Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
_Resist Revision_
So how do we avoid the tendency to rewrite our history in a less than completely
true light? The first step is to believe that what you know to be true is worth
salvaging. You honor yourself by placing your truth on paper. We need to believe
it is better to recapture honestly without revision the events that have shaped us.
You deserve your truth to be reported.
A woman attending one of the Writing To Save Your Life Workshops I offer
nationally told me she painstakingly wrote down her story of a complicated
childhood in a journal, then was afraid of how it sounded if only to herself or
those she allowed to read it. So she destroyed the journal and started over to make
it sound better.
I understand what she did, but I want to urge you not to do the same. Your life is
not a sitcom script that needs to fit the laugh tracks or have a certain pacing to
fit between the commercials. Your life is what it is; your feelings need to be
validated for you in the pages of a journal that is kept private. You own your
history. Do not assassinate your honesty.
_Journal Jolts_
---------------------------------------------------------------
For many of us, the hardest part of sketching is knowing what to sketch. To help
you get over your fear of what to draw, I give you seven sketch starters. These
describe places you can go and things you can do to get inspired. Begin using a
pencil or pen to record more than words in your journal.
_1. Go to an art museum._ Visiting an art museum is perhaps the ultimate creativity
booster for an artist or creative person. There, you can completely immerse
yourself in art, hang out with some of the greatest artists of all time and study
their work at your leisure.
However, I realize that going to a museum to sketch does carry with it a certain
amount of intimidation. To get over this, prepare yourself. Go armed with a small
sketchbook (smaller than 7 by 9 inches is preferable) and a few drawing pencils.
Kentucky artist Tina Tammaro recommends wandering around to get your bearings, and
then picking a room and spending some time in it. "Then find one painting to
concentrate on. Write down what comes to mind about the piece." For example, you
might notice the bright color scheme or, perhaps, the focal point#the main area of
the painting. (In a portrait painting, the focal point is often the person's
eyes.) You may also notice that the painting may change your mood, leaving you
feeling uplifted or even morose.
Once you've noted and written your impressions of the painting, "Next squint your
eyes to study the major shapes," says Tammaro. Make a few quick sketches outlining
these shapes. "This sketch doesn't need to look good. Instead, you should use this
exercise to slow down and discover what intrigues you the most about a painting,"
says Tammaro.
Some other things you can do to stoke your creative fires at the museum include
comparing two paintings to hone your analytical skills: How are the paintings
different? How are they similar? How did the artist create such bright colors in
one? Another option is to choose one thing to focus on at the museum and spend the
afternoon looking carefully at examples of just that. You might try just looking
at backgrounds or noticing what the center of interest is in each painting. Or you
could simply look at landscape paintings, ignoring everything else.
_2. Take a drawing course._ For me, there's no better way to conquer a fear than
to get a little professional help, so to speak. I found that taking an evening
class in introductory figure drawing at a local art academy was a great way for me
to learn some basic art skills in an unintimidating environment. (An added benefit
was that I learned not only what art materials to use, but also what art materials
I enjoyed using.) Once you learn a few drawing techniques, such as gesture and
contour drawing, you'll feel more confident in drawing on your own.
_3. Spend time sitting in a caf�._ Check out the menu, the surroundings, the
people. There's a treasure trove of sketching possibilities at a caf� or
restaurant. One of the most fascinating ways to draw people is to observe them;
work from life. Thus sitting at a caf� or coffee shop and observing those around
you will provide you with endless fodder for your sketchbook. In his book The
Artist's Sketchbook (David & Charles, 2000), Albany Wiseman recommends that you
"ensconce yourself in a quiet spot where you're not too overlooked" a corner spot
is ideal. Order a beer or coffee as camouflage and survey the scene.
"Draw quickly and confidently, looking for broad shapes and lines that seem to sum
up a gesture or a movement. Make notes of details such as furniture and light
fittings; these will give the sketch a sense of place. I often include lettering,
which forms a significant part of the visual environment. It appears on shop
fronts, chalkboards, safety and directional signs, and menus, and because styles
change you will also find that it's generally an extremely good clue to location
and also to time."
_4. Take it outside._ Still another great source of drawing subjects for your
sketchbook is a garden. Be it in your own backyard or at a park, spending a little
time in nature will provide you with many options. For instance, you can trace
around the shape of a flower petal or leaf. Claudia Nice, author of several books
for artists, including *How to Keep a Sketchbook Journal* (North Light Books,
2001), recommends making prints. To do this, bring some watercolor paints with you
on your expedition. Choose the subject for your printing, such as a fern. Then
paint the fronds with the color of your choice. Blot the leaf gently on a paper
towel and then press it down onto your sketchbook page. You can also work with a
reverse process of this technique. Nice recommends choosing a flat, fairly stiff
object such as a fern to use as a stencil and secure it to your paper with tiny
pieces of tape. Next brush or sponge paint on and around the leaf. Let dry, then
remove the stencil.
_5. Sketch your mood._ Use colors. Go deeper. A visual journal is a way of freely
expressing thoughts and feelings in visual form while also including words. By
combining the two, you move beyond the limitations of our finite language into
pictures and symbols that can sometimes communicate deeper than words. Barbara
Ganim and Susan Fox, in their book Visual Journaling (Quest Books, 1999),
recommend that you write down your intention first when visual journaling: "That
statement might go something like 'My intention is to discover the inner source of
my feelings about my argument with my boss' or 'I wish to understand why seeing my
mother makes me anxious.'" Your next step is to quiet your mind. From there, try
drawing your emotional reaction to your statement. Try using different colors,
shapes and symbols to express your feelings about what you wrote.
_6. Create a collage._ Much like leaf printing, creating a collage is an easy way
to get your creative juices going. Remember using scissors, paste and scraps of
paper to create a collage in grade school? Well, collage isn't just for kids. In
addition to painting, artist Henri Matisse was also a master at collage. In the
later years of his life when he was too weak to stand at an easel, he turned to
scissors and paper to create his artistic visions. One of his most famous examples
is Beasts of the Sea, a collage he cut in memory of the South Seas, which he had
visited 20 years earlier. To try your own hand at collage, cut pieces of paper in
all different shapes and colors from magazines. Or pick up some of the different
Oriental rice papers and handmade papers at your local art or stationery store. All
these different paper types are great to use for collages.
_7. Scribble._ Scribbling is one of the best ways you can improve your drawing
skills says Greg Albert, drawing instructor and author of several art books,
including Basic Figure Drawing Techniques (North Light Books, 1994). To give it a
try, grab a large sheet of scrap paper and either a pencil or soft graphite stick.
Cover the paper with big swirls. Draw from your shoulder, not your wrist. Don't
stop your hand and don't lift the graphite from the paper. Make some tight curls,
then make some zigzags, loops and coils.
Give yourself permission to let go. Scribble until the page is dark with marks.
Gesture drawing capturing a subject's unique quality is similar to scribbling in
that you should never lose the loose, almost unrestrained quality of the pencil.
To take your scribbles one step further into gesture drawings, Albert recommends
you: Draw what your subject feels like or what it's doing. Don't stop the pencil,
and don't pick it up off the paper. Always draw the whole thing on the paper.
To begin scribbling, Albert says you can draw just about anything, including
stuffed animals, telephones, toasters and so on. The real secret to scribbling is
keep drawing and do as much of it as you can. Experience, not the finished
product, is the goal. With enough good experience, be it sketching, creating a
collage or making a leaf print, your sketchbook will soon become an expressive and
satisfying part of your artistic life.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
These prewriting exercises probably work best when combined with a more traditional
technique such as using the Journalist's Questions. The idea is to ask students to
think about the events that they narrate in a less typical way and then to use
those thoughts to develop their narratives.
These exercises can be useful after the students have begun drafting, since they
think about the details of the event that the writer can add to a working draft.
For instance, after scripting a section of the narrative, writers could work on
adding dialogue to their working drafts. Or after thinking about the decision
points in the series of events, they can add some details to their working drafts
on the reasons that the series of events occurred in the way that they did. The
exercises listed below include connections to the writer's working draft, but I'd
suggest cutting that part off when assigning the exercises, to help students focus
on invention rather than on thinking about how to use the material later. Once
they complete the exercise, I'd give them the follow-up application, focusing on
their working draft of the narrative itself.
Some of the exercises make for good class or small group discussion as well. If
students script pieces, they can read the scripts out loud, assigning one another
parts -- with the author of the script taking notes on places where the dialogue
is difficult or incorrect. Using this technique, writers can find places where
their attempt to capture the flow of a conversation is stilted or unrealistic.
Students also seem to enjoy sharing their writing on the event for a tabloid, an
interview or as a fable -- though the exercise can lead to giggling and noise.
Student writers can also benefit from sharing their list of decision points, since
classmates can often think of alternatives that the writers do not. By thinking
through all the possible alternatives, students are better able to think about the
significance of the events for the "So what?" details that they'll need in their
narratives.
1. Think of the different people involved in the event that you're narrating as
characters in a piece of literature. In the same way that you'd write a character
sketch for characters in a short story or play, write a paragraph on each of the
people involved in the event you're writing about. Once you've finished, compare
the details in your sketches to the details on the characters in your draft.
Revise your draft, based on the differences that you find.
2. Sketch out the events as blocks in a comic strip. Don't worry about the
artwork -- just use stick figures. What events would you focus on in your
sketches? What parts would you leave out? Comic strips don't show every single
event that occurs; they focus on the events that are necessary to the overall
message. Once you've sketched out your blocks, take a look at your working draft.
Are the blocks that you include in your comic strip included in the narrative? Are
they recognizable -- how do the blocks in your comic strip relate to the
organizational structure of your narrative? Are the ones that you've left out of
the comic strip included in the narrative -- if so, what do they add to your
overall purpose?
3. Write a version of the events in your narrative for a newspaper article.
Remember to include the answers to the journalist's questions (who? what? where?
when? why? how?). Focus on the facts as they occurred. Use an inverted pyramid
order -- begin with the facts and details that are most important to readers and
end with the facts that are less important. Once you've finished, compare the
article to your working draft. Have you included all the facts in your draft that
you included at the beginning of your newspaper article? Are the details that you
include toward the end of the article (the ones that are less important) included
in your working draft -- are they emphasized or subordinate? Think about what you
would want someone who read that newspaper article to know that isn't included in
the article itself. Are those points included in your narrative?
4. Outline the events that occur in your narrative. Identify the places where you
or others involved had to make a decision of some kind. For each decision point,
brainstorm on the alternatives that could have been pursued. What other options
were available? Once you've thought through the possibilities, examine the way that
you discuss the decisions in your draft -- do you include details on the
alternatives? How do these other options affect the way that you think about the
event now? Have you looked back at the event that you're writing about and thought,
"Gee, I wish I had done that differently"? Add some depth to your narrative by
fleshing out alternatives as well as how and when they became important.
5. Choose a time in your narrative when you and other characters are talking with
one another. Script out the conversation as an exchange in a play. Try to capture
the language in the style that would have actually been used. Make the dialogue
accurate to the event; don't worry if it's not Standard Written English (personal
conversations rarely are). Once you've scripted out your dialogue, move to your
working draft. How does the dialogue that you've written in your script compare to
the episode in your narrative? Can you add details from the script to your draft?
How would adding the dialogue affect the purpose of your narrative?
6. Describe the events that occurred for a different audience. How does your
narrative change if it is written for an older family member, someone interviewing
you for a job, a younger student, or someone you had never met before? What would
you leave out? What would you add? What would you describe in different language
and style? How would the points that you emphasize change? Once you've thought
about the differences, return to your working draft. Are the points that you DO
include right for your audience? Are there parts of your alternate version that can
be added to your working draft? As you revise, think about the details in the
narrative fit your audience in particular.
7. Reflect on the events as you recall them. Readers will want to know why you're
sharing the story. Your narrative needs to answer the question, "So what?" When
your readers get to the end of the story, you should have answered the question
for them. Draw a chart with three columns. Label the columns as follows:
Outline the major events in rows under the "Events" column; then, fill in the
spaces under the other columns for each of the major events. For each of the
columns, try to think about the "So What?" Explain why the event matters to you in
the second column, and why the event matters to others who are involved (directly
or indirectly) in the third column. Think about how the events mattered at the
time and how they matter now, looking back. Once you've finished filling in the
chart, move to your working draft. Are the "So what?" details that you included in
the chart clear in your draft? Are there details that you can add to make the
significance of the event understandable to your readers?
8. Think about the longevity of the event in your narrative. How will you
remember the event five years from now? ten years? twenty-five years? As you think
about the effect of the events in the narrative, you need to focus on how the
events will matter to you and your readers. What kind of staying power do the
events have? Brainstorm or freewrite a few paragraphs on why you think this event
will still matter in the future. Once you've written about the longevity and
enduring importance, move back to your working draft. When you talk about events is
their staying power clear to the reader? How do you communicate the enduring
qualities of the events in your narrative? What details from your brainstorming or
freewriting might you work into your draft?
9. Think about the details included in your narrative -- facts, sensory details,
and emotions. Draw a chart like this:
Then think about the facts that are important to your narrative, and fill in the
chart. Work to find at least ten important facts. For each, think about related
sensory details (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell), and consider the emotions
related to the facts (fear, pleasure, sadness, etc.). For instance, a fact in my
narrative might be "three fresh baked loaves of bread on the kitchen table." For
sensory detail, I'd write about the smell of fresh baked bread, the warmth of the
kitchen from the still hot stove, and the golden brown color of the bread. For
emotions, I'd write about how the loaves of bread gave me a happy feeling as I
remembered how my father always bakes bread for special holidays and how my
grandmother always baked us bread when we visited her. Once you've finished working
through the chart for the facts from your paper, move back to your working draft.
Are the sensory details and emotions that you included in the chart communicated in
your draft? Revise to add details, taking material from your chart whenever you
can.
10. Write an account of the events in your narrative for a fable, a tabloid, or a
television or radio interview. These options give you a lot of room for
creativity. What happens if the people involved in the events were animals and you
had to come up with a moral? If the events were reported in a tabloid paper, what
would be emphasized? Where would things be embellished? What would be left out?
Finally, if you were interviewed about the event, what would you include in your
story -- your answer depends on where you're being interviewed (by Barbara Walters
once you're rich and famous? on a talk show by Oprah? on a late night show by
David Letterman or Jay Leno?) Be sure to indicate where you're being interviewed.
Once you finish your alternate account of the events, move to your working draft.
Are there facts that you can add now that you've thought about the events in your
narrative from a different point of view? Are there facts that seem less
important? Can they be deleted? Did you add details and description to your account
that can be revised and added to your draft? What parts of your alternate version
wouldn't make any sense at all in your final draft of the narrative?
_GETTING IDEAS _
Following is a list of ideas to help you come up with creative ideas. This excerpt
was taken from "The Animation Book" by Kit Laybourne (pages 10-11)
-IDEA BOOK-
_You must trust yourself. All great artists have counted on such faith to get them
through the "dry spells". Virtue is its own reward. Keep working._
By Loraine Crouch
"You have to acknowledge that you're worthy of time that's just for you and that
your art's worthy of this time," says artist Tera Leigh. "Otherwise you'll get
bogged down with the million other things you've got going." So, send your family
out for holiday shopping, unplug the TV and prepare for playtime. Forget about
deadlines and checking things off your to- do list. Relax and spend a day
experimenting and enjoying your creative energy. With the help of a few creativity
experts, I came up with an itinerary for a day dedicated to nurturing your muse.
Before you begin, be sure to plan ahead. The following suggestions will get you in
good shape for your creative exploration.
_Gather your tools._ Decide what you're going to do and gather the supplies you
need. Place them all together in a box. The last thing you want to do on your day
of indulgence is scour art stores for the right tools.
_Clean the house._ Don't let clutter distract you from the day's purpose. If you
wake up with at least a semiclean house, you're more likely to stick to your
plans.
_Kick everyone out._ Turn off the phones and make sure your family members or
roommates have somewhere else to be. Let them, as well as friends and co-workers,
know that you'll be unavailable for the day.
_Be reasonable._ This is the day you've set aside to explore your creativity; now's
not the time to paint the next Mona Lisa. Set goals for things you want to try
but not necessarily complete. "One of the biggest factors that stifles creativity
is expectations and assumptions about how things should turn out," says Leigh. "If
I just sit down and say, I'm going to have a creativity day and I'm going to
complete all of these things, that's not a creativity day, that's a workday."
Here are two ideas for your first hour at your creative "spa":
*"We promise according to our hopes, and perform according to our fears."*
Fran�ois de La Rouchefoucauld
See *The Creative Artist* for a great variety of projects and ideas for change.
Here is a list of concepts, actions, thoughts and philosophies that have allowed me
to achieve. Consider them as
you seek to achieve:
You have already had the best lesson of your life in the book, "The Little Engine
That Could." It has been providing
the first lesson of positive attitude and achievement since it was written in 1937.
Go buy a copy.
The passion of today and the uncertainty of tomorrow keeps my fire lit on
"achievement level." I am a 53-year-old
orphan. I just became one last year. The gears inside my soul have been put in
permanent over-drive.
I value my time.
I believe in myself.
I study positive attitude. I am more positive about my attitude today than I was
yesterday -- and it's been that way everyday for the past 25 years. The commitment
to building a positive attitude is the same as the commitment to achievement --
daily.