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Pharma report
February 2013
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Ack nowledgements
Special thanks to
Focus Reports would like to thank the
Hon. Mark Butler, Prof. Warwick Anderson,
Dr. Suzanne Hill, Dr. Brendan Shaw,
Dr. Anna Lavelle, and Dr. Martin Cross for
their contributions, and to all the
companies supporting the production of
this report.
5
CONTENTS
4 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTERVIEWS
22
INTERVIEW WITH:
Brendan Shaw, Chief Executive - Medicines Australia
24
INTERVIEW WITH:
Anna Lavelle, Chief Executive Officer, AusBiotech
26
INTERVIEW WITH:
Dr. Suzanne Hill Chair,Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee
28
INTERVIEW WITH:
Chris Hourigan Managing Director Janssen Australia and New Zealand
30
INTERVIEW WITH:
Mark Fladrich, Managing Director, AstraZeneca Australia and New Zealand
32
INTERVIEW WITH:
Prof. Vlado Perkovic Executive Director The George Institute Australia
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liabilities for errors and omissions. Opinions expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the authors.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT:
The motor driving innovation and progress at Servier
• Servier is a Foundation, with the sole aim of reinvesting all profit from worldwide operations into R&D, in
particular with a focus on new first-in-class chemical entities at the high-end of pharmaceutical innovation
• The company was founded by Dr Jacques Servier in 1954 has since grown to become the second largest
French based pharmaceutical company in the world with 20,000 employees and a presence in over
140 countries
• Servier employs over 200 staff in Australia including 30 in R&D. It is one of the top 10 Servier affiliates
in the world. Two and a half percent of Servier’s global turnover comes from Australia
Servier Laboratories (Aust) Pty Ltd 8 Cato Street, Hawthorn Victoria 3122
www.servier.com.au
7
Special SponSored Section
australia report
AUSTRALIA: A young female client of the Adult Mental Health Rehabilitation Unit
at Sunshine Hospital, Victoria, Australia, Courtesy of Janssen-Cilag
I
n some ways the Australian medicines industry is going
This sponsored supplement
through the same restructuring and challenges as the in- was produced by Focus Reports.
dustry is globally: the country is dealing with patent
Project Director: Mariuca Georgescu
cliffs, companies are cutting back staff, an ageing popu-
Journalist: Herbert Mosmuller
lation forces the government to rethink healthcare expendi- Coordinator: Martijn Jimmink
tures, and big originator companies are reforming. And just Report Publisher: Diana Viola and
like internationally, that is forcing the industry to rethink Crystelle Coury
traditional ways of doing things. Only, the Australian phar-
For exclusive interviews and more info, please
maceutical industry has been rethinking its role in such an log onto
innovative way that it is slowly floating from down under to or write to contact@focusreports.net
the center of attention of the global industry.
australia report
www.novartis.com.au
10 Australia pharma report January 2013
Special SponSored Section
australia report
IMS AUSTRALIA, LEVEL 5, CHARTER GROVE, 29-57 CHRISTIE STREET, ST LEONARDS, NSW 2065
© 2012 IMS Health Incorporated. All rights reserved.
they are life-saving,” said Hendriks. “Is “Whilst the stated aims of PBS re-
it ethical to have a double blind ran- forms related to efficient generics pricing
domized placebo-controlled trial? You and transparency to ensure cost-effec-
might consider that at the beginning of tive pricing are well on the way to being
the development of your drug, but if you realised, the structural reforms related
are further down the path and clinicians to serving the future needs of patients
are convinced that your drug works, with the introduction of new innovative
how are you going to set up a trial that medicines still leave much room for im-
would allow patients to shorten their provement,” said Albert Spanos, general
From left: Albert Spanos, General Manager,
life-span?” Celgene Australia; Dr. Suzanne Hill, Chair,
manager of Celgene Australia, “both
Such hard-to-meet standards across Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee from a pricing and timing perspective,
Australia’s reimbursement programs which is definitely having a material im-
could even put future investments of tralia-members in 2012 number around pact on industry investment in Austra-
research-driven pharmaceutical compa- 300 on a total of 14.000 employees, lia, illustrated by the loss of 300 indus-
nies at risk, thinks Hendriks. “I sincere- with five major companies affected: try jobs in 2012.”
ly hope that government understands Sanofi, Pfizer, MSD Australia, Eli Lilly In a response to industry criticism,
the harm it does to Australia’s image and GlaxoSmithKline. The redundan- Dr. Suzanne Hill, chair of the Pharma-
as an attractive investment destination cies are considered to be related in part ceutical Benefits Advisory Committee
in the eyes of the global pharmaceutical to medicines coming off patent and in (PBAC), the statutory committee that
industry,” Hendriks said. part to price cuts that resulted from the advises the Ministry of Health and
Already, job losses of Medicines Aus- latest PBS reform. Ageing as to what drugs will be listed
Preventing Beats Curing complete with organic fruits and vegetables?” asked
Radek Sali, CEO of vitamin company and Australian suc-
cess story Swisse.
The ageing of Australia’s population Multivitamins help with the prevention of everything
and the increasing burden of chronic from cognitive decline through to PMS and heart disease
disease jeopardize the sustainability according to Sali, and he therefore pleads for stronger
of the country’s healthcare system commitments of both the vitamin industry and govern-
at the current levels of expenditure. ment to clinical research in order to bolster awareness of
Government is thus looking at new the crucial role of vitamins in preventing disease. “It is a
ways to cut cost. “We see our govern- responsibility for the natural health sector in general to
ment encouraging people to look after increase the evidence base.”
themselves, advising them to eat Swisse has over twenty trials published, unique for a
more healthy, reduce smoking and Radek Sali, CEO of natural health company. Sali plans to spend one percent
frequently exercise thus implement- Swisse of total revenue on clinical trials, which comes down to a
ing preventative programs,” said Mal minimum of $20 million over the next five years according
Eutick, CEO of Phebra, an Australian company involved in to the company’s revenue projections.
the development, manufacturing, marketing and distribu- One of the hurdles that the vitamin industry faces is a
tion of highly specialized and innovative medicines for the modest commitment of government. Of the $800 million
hospital market. “Ultimately, the government could penal- the government spent on medical research and clinical
ize people who do not look after themselves.” trials in 2011, $600,000 went to natural health, while the
Furthermore, we see people becoming more interested industry represents 14 percent of the total health market,
in complementary medicines including vitamin and mineral according to Swisse’s data.
products and the NHMRC providing a significant amount “I do feel that we need more government support in
for rigorous scientific research in complementary medi- clinical trials,” said Sali. “We have only started this jour-
cines,” Eutick continued. ney and are still creating a structure with the right people
But taking a greater role in maintaining health is a big to drive outcomes in this area, but there are positive
challenge for many. “Who has time for a balanced diet, signs coming from the government.”
australia report
live their lives as best they can. search allows us to focus more and more
on unmet medical needs in the therapeu-
Alison tic areas in which we have experience
and ensures the longevity of our robust
pipeline,“ said Smith. “That means that
as we bring newer products to market,
Inspired by patients. Driven by science.
they should be more likely to meet the
bar for approval and reimbursement in
© 2011 - 2013 UCB Australia Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. UCB Australia Pty Ltd (ABN 48 005 799 208).
Tel: +61 (3) 9828 1800. Fax: +61 (3) 9828 1860. Level 1, 1155 Malvern Rd. Malvern VIC 3144, Australia.
a country like Australia.”
On top of that, Novartis is develop-
australia report
Multi-Ethnical; Cross-Sectoral; George Clinical the clinical development process. According to Smith, this
helps to personalise treatment, to identify those who respond
One of the frontrunners in connecting public and well and those who do not respond well to treatment, which
private is George Clinical (part of the George Institute then means discovering better patient outcomes at the start.
for Global Health), which is successfully working with
multiple stakeholders. “We run a PiLOtiNG AUStRALiA iNtO thE ASiAN cENtURy
number of trials that address pub- While one could argue that PBS reforms are limiting access
lic health priorities while provid- to the newest innovations to the Australian pensioner after
ing commercial opportunities for a hardworking, taxpaying life, PBS reforms are also forcing
companies funded by industry and the industry to do something totally new rather than tweak
at the same time by the NHMRC,”
existing products.
said Marisa Petersen, George
“Registration and reimbursement processes in Australia
Clinical’s managing director. “Be-
should be approached as a trigger for creativity, to come up
cause of the mutual benefit and
with ways to successfully commercialize your drug,” said
goals, it is possible to do hugely
important research in a very ef- George Varkanis, vice-president Asia Pacific for Celgene. Aus-
fective way.” tralia was purposely meant to be a pioneer market for Celgene
“A key priority for George in Asia Pacific, a role that it has fulfi lled with verve. Australia
Clinical is redesigning the clinical was among the fi rst in Celgene’s global portfolio to success-
trials process and influencing fully launch key brands Revlimid and Vidaza.
regulatory process in this area,”
added Prof. Vlado Perkovic, execu-
tive director of the Institute. “The
current process is creaking under
its own weight. We need more From top: Marisa
Petersen, Managing
modern, cheaper, and effective Director George
clinical trials that can identify Clinical; Vlado
treatments that work.” Perkovic, Executive
With half the world’s popula- Director, The George
Institute
tion living in Asia and a growing
expertise in clinical trials as
well as an expanding middle class to market new
medicines, that is where George Clinical focuses its
activity. Recently George Clinical opened its office in
Beijing, its third in Asia after Hong Kong and India.
“The growth of chronic disease and ‘western’ diseas-
es is greatest in Asia, so this population needs to be
part of trial plans,” explained Petersen.
australia report
AUSTRALIA’S
No.1 *
MULTIVITAMIN
Mark Webber
Formula 1 Winner
At Genzyme Australia,
we have a rare
commitment to
discover and deliver
transformative
therapies, providing
hope to patients with
Jimenia, rare and special unmet
MPS I disease
medical needs.
17
australia report
years as big pharma– depending on their own molecular With the current price pressure the
portfolio and their generic relationship—will change and pharmacist is willing to take a detailed
adapt to whatever their new markets are. There is no doubt look at individual price offerings and
that, once the key molecules go post-patent, branded phar- switch to where he can maximize his
ma companies face a very different go-to market strategy.” value. To Dr. Reddy’s that means con-
API believes that it offers a very economic & viable ser- sistent engagement with the pharma-
vice to pharmacy. Our view is that pharmacies actually want cists across a range of products and
a single source of supply for their product, which provides services to improve their profitability in
real efficiencies to them which they need in this economic these rather challenging times.
environment. API will continue to add value and the go-to- Azhar Mohammed,
market strategy for brand pharma or generic suppliers as Managing Director, How do you see the relationship be-
required.” Dr. Reddy’s tween manufacturer and pharmacy
change?
THE GENERICS PlAyER There is no denying that there has been an aggressive cut
Azhar Mohammed, Managing Director, Dr. Reddy’s on generics pricing, and this has put pressure on the profit-
ability of the pharmacies. It is in the interest of all—phar-
How does a relatively new entry differentiate itself in a maceutical companies, consumers and the governments
highly competitive Australian generics industry? that pharmacies operate in a sustainable environment. In
It is about engaging pharmacy on a sustainable basis by order to meet this objective I am very clear that only com-
providing value in these challenging times. In the older days panies that are vertically integrated and able to execute
the pharmacy would go with a manufacturer’s full portfolio global economics of scale can sustainably partner with
without rigorous review of the individual product prices. pharmacies; all others need to review their cost structures.
australia report
the Generic Medicines industry Associa- However, this notion of a disconnect that requires sophisticated partnering.
tion (GMiA). “It is a knowledge-based seems to be disappearing. Pharmaceu- “Indeed Australia is considered a high-
country, and under-recognized as a mat- tical companies have been concluding potential R&D opportunity particularly
ter of fact, and that is to the detriment many agreements with biotech industry in the biotech sector, and the secret is
of many companies that could come here and research institutes for their R&D, out. Many of the world’s top pharma-
and get really good leads.” demonstrating a set of new relationships ceutical companies have caught on to
australia report
the fact that Australia offers a tralia’s leading neuroscience money to overseas biotechs,” said Craig
lot of pipeline potential,” said centres. Through this cooper- Rogers, CEO of Nucleus Network, one
Chris Hourigan, managing ation, Novartis is supporting of Australia’s leading early-phase clinical
director of Janssen-Cilag. the first multi-country analy- research businesses. “Also from the big
“The quality and the abil- sis of MRI work in its kind pharma perspective the high Australian
ity to do work that other in the Southern Hemisphere dollar has made us less competitive.”
countries cannot do are key,” within the company. Australia Still, a lot of big pharma and biotech
explained Jason Smith the is the third country within the companies like Australia because studies
choice of his company Novar- group after the US and Swit- can be done before filing IND, to get pa-
Craig Rogers, CEO,
tis to invest close to USD40 Nucleus Network zerland to have this capability. tient data before going to the FDA. “Also,
million in R&D in Australia While discovery-focused re- all phase I studies can be addressed by the
annually. While part of the money is in- search is becoming increasingly popular, local ethics committee,” Rogers said. “So
vested in over 100 clinical trials, Novar- the last few years have been tough for the as long as there is a competent ethics com-
tis’ research commitment to Australia is clinical research sector. “The last three or mittee with the right scientific subcom-
no longer limited to the clinical side. four years have been tough, the financial mittee, they can do the full evaluation to
The Swiss drug maker recently an- crisis has had an impact on the work com- avoid going through a central regulatory
nounced collaboration with the Brain ing through both from small biotechs into process.”
& Mind Research Institute, one of Aus- Australia and the overall availability of
INTERVIEW WITH:
Australian research sector with business. We PBS price cuts. Dozens of medicines were cut
need to get on each other’s radar screens in price by up to 75 percent, and more such
though. price cuts will follow as agreed in the MoU.
The reason that Medicines Australia could
FR: How successful have you been in reaching negotiate this agreement is that our members
this over the past years? account for a significant percentage of the off-
BRENDAN SHAW: AstraZeneca, GSK, CSL, and patent market; originator companies histor-
Leo Pharma have ventured into biotech. ically have significant business in the off-pat-
Some of the indigenous companies such as ent market in Australia. So the price cuts have
Pharmaxis are on the verge of becoming affected our members quite badly, but it is
commercial pharmaceutical companies. The part of the philosophy of the industry: while
challenge for Australia is to continue the a medicine is on-patent a rigorous health
momentum and capitalize on it. technology assessment system regulates the
So Medicines Australia is keen to see the price, but once the medicine goes off-patent,
government take the next step in building a the price is set through market competition.
strategy around this. We have seen several Our philosophy has been to indeed let free
good initiatives over the years, such as the competition reign and have the tax-payer
R&D Tax Credit, which makes R&D about ten benefit.
percent cheaper and significantly boosts the
attractiveness of Australia as an R&D desti- FR: What is your vision for the Australian
nation. pharmaceutical industry in the next five
years?
FR: To what extent can your member compa- BRENDAN SHAW: When talking about the
nies accept further price reductions in order future of medicines and pharmaceuticals,
to keep the PBS sustainable? Australia is the undiscovered country. Over
BRENDAN SHAW: In 2010 Medicines Australia the past years the industry has produced a
signed a Memorandum of Understanding range of remarkable successes, and I would
(MoU) with the government on how the urge pharmaceutical executives around the
PBS should be run in terms of pricing policy, world to have a good, hard look at Australia.
the first agreement of its kind between the Often Australia would be towards the bot-
industry and the government. The MoU tom of the pile of a range of Asia-Pacific
runs until 2014 and contains a range of ini- investment proposals in a company. Com-
tiatives such as price cuts in the F2 multiple panies would focus all their attention on
brand market, process improvements in China or India. But when looking for oppor-
listing new medicines, and guarantees of tunities in hi-tech, high-value manufactur-
government on which policy changes they ing, Australia is positioning itself more and
will not implement before the MoU ends. more as a viable choice in the region. GSK
The MoU provides the industry with a level is a good example with their choice for Aus-
of policy predictability. It is not perfect, but tralia over India as the location for their
the agreement has given the industry a manufacturing facilities. The more the com-
four-year window in which it can more or panies are awake to the opportunities, the
less know what will happen. better the companies and Australia will be
April 2012 indeed saw a major round of served.
24 Interview with: Anna Lavelle, Chief Executive Officer, AusBiotech
INTERVIEW WITH:
we have an international series of investment What is your vision for the Australian biotech-
meetings taking Australian companies over- nology industry?
sees and putting them in front of potential ANNA LAVELLE: We need more success stories
investors who may not be aware of Australian such as Pharmaxis, a company that is
technology. This has proven to be extremely involved in the research, development and
successful, generating significant new invest- commercialisation of new therapies for
ments and interest in our technology. undertreated respiratory diseases and has
From a public policy perspective, we have grown to become among Australia’s largest
been involved in negotiations regarding life sciences companies.
changes in the federal tax laws, which were The environment will always be heteroge-
implemented 12 months ago. Since these neous because it depends on what the product
changes started to apply companies is. Does it have a domestic or international
announced that they are getting significant focus and are there partnerships involved? It
money reimbursed due to R&D tax incentives. is a bespoke area where it is hard to make
Companies with less than $20 million turno- standard rules or expectations. We have seen
ver get 45 cents cash back for every dollar that companies search creative ways in order
they invest in R&D and companies with turn- to finance their operation, looking for inno-
over above $20 million get a 40% offset. This vative financing and partner arrangements
is a 45% discount on their expenditure that or start-up a commercial operation that
companies get back as a cheque in cash from finances the program rather than having to
the tax office or a 40% tax credit. This guar- go out raising money through investors.
antees that investors receive a 40 - 45 % uplift I strongly believe that to enable innova-
straight away and it encourages R&D. tion, pressure is required. If there is no pres-
sure there is no drive nor trigger to innovate.
FR: How confident are you today about the gov- Over the last few years, scarce capital has
ernment’s commitment to foster the right pushed people to find creative solutions to
environment for the biotechnology sector? finance their companies.
ANNA LAVELLE: I believe that the federal as Pharmaxis has been a great example as a
well as the state government wants to see first indigenous company that has made its
innovation. Speaking to the public the gov- way from discovery right through commer-
ernment often mentions its desire for a cialization process. I’d like to see more com-
smart country and their support for inno- panies PBS-listed and getting their products
vation. out to the community.
AusBiotech conducts a survey among While five years ago people merely focused
CEOs every year in order to track what their on phase III developments, today we see
ideas are about the environment. Last year increasing interest from pharmaceutical com-
we found the CEOs optimistic, speaking panies in phase I and pre-clinical studies.
about hiring additional staff, capital raisings, Moreover, pharmaceutical companies have
growth and other positive aspects. They were been concluding agreements with the biotech
less positive about the business environment industry to their R&D, not taking up the
meaning: tax, the regulatory framework, red responsibility of developing themselves. This
tape and processes. demonstrates a set of new relationships that
requires sophisticated partnering.
26 Interview with: Dr. Suzanne Hill Chair
Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee
Interview with:
INTERVIEW WITH:
INTERVIEW WITH:
that kind of innovation. That is the dilemma position owing to our center of excellence for
that the industry is facing: the benchmark manufacturing based on blow fill seal tech-
for innovation continues to increase and nology. This technology is about injecting
obviously the cost of research and develop- sterile solutions blown into plastic type vials
ment is not decreasing. This balance between that are then presented as sterile products
bringing incremental innovation versus either for injection or inhalation.
breakthrough innovation is our biggest chal- It is high-end manufacturing which needs
lenge as an industry and at AstraZeneca. to be done in a sterile environment and for
The challenge is generating acceptable evi- which highly trained operators are needed.
dence that will support reimbursement, at For twenty years AstraZeneca has built the
least in markets where governments effec- capability and productivity of the facility,
tively pay for medicine.. AstraZeneca recog- and today we are the sole supplier to the Chi-
nized several years ago that we need to pro- nese market for our asthma treatment med-
vide extra evidence for payers, beyond what icine. The Chinese market for this medicine
we need to provide to get a product regis- is projected to grow from 50 million units to
tered. AstraZeneca is building this into our 250 million units in the next decade, thus
phase III program. Of course, given that it presenting tremendous opportunities for
takes quite a long time to flow through, we AstraZeneca Australia.
will only see this deliver over time - , although
Brilinta is an early example of this being put FR: Why has the choice been made to continue
into action. We recognize that payers need production from Australia rather than to
additional evidence, and if we ignore their invest in facilities in cheaper competitors such
needs we will not get good pricing and access. as India?
MARK FLADRICH: For lower value-added man-
FR: And looking at the organisation that you ufacturing processes decisions are made
now lead, what have been the key changes? every day to move manufacturing to India
MARK FLADRICH: AstraZeneca has effectively as an alternative to producing in Europe or
doubled its size since 2003 in terms of sales Australia. The opportunity for AstraZeneca
on the back of our outstanding portfolio of here is that technology that is used to sup-
medicines. . With a market share of ten per- port our medicines is complicated. To start
cent, we are one of the highest performing up as a green field operation with all the
subsidiaries for AstraZeneca globally. This required validation and then get all the
ten percent ranks Australia in the top half machinery functioning and produce prod-
of the top ten countries within the com- ucts that need to be sterile was not a viable
pany, ahead of Germany, the UK, and Spain alternative to the great manufacturing
in terms of contribution to global revenue, environment that Australia offered. Astra-
which helps us to punch above our weight Zeneca chose to build on the capability and
globally. the very high level of productivity of the
How would you outline the present and Australian site.
future role of Australia within AstraZeneca?
We believe in the next five years we will
stay in the top five global markets for Astra-
Zeneca globally, we also we have a privileged
32 Interview with: Prof. Vlado Perkovic Executive Director
The George Institute Australia
INTERVIEW WITH:
same time funded by the NHMRC. “We have a long history of delivering
These trials have addressed the needs of both
sides of the spectrum: they address public health
high-quality, rigorously conducted and
priorities of the NHMRC while providing a com- high impact trials at much lower cost
mercial opportunity for a company that seeks
the benefits of the trial. Because of the mutual than those conducted through
benefit and goals, it is possible to do hugely pharmaceutical companies or other
important research in a very effective way.
CROs.”
FR: Would you outline in more detail what coop-
eration looks like for the George Institute? in a way as to outperform other parts of the
PROF. VLADO PERKOVIC: The CHEST trial was a world.
collaboration between the manufacturer of One of those is in intensive care trials, where
the fluid and the George Institute, as well as we have a very strong and well established net-
the NHMRC and a range of other funding bod- work of intensive care researchers who in the
ies. The company had a requirement to clearly past decade have recruited over 20.000 people
understand what the effects of their product, in Australia and New Zealand alone, far more
which was also a addressing a public health than anywhere else in the world.
issue and they also wanted to do it in a rigor- It is possible to set up modern or effective
ous way that maximized the reliability of the systems that are not based on the traditional
study and allowed them to be hands-off in the hospital recruitment system and that allow vol-
way the trial was conducted. umes that are comparable to for example China
The company entered in an agreement with or other countries.
the Institute under which they provided fund- On top of this there are other groups, for
ing for the study but the study was run, instance the Monash Group in Melbourne, who
designed, reported on by an independent aca- have set up innovative primary care based net-
demic group. works. They are currently recruiting 10-15.000
The results were published in the New Eng- people to a trial using a novel, highly effective
land Journal of Medicine and have had a huge and innovative model of recruitment. These
impact, providing important data for the scien- intelligent re-designs of the clinical process are
tific community, for the health community, and a real opportunity not only for Australia, but
for the company. for the broader clinical trials community glob-
The results of a trial are not always what was ally.
hoped, but no commercial organization wants Furthermore I see the opportunity for Aus-
to do something that is harmful. tralia not as a bulk producer of clinical trials or
a heavy recruiter to clinical trials, although it
FR: What role do you believe Australia can play still is possible, but more as a value-added part-
in clinical research in the Asian Century? ner for the broader region. We are in the same
PROF. VLADO PERKOVIC: Although Australia is time zone which makes communication and
perceived as a place where it is difficult to partnership much stronger. We understand the
recruit large numbers of patients because our culture of the countries around us, and can work
population is not so big, there are key exam- very well as a facilitator of clinical research in
ples where people have arranged themselves the region.
34
Company index
AstraZeneca............. 8, 14, 22 ,23, 30, 31 Medicines Australia............. 8, 22, 23, 30
Dr. Reddy’s......................................17, 19
Nucleus Network ...........................17, 19
Genzyme........................................ 10, 16
Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory
Committee............................... 11, 26, 27
Generic Medicines Industry
Association......................................17, 18
Pharmacy Guild...................................14
George Clinical.....................................13
Phebra................................................... 11
George
Institute.....................................13, 32, 33 Servier............................................... 6, 18
PAST REPORTS
36