INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY 02

2. TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION 03

3. FIBER OPTICS 07

4. MOBILE COMMUNICATION - GSM 08

5. MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 10

6. CELLULAR RADIO NETWORK 12

7. ARCHITECTURE OF GSM NETWORK 14

8. GSM SERVICES 17

9. CONCLUSION 25

10. REFERENCES 26

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INTRODUCTION OF THE COMPANY

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL India Communications

Corporation Limited) is a state-owned telecommunication enterprise in India.

BSNL is the Third largest cellular service provider, with over 66.88 million
customers as of June 2010 and the largest land line telephone provider in
India. BSNL further plans to increase its customer base to 160 Million by
March, 2014.

Its headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane,
Janpath, New Delhi. It has the status of Miniratna, a status assigned to
reputed Central Public Sector Enterprise in India.

BSNL is India's oldest and largest Communication Service Provider (CSP).

Currently has a customer base of 90 million as of June 2008. It has footprints
throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi
which are managed by MTNL. As on June 30, 2010 BSNL commanded a
customer base of 27.45 million Wireline, 72.69 million Wireline subscribers.

BSNL's earnings for the Financial Year ending March 31, 2009 stood at INR
397.15b (US$7.03 billion) with net profit of INR 78.06b (US$ 1.90 billion).

BSNL has an estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning
an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10% to public in the Rs 300-400 range
valuing the company at over $100 billion.

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TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the

purpose of communication.

Switching

Switching is an essential component of telephone, telegraph, data-processing, and

other technologies. Switching may be performed by electronic,optical, or
electromechanical devices.

Telecomm Components

Subscriber
Devices attached to network
Local Loop
Subscriber loop
Connection to network
Exchange
Switching centers
End offices
Trunks
Branches between exchanges
Multiplexed

General Principles of Switching

Mass communication: communication from few to many, requires:

one way communication path

Point-to-point communication: from one communicator to another, requires:
Both-way communications and rapid reconfiguration of transmission path

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VARIOUS CALLING STAGES

Basic Call Progress – On Hook

Basic Call Progress – Off Hook

Basic Call Progress -- Dialing

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Basic Call Progress --Switching

Basic Call Process -- Ringing

Basic Call Process -- Talking

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A DIGITAL EXCHANGE

Switching Technology

Circuit Switching

It needs a connection establishment between end nodes. The Connection is

maintained until one of end nodes terminates. The Connection is dedicated to
the communication between two nodes. The Reduces the number and the total
length of the links

Example : Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN)

Packet Switching

Data are transmitted in short messages called packets. A connection between

the two end-nodes is not maintained. A node-to-node link can be dynamically
shared by many packets.

Example : Public Data Network (PDN) likes X.25, Frame Relay.

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 1. Fiber Optics

Historical Overview

The first attempts at guiding light on the basis of total internal reflection in a
medium dates to 1841 by Daniel Colladon. He attempted to couple light from
an arc lamp into a stream of water. Several decades later, the medical men
Roth and Reuss used glass rods to illuminate body cavities (1888).

At the beginning of the 20th century light was successfully transmitted through
thin glass fibers. In 1926 J.L.Baird received a patent Water for transmitting
an image in glass rods and C.W.Hansell first began contemplating the idea of
configuring an imaging bundle.

In 1930 the medical student Arc Lamp Light guided Heinrich Lamm of Munich
produced in water pipe the first image transmitting fiber bundle. In 1931 the
first mass production of glass fibers was achieved by Owens – Illinois for
Fiberglas.

Attempts at patenting the idea of glass fibers with an enveloping clad glass was
initiated by H.M.Moller in a patent by Hansell , however, refused. As a result
the well-known scientists A.C.S. van Heel, Kapany and H.H.Hopkins
produced the first fiber optic endoscope on the basis of fiber cladding in
1954.

Curtiss developed an important requisite for the production of unclad glass fibers
in 1956. He suggested that a glass rod be used as the core material with a
glass tube of lower index of refraction melted to it on the outside.

In 1961, E. Snitzer described the theoretical basis for very thin (several micron)
fibers, which are the foundation for our current fiber optic communication
network.

The notion of launching light into thin films was suggested by von Karbowiak in
1963. In 1967, S. Kawakami proposed the concept of fiber whose index of
refraction varied in a continuous, parabolic manner from the center to the
edge (gradient index fiber).

The main thrust of further activities in the development of fiber optics was in
improving material quality of glass. High levels of purity were required of
preform to address the enormous economic and technological potential of a
worldwide communications network.

Fundamentals of Light Propagation in Light Guides

Fiber Optic light guides are media whose transverse dimension (diameter,
thickness) can be very small, typically 10mm to 1 mm. They are very flexible
and can be produced in virtually any desired length. The material is usually

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 glass, quartz or plastic. For special applications, other exotic materials such as
liquid light guides, sapphire, fluoride or calcogenide may be used.

There are some unavoidable requirements for good light transmission, such as
pure glass materials for the core and cladding and high transparency for the
spectrum of interest. Minimal optical dispersion is also desired. Process
parameters such as glass transformation temperature, viscosity, inclusions and
chemical affinity dictate the economics and quality of the fiber product.

Light launched into a fiber will after a given length reach the core material
boundary and pass to another medium (glass, air, etc.). Depending on the
incident angle, some of the energy will be refracted outward (leaky modes)
and some will reflect back into the core material.

Total Internal Reflection

When the outer medium is less optically dense (lower index of refraction) than the
core material, there is a distinct angle for which no light is refracted. Light is
completely reflected back into the core material (Total Internal Reflection).

2. MOBILE COMMUNICATION - GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Groupe

Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the
world.

The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone
carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses
the standard. GSM is used by over 4.3 billion people across more than 212
countries and territories.

Its ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between mobile phone

operators, providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the
world.

GSM differs from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile
phone system. This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data
communication applications into the system.

The ubiquity of implementation of the GSM standard has been an advantage to

both consumers, who may benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers
without replacing phones, and also to network operators, who can choose
equipment from many GSM equipment vendors.

GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message service

(SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on other

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mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a worldwide emergency
telephone number feature (112).

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM
system. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities by
means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99 introduced higher
speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).

History of GSM
In 1880, First Telephone (Photophone) was invented by Alexander Bell.

In 1921, The first car mounted radio telephone was launched.

In 1973, first handheld cellular phone was launched by Motorola.

During the early 1980s, there were analog technologies:

• Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS) in North America.

• Total Access Communications System (TACS) in the UK.

• Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in Nordic countries.

Each country developed its own system, which caused problems:

• System worked only within the boundaries of each country.

• Mobile equipment manufacturer markets were limited by the

operating system.

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications

Administrations (CEPT) created the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM), a digital
technology, to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be
used across Europe.

In 1897, Initial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by network

operators representing 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone
system across Europe. It coverered the following points:

• to coordinate introduction of GSM

• to agree on time scales

• to plan the introduction of services

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 • to coordinate routing, billing and tariffs

Finally the system created by SINTEF led by Torleiv Maseng was selected

In 1988, validation and trials were performed.

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications

Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published
in 1990.

The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint
technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson.

By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks
being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries

Multiple Access Techniques

Multiplexing techniques aim to increase transmission efficiency by transmitting
multiple signals or data streams on a single medium. The resulting
increased capacity can be used either to deliver a higher data rate to a
single user, or to allow multiple users to access the medium
simultaneously without interference. User access to the bandwidth can be
separated by a numbers of means: in time (TDMA), in frequency (FDMA
or OFDMA), in space (SDMA) or by assigning users unique codes
(CDMA). These methods will be described in turn in the following
sections.

Time Division Multiple Access

Time division multiple access (TDMA) allows multiple users to access a single
channel without interference by allocating specific time slots to each user. The
time axis is divided into time slots that are assigned to users according to a slot
allocation algorithm.

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A simple form of TDMA is time division duplex (TDD), where alternate transmit
periods are used for uplink and downlink in a duplex communication system.
TDD is used in cordless phone systems to accommodate two-way communication
in a single frequency band.

TDMA is used in Bluetooth piconets. The master device provides the system
clock that determines the timing of slots and, within each time slot, the master first
polls slave devices to see which devices need to transmit and then allocates
transmission time slots to devices that are ready to transmit.

Frequency Division Multiple Access

In contrast to TDMA, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) provides each

user with a continuous channel that is restricted to a fraction of the total available
bandwidth. This is done by dividing the available bandwidth into a number of
channels that are then allocated to individual users.

Frequency division duplex (FDD) is simple form of FDMA in which the available
bandwidth is divided into two channels to provide continuous duplex
communication. Cellular phone systems such as GSM (2G) and UMTS (3G) use
FDD to provide separate uplink and downlink channels, while 1G cellular phone
systems used FDMA to allocate bandwidth to multiple callers.

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In practice, FDMA is often used in combination with TDMA or CDMA to
increase capacity on a single channel in an FDMA system. FDMA/TDMA divides
the available bandwidth into channels and then divides each channel into time
slots that are allocated to individual users. FDMA/TDMA is used by GSM cellular
phones, with eight time slots available in each 200 kHz radio channel.

Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA is closely related to DSSS, where a pseudo-noise code is used to spread a

data signal over a wide bandwidth in order to increase its immunity to
interference. If two or more transmitters use different, orthogonal pseudo-noise
(PN) codes in DS spread spectrum, they can operate on the same frequency band
and in the same physical area without interfering. This is because a correlator
using one PN code will not detect a signal encoded using another orthogonal code,
since orthogonal codes by definition do not correlate with each other. Examples of
an orthogonal code set are the Walsh codes, which can be easily generated from
the procedure called the Hadamard transform.

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The property of orthogonality is the basis of CDMA and is used in 3G mobile
telephony to ensure that many users, each assigned a unique orthogonal access
code, can transmit and receive without interference within a single network cell.

3. Cellular radio network

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by

searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico, femto
and umbrella cells.
1. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is
installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level.
2. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas.
3. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres;
they are mainly used indoors.
4. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business
environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a
broadband internet connection.
5. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill
in gaps in coverage between those cells.

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Frequency Reuse Pattern

“4 ´ 3” reuse mode:

one group includes 3 sectors /site ,12 frequency which are distributed to 4 sites.
Every site owns 3 frequency

“3 ´ 3” reuse mode:

one group includes 3 sectors /site ,9 frequency which are distributed to 3 sites.
Every site owns 3 frequency.

4. Architecture of a GSM Network

Mobile Station (MS)

• It is portable, vehicle mounted or hand held.

• It is identified by unique IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
number.
• It shall display at least last ten received, dialed and missed calls.
• It provides minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby time of 80 hrs.
• It can be used to send 160 characters long SMS.
• It provides voice and data transmission.
• It has frequency and time synchronization.
• It helps in monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells.
• It has the provision of location updates even during inactive state.
• It helps in equalization of multipath distortions.

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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

• It encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to

the antenna.
• It has transcoding and rate adaption Functionality.
• It utilizes time and frequency synchronization signals transmission.
• It has 11 power classes from .01 watts to 320 watts.
• It has frequency hopping.
• It has random access detection.
• Uplink radio channel measurements.
• It mainly consists of a set of transceivers (TRX).

Base Station Controller (BSC)

• It is connected to BTS and offloads MSC.

• Radio resource management .
• Inter-cell handover .
• Reallocation of frequencies.
• Power control.
• Time delay measurement of the received signals from MS with respect to
BTS clock.
• Performs traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from BSC to
MSC.
• BSC performs call processing
• TRAU are generally located at the site of MSC.
• BSC- BTS configurations as per requirement.
• Data from OMC and can be down loaded to BSC

Network Sub System (NSS)

• Nerve Centre of entire GSM network.

• Manages all.
• call processing.
• subscriber related functions
• Contains
 the core switching component
 a number of databases
 gateways to other networks
• Uses Signalling System Number 7 (SS7)

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

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 • Manages communication between GSM & other network.
• Call setup functions, basic switching are done.
• MSC takes into account the RR allocation in addition to normal exchange
functions.
• MSC does gateway function while its customers roams to other network
by using HLR /VLR .
• Paging, specifically call handling .
• Location updation .
• Handover management.
• Billing for all subscribers based in its area.
• Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area to meet heavy demands.
• Echo canceller operation control.
• Signaling interface to databases like HLR, VLR.
• Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and subscribers.
• Handle interworking function while working as GMSC.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

• It controls those mobiles roaming in its area.

• VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR
• One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA.
• VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area.
• VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.
• IMSI detach and attach operation
• Data in VLR:
 IMSI & TMSI

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  MSISDN
 MSRN.
 Location Area
 Supplementary service parameters
 MS category
 Authentication Key

Home Location Register (HLR)

• Reference store for subscriber’s parameters, numbers, authentication &

Encryption values.
• Current subscriber status and associated VLR.
• Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an
MSC.
• One PLMN may contain one or several HLR.
• Permanent data in HLR
 Data stored is changed only by man-machine.
 IMSI, MS-ISDN number.
 Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not )
 Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ).
 Supplementary services like call forwarding.
• Temporary data in HLR.
 The data changes from call to call & is Dynamic.
 MSRN
 RAND /SRES and Kc
 VLR address, MSC address.
 Messages waiting data used for SMS

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

• Maintains lists of International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

numbers of all valid and invalid equipment for the network.
• An IMEI may be invalid if
 Stolen
 not approved for use on the network, possibly due to some defect
• EIR consulted during registration/call setup

Authentication Centre (AUC)

• Protected database
• Stores all algorithms used for authentication Purposes
• Knows which one has been issued to the subscriber (stored on SIM card)
provides HLR or VLR with parameters for completing authentication

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Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her
information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change
operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a
SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking and is illegal in some
countries.

5. GSM SERVICES

Services are defined as anything the end user explicitly sees as worth paying for.

The primary objective of a mobile telephony system is to allow mobile

subscribers to communicate effectively.

Main type of telecommunication services:

• Basic services:
Available to all subscribers to a mobile network.
e.g. voice telephone calls.

• Supplementary services:
Additional services that are available by subscription
only.
e.g. Call forwarding.

Basic Telecommunication Services

Two main categories:

• Teleservices
• Bearer Services

Teleservices
Teleservice allows the subscriber to communicate (usually via voice, fax, data or
SMS) with another subscriber. It is a complete system including necessary
terminal equipment.

Bearer services
It transports speech and data as digital information within the network between
user interfaces. e.g.- a bearer service associated with the speech telephony

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teleservice is the timeslot assigned to a call on a TDMA frame over the air
interface

Emergency calls
The emergency call function enables a subscriber to make an emergency call by
pressing a predefined button or by using the emergency number. (like 112 , 911).

Dual Tone Multi Frequency(DTMF)

A tone signaling facility which is often used for various control purposes, such as
remote control of answering machines and interacting with automated telephone
services.

SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB)

A text message with a maximum length of 93 characters can be broadcast to all
mobiles within a certain geographic area.
 traffic congestion warnings
 accident reports
 weather announcements and
 advertisements.

Voice mail
This service is an answering machine within the network that is controlled by the
subscriber. The subscriber accesses the mail box using a personal security code.

SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

Call forwarding
It is the ability to forward incoming calls to another telephone number in the
following situations:
 Call forwarding on MS not reachable
 Call forwarding on MS busy
 Call forwarding on no reply
 Call forwarding, unconditional

Barring of outgoing calls

The subscriber can activate or deactivate this service from the MS with a variety
of options for barring outgoing calls.
 Bar all outgoing calls
 Bar all outgoing international calls
 Bar all outgoing international calls except those directed to the
home PLMN.

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Barring of incoming calls
This is desirable because in some cases the called mobile subscriber is charged for
parts of an incoming call (during international roaming)

 Barring of all incoming calls

 Barring of incoming calls when outside home PLMN

Call waiting
This service notifies the mobile subscriber, usually by an audible tone, for
incoming call.
• The incoming call can be any type of basic service including speech, data
or fax.
• There is no notification in the case of an emergency call or SMS.

Call hold
This supplementary service enables the subscribers to put the basic normal
telephony service on hold in order to set up a new call or accept a waiting call.

Calling line identification services:

These cover both the presentation and restriction of the calling line identity. The
presentation part of the service supplies the called party with the ISDN or
MSISDN number of the calling party. The restriction service enables calling
parties to restrict the presentation of their number on the MSs of called parties

Closed User Group (CUG)

The CUG service enables subscriber connected to the PLMN/ISDN and possibly
other networks, to form groups in which access is restricted.
Example: members of a specific CUG can communicate with each other, but
generally not with users outside the group.

Value Added Services

1. Mobile Messaging
2. Mobile internet
3. Mobile intelligent Network Services

Mobile Messaging

 SMS
 EMS
 MMS

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  Instant Messaging
 Streaming

Short Message Services (SMS)

• The service allows simple text message consisting of a maximum of 160
alphanumeric characters to be sent to or from an MS.
• If the MS is switched off, or has left the coverage area, the message is
stores in a Short Message Service Center (SMS-C).
• When the mobile is switched on again or has re-entered the network
coverage area, the subscriber is informed that there is a message.

Enhanced Messaging System (EMS)

• EMS can support relatively simple pictures, sounds and animation.

• EMS messages that are sent to devices that do not support it will be
displayed as SMS transmissions.
• It is a 3GPP standard.

MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE

(MMS)
• MMS means a multimedia presentation which consists of music, voice,
image, text, video and graphics all synchronized across a common
timeline.
• MMS-enabled mobile phones enable subscribers to compose and send
messages with one or more multimedia parts. Mobile phones with built-in

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 or attached cameras, or with built-in MP3 players are very likely to also
have an MMS messaging client -- a software program that interacts with
the mobile subscriber to compose, address, send, receive, and view MMS
messages.

SMS MMS

rich content including text,

Text Based Messaging
graphic, photos etc.

Based upon 3 GPP & WAP

Proprietary Standard
standards.

Store & Forward system Store & Forward system

Uses signaling links MMS uses main data channel.

Instant Messaging

• It enables to communicate with another individual in real time,

analogous to a telephone conversation but using text based
communication instead of voice-based communication.

Streaming
• It enables real time or on demand distribution of audio, video and
multimedia on the internet.
• It is simultaneous transfer of digital media (video,voice and data) so
that it is received as a continuous real-time stream

Mobile internet

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

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 • General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data
service available to all users of the 2G cellular communication systems
global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G
systems.

• In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/second.

• GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred,

while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per
minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is
using the capacity or is in an idle state.

• GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit

switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during
the connection for non-mobile users.

• 2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often described as 2.5G, that
is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of
mobile telephony]. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using
unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example,
the GSM system.

• Originally there was some thought to extend GPRS to cover other

standards, but instead those networks are being converted to use the GSM
standard, so that GSM is the only kind of network where GPRS is in use.

• GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. It was

originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI), but now by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP).

• GPRS was developed as a GSM response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode
packet switched cellular technologies.

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Mobile intelligent Network Services

In this age of significant telecommunications competition, mobile network

operators continuously seek new and innovative ways to create differentiation and
increase profits. One of the best ways to do accomplish this is through the delivery
of highly personalized services. One of the most powerful ways to personalize
mobile services is based on location.

Positioning

• One of the most obvious technologies behind LBS is positioning, with the
most widely recognized system being the Global Positioning System
(GPS).

• There are however, other means of positioning in addition to GPS. These

other technologies are network based positioning and typically rely on
various means of triangulation of the signal from cell sites serving a
mobile phone.

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 • In addition, the serving cell site can be used as a fix for location of the
user.

Geographic Information Systems

• Geographic data is an important aspect of any location system. Geographic

Information Systems (GIS) provide the tools to provision and administer
base map data such as man made structures (streets, buildings) and terrain
(mountains, rivers).

• GIS is also used to manage point-of-interest data such as location of gas

stations, restaurants, nightclubs, etc.

• Finally, GIS information also includes information about the radio

frequency characteristics of the mobile network. This allows the system to
determine the serving cell site of the user.

6. CONCLUSION

We have experienced a cellular revolution.

In 2002, mobile phones worldwide began to outnumber fixed-line phones. By

November 2007, the total number of worldwide mobile phone subscriptions had
reached 3.3 billion, and by 2007 over 798 million people around the world
accessed the Internet or equivalent mobile Internet services at least occasionally
using a mobile phone.

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This also makes the mobile phone the most common electronic device in the
world.

In addition to its multimedia services such as speech, audio, video, and data, the
pervasive use of wireless communications has also entered many aspect of our
life, including health care, home automation, etc.

REFERENCES

1. Telecommunication Switching System and Networks by Thiagarajan

Viswanathan.
2. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
3. Optical Fiber Communuications by John M. Senior.
4. Fast Track to Wireless Networking By Team Digit.

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 5. Steve Rackley: “Wireless Networking Technology - From Principles to
Successful Implementation”, Elsevier, 2007.

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