Summative IV

OSPE
A
1. Hormonal changes during pregnancy – hCG, estrogen and progesterone
2. State the cells which secrete hCG and function of hCG
3. Why there is decreased in hematocrit during pregnancy, name two factors which cause the decreased
in hematocrit.
B
1. Gross picture of follicular adenoma. Describe and state the diagnosis. State the criteria for
malignancy.
2. Gross and microscopic picture of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Describe and state the diagnosis.

C.
1. Glucose transport at the PCT.
2. Calculate the amount of glucose filtered per minutes given plasma glucose 120 mg/dl, GFR = 120
ml/min. Is there glycosuria in this patient ?
3. Is the carrier normal in diabetic patients ? Explain.

MEQ
A. PCOS
1. Four causes of amenorrhoea
2. Hormonal changes leading to menarche.
3. Which hormone causes amenorrhoea in this patient ( prolactin )
4. Four effects of androgens in this female.
5. Describe mature Graafian follicle and follicular arrangement of in primordial follicle.
6. State the sites of androgens secretion in females.
7. State two criteria for PCOS.
8. State the advantages of low dose oral contraceptives.
9. One drug to treat anovulation in PCOS and its MOA.
10. Complications of PCOS

B. UTI / Bladder carcinoma

1. Two DD given hematuria and dysuria
2. Three investigations
3. Four bacteria causing UTI.
4. Constrictions of ureter
5. Micturition reflex
6. Formation of staghorn calculus and complication
7. Explain the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma in this patient. ( dye industry, hematuria, weight loss )
8. WHO grading for bladder carcinoma.

C. Diabetes Mellitus
1. WHO diagnostic criteria for plasma glucose.
2. Different between type I and type II DM.
3. Pathogenesis of type II DM.
4. Outline the management of DM.
5. MOA of Sulfonylurea and its side effect.
6. Microalbuminuria significance
7. HbA1c significance
8. State two long term complications of DM