛾/(𝛾−1) ; 110 = (303
2𝑠 1.4/0.4
) ; 𝑇2𝑠 = 453.157 K
𝑃1 1

𝐶22 𝐶22 902

ℎ02 = ℎ2 + = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 + = 1005× (483) + = 489.47 kJ/kg
2 2 2

𝐶12 𝐶12 602

ℎ01 = ℎ1 + = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 + = 1005× (303) + = 306.32 kJ/kg
2 2 2

Using mass conservation,

𝜌2 𝐴2 𝐶2 = 𝜌2𝑠 𝐴2𝑠 𝐶2𝑠 (𝐴2 = 𝐴2𝑠 )

𝜌2 𝐶2 = 𝜌2𝑠 𝐶2𝑠
𝑃2 𝑃
𝐶2 = 𝑅𝑇2𝑠 𝐶2𝑠 (𝑃2 = 𝑃2𝑠 )
𝑅𝑇2 2𝑠

𝐶2 𝐶
= 𝑇2𝑠
𝑇2 2𝑠
 90×453.157
𝐶2𝑠 = = 84.44 m/s
483

2
𝐶2𝑠 2
𝐶2𝑠 84.442
ℎ02𝑠 = ℎ2𝑠 + = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2𝑠 + = 1005× (453.157) + = 458.99 kJ/kg
2 2 2

ℎ −ℎ 458.99−306.32
𝜂𝑡−𝑡 = ℎ 02−ℎ 01 = 489.47−306.32 = 0.8336 = 83.36 % (82 % - 85 %)
02 01𝑠

ℎ −ℎ 𝑇2𝑠 −𝑇1 453.157−303

𝜂𝑠−𝑠 = ℎ 2−ℎ 1 = = = 0.8342 = 83.42 % (82 % - 85 %)
2 1𝑠 𝑇2 −𝑇1 483−303

Air leaves a heat exchanger at a temperature of 750 C and enters a turbine at a speed of 25 m/s.
Speed of air at the turbine outlet is 50 m/s. Temperature at the outlet, assuming isentropic
expansion, is 500C. Mass flow rate of air is 1.5 kg/s. Neglect heat transfer. Assume total-to-
static efficiency of the turbine to be 85%. Take Cp=1005 J/kg-K for air. Determine:

5. the ratio of outlet pressure to inlet pressure …….. (1)

6. the power output from the turbine …….. (kW) (2)
7. under these conditions the total-to-total efficiency of the turbine ……..(%) (2)

Answer:

Given:

T1 = 750 C = 1023 K; 𝐶1 = 25 m/s; T2 = 500 C = 773 K; 𝐶2 = 50 m/s; 𝑚̇ =1.5 kg/s; 𝐶𝑝 =

1005 J/kg-K
𝑃2 𝑇 773
𝑃1
= ( 𝑇2𝑠)𝛾/(𝛾−1) = (1023)1.4/0.4 = 0.375 (0.2 - 0.5)
1

ℎ −ℎ
𝜂𝑡−𝑠 = ℎ 01−ℎ 02 = 85 %
01 02𝑠

𝐶12 𝐶12 252

ℎ01 = ℎ1 + = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 + = 1005× (1023) + = 1028.43 kJ/kg
2 2 2

ℎ01 − ℎ02 = 𝜂𝑡−𝑠 (ℎ01 − ℎ2𝑠 ) = 0.85 (1028.43×1000 - 1005×773) = 213.83×103 J/kg

= 213.83 kJ/kg

P = 𝑚̇ (ℎ01 − ℎ02 ) = 1.5 (213.83) = 320.74 kW (300 kW - 330 kW)

ℎ01 − ℎ02 = 213.83 kJ/kg

ℎ02 = ℎ01 − 213.83 = 814.6 kJ/kg

𝐶22 𝐶22
ℎ02 = ℎ2 + = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 +
2 2

𝐶 2
ℎ02 − 2 814.6×1000 −0.5×502
2
𝑇2 = = = 809.303 K
𝐶𝑝 1005

Using mass conservation,

𝜌2 𝐴2 𝐶2 = 𝜌2𝑠 𝐴2𝑠 𝐶2𝑠 (𝐴2 = 𝐴2𝑠 )

𝜌2 𝐶2 = 𝜌2𝑠 𝐶2𝑠
𝑃2 𝑃
𝐶2 = 𝑅𝑇2𝑠 𝐶2𝑠 (𝑃2 = 𝑃2𝑠 )
𝑅𝑇2 2𝑠

𝐶2 𝐶
= 𝑇2𝑠
𝑇2 2𝑠

50×773
𝐶2𝑠 = = 47.76 m/s
809.33

2
𝐶2𝑠 2
𝐶2𝑠 47.762
ℎ02𝑠 = ℎ2𝑠 + = 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2𝑠 + = 1005× (773) + = 778.005 kJ/kg
2 2 2

ℎ −ℎ 1028.43 − 814.6
𝜂𝑡−𝑡 = ℎ 01−ℎ 02 = 1028.43−778.005 = 0.8539 = 85.39 % (83 % - 87 %)
01 02𝑠

Air is drawn into a fan of flow area 7000 sq. cm from a stagnation pressure of 1 bar and a
stagnation temperature of 300 K. The volumetric flow rate is V̇= 7 m3/s, and the power supplied
to the fan is Ẇ= 2.5 kW. The total-to-total efficiency of the fan is 80%. Consider Cp=1005 J/kg-
K and Cv = 718 J/kg-K for air.

8. Mach number of the flow based on inlet condition is...... (2.5)

9. The total-to-static efficiency is....... (%). (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

A = 7000 𝑐𝑚2 = 0.7 𝑚2 ; 𝑃01 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1 × 105 𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑇01 = 300 𝐾; 𝑉̇ = 7 𝑚3 /s ; P = 2.5 kW ;

𝜂𝑡−𝑡 = 80 % ; Cp=1005 J/kg-K; Cv = 718 J/kg-K
 𝑃 1× 105
𝜌01 = 𝑅𝑇01 = 287×300 = 1.16 kg/𝑚3 (R = Cp - Cv= 287 J/kg-K)
01

𝑉̇ 7
V = 𝐴 = 0.7 = 10 m/s

𝑣 10
M = √(𝛾𝑅𝑇) = √(1.4×287×300) = 0.0288 (0.01 - 0.04) (γ = Cp /Cv = 1.4)

𝑃 𝑤̇ 2.5×103
w = 𝑚̇ = 𝜌 = = 307.882 𝑚2 /𝑠 2
01 𝑉̇ 1.16×7

𝑣2
𝑇2𝑠 − 𝑇01 (𝑇02𝑠 − ) − 𝑇01 𝑇02𝑠 − 𝑇01 𝑣2 𝑣2
2Cp
𝜂𝑡−𝑠 = = = − = 𝜂𝑡−𝑡 -
𝑇02 − 𝑇01 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 𝑇02 − 𝑇01 2Cp (𝑇02 − 𝑇01 ) 2Cp (𝑇02 − 𝑇01 )

𝑣2 102
= 𝜂𝑡−𝑡 - 2w = 0.8 - 2×307.882 = 0.638 = 63.8 % (62 % - 65 %)

Air, at a flow rate of V̇= 5 m3/s, flows from atmosphere (atmosphere may be taken as stagnation
pressure of 1 bar and stagnation temperature of 25C) into a multistage compressor. The ratio of
total pressures across the compressor is 25, and its total-to-total efficiency is 80%. Consider Cp=
1005 J/kg-K and Cv = 718 J/kg-K for air.

10. The loss of stagnation pressure during this compression process is..... bar (2.5)
11. The specific work done by compressor....... (kJ/kg) (2.5)

Answer:
Given:

𝑃01 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1 × 105 𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑇01 = 25C = 298 𝐾; 𝑉̇ = 5 𝑚3 /s ; 𝜂𝑡−𝑡 = 80 % ;

𝑃
Cp=1005 J/kg-K; Cv = 718 J/kg-K; 𝑃02 = 25
01

𝑃02𝑠 𝑇
= ( 𝑇02𝑠 )𝛾/(𝛾−1)
𝑃01 01

𝑃
𝑇02𝑠 = 𝑇01 ( 𝑃02𝑠 )𝛾−1/𝛾 = 298 (25)0.4/1.4 = 747.53 K
01

𝑇02𝑠 −𝑇01
𝜂𝑡−𝑡 = = 0.8
𝑇02 −𝑇01

747.53−298
= 0.8 ; 𝑇02 = 861.91 K
𝑇02 −298

𝑃02𝑒 𝑇 861.91 1.4/0.4

= ( 𝑇02𝑒)𝛾/(𝛾−1) = ( ) = 41.15
𝑃01 01 298

𝑃02𝑒 = 41.15 bar

𝑃02𝑒 - 𝑃02 = 41.15 – 25 = 16.15 bar (15 bar – 17 bar)

𝑤𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = ℎ02 - ℎ01 = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇02 − 𝑇01 ) = 1005 (861.91 - 298) = 566.73 × 103 J/kg = 566.73 kJ/kg

(550 kJ/kg – 580 kJ/kg)

12. A hydro-turbine produces 17,350 metric horse power when working under a head of
510m while running at 300 rpm. Determine the type of turbine.

a) Kaplan Turbine
b) Francis Turbine
c) Pelton Wheel
d) Either Francis Turbine or Kaplan Turbine (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

P = 17350 hp ; H = 510 m ; N = 300rpm

𝑁√𝑃 300√17350
𝑛𝑠 = 𝐻 5/4 = = 16.3 rpm
5105/4
From the specific speed, it is evident that a Pelton wheel is required. ANS: (c)

Performance tests were conducted on 1/3 size geometrically similar radial pump model at 1000
rpm using water. At the best efficiency, the performance of the model as measured was volume
flow rate V = 0.05 𝑚3 /𝑠 , specific work W = 175 𝑚2 /𝑠 2 and coupling power 𝑁𝑐 = 10 kW.
Assume the Reynolds number at the two operating conditions does not affect the performance.
For full size pump running at 1450 rpm handling water and operating at its best efficiency, find

13. volume flow rate …… (m3/s) (1)

14. coupling power ……..(kW) (1)
15. head of the pump …….(m) (1)
16. the best efficiency of the pump ………(%) (2)

Answer:

Given:
𝐷𝑚 1
Vṁ = 0.05 𝑚3 /𝑠 ; 𝑤𝑚 = 175 𝑚2 /𝑠 2 ; 𝑃𝑚 = 10 𝑘𝑊; = ; 𝑁𝑚 = 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚 ; 𝑁𝑝 = 1450 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝐷𝑝 3

𝜂𝑝 = 𝜂𝑚

Vṗ ̇
Vm Vṗ 0.05
3 = 3 ; = 1000×𝐷 3
𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑝 𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚 1450×(3𝐷𝑚 )3 𝑚

̇ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, Vp = 1.9575 𝑚3 /𝑠 (1.8 𝑚3 /𝑠 - 2.2 𝑚3 /𝑠)

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑃𝑝 𝑃𝑚 𝑃𝑝 10
=𝑁 ; = 10003 𝐷
𝑁𝑝 3 𝐷𝑝 5 3
𝑚 𝐷𝑚
5 14503 (3𝐷𝑚 )5 𝑚
5

Coupling Power, 𝑃𝑝 = 7408.16 kW (7400 kW – 7500 kW)

𝑔𝐻𝑝 𝑔𝐻𝑚
=
𝑁𝑝 2 𝐷𝑝 2 𝑁𝑚 2 𝐷𝑚 2

𝑤𝑝 𝑤𝑚 𝑤𝑝 175
=𝑁 ; 14502 (3𝐷 = 10002 𝐷
𝑁𝑝 2 𝐷𝑝 2 2
𝑚 𝐷𝑚
2
𝑚)
2
𝑚
2

Specific work, 𝑤𝑝 = 3311.438 𝑚2 /𝑠 2

𝑤𝑝 3311.438
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝐻𝑝 = = = 337.557 m (320 m – 350 m)
𝑔 9.81
 ̇ 𝑝
𝜌Vp 𝑤 1000×1.9575×3311.438
𝜂𝑝 = = = 0.875 = 87.5 % (85 % - 89 %)
𝑃𝑚 7408.16×1000

17. A pump is needed to operate at 3000 rpm with a head of 6 m and a discharge of 0.2𝑚3 /𝑠.
Determine what sort of pump is required.

a) Axial flow pump

b) Radial flow pump
c) Mixed flow pump
d) Either radial flow or mixed flow. (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

N = 3000 rpm ; H= 6 m ; 𝑉̇ = 0.2 𝑚3 /𝑠

𝑁√𝑉 3000√0.2
𝑛𝑠 = = = 349.96 rpm
𝐻 3/4 63/4

From the specific speed, Axial flow pump is required. ANS: (a)

A water pump is designed for a flow rate of (V̇) 0.25 m3/s and a head of 50 m at a speed of 1500
rpm. Overall efficiency is 80%. A model of this pump is to be tested. The drive motor available
has a speed of 1450 rpm and power of 4 kW.

18. The ratio of model to prototype size is................ (2.5)

19. The volume flow rate through the model is........... (m3/s) (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

Vṗ = 0.25 𝑚3 /𝑠 ; 𝑁𝑚 = 1450 𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐻𝑝 = 50 m; 𝑁𝑝 = 1500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 ; 𝑃𝑚 = 4 𝑘𝑊;

𝑁𝑝 = 1450 𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝜂0,𝑝 = 80 % = 0.8

𝜌𝑔Vṗ 𝐻𝑝
𝜂0,𝑝 = = 0.8
𝑃𝑝

𝜌𝑔Vṗ 𝐻𝑝 1000×9.81×0.25×50
𝑃𝑝 = = = 153.28 × 103 W = 153.28 kW
0.8 0.8
 𝑃𝑝 𝑃𝑚 𝐷 𝑃𝑚 𝑁𝑝
3 5 =𝑁 3 5 ; ( 𝐷𝑚 )5 = ×(𝑁 )3
𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑝 𝑚 𝐷𝑚 𝑝 𝑃𝑝 𝑚

𝐷 4 1500
( 𝐷𝑚)5 = 153.28 ×(1450)3
𝑝

𝐷𝑚
= 0.4922 (0.4 - 0.6)
𝐷𝑝

Vṗ Vṁ
=
𝑁𝑝 𝐷𝑝 3 𝑁𝑚 𝐷𝑚 3

𝑁𝑝 𝐷 1450
Vṁ = Vṗ × (𝑁 ) × ( 𝐷𝑚 )3 = 0.25 × 1500 × 0.49223 = 0.02882 𝑚3 /s (0.02 𝑚3 /s - 0.04 𝑚3 /s)
𝑚 𝑝

A water turbine is to be designed to produce 27 MW when running at 90 rpm under a head of 16

m. A model turbine with an output of 40 kW is to be tested under dynamically similar conditions
with a head of 5 m. Assuming a model efficiency of 85%.

20. The ratio of model to prototype size is................ (2.5)

21. The volume flow rate through the model is........... (m3/s) (2.5)

Answer:

Given:

𝑃𝑚 = 40 kW = 40 × 103 W; 𝑃𝑝 = 27 MW = 27 × 106 W; 𝑁𝑝 = 90 𝑟𝑝𝑚; 𝐻𝑚 = 100 m;

𝐻𝑝 = 16 m; 𝜂𝑚 = 85 % = 0.85

𝑁𝑝 √𝑃𝑝 𝑁𝑚 √𝑃𝑚 90√27×103 𝑁𝑚 √40

5/4 = 5/4 ; =
𝐻𝑝 𝐻𝑚 165/4 55/4

𝑁𝑚 = 546.33 rpm
𝑔𝐻𝑝 𝑔𝐻𝑚 16 5
=𝑁 ; 902 ×𝐷 = 546.332 ×𝐷
𝑁𝑝 2 𝐷𝑝 2 𝑚
2𝐷 2
𝑚 𝑝
2
𝑚
2

𝐷𝑚
= 0.0921 (0.08 - 0.12)
𝐷𝑝

𝑃𝑚
𝜂𝑚 = ̇ 𝐻𝑚
= 0.85
𝜌𝑔Vm
 𝑃 40 × 103
Vṁ = 𝜌𝑔𝜂 𝑚̇ 𝐻 = 1000×9.81×0.85×5 = 0.959 𝑚3 /s (0.8 𝑚3 /s - 1.2 𝑚3 /s)
𝑚 𝑚

The speed of propagation C of a capillary wave in deep water is known to be a function of only
density ρ, wavelength λ, and surface tension σ. Using pi theorem determine,

22. for a given density and wavelength, if the surface tension is doubled the percentage
increase in propagation speed is…….(%) (2.5)

Answer:

𝐿 𝑀 𝑎 𝑀 𝑐
C = f (ρ, λ, σ), or C = constant ρ𝑎 λ𝑏 σ𝑐 , or {𝑇} = {𝐿3 } {𝐿}𝑏 {𝑇 2 }

By dimensional comparison and on solving, we get

σ
a = b = -1/2 and c = +1/2, or C = constant √ρλ

Thus, for constant ρ and λ, if σ is doubled, C increases as √2 .

So, percentage increase in propagation speed is 47 % (40 % - 42 %)

Under the laminar conditions, the volume flow rate Q through a small triangular-section pore of
side length b and length L is a function of viscosity μ, pressure per unit length ΔP/L and b. Using
the Pi theorem, determine

23. if the pore size b is doubled the volume flow rate increases by a factor ……. (2.5)

Answer:

Q = f (ΔP/L, μ, b)
𝐿3 𝑀 𝑀
{ 𝑇 } {𝐿2 𝑇 2 } {𝐿𝑇} {𝐿}

Then m = 4 and n = 3, hence we expect m – n = 1 Pi group, found as follows:

𝜋1 = (ΔP/L)𝑥 (μ)𝑦 (𝑏) 𝑧 𝑄1

𝑀 𝑥 𝑀 𝑦 𝐿3
𝑀0 𝐿0 𝑇 0 = {𝐿2 𝑇 2} {𝐿𝑇} {𝐿} 𝑧 { 𝑇 }

M: x + y = 0
L: -2x – y + z + 3 = 0

T: -2x – y – 1 = 0

On solving we get,

x = -1, y = +1, c = -4

𝜋1 = (ΔP/L)−1 (μ)1 (𝑏)4 𝑄1

𝑄μ
𝜋1 = (ΔP/L)𝑏4 = constant

Clearly, if b is doubled, the flow rate Q increases by a factor of 16. (15 - 17)