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31

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based Vonage Holdings Corp. onf
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32
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tqifajyaeNyDqo kd nfuakd wmh Eriksen
Translations rS yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk ar;&yg
OD;rnf/
Ref:BusinessWeek
November 1, 2004.
By Andy Reinhardt in Paris
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 SECURITY
M A T T E R S

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 37

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[Ref: New Strait Time
Oct. 11, 2004]

Internet Access vHkjcHKa&;udpö pDrHcsuf (7) &yf
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vkyfjcif;
uGefysLwm Akdif;&yfpf wpfckonf
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disks rsm;twGi;f ul;pufwwfaomfiles
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udk r0ifa&mufEkdif&ef ppfxkwfay;jcif;
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39
tavsmuf update vkyfay;Ekdifaom
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wpfckudk toHk;csjcif;
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wGif uGeyf sLwm toH;k jyKolonf tvG,f
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que password wpfckudk zefwD;toHk;
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40
rsm;udk wyfxm;jcif;rjyKoifhay/ tcsdKU
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4? operating system ESifh software
rsm;udk update vkyf,ljcif;
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rsm;jzifh update vkyfxm;rI &Sdr&Sd? ser-
vice pack rsm;? fixes rsm;jzifh vHkjcHKa&;
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date jzpfonftxd jyifqifaqmif&Guf
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5? rvdktyfonfh junk e-mail rsm;tm;
ppfaq;z,fxkwfjcif;
web-based rsm; tygt0if rsm;aom
tm;jzifh e-mail programs rsm;onf
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rsm; yhHydk;xm;ay;wwfygonf/ Junk
mail rsm;tm; uefYowf,jl cif;? ppfxw k f
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f al om
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t,ltqonf ½kd;&Sif;oavmuf ckdifrm
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band uhJokdYaom tifwmeuf tquf
toG,frsm; toHk;jyKaeygu 0ifa&muf
wkdufckdufvmrnfh xkd;ESufcsufrSmvnf;
jref q ef a eygvd r f h r nf / od k Y twG u f
uGef&ufjzifh qufoG,f&ef stand by
vkyif ef;r&Syd gu jzwfawmufxm;,ljcif;
udk tavhtusifhozG,f aqmif&Gufjcif;
onf taumif;qHk; jzpfaponf/
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taESmifht,Suf twkduftckdufrsm;
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ppfaq;Munh½f aI y;jcif;onfvnf; vHjk cHK
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wpfck jzpfapygonf/ uGefysLwmtoHk;
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wGif qufvuf aqmif&Gufrnfholtm;
tjrJ ppfaq;NyD;rS qufoHk;apygu ydkrdk
xda&mufapygonf/
txufyg Internet Access vHk
jcHKa&;udpö pDrHcsuf (7)csuftm; aocsm
pGm aqmif&Gufxm;jcif;jzifh vkyfief;
pD;yGm; qHk;½HI;ysufpD;rIESifh uGefysLwmpepf
ysufpD;rIrsm;udk tumtuG,f&EkdifMuyg
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od k Y a omf new-threats rsm;rS m rl
tcsed rf a&G; usa&mufEikd yf gonf/ tu,f
í xkdokdY vkyfaqmifaeonfhMum;rS 0if
a&mufvmaom tEÅ&m,fwpfckckudk
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vice Provider rsm;xH aqmvsifpGm
csufcsif; ta&;,lowif;ykdYum tul
tnDrsm; awmif;cH aqmif&GufMu&rnf
om jzpfygonf/
[Ref: Computer Time
Oct.13,2004]
LATEST NORTON BATTLES PHISHERMEN
rMumao;rD u yif symantec
ukrÜPDrS Internet Security twGuf
latest version udk xkwfvkdufNyDjzpf
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tec \ three care protection point
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tem Works 2005 Premier udkvnf;
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43
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44 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f


raumif;qkd;0g; tD;ar;rsm; ab;&efrS umuG,fjcif;
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acid ) aemufwr
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algorithm wpfckonf spam 97%
avmufudk ydkifEkdifpGm zrf;qD;ajz&Sif;
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matrics okawoetkyp f rk S wDxiG cf jJh cif;
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patterns rsm;twG u f rwl n D a om
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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 45

 'Dtifat aemufwGJrsm;tm; ukd,f
pm;jyKaeonfh chains of characters
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tajcjyKvsuf ta&twGufxkwfay;
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higher scere tjzpf ta&twGufrsm;
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wpfckudkyif rcGJjcm;Ekdifaom tcsufyif
jzpf\/ tD;ar;wpfapmifudk vGwfoGm;
46
zGHUNzdK;aeaomtdE´d,vkyfief;rsm;
tdE´d,EdkifiH&JU NrdKYawmfwpfckjzpfwJh bef*gvdrk mS tdE, d´ om;awGtvkyv
f yk af e
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vkyif ef;wdik ;f vdv
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tjynfhjzpfaewm awGY&ygw,f/ vkyfom;wdkif; tenf;qHk; uGefysLwm
wpfvHk; w,fvDzkef;wpfvHk; oHk;Edkifatmif pDpOfay;xm;wmaMumifh
tdE´d,EdkifiH&JUpD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;udk cefYrSef;Edkifavmufygw,f/
jcif;jzifh Spam udk tcsed rf a&G; zdwaf c:rI open-source anti-spam filters rsm;rS
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aom genetic analysis uh J o d k o m mercial products tjzpfxGufEdkif&ef
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzpf\/ Teireslas vkyfudkifp&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdae
onf amino acid wpfckwnf;rS CCC ao;aMumif;ukdvnf; axmufjychJyg
ESifh CCU Condons ESpfckvHk; xkwfay; onf/ rnfoYdk yifjzpfap tkid b f t D rfonf
onf[k oifMum;ay;aponf/ xdkYtwl bioinformatic techniques rS Spam
anti-spam system wGifvnf; $ ESifh S rsm; &SmazGwkdufxkwfEkdifaom vufeuf
ukd a&maESmvufcHay;onfh oabmrsm; wpf c k u d k xk w f a y;Ek d i f c h J j cif ; onf
&Sdaeonf/ rSwfausmufwifp&mudpö jzpfvm&yg
tkdifbDtrfrS Chung-kwei tm; awmhonf/
Commercial Products tjzpf [Ref: New Scientist
xk w f v k y f & ef BuH & G , f x m;ygonf / August 2004]
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
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rSm eHygwfESpf ae&m ,lxm;whJ DTAE
qdk&if AefaumufywfvnfrSm 'Dud&d,m
opfawG wyfqifaeNyD/ 'grsm;jzpfvkduf
&if 'DtawG; tBuHtydik ;f ud, k Nl yD; Edik if &H UJ
txufzuf vlaeusJwhJ twGif;ydkif;xd
tquftoG,v f yk Ef idk v
f Ykd tusKd ;jzpfxeG ;f
zdkY rsm;aeNyDvdkY rSwfcsufay;ygw,f/
Dell qdk&if ay:xGufvmwhJ aps;
uGufopfrsm;? tqef;tjym;eJY upm;
chJwm atmifjrifrI&chJwm renf;awmh
bl;/ w½kwfjynfrSm smart PC atmif
jrifpGm aqmif&GufNyD;aemuf 2001 ckESpf
rSm tar&dutwGuf rlopfeJY yGJxkwfchJ
w,f/ yxrqH;k tBudrq f adk wmh aps;qpf
wm cHvdkuf&w,f/ wpfESpf tMumrSm
Dell [m Smart PC udk ½kyfodrf;NyD;
a'owGif; tjzpftysufuae ay;whJ
oifcef;pmu taumif;qH;k tawG;tMuH
udk xkwf,lNyD; wpfurÇmvHk;eJY qkdifwhJ
xkwfukefypönf;tjzpf &atmif pGrf;
aqmifvkdufw,f/
Dell, Nokia eJY tjcm;taemufEi
ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;[m topftqef;rsm;
58
&Ekdifoavmufudk vdkcsifaeMuw,f/ (Internet Protocol Version 6) udk
txl;ojzifh ,SONf ydKifjcif;uae aps;uGuf wnfaqmufzkdY &SdorQ aiGawGudk yHkatm
opfzuf ajymif;vJvmvkdY pdefac:whJol aew,f/ vmrhJrsdK;qufopftwGuf ]pH}
awG tkyfvdkufoif;vdkufudk &ifqkdif& jzpfapr,fh Internet ? ydkNyD;vHkjcHKr,f?
awmhwmyJ/ w½kwfqufoG,fa&;ypönf; jrefr,f? aemufpGrf;&nftjynfh&Sdr,f?
awG xk w f v k y f w h J ][G m a0S ; } qk d & if urÇmrSm tjcm;wkdif;jynfu rxkwfvkyf
taemufEidk if aH ps;uGu&f UJ 16&mckid Ef eI ;f udk EdkifrD w½kwfjynfu IPV6 udk tjrefqHk;
&xm;w,f / Cisco NyD ; &if ol u xkwfzkdY pDpOfxm;w,f/ wu,fvdkY
'kwd,bJ/ olY&JUaps;EIef;uvJ NydKifzuf ][Gma0S;} om w½kwftpkd;&&JU tultnD
awGxuf 50%enf;aeawmh ][Gma0S;} om&chJ&if 'Denf;ynm&yfbuf tapm
taeeJY ½k&Sm;uaeNyD; b&mZD;vfxdudk qH;k OD;aqmifotl jzpf &yfwnfvmEdik rf mS
tvm;tvm&So
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f mayg/h
csJUNyD; jzefYtm;&Sdw,f/ urÇmrSm broad- jzpfNyD; Cisco, Alcatel eJY lucent wdkYudk
band uGef,uf ypönf;vkyf&mrSm eHygwf awmif ausmfwufoGm;OD;rSm aocsm
2 ae&m&aeNyD / ][G m a0S ; } uawmh w,f/ Cisco vdk ukrÜPDBuD;u olwdkY&JU
wHk;wdkufwkduf usm;udkufudkufbJAsmvdkY pD;yGm;a&;yHkpH ajymif;vJrSom olwkdYudk
rSwfcsufay;ygw,f/ ,SONf ydKifEidk rf ,f/ topftqef; xGiEf ikd rf S
vJ olwdkYudk vSJEkdifr,fvkdY qkdygw,f/
t&Sdef&aeonfh a&TUajymif;aerI zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufqJ EkdifiHwvTm; 'D
kd if H a&SUtem*wfrsm wu,hfpdefac:rI vkyfief;rsm; aeYpOfeJYtrQ wkd;yGm;vsuf
BuD;eJY BuHK&OD;rSm/ ][Gma0S;}[m IPV6 &Sdaeygw,f/ Online upm;whJvkyfief;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

udkyJ Munfhyg/ wufvmwhJ NC Soft
qkd&if broadband udk OD;aqmifaewhJ
ukd&D;,m;ukrÜPDu urÇmhtBuD;qHk;
online upm;wh J vk y f i ef ; ud k wnf
aqmufzYdk pDpOfaewmudk olu vufO;D rI
&,lvu dk wf ,f/ wpfvudk aiGBudKay;oH;k
ol a ygif ; 5-oef ; ausmf & S d w ,f / ck
wkdif0rf? w½kwf *syefeJY tar&duxd
csJUxm;NyD; tar&durSm yxr oH;k vywf
rSmbJ City of Heaes upm;whJ tpDtpOf
[m csyfa& 228,000 a&mif;&w,f/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
enf;ynmtem*wf : txl;aqmif;yg;
NC Soft atmifjrifaejcif;&JU aomhcsuf
u pdwful;aumif;aumif;oHk;NyD; thHzG,f
eJY tMurf;t&rf;vIyf&Sm;rIudk o[Zmw
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tawmifhwif; tckdifrmqHk;qdkwhJ
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cspGmeJY tEkdif&r,fvkdY ajymvdkYr&whJ
tajctaeyg/ Linux qkd&if zGHUNzdK;qJ
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whJ ypönf;eJY ol&&Sdxm;whJ aps;uGufxJrQ
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vkyfaqmifaew,f/ tpdk;&rSvnf; 'D
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ay;NyD; ay:vpDcsrSwfay;zkdY pOf;pm;ae
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vnf; 'Dvrf;aMumif;twkdif; vkdufvm
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ay:xGuv f mwhJ aps;uGuo f pfrmS yHk
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rsm; pdwf&SnfzkdY vdktyfygw,f/ IBM
qd&k if b&mZD;vf Edik if rH mS 87-ESpf &Sad eNyD/
HP qkd&if a&SUajy;tpDtpOfawGcszdkY
tdE´d,eJY awmiftmz&durSm oHk;ESpfMum
chJw,f/ ckawmh olwkdY toD;tyGifhawG
cHpm;ae&ovkd a'ocHawG&UJ b0awGukd
vnf; wk;d wufajymif;vJapchNJ yD/ ]eDvrf;
r}vkd c&D;vSn"hf mwfyo kH rm;? udv k MJ unfh
yg/ tcef;ESpfcef;yg tdrfeJY cifyGef;onf
u ausmufrD;aoG;orm;? a,mu©rESpf
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awGvJ ½kyjf rifoMH um;pufwpfv;kH eJY rsuf
ESmusuyf efum wpfc/k tdrx f rJ mS "mwfykH
pwl', D akd o;ao;av;wpfcv k nf; aqmuf
csifw,fw/Jh toH;k cs odyHÜ enf;ynm&yf
qkdufa&mufvmrIaMumifh trsdK;orD;i,f
wpfOD;&JU b0[m ajymif;vJchJ&NyD/ 'gqdk
&if vmrhJoHk;pGJol aygif; wpfuka#(oef;
1000)&zkYd u ra0;awmhb;l vkYd ajymEdik Nf yD
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cG e f a usmf x G e f ; (awmif B uD ; )
Ref: Business Week:
59
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

R & D r´> Aer;påmO

eqa.t´∑kiu By\m˙am¥a; K¥Ta;miel erac\epÅm¨tv\“p^; Dat\puMRiuk\y¨Niuc\t´.
ql´" k¥ep¥ak\q∑a;liu≥la;" By\kiu AnM≥KMsk\ kiriyapåty\" ts\K¥in\luM;
q∑a;li≥u By\kl ui a“p^; enak\S;Mu lk\T´ Rik
u e\ nta mhutB \ ;¨ " enak\ Microsoft
kiuc\Ta;t´.AK¥in\ d^ATi s√\;sa;r“p^el" ti;u tk\“p;^ Tutl \ pu T \ a;t´. eS.aP\wl ´ v\;
ml∑y\ek¥a mhut\la;" d^liumhut\B´ ri˙ty\" q¨k data et∑kiu Âkv\.“p^;
ts\en≥talupc\ n\;kiu b^dy ^ nui ≥´ m˙tt \ m\;‘p catalog lupm\ y\' lit u ar˙aep;my\A . lup\
Ta;liu≥k enak\SuM; lk\T´ eqa.kiuc\ lupe\ p;Nicu t \ y\" d^Ns˙ e\ N∑raq^ma˙ w^l¥sM r\ >´
Ta;t´.AK¥in\Tikiu titik¥k¥ qirm˙a kiriyakiu Atit\em.ent´. l¨nam¥a;kiu
eqK¥aty\" site\ ma l¨emartalv\; stc\sm\;qp\Âkv\l . im.m\ y\" d^liu quet
qk\qaq∑a;my\" sitk \ ;¨ y√\ep.l≥ui mSiu qn‘p sm\;qp\mOet∑ lup\enliu≥ Micro-
pån´≥" b^d^yiun´≥ m˙t\tm\;tc\rc\ lk\et∑≥ soft k d^sk\ kiry i am¥o;i Tutl \ mi m.\ y\l≥ui
kiu Ae®KAenepåc\; 1001 Kukui m˙tt \ m\; mTc\n´≥t´." Anagt\m˙alv\; d^sk\m¥oi;
‘pNicu t \ y\" AT^;k¥nt \ .´ vm¥a;m˙a Aipr\ a Tutl \ pu \ eZ;k∑kt \ c\P≥ui As^As√\mrie˙ q;
T´ek∑;“p^; pTmSuM;rK´.t´. {Anm\;}kiu B¨;liu≥ Siuq∑a;påty\"
®pn\“p^; Âkv\.RONiuc\my\" Am˙t\qvaet∑ q¨tiu≥S^m˙a ®Ps\el.®Ps\T mSn\;t´.
em.tt\t´. Ay\l\ziuc\;ma; eragår˙c\et∑ kist ß s\Kk u quetqn‘p®Kc\;ha quet
etac\ enak\SuM;eS; By\AK¥in\m˙a qnAt∑k\Siut´. Ay¨AS ®Ps\ty\"
eqak\K´.ty\Siuta ®pn\qtirNiuc\my\" Microsoft haquetqnn´≥ P∑>M ‘P;i ti;u tk\
Bwtk\lm\;kiu Arm\; liKu ¥cq \ m¨ ¥a;lv\; er;kisB ß k\ ec∑eÂk;kn\q ≥ t\®Kc\; mhn\
enak\SuM; q¨≥Sran´≥ Baet∑eS∑;eN∑;K´. mhut\t´. sit\k¨;el;et∑kiu l¥s\l¥øRO
ty\Siuta ®pn\Âkv\.RO ss\eS;Niuc\my\" ®Kc\;®Pc\. N˙sr\ v ˙ K\ NM cui r\ v\re˙i Aac\ Aa;Tut\
dåepmy\. em;sra em;K∑n;\ ts\Ku T∑kl \ a K´t. y\" Kulk ui mu % π t ^ cui ;\ ec∑eÂk; eKÁta
tak Aqu;M ‘pq¨m¥a; qim≥u hut\ kwiSra ®Kc\;n´≥ tiu;tk\mO eN˙;ek∑;®Kc\;®Ps\ent´.
”k^;m¥a;k q¨tiu≥ lOp\r˙a;mOm˙n\qmY d^liu AK¥in\m˙a sit\k¨;qs\et∑' r˙a;på;t´. kun\
b^dy^ nui ≥´ m˙tt
\ m\;tc\takiu tky\’kk i p\ å. psßv;\ et∑ Tutl \ pu P\ B ≥ui k\ma˙ A‘Pn\;At^;
mla; Siutapåp´" mrie˙ Aac\ Tin;\ qim;\ lupe\ Sac\enty\"
’kik\’kik\ m’kik\’kik\el qipπM d^en≥kalm¥a;m˙a ‘picB \ k\Am¥a;ha
pvar˙c\Siutak l¨et∑r´> liuAp\K¥k\ tk˚ql ui m\ ¥a;' tv\eTac\s kum% π m^ ¥a;
®Pv\.Sv\;Piu≥ sit\k¨;enÂktap´ mhut\ N˙c.\ mhamitP\ ≥∑´ p¨;epåc\;“p^; psßv;\ qs\m¥a;
la;" dåkiu Ac\g¥c\n^ya {lc\eS; tiu;tk\Tut\lup\Piu≥ luM;pn\;enÂkty\"
w^l¥Ms\}k Agçln\Niuc\cM' kin\;Brs\\K¥\ri˙ Microsoft k N˙s\s√\ quetqnn´≥ P∑M≥‘Pi;
Microsoft r´> quetqnDat\K´∑Kn\;m˙a ti;u tk\mO lupe\ Sac\PA ≥ui t∑k\ ec∑ edÅla
d^sk\kiriyakiu lup\eSac\sm\;qp\en 6.8 kue!quM;Piu≥ l¥aTa;ty\" d^ec∑et∑
ta N˙sK\ ¥^re˙i n“p^" SenseCam li ≥u  Amv\ ha kmıaepÅri˙ Aeta\SuM; AkÁm\;k¥c\
ep;Ta;ty\" d^kiriyakiu kut\Ak¥Ç SuM;' k∑n\p¥øtaqipπMpvar˙c\m¥a;' R¨pebd
eka\lmM a˙ tp\Ta;RunM ≥´ ts\en≥kui puA M er pvar˙c\m¥a;' Ac\g¥c\n^yam¥a;' qK¥ça
At∑k\epåc\; 2000 Riuk\y¨Niuc\ty\' pvar˙cm\ ¥a;' l¨meO r;pvar˙cm\ ¥a;påwc\t.´ n´≥ p^kc\;Ti påwc\lup\eSac\enq¨m¥a;
d^kc\mrak ts\KKu u ®Ps\p¥k\mk O ui Dat\pMu pvar˙ce\ påc\; 700 Kn\k ≥ ui eTak\pe.M p;Nicu \ ®Ps\ty\"
Rik
u t \ a" q¨m≥ a˙ lOpr\ a˙ ;mOkl ui k ui “\ p^; Âkv\. “p;^ kum% π @^ anK¥op\ rk\sm\ n∑ '\ wår˙ct \ n\ken d^lpu c\ n\;m˙a quetqn‘p®Kc\;r´> Ak¥o;i
enty\" “p^; Ap¨K¥ine\ ®pac\;l´mnO ≥´ Alc\; s^lk ^ n∑ b\ y\l^ Sn\Prn\ssßkui kin;\ Brs\K¥\ ek¥;z¨;kiu na;lv\Âkty\" 1960 n´≥

60 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\


1970 ®pv\.N˙s\m¥a;S^ ®pn\e®pac\;Âkv\.rc\
d^ASc\®. mc\. sk\ml
O pu c\ n\;rp\Bk\ Ë;eSac\
q¨m¥a;ha d^qeu tqnn´≥ P∑‘≥M P;i ti;u tk\er;
At∑k\ ec∑kiu q∑n\“p^; quM;K´.Âkty\"
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
quetqnBk\kiu Ael;ep;lup\K´.liu≥
epåk\erak\t´. ®Ps\T∑n\;mO rri˙K´.Âkty\"
AT n´≥ T r´> Bell Dat\K´∑Kn\;k t^T∑c\
mOm¥a;®Ps\t´. Trn\ssßta' elSa opti-
cal Picu B
\ a' touch-tone Pun;\ ' S´lP\ nu ;\ n´≥
Pk\ss\ k\m¥a;eÂkac\. d^en≥ l¨meO r;' s^;p∑a;
er;Bk\ma˙ d^erAla; ti;u p∑a;laK´t . y\"
Xerox's r´> påliu Ay\l\tiu quetqn
bhi@u ank quetqnpvar˙cm\ ¥a;k k∑n\
p¥øta emak\s\n´≥ yen≥ k∑n\p¥øta lup\
eSac\K¥k\sns\n´≥ Ae®KKMm¥a;kiu t^T∑c\
Tut\lup\K´.ty\"
d^ Sn\;qs\t^T∑c\mOk Aq®pa ra
eTac\K¥^“p^; rriK˙ Â.´ kty\" d^AT´ namv\
A”k^;Su;M k Xerox r´> ’ki;pm\;Aa;Tut\
mOeÂkac\. Microsoft At∑k\ erWU
en≥s√\Uep;t´. cn\;liu Windows ®Ps\epÅ
Piu≥ lm\;skiu K¥ep;K´.®Kc\;p´" d^liun´≥ 1990
®pv\.N˙s\kalm¥a;m˙a s^;p∑a;er; Sut\kp\
et∑n´≥’kMliu≥ d^sk\mOSiuc\ra quetqn
lupc\ n\;r´> erWeKt\ha enraticu ;\ elak\
m˙a ASu;M qt\Kr.´ ty\" dåepmy\. ma;ma;
mt\mt\ miuk\kRiueSa.P\ts\Kuqa k¥n\K´.
ty\" miuk\kRiueSa.P\r´> sin\eKÅK¥k\k
Ak¥o;i ®Ps\Tn∑ ;\ my\. quetqn‘pK¥km\ ¥a;kiu
‘plupm\ y\Seui pmy\. rld\et∑kui eZ;k∑k\
tc\Piu≥ nv\;lm\;met∑≥B´ ri˙K´.ty\liu≥
Amnap ewPn\q¨m¥a;ri˙K´.ty\"
Aa;ekac\;t´. Redmond Aup\suk
k∑n\p¥øtaqipπMSiuc\raBk\ ts\Kun´≥ts\Ku
mt¨ ®Ka;na;t´. Alupk \ k ∑ e\ påc\; 50  ek¥a\
m˙a quetqnm¥a; ‘plup\®Kc\;n´≥ r˙aeP∑
ePa\Tt u ®\ Kc\;et∑ eSac\rk ∑ r\ am˙a AqMn≥´
Am˙tA \ qa;‘p®Kc\;n´≥ pc\rc\; Baqaska;
ASc\S . c\. lupe\ Sac\K¥k\ken grp\Ps\
nv\;n´≥ eSac\r∑k\er;sns\m¥a;ATi lup\
eSac\Kt .´ y\" Microsoft mn\eng¥am¥a;r´>
ASiuAr quetqnpvar˙c\m¥a; lup\
eSac\K¥kr\ >´ 50 raKicu N\ nO ;\ qa N˙sN\ s˙ k\ en
quM;N˙s\At∑c\; kun\Tut\psßv\;A®Ps\
reAac\ s∑m;\ eSac\Ncui K\ t.´ y\l≥ui Sipu åty\"
Upma ki n \ ; Brs\ K ¥\ Dat\ K ´ ∑ K n\ ; k
Webcasting sns\®Ps\t´. i2i kiu lup\
eSac\enty\" q¨≥r´> stereocopic
kc\mram¥a;k qu;M Pk\®mc\ Rupp\ Mu 3D  m¥a;
kiu Pn\t;^ Nicu t\ y\" enak\Kk M ui ’kki t \ p.´ nMu ≥´
epåc\;sp\ Pn\t^;Niuc\eq;ty\" Upma
pc\ly\km\;sp\kui ®Pv\m. la; sqv\®Pc\.
epå." i2i s^mKM ¥k\k dåzc\epåc\; m¥a;s∑arit ˙ .´
61
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

AT´k ts\Kup´ Redmond m˙a ts\N˙s\ d^Bk\Aepåk\k Aet∑;AeKÅet∑ wc\ Aimm\ a˙ rit ˙ .´ digital kiry i am¥a;kiu Tin;\ K¥op\
N˙s\”kim\ t^T∑c\Ta;taet∑kiu lk\et∑≥ q∑a;tan´≥ ts\Pk\kpsßv;\ et∑ T∑kl \ a Nicu t\ e.´ Sa.Pw\ m´ ¥oi; qu;M N˙sA \ K¥iny\ “¨ p^; Pn\t;^
®pqt´.p´∑m˙a z∑n\lAt∑c\;k B^l\git\s\ my\.qeBaliu≥ t∑k\K¥k\Âkty\" Mi- K´t . y\" d^sns\k qu;M s∑q ´ m¨ ¥a;S^ m˙a;enpå
kiyu t \ cui \ Âkv\K. “.´ p;^ “p"^ dåepmy\. s^;p∑a;er; crosoft ha q¨≥quetqn Bt\g¥k\ ty\Siut´. mk\eS.K¥\et∑ piu≥Niuc\ty\"
At∑k\ lup\eSac\Piu≥eta. mri˙B¨;" m¨l ec∑r´> cå;puMts\puMkiu tk˚qiul\m¥a;m˙a Ac\tank\ Sk\qy ∑ T\ a;ta m˙a;enta
Ë;tv\K¥kT \ a;t´A . ticu ;\ qippMπ varp\kui quetqn‘plupN\ cui P\ A ≥ui t∑k\ m tv\ep; ti'≥u p^sm^ a˙ rit ˙ .´ wåya‘pt\enta ApåAwc\
lupe\ Sac\Pp≥ui "´ lupe\ Sac\l≥ui rlat´r. ld\ ty\" R & D Apiuc\;kiulv\; A®m´tm\; erK´eqt†an´≥  m^;sns\®pc\Piu≥ liutaATi
kiu Tutl \ pu e\ r;Bk\ l¨et∑AepÅ m¨tv\ Aa;ekac\;eAac\ Tipt \ n\;Tutl \ pu N\ cui q\ ¨ Aqiep;Niuc\ty\" d^As^As√\ha Win-
ty\liu≥ Siuq∑a;påty\" Arc\Apt\k kiu quetqnBk\n≥´ A®mA ´ Sk\Aq∑y\ dows Aqs\ ska;w˙k\ Longhorn
eta. quetqnn´≥ P∑‘≥M P;i ti;u tk\ Tutl \ pu \ rie˙ Aac\ eSac\rk ∑ e\ p;ty\" Redmond Amv\n´≥ påwc\laNiuc\ty\"
er; (R & D) m˙a l¨ky ui t
\ cui \ nar^epåc\; m˙arit ˙ .´ quetqn Dat\KK∑´ n\;ha A”k;^ Su;M miuk\kRiueSa.P\Aenn´≥eta. enak\
qn\;lik u K\ ¥^“p^; sm\;qp\K“.´ p^;enak\ Aqs\ ®Ps\tan´A ≥ v^ 7 pt\®pv\t . cui ;\ Tutl \ pu q \ ¨ Sutm\ y\. lm\;m®mc\B;¨ " mÂkaeq;m^kp´
®pn\Tt u T \ a;t´. Dat\pMu tv\;®Pt\ep;t´. m¥a;kiu elya√\n´≥ Pit\eKÅ“p^; et∑≥SuMep; kum% π k ^ eKÁtaer;lm\;lik u “\ p;^ kunk\ ¥
eSa.P\w´®Ps\t´. Digital image Suite ty\" pvar˙c\n´≥ eZ;k∑k\qma;AÂka; sritA \ su ®Pt\etak\ram˙a d^ quetqn
kiu eZ;k∑k\tc\K´.ty\" kin\;Brs\K¥\m˙a na;lv\mOri˙eAac\ l¨mOer; qat¨v^mY @anmpåB¨;" g¥am%^Ncui c\ rM ˙i {eAK¥n\}‘mi>m˙a
ri˙t´. miuk\kRiueSa.P\ quetqnklv\; ®Ps\er;kiulv\; T¨;k´s∑a eSac\r∑k\ep; enak\S;Mu R & D bhi@u anSi“u p;^ mN˙sk \ m˙
eSa.P\w´qs\At∑k\ Asit\Apiuc\;et∑kiu ty\" miuk\kRiueSa.P\n´≥ Xerox ®Ka;na; P∑cK.\ e.´ q;ty\" s^;p∑a;er;picu ;\ ®pn\“p^; Ë;ema.
lup\eSac\enty\" psßv\;Asit\Apiuc\; q∑a;est´.AK¥k\på" laPiu≥Siuta meqK¥aeq;B¨;" dåepmy\.
ts\Kt u v\;At∑k\ N˙sN\ s˙ e\ lak\ AK¥ni y \ ¨ quetqnN˙c.\ P∑M≥‘Pi;tiu;tk\ Tut\ Amv\®pn\ekac\;PiA ≥u t∑ke\ ta. Ak¨Av^
lup\r“p^; eZ;k∑k\tc\eta. edÅla 80 lup\®Kc\; (R & D) kisßn´≥ Microsoft m˙a ep;Niuc\lim\.my\" Ba®Ps\liu≥l´Siueta.
p´rrc\ Bam˙ mkik u B \ ;¨ li≥u pvar˙ct \ s\Ë;k qtiTa;“p^; lupe\ nsra mliB u ;¨ " Ba®Ps\ Uerapm˙a mik u k \ Rieu Sa.Pr\ >´ gu%q \ tc\;k
Siupåty\" lil ≥u S´ eui ta. psßv;\ Aqs\ Tutl \ pu t\ cui ;\ Aemrikn\ kiRu pu S \ ;ui kum% π l
^ ≥ui Amv\rK´.
miuk\kRiueSa.P\Aenn´≥ A®Ka;kumπ%^ q¨m≥ a˙ k picu N\ cui t
\ e.´ Z;k∑kr\ l ˙i ≥ui ®Ps\ty\" takiu;" d^en≥ quetqnqn\≥qn\≥ ‘plup\
m¥a; R & D At∑k\ By\elak\q;Mu ty\ q¨≥r´> Windows sns\kiu quM;t´.l¨k ®Kc\;ha eKt\msa;eta.B;¨ li≥u By\lpui ´
Siuta mqiB´ mri˙påB¨;" miuk\kRiueSa.P\ Am¥a;qa; mhutl \ a;" quetqnSicu r\ a e®pae®pa Ak¥o;i m‘pB¨;Sit u akieu ta. d^en≥
quetqnr´> mn\eng¥ats\Ë;k kumπ%^ Aet∑;A®mc\klv\; d^ Windows n´≥ ATi By\qm¨ ˙ tp\Ap\eqK¥a me®paNicu \
Am¥a;A®pa;ha d^nv\;pvarp\Siuc\ra ts\nv\;mhut\ ts\nv\; Sk\sp\entap´ eq;påB¨;Kc\b¥a"
Tut\lup\mOsk\m¥a;ha l∑y\l∑y\k¨k¨p´ mhut\la;" Ac\g¥c\n^ya ts\Ë;Siurc\ emac\emac\ (Ac\;ya;)

62 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\


Aar˙ S´l\Pun\;eZ;k∑k\
N˙c\.
S´l\Pun\;m˙T∑k\eqaDat\erac\®Kv\kisßm¥a;
Aar˙qa;m¥a;r´> Pun\;m¥a; kmıakiu
si;u mi;u eta.my\Spui åla;" d^ Bk\ma˙ NiKu y
^ a
(Nokia)' ema\eta\Riula (Motorola)'
Sm\ e Sac\ ; (Samsung) n´ ≥    Sn\ ≥
k¥c\Bk\m˙ak nc\BiuBt\ (Ningbo-
bird)' mitt\ (Mitac) ASp\s\tk\K\
(Asustek) ri˙ty\" tRut\®pv\m”k^;n´≥
Tiuc\wm\lup\qv\Siut´. Am˙t\tMSip\et∑
ha S´l\Pun\;elakm˙a Ae®KKiuc\mas∑an´≥
rp\tv\“p;^ namv\”k^;ent´. tMSpi e\ t∑kui
sin\eKÅAn\tuen“p^"
psßv\;et∑k puMsMt¨et∑påp´" eZ;
qk\qa®Kc\;k Aqas^;reta. Aar˙
qa; Pun\;Tut\lup\q¨m¥a;ha Arc\  eZ;
k∑k\kiu kiuc\Ta;q¨et∑S^k eZ;k∑k\
qs\reAac\ ÂkMeSac\enÂk“p^" quM;s∑´q¨
m¥a;APiu≥eta. ’kik\t´.Pun\; er∑;K¥y\Piu≥
AK∑c\.Aer; piu“p^; rlataepå."
64
k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
Tiuc\wm\m˙aSiurc\ eq;eq;ek∑;ek∑;
{ASp\st \ k\K}\ J101 Pun;\ Siru c\ erac\;
melak\p"´ dåeÂkac\. sc\kap¨Ae®Ksik
kumπ%^r´> mn\eng¥ak Uerapn´≥ Aar˙m˙a
erac\;Piu≥ ska;e®paen“p^liu≥ Siuq∑a;på
ty\"
tRu t \ ® pv\ m ”k^ ; m˙ a Si u r c\ l v\ ;
{nc\BB ui t\} r´> erac\;Aa;k TipS
t´." N˙s\epåc\;m¥a;s∑a Pun\;eZ;k∑k\kiu
kicu T
\ a;t´. ema\eta\Rl ui akiu mÂkaeq;m^
km˙ ‘Pt\K¥Niuc\K´.taliu≥ Siuty\"
NiuK^yaera' ema\eta\Riulapå q¨tiu≥
m¨lpiuc\Siuc\K´.t´. eZ;k∑k\m¥a; ®pn\lv\
rri˙Piu≥ AK∑c\.Alm\;mri˙eta.B¨;liu≥ Ak´
Kt\q¨m¥a;k SiuÂkpåty\"
E“p^lr´> sarc\;zya;Ar kmıaepÅ
M a tRut®\ Ps\
m˙a S´lP\ nu ;\ Aqu;M Su;M Nicu c\ h
“p^; qn\;epåc\; 296 qn\;elak\ ri˙ty\
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
t´." {nc\BiuBt\}ha A´d^Niuc\cMAt∑k\
Anagt\m˙a S´l\Pun\; Tut\lup\ep;t´.
u \ enrakiu ry¨my\liu≥ Siupåty\" d^N˙s\m˙a
Pun;\ N˙sq \ n\;n´≥ qu;M qn\;Âka;' yi;u dya;Nicu c\ M
ApåAwc\ Nicu c\ t M ka eZ;k∑km\ a˙ erac\;
K¥Pi≥u s^s√\Ta;ty\t".´ enak\ quetqn
‘pK¥k\ts\KuAr d^N˙s\T´m˙ap´ tRut\ Pun\;
\ ;Mu m˙a Tutl \ pu q\ T ¨ k
´ kmıaT . pi t \ n\; Tutl \ pu \
q¨ 10 Ku sarc\;T´ pålim\.my\liu≥ ’ki“p^;
ehaK¥k\ Tut\Ta;ty\"
d^lui {nc\BB ui t\}N˙c.\ A®Ka;AP´m≥∑ ¥a;
enrarla®Kc\;m˙a m¨lË;eSac\ent´. Pun;\
Tutl \ pu q\ m¨ ¥a;ha qu;M s∑q ´ m¨ ¥a;r´> liA u p\
K¥k\kiu m®Pv\.Sv\;Niuc\liu≥ ®Ps\ty\liu≥
quM;qp\Âkty\"
eZ;k∑k\Ar Ë;eSac\mOep;ent´.
NiKu y
^ aSiru c\ ti;u tk\laent´. nv\;pva
qs\m¥a;kiu v^ V∑ts\ a∑ Aqu;M ‘pt´e. nram˙a
eN˙;ek∑;enty\" dutiyliuk\ent´.
ema\eta\Rl ui aSiru c\lv\; l∑nK\ t .´ .´ mN˙s\
Anv\;cy\km˙s“p;^ qu;M s∑r´ Kk\t.´ kiry i a
Siut´. Ae®KAenk l∑n\e®mak\K´.liu≥
mÂkaeq;m^km˙ quM;s´∑q¨m¥a;Bk\ ®pn\
lk\Kl M at´. Ae®KAenkiu rril ˙ aK´t . y\"
Sm\eSac\;Siurc\lv\; Ak∑aAew;
Aly\Alt\ken A®mc\S . ;Mu Sk\qy ∑ \
Niuc\t´. Pun\;m¥a;kiuqa Tut\lup\enty\"
dåeÂkac\. Am¥a;l¨TA u Pi≥u Pun;\ tn\P;ui At∑k\
qk\qk\ edÅla 800 mquM;Niuc\q¨k
m¥a;eneta. Alup\m®Ps\B¨;epå."
lamy\.N˙s\m˙a {nc\BiuBt\}ha
FreeMove AP´k ≥∑ ui Pun;\ et∑ Tutl \ pu e\ p;
my\" d^AP´∑≥k Uerapm˙a lOp\r˙a;ent´.
AP´∑≥”k^;m¥a;®Ps\t´. Orange, T-mobile,
Telefonica n´≥ telecom Italia Mo-
bile ti≥u påwc\P>∑´ sv\;Ta;t´A . P´>∑ ®Ps\ty\"
qu;M s∑q
´ e¨ påc\; 235 qn\; elak\ rit ˙ y\"
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

tRut\ Pun;\ Tutl \ pu e\ r;qma;ts\Ë; N˙sm\ a˙ ts\kmıalu;M miB u cui ;\ l\Pnu ;\ qu;M s∑q ´ ¨
Aenn´≥ pTmSu;M A”kim\ UerapeZ;k∑k\ epåc\; 1.6 kue! ril ˙ mi m.\ y\l≥ui Sipu åty\"
T´kiu tiuk\Riuk\ Tiu;ePak\wc\erak\Niuc\ d^ AerAt∑kk \ Âui kv\“. p^; erac\®Kv\®PamO
ta ®Ps\ty\" ts\K¥in\luM; NiuK^yak d%\kiu Kn\≥m˙n\;rc\ qk\ri˙m¥a;At∑k\
lWm;\ mi;u latakiu Ae®pac\;l´”k^; e®pac\; AN †ray\ha meq;eÂkac\; na;lv\
l´q∑a;esmy\. Arip\lk%apåp´" Nicu p\ åty\"
tky\lq ≥ui a mimPi nu ;\ et∑kui Aqu;M ‘p d^liuPun\;ken“p^; erac\®Kv\®PamO
Piu≥ s^s√\Âkmy\. operator et∑n´≥på ASc\ eÂkac\k . c\Sa®Ps\Ncui ®\ Kc\; qim≥u hut\
e®prc\eta. NiuK^yan´≥ Sm\eSac\;tiu≥liu eKåc\;kik u ®\ Kc\;' m¨;ew®Kc\;n´≥ Atit\
eZ;k∑k\l∑y\l∑y\rTa;“p^;t´.q¨et∑kiu em.®Kc\;m¥a; ®Ps\Ncui t \ y\St ui  .´ qipS Mπ cui \
sin\eKÅNiuc\pålim\.my\" ra AeTak\ATa;n´≥ tik¥s∑a Ae®P
Tut\lup\q¨m¥a;halv\; eZ;k∑k\ mep;Nicu e\ q;tak Am˙np\ å" dåepmy\.
A‘pic\ASiuc\n´≥ S´l\Pun\;et∑kiu piuekac\; el.laK¥k\m¥a;Ar erac\®Kv\®PamO
eAac\ pi“u p;^ S´e∑ Sac\meO kac\;eAac\ Tut\ eÂkac\. Ë;eN˙ak\Sl ´ m\ ¥a;kiu P¥kS \ ;^
lupN\ cui P\ ≥ui ’k;i sa;enÂkqliu Aqu;M ‘pq¨et∑ Niuc\®Kc\;n´≥ qtiem.eragå®Ps\t´.
klv\; S´lP\ nu ;\ et∑r>´ T¨;®Ka; Sn\;qs\ Alzheimer Ay\l\ zicu ;\ ma;eragå
t´. features et∑eÂkac\. ts\ky ui e\ rqu;M m¥oi; esas^;s∑arNiuc\t´. AeTak\
k∑np\ ¥øtael;et∑elak\ n^;n^; mrim˙ ®Ps\ ATa;ri ˙ t y\ l i u ≥ Si u p åty\ "
psßv\;el;et∑ ®Ps\laenrpåty\" Ë;eN˙ak\lOp\r˙a;mOkiu e®pac\;
qtc\;n´≥ Sk\q∑y\er; nv\;pva l´es®Kc\; tuM≥®pn\mO
eKt\l≥ui tky\k . ui p^p®^ pc\®pc\”k^; e®paSiu AK¥in\n´≥ Aip\
Niuc\t´.ATi S´l\Pun\;m¥a;r´> elakha K¥in\ A en
k¥y\®pn\≥latamiu≥ l¨tiuc\;n´≥ n^;sp\mOet∑ ATa;m¥a;
yKc\.yKc\et∑kTk\ piulaty\" kiu lv\;
d^eta. S´l\Pun\;et∑eÂkac\. nisßD¨w AK¥in\mm˙n\
l¨mOkisßet∑m˙a ASc\e®peK¥aem∑≥mOet∑ ®Ps\esNiuc\
ril
˙ aNicu t \ ami≥u l¨Ë;er eta\eta\m¥a;m¥a; q liu 
quM;la“p^ Siu®pn\eta. S´l\Pun\;eÂkac\.
l¨≥k¥n\;maer;kiu TiKiuk\Niuc\ty\Siut´.
quetqnpvar˙c\et∑r´> qtiep;K¥k\
et∑kl ui v\; Ael;Ta; s√\;sa;laÂkr
m˙a ®Ps\påty\"
miuBiuc\;l\Pun\;k Tut\lWt\t´. erac\
®Kv\ ®PaT∑k\mOAa; By\elak\ ®pc\;
ql´Siurc\ elya√\p¥Mr´> lm\;eÂkac\;®p
sns\kui TiKk ui e\ sty\" licu ;\ ty\lP^ nu ;\
kil u v\; TiKk ui N\ cui q \ liu ka;n´≥ AimT \ m´ a˙
ri˙t´. et;g^tsns\kiulv\; TiKiuk\es
ty\" d^eta. d^lui Pun;\ qu;M s´q ∑ ¨ m¥a;lat´.
Ael¥ak\ erac\®Kv\®PaT∑km\ A O a; pi“u p^;
Aa;ekac\;lamOeÂkac\. k¥n\;maer;kiu
Anv\;cy\TKi k ui e\ sË;' l¨Am¥a;n´S ≥ cui t\ .´
k¥n;\ maer;picu ;\ kiu l¥sl \ ¥øROTa;li≥u mrNicu \
eta.t´. Ae®KAenm˙a ri˙enpåty\"
Anagt\Aer; emYae\ t∑;K¥kA \ r lamy\.

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 65

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

eS;Bk\Siuc\rapsßv\;m¥a; ®Ps\t´. N˙luM;
Kun\sk\' Asa;Tiu;my\. Asit\Apiuc\;m¥a;'
AK¥o>i na;Âka;kiry i am¥a;r´> An^;Ana;q∑a;
“p^; Aqu;M ‘prc\ A´dp^ sßv;\ K¥oi>y∑c;\ q∑a;Nicu \
ty\liu≥ Siupåty\"
ATk\pålui k¥n\;maer;kiu TiKiuk\
esNiuc\®Kc\; ri˙' mri˙ qireAac\ lk\ri˙
quetqn ‘plup\®Kc\;m¥a; Aemrikn\'
“bitni n\ ≥´ AK¥oi>Nicu c\ mM ¥a;m˙a eSac\rk ∑ l\ ¥k\
ri˙påty\" eSac\r∑k\S´ meqK¥a' mer
raeq;eta. elaelaSy\ Aemrik
Py\dry\Sk\q∑y\er; eka\mr˙c\AP∑´≥
(FCC) P´“≥∑ p^; d^erac\®Kv\®Pa®Kc\;kiu Tin;\ Pi≥u
tc\’kikak∑y\mOkiu eSac\r∑k\ep;enpå
ty\" S´l\Pun\;ts\luM;kiu eZ;k∑k\
mtc\m^ Tut\lup\q¨k FCC AP´∑≥kiu
tc\®prpåty\" FCC k qt\m˙t\Ta;
t´. AN †ray\mri˙t´. erac\®Kv\®PaT∑k\ mO
NOn\;Atiuc\; ri˙mri˙ lup\eSac\®pqrpå
ty\" qt\m˙t\Ta;t´.NOn\;r´> eAak\m˙a
ri˙rc\ AN †ray\mri˙B¨;liu≥ qt\m˙t\ep;“p^;
m˙ erac\;K¥Niuc\påty\"
Nokia NiuK^yaSiurc\ A´d^eBac\
At∑c\;m˙a ri˙en“p^; l¨Am¥a;AN †ray\
mriP˙ ≥ui lupe\ Sac\ent´. quetqnlupc\ n\;
m¥a;kil u v\; ec∑eÂk;pueM p;“p^; eSac\rk
espåty\" quM;s∑´q¨m¥a;kiulv\; d^kisßn´≥
Sicu t \ .´ qtc\;AK¥k\Alk\ qirei˙ Aac\
A®m´ep;påty\" enak\ d^mB ui cui ;\ l\Pnu ;\ kiu
qu;M s√\ kiy u K\ NÎak erd^yl ui ciO ;\ kiu supy
Nicu t
\ t .´ s.´ m∑ ;\ Ac\ By\elak\rt ˙i y\St
titk i ¥k¥ ticu ;\ taqirN˙i cui \ Pi≥u {sM}kil u v\;
qt\mt ˙ e\ spåty\"
kulqmg© kmıa.k¥n\;maer;AP´∑≥
(WHO) r´>ASiuAr lk\kiuc\miuBiuc\;
Pun;\ n´≥ q¨r≥ >´ @anK¥op\th ≥ui a erac\®Kv\Tt
lWt\mO Ae®KAenK¥c\; mt¨ÂkB¨;t´."
erd^yui frequency eKÅt´. erd^yt ui nu \
NOn;\ (RF) eÂkac\. Dat\erac\®Kv\qc\r. a
m˙a miuBiuc\;Pun\;quM;s∑´q¨k Sy\l¨la@an
K¥op\na;m˙a enTicu q \ T
¨ k\ erac\®Kv\qc\.
ta piu“p^;KMrty\liu≥ Siupåty\"
miuBiuc\;Pun\; @anK¥op\m¥a;ha s∑m\;Ac\
nim.\ suepåc\;K¥n\ny\ll \ m\;eÂkac\;n´≥ licu ;\
N˙s\eÂkac\;quM; erd^yium¥a; ®Ps\ty\"
miB u ciu ;\ Pun;\ k¥ s∑m;\ Ac\nmi .\ K¥n\ny\l\ lm\;
eÂkac\;ts\Knu ≥´ licu ;\ N˙se\ Âkac\;qu;M erd^yui
®Ps\ty\" miuBiuc\;Pun\;n´≥ ska;e®parc\
An^;ri˙ @anK¥op\n´≥lv\; ska;e®pa®Kc\;
lv\; ®Ps\påty\" A´d^km˙ ts\Sc\.
pumM n˙ t\ p\Sc\Ta;t´. Pun;\ sns\Tk
q∑a;påty\" miB u ciu ;\ Pun;\ m¥a;era' @anK¥op\
m¥a;kpå N˙s\eÂkac\;quM; erd^yiuSiueta.
RF erac\®Kv\®PamOkiu Tut\lup\liuk\ta
n´≥ An^;Ana;m˙ari˙ent´. l¨m¥a;kiu Dat\
erac\®Kv\qc\.esty\" dåepmy\. d^N˙s\Ku
luM;ha s∑m\;Ac\nim\. (Ak∑aAew;tiu) ®Ps\
eta. Dat\erac\®Kv\ ®PaT∑k\mOha
Am¥a;Aa;®Pc\. Arm\;nv\;påty\"
k¥n\;maer;Bk\ qtc\;AK¥k\
Alk\ep;ram˙a Tierak\t´.sns\®Ps\Piu≥
qipπMpvar˙c\m¥a;' Asiu;rAP´∑≥Asv\;m¥a;'
sk\mOn´≥ l¨TuAÂka; Sk\q∑y\er;lm\;
∑ \
\ ¨
ui a
- lk\kiuc\Pun\; AquM;‘pq¨m¥a; eKåc\;tp\
headset kiu tp\Sc\“p^; Kå;pt\m˙a Pun\;
kiu K¥it\Ta;på" Ë;eN˙ak\kc\Sa m®Ps\Piu≥
AqMPm\;tiuc\ (antenna) kiu Ë;eKåc\;m˙
u \ ew;eAac\Ta;på"
- ka;t∑c\;quM;rc\ lk\n´≥mkiuc\rt´. Pun\;kiu
quM;“p^; A®pc\ antenna kiuqa quM;på"
- kiuy\wn\ri˙t´. Am¥oi;qm^;m¥a; S´l\Pun\;kiu
qtiTa;j quM;på"
- Dat\erac\®Kv\Tut\lup\mO
Pun\;kiu wy\quM;på"
eÂkac\;kiu ti;u tk\ ekac\;m∑nP\ ≥ui d^mB ui cui ;\
Pun;\ nv\;pvan´≥ pt\qk\“p;^ qina;lv\t.´
ASc\.ri˙eAac\lv\; tiu;tk\eAac\
eSac\r∑k\ep;Niuc\m˙ ngiuk hut\m˙hut\på.
mla;' AN †ray\”k^;påla;Sit u .´ eÂkak\
´ ui erak\ sitm\ ¥a;kiu nv\;på;q∑a;esm˙a ®Ps\påty\"
WHO r´>ASiuAr yKutc\®pt´.
AK¥k\Alk\m¥a;ha tik¥eqK¥a“p^;
eS∑;eN∑;Niuc\t´.ASc\.' na;lv\eAac\
tc\®pNiuc\t´.ASc\.m˙ari˙eÂkac\; e®paSiu
q∑a;påty\"
By\nv\;pvam˙amSiu eSac\rn\'
er˙ac\rn\St ui A
.´ K¥kk\ på“p;^ qa;på" tt\
kÁm\;na;lv\qm¨ ¥a;k ATk\på eSac\'
er˙ac\ kismß ¥a;kiu VWnÂ\ ka;“p;^ Kicu ;\ t´A
. ticu ;\
lup\rc\ Klut\mTi S¨;m®ciNiuc\eÂkac\;
tc\®pliuk\rpåty\"
emac\emac\(Ac\;ya;)
S´l\Pun\;quM;ram˙ Dat\erac\®Kv\qc\.mOeB;m˙
kak∑y®\ Kc\;
Anv\;SuM;

66 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
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lv\;rit ˙ .´ l¨m¥o;i kilu Kui ¥cÂ\ kty\" dåeÂkac\.
qtc\;AK¥k\Alk\ep;t´. nv\;pva
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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Bk\qk\qk\ sitw\ c\sa;t´. eTac\epåc\;
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Alup\rPiu≥Kk\t´. AiN∂iy
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m¥a;s∑aeqa l¨cy\et∑APi≥u wc\ec∑ekac\;
ty\Siut´. d^Alup\Bk\ AKk\et∑≥Âk
rpåeta.ty\"
d^en≥AiN∂iyNiuc\cMr´> tiu;tk\t´. nv\; kÁn\eta\tiu≥ k^ lium^ta 200 Kr^;ken d^Ns˙ m\ a˙ AiNyi∂ Nicu c\ rM >´ nv\;pvakum%
π ^
pvaBk\Scui r\ a lupc\ n\;ny\e®mm˙a Alup\ laK´.rtab¥a" ml∑y\eÂkapåt´." m¥a;ha Alupq \ ma;epåc\; 75,000  ken
Akiuc\ r˙aeP∑q¨et∑APiu≥ Aekac\;SuM; AiNi∂yNiuc\cMr´> nv\;pvaelakha 100,000 Ti Alupe\ p;limm.\ y\" mN˙sk \
AK¥in\®Ps\qliu ASiu;SuM;AK¥in\lv\; ®Ps\ qamn\liu≥ me®paNiuc\t´. Ahn\≥Ata;n´≥ Tk\ 50 raKicu N\ nO ;\ Tk\wk\ ti;u tk\la
enty\" Bn\kelam˙aen“p^; eSa.P\w´ ’kMenty\" ASc\®. mc\. nv\;pvakum% π ^ ®Kc\; ®Ps\ty\" Kum˙ Ae®KAen ®pn\ekac\;
Ac\g¥c\ny ^ ats\Ë;®Ps\q¨ {miru n\} 29  N˙s\ Am¥a;A®pa; Ac˙a;lupc\ n\;et∑ lk\K“M p^; lat´. Am˙t\qva®Ps\ty\" d^lup\cn\;
ha z∑n\ltun\;k Alup\qs\ts\KurPiu≥ lupe\ nrt´A. K¥inS \ eui ta. lupA
\ a;liA
u p\ Bk\ Asusuwc\ec∑lv\; 40 raKiuc\NOn\;
r˙aty\" N˙s\pt\tv\;n´≥kiu q¨liuK¥c\t´. ta Am˙n\®Ps\epmy\. lk\er∑;s√\et∑ tiu;tk\lamy\liu≥ Siupåty\" kumπ%^
Alupr\ ty\" hicu d\ raBd\‘mi>m˙arit ˙ .´ mik
u \ elak\qa liuK¥c\Âkty\" kumπ%^k m¥a;At∑k\ AKk\AK´ts\Kuk Aly\
kRieu Sa.Pk \ mu %π m^ a˙ Alupr\ ®Kc\; ®Ps\ty\"
Ac\tank\ma˙ q¨r≥ >´ kiy u e\ r;m˙tt \ m\;kiu
ePa\®pliukt \ an´≥ Alup\ep;my\.saet∑
wc\laty\" l¨ts\eyak\At∑k\
Anv\;SuM; Alup\ 5 Kuelak\ wc\la
ty\" qv\ nv\;pvaBk\ elakm˙a
q¨≥lup\qk\klv\; 6 N˙s\ ri˙“p^el"
ny¨;edl^‘mi>qa; k¨ma; (22 N˙s\)r´>
Alup\k data et∑kiu m˙t\tm\;tc\t´.
pvar˙c\" dåepmy\. q¨≥Arv\AK¥c\;n´≥
kik u v\ t ^ A .´ lupk \ ui mrNicu e\ q;B´ ®Ps\en
ty\" dån´≥ qtc\; AK¥k\Alk\ep;t´.
nv\;pva®pp´t ∑ s\Kru r˙i aq∑a;“p^; Alupr\ ri˙
er;At∑k\ q¨r≥ >´ kiy u e\ r;razwc\kui Alup\
ep;Nicu m\ y\. pugo© l
i m\ ¥a;kiu lk\km\;ty\"
By\q¨≥m˙ gRusiuk\ePa\etac\ mrK´.r˙aB¨;"
Alup\ts\KuepÅrc\ elYak\t´.q¨k
raliuk\K¥^“p^; ri˙enty\" edl^m˙ari˙t´.
l¨tiuc\;klv\; d^AK¥k\Alk\ep;t´.
nv\;pvaSiuc\ra Alup\kiup´ liula;Âk
ty\" lupc\ n\;Aet∑A ≥ ’kmM ril˙ k≥ui Alup\
ts\Kru Pi≥u ml∑yB \ ;¨ b¥ali≥u vv\;r˙aty\"
Call center Alup\et∑elak\qam¥a;
enty\" {haya;na;} ®pv\ny\qa;
{Km\eBa.K¥\} (22 N˙s\) ha Ac\g¥c\n^ya
B´≥∑ p¨pe¨ N∑;eN∑; r“p^;s" Alupr\ a˙ Pi≥u edl^‘mi>
S^ erak\laty\" q¨cy\K¥c;\  5  eyak\'
6 eyak\elak\n´≥epå." erak\eta.
eSa.P\w´n´≥Siuc\t´. Alup\m¥oi;kiu mri˙B¨;"

68 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\


Alt\ ”k^;Âkp\er;mØ;m¥a; luMelak\s∑a
mrri®˙ Kc\; ®Ps\ty\" q¨tk ≥ui m˙ wn\Tm\;qs\
et∑kiu qc\tn\;ep; p¥oi;eTac\ep; Âkp\
mt\ep;Nicu t \ q
.´ e¨ t∑ ®Ps\ty\" lupc\ n\;k
liA u p\t.´ Aet∑A ≥ ’kMm¥oi;rit˙ q
.´ e¨ t∑ nv\;
på;ent´. AKk\AK´ri˙enty\liu≥ Aiuc\t^
Sk\q∑y\er;nv\;pva kumπ%^”k^; 3 Ku
T´k ts\Ku®Ps\t´. Infosys A”k^;Ak´
ts\Ë;k Siuq∑a;påty\"
l¨Ac\Aa;liuAp\qelak\
AeTak\ApM. mep;Niuc\®Kc\;eÂkac\. d^
lup\cn\;r´> lsaec∑ha d^N˙s\m˙a 15 k
en 20 raKiuc\NOn\;Ti tiu;tk\lamy\liu≥
Situ y\" Aly\Alt\tn\; mn\eng¥am¥a;
APiu≥ N˙s\s√\ lsaec∑ edÅla 20,000
ken 40,000 Ti rri˙lam˙a®Ps\“p^;
Am¥a;SuM; tiu;tk\rri˙®Kc\; ®Ps\ty\"
AiN∂iykumπ%^m¥a;ha AeTak\ApM.
luMelak\s∑a mep;Niuc\t´. ASc\.m¥oi;m®Ps\
eAac\ ’k;i sa;“p;^ KuKeM nep;my\. Aemrikn\
kumπ%^”k^;m¥a;®Ps\t´. Asc\K¥a (Accen-
ture) n´≥ IBM tiu≥liuk wc\la“p^;
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
”k^;Âkp\er;mØ;m¥a;kiu lKekac\;ekac\;
ep;“p;^ reAac\®møH S∑ye\ nÂkty\" d^AKå
s^lk ^ n∑ b\ y\lm^ a˙ ®Ps\qliu Alupe\ ®pac\;erW>
t´l . pu r\ p\ Rutt
\ rk\ epÅT∑kl \ aty\"
”k;^ Âkp\er;mØ;ts\eyak\ha q¨lpu e\ nt´.
kumπ%^k 2 N˙s\' 3N˙s\ lup\liu≥m˙ lK
ti;u tk\“p;^ mep;rc\ lsaekac\;t´A . lup\
S^ e®pac\;lup\eta.tap´el"
Ak´Kt\q¨AK¥oi>k d^lup\rp\m¥oi;kiu
AT¨;sitp\ ¨ kty\" Ba®Ps\ll ≥ui S´ eui ta.
d^liu lKtiu;ep;“p^; ®mHøS∑y\mOeÂkac\.
AiN∂iyNiuc\cMr´> lup\cn\;y˙√\‘pic\t´.Bk\
t®Pv\;®Pv\; yiuy∑c\;q∑a;m˙akiu siu;rim\liu≥
®Ps\ty\" d^AKå software lup\cn\;
lk\KM“p^; eSac\r∑k\t´.Alup\ TiKiuk\“p^;
A®Ka;k‹Bk\ ti;u tk\eAac\ eTak\
pMe. p;en®Kc\;m¥a;Bk\ma˙ lv\; TiKk ui q \ a∑ ;
esNiuc\liu≥ ®Ps\ty\" AiN∂iyr´> nv\;pva
piuc\; lup\cn\; lk\ri˙Atiuc\; N˙s\s√\ 40'
50 raKiuc\NOn\; NOn\;Atiuc\; tiu;tk\enrc\
lk\ri˙ laAp\t´.Alup\lup\eSac\t´.
puMsMha lamy\. 2 N˙s\' 3 N˙s\At∑c\;
Ae®Kmhn\®Ps\qa∑ ;Nicu t \ y\l≥ui SiÂu kty\"
d^AKå AemrikAenn´≥ d^liu Alup\K´∑ew
Ap\N˙Mt´. lup\cn\;lup\Piu≥ AiN∂iyNiuc\cMkiu
Tv\q . c∑ ;\ s√\;sa;eta.ma˙ mhutt \ .´ Pils\
picu '\ Rura˙ ; qim≥u hut\ b^yk\nm\ Nicu c\ eM t∑ma˙
lup\Piu≥ s√\;sa;Âkeplim\.my\"
dåepmy\. A´dl ^ ui Ae®KAenerak\P≥ui
k Aeta\liupåeq;ty\" elaela
Sy\ d^N˙s\m˙akiup´ B´∑≥rri˙“p^;q¨n´≥ B´∑≥l∑n\
ek¥ac\;qa;m¥a;kik u 3 qn\;n^;n^;elak\
ri˙ty\" q¨tiu≥ha d^Alup\eZ;k∑k\T´
wc\my\.q¨et∑" Am¥a;suk ATk\m˙a
ePa\®pK´.t´.Ae®KAenm¥oi;n´≥ tiu;Âkm˙a ®Ps\
qliu tK¥oi>k¥eta. esac\.enNiuc\Âkt´.q¨
et∑' tK¥oi>k rraAlupw\ c\lpu “\ p^; esac\.
Âkmy\q . e¨ t∑ sq®Pc\. Am¥o;i m¥o;i ri“˙ p;^ AiNyi∂
Nicu c\ rM >´ ti;u tk\ent´. nv\;pvalupc\ n\;m˙a
m¥k\si klv\klv\el;et∑n´≥ Alup\
l∑y\k¨s∑amrri˙t´. w´ÂqGT´ tw´w´ ts\
lv\lv\n´≥ ri˙enÂkm˙a eqK¥aty\liu≥
m˙t\K¥k\ ep;enÂkpåty\"
emac\emac\ (Ac\;ya;)
69
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
THE EVOLUTION OF GRAPHICS
yen≥eKt\kalt∑c\ graphic card m¥a;kiu ASk\m®pt\
tiu;tk\eKt\m^eAac\ eSac\r∑k\l¥k\ri˙“p^; features epåc\;
m¥a;s∑a ®Pv\.tc\;ep;Ta;q®Pc\. ROp\eT∑;mOm¥a; ®Ps\laNiuc\qv\"
qc\.Aen®Pc\. Baet∑kiu emYa\m˙n\;Ta;Niuc\ql´Siuta An^;kp\
es.cu tc\®pTa;påqv\"
qc\. graphics card r´> driver eSa.P\w´kiuP∑c\.“p^; setting
et∑ elYak\Âkv\.mit´.AKå sit\ROp\eT∑;mOet∑ ®Ps\larc\ kiuy.\
kiuy\kiu K∑c\.lWt\tt\Piu≥ liupålim\.my\" Anisotropic filter-
ing n´≥ full-scene anti-aliasing (FSAA) Sit u .´ AeKÅAewÅ
et∑ha gamer et∑APiu≥ rc\;N˙^;kÁm\;wc\“p^; ®Ps\epmy\. Bakiu
Siuliuty\Siuta Kn\≥m˙n\;rKk\enpålim\.my\"
ATI n´≥ Nvidia k feature Aqs\et∑ ts\elYak\luM;
epåc\;Tv\e. p;entaeta. hutp\ år´>" 6 lts\Kå s∑m;\ eSac\rv\
A®mn\NOn\; tiu;tiu;latt\t´. d^ graphics card et∑r´>As∑m\;
kiu kÁn\eta\t≥ui Am^lk ui \ Aqu;M K¥tt\P≥ui Kk\Ke´ npåeq;ty\"
d^AK¥k\k settings et∑r>´ Aer;påmOkui qti‘pmi“p^;  &c\;ti≥u
kiu l¥s\l¥øROmTa;qc\.eÂkac\; VWn\®penpåty\" Setting et∑
kiu Am¥oi;m¥oi; K¥in\V˙iy¨®Kc\;Aa;®Pc\. qc\.p^s^epÅk game et∑r´>
purM pi A
\ rv\Aeq∑;n´≥ A®mn\NnO ;\ kiu T¨;T¨;®Ka;®Ka; ti;u tk\ekac\;m∑n\
esNiuc\påty\"
d^ feature m˙a kÁn\eta\tiu≥Aenn´≥ graphics card et∑r´>
Alupl \ pu p\ k
Mu ui r˙c;\ lc\;eAac\  P∑cK.\ ¥®pPi≥u rv\ry
∑ p\ åty\" enak\
lamy\. sam¥k\N˙aet∑m˙a By\ setting k Bakiu ®Ps\es
70 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
ty\Siuta  Rup\puMet∑n´≥ m¥k\®mc\kiuy\et∑≥ ®pqq∑a;påmy\" d^
setting et∑kiu kiuc\t∑y\rc\;n´≥ qc\.r´>gim\;et∑kiu m˙c\tk\AM.Âq
P∑y®\ Ps\eAac\ ‘plupP\ ≥ui Ae®KKMekac\;et∑ rril ˙ am˙a ®Ps\påty\"
dåepmy\. zat\lm\;k d^elak\n´≥ m“p^;eq;på" Setting
et∑Aa;luM;kiu git\SuM;Ti tc\liuk\liu≥ qc\.r´>gim\;k Arm\;
Âkv\e. kac\;lataeta. hutp\ å“p^" ksa;t´A . Kåk¥rc\ tuS ≥M cui ;\
Sicu ;\ St\etak\St\etak\ ®Ps\laPim≥u ¥a;ty\" gim;\ ts\Kk u
rmy\. ts\sk˚n\≥At∑c\; ®pk∑k\AerAt∑k\ frames per
second (fps) r´> Aer;påmOklv\; puMrip\Arv\Aeq∑;Tk\
mqarc\etac\m˙ tn\;t¨AenATa;m˙a rip˙ åty\" pumM n˙ A \ a;®Pc\.
frame rate 30 fps (TV m˙aTk\ 5 fps sa piu®mn\ty\) ri˙rc\
eK¥aem∑≥s∑a ksa;Niuc\Piu≥ luMelak\påty\"
ATI n´≥ Nvidia r´> enak\SuM;epÅ grahics card et∑k
feature Aqs\et∑AeÂkac\;lv\; Tv\q . c∑ ;\ ePa\®pTa;påty\"
By\ setting k Bakiu®Ps\esty\Siuta l∑y\k¨s∑a qi®mc\
Niuc\eAac\ screenshot et∑r´> ts\sit\ts\piuc\;kiu puMÂk^;K¥´>
®pqTa;påeq;ty\" dåepmy\. AKåm¥a;s∑am˙a on-sceen epÅ
m¥k\®mc\ Âkv\R. rO tak d^Tk\p“ui p^; ANust i q\ q i a Tc\ra˙ ;Nicu p\ å
ty\"
ASuM;qt\Aenn´≥ m¥oi;Sk\qs\ graphics card inter-
face ®Ps\t.´ PCI express r´> nv\;pvarp\pcui ;\ Sicu r\ aAeÂkac\;kiu
nk\nk\RciO ;\ ROci ;\ qu;M qp\®pTa;påty\" d^psßv;\ et∑ha Aerac\;
Siuc\et∑AepÅ erak\ri˙laÂkpå“p^" AGP Tk\piu“p^; ®mn\t´.
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

transfer rate n´≥ bidirectional data eÂkac\. d^nv\;pvaqs\

ha gim\;et∑kiu Ae®KA®ms\ks“p^; tiu;tk\ekac\;m∑n\esPiu≥ s∑m\;
Aa;et∑ ri˙enpåty\"

Resolution
2D desktop nv\;t¨ 3D Game et∑r´> ANusit\mOAtiuc\;
Ata resolution halv\;Aer;”k^;påty\" Game ts\Kk u ui
. .´ resolution m˙a ksa;rtaha pieu kac\;t´. purM pi A
pi®u mc\t \ rv\
Aeq∑;kiu rrie˙ spåty\" Al∑ye\ ®parrc\ resolution ®mc\e. l
Anti-aliasing
pixels et∑ pimu ¥a;la“p^; piju Aeq;sitk
\ ¥laka Atu;M Ats\
pit\Ta;t´.AKå
liuk\ ®Ps\ent´.puMrip\et∑ el¥a.nv\;laelelpåp´"
d^sa;p´∑m˙a el˙ka;
800 x 600 n´≥ 1600 x 1200 resolution Aq^;q^;m˙a run
Ts\puM Ana;s∑n\;
Ta;t´. Far Cry game r´> screenshot et∑kui ®pqTa;påty\"
et∑kiu  ATc\;qa;
®mc\rt´.Atiuc\; piu®mc\.t´. resolution m˙a (By\Bk\AepÅ
et∑®≥ mc\Nuci t
\ y\"
puM) piu“p^; Aeq;sit\k¥t´.Apc\et∑kiu et∑≥rpåmy\" dåepmy\.
resolution ®mc\.el frame ts\KuK¥c\;s^k sa;quM;t´. memory
m¥a;laelelpåp´" Frame ts\KuK¥c\;s^At∑k\ processing
lv\; pil u l
ui ataeÂkac\. gim;\ kiu eN˙;ek∑;el;lMqa∑ ;espåty\"

1600 x 1200 m˙a gim\;ha puMePa\Piu≥raAt∑k\ pixel

AerAt∑k\ piurTa;ty\" qs\pc\m˙a piu“p^;
Aeq;sit\k¥t´. qs\r∑k\et∑kiu et∑≥Niuc\ty\"

Anti-aliasing
P∑cT.\ a;t´A. Kå
piujeK¥aem∑≥“p^;
piujqBawk¥eqa
Ana;s∑n\;kiu
rri˙ty\"
d^®pœnakiu ek¥a\lWa;q∑a;Niuc\Piu≥ graphics card et∑ha
Full scene anti-aliasing (FSAA) nv\;sns\kui AeTak\ApM.
ep;Ta;påty\" Anti-aliasing nv\;sns\ma˙ ATs\Ts\®Ps\en
t´. Ana;s∑n\;et∑kiu K´∑®Km\;sit\®Pa“p^; Âka;KMAerac\Aeq∑;n´≥
800 x 600 m˙a qs\pc\ha wn\;rMka eK¥aem∑≥eAac\ eSac\r∑k\ep;påty\"
Aeq;sit\puMrip\AK¥oi> ep¥ak\SuM;enty\" FSAA kiu graphics card driver m˙a AP∑cA .\ pitl
\ pu N\ cui \
AT¨;q®Pc\. An^;kp\ zoom S´∑Âkv\.t´.AKå piuqiqaty\" påty\" 2x,4x, 8x ApåAwc\ er∑;K¥y\sra kt\Am¥oi;m¥oi;
ri˙påty\" Graphics card vendor et∑quM;t´. nv\;lm\; Ati
Anti-aliasing Ak¥ k∑a®Ka;mOri˙epmy\. AÂkm\;P¥c\;e®parrc\ 2x FSAA ha
Screen epÅm˙arit
˙ .´ purM pi e\ t∑ha grp\sar∑kA
\ k∑ke\ t∑ma˙ jaggies Am¥a;sukiu Py\r˙a;ep;“p^; 4x k Aa;luM;n^;på;kiu
eS;erac\®Ky\rqlium¥oi; sturn\;puM pixels Ak∑k\et∑n´≥ Py\r˙a;ep;påty\" d^Tk\®mc\.el piu“p^;ekac\;laelelpåp´"
Pn\t;^ Ta;tam¥oi; ®Ps\påty\" dåha eTac\lk ui n\ ≥´ Al¥a;lik
u \ ASc\.ts\Sc\.tiu;liuk\tiuc\; processing power piuliulata
Ana;s∑n;\ m¥√\;eÂkac\;et∑At∑k\ ekac\;m∑ne\ pmy\. esac\;ent´. eÂkac\. gim\;kiueta. eN˙;ek∑;q∑a;espåty\"
m¥√\;eÂkac\;et∑m˙aSiurc\ jaggies liu≥eKÅt´. ATs\ATs\ puMm˙a FSAA luM;wquM;mTa;t.´ Far Cry n´≥ 4x FSAA quM;
puMq¤an\et∑kiu ®Ps\espåty\" Ta;t´. Far Cry N˙sK\ A
u Âka; k∑a®Ka;K¥kk \ ui qRup®\ pTa;påty\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 71

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Texture Quality d^k∑a®Ka;K¥k\kiu e®parta piul∑y\påty\" Aew;m˙ari˙t´. wtÊo

TuluM;epÅ 3D model et∑kiu q¨tiu≥kiuy\sa;‘pra A®pc\
elakn´≥t¨eAac\ gim\;et∑ha m¥k\N˙a®pc\Aqa; texture
et∑kiu AquM;‘pÂkpåty\" Texture Aqa;n´≥ wtÊopsßv\;
objects et∑AepÅ lWm\;‘KMqim\;Tut\rpåty\" UpmaAa;®Pc\.
Aut\nMrMk∑k\et∑r´> puM image files et∑ha texture Am¥oi;
Asa; ts\Kupåp´"
gim;\ Am¥a;suha d^ texture et∑r>´   Arv\Aeq∑;kiu e®pac\;l´
Niuc\Piu≥ option ep;Ta;påty\" Arv\Aeq∑;®mc\. texture ha
resolution piu®mc\.“p^; Ass\Am˙n\elakn´≥ piut¨påty\" Arv\
Aeq∑;nim\. texture ha resolution nim\.“p^; Kp\wå;wå;A®mc\m¥oi;
®Ps\espåty\" Aeq;sit®\ pqrmy\. An^;kp\®mc\kc∑ ;\ et∑ma˙ Siru c\
Arv\Aeq∑;nim\.
texture ha
An^;kp\Âkv\r. c\
pi“u p;^ qiqaTc\ra˙ ;
ty\"q´®pc\ha
e®pac\eK¥aeK¥a
®Ps\enta
et∑r≥ my\"
psßv\;et∑m˙aeta. d^elak\”k^; k∑a®Ka;l˙ta mhut\påB¨;"
Arv\Aeq∑;®mc\. texture ha memory piusa;“p^; display
lup\Piu≥ process piuliupåty\" Arv\Aeq∑;nim\. texture ha
Âkv\l . ≥ui ekac\;K¥cm\ e˙ kac\;my\" dåepmy\. memory nv\;nv\;p´
liu“p^; process lup\rtalv\; Am¥a;”k^;piul∑y\påty\"
Far Cry r´> Arv\Aeq∑;®mc\. texture n´≥ Arv\Aeq∑;nim.\
texture AÂka; k∑a®Ka;mOkiu ATk\k screenshots et∑m˙a
®pqTa;påty\"
Filtering
Aesake®paK´q . lipu ´ 3D model et∑kui Ass\Am˙nq \ P∑y\
®Ps\eAac\ gim\;et∑ha texture et∑kiu quM;ty\" Camera
Ana;m˙ari˙t´. texture ha Arv\Aeq∑;®mc\.“p^; Al∑n\Âkv\.
ekac\;ty\" Aew;m˙arit ˙ .´ wtÊopsßv;\ et∑ha ep¥ak\ky
∑ s\ k\
vanishing point qiu≥ k¥√\;e®mac\;q∑a;rqv\N˙c\.AmY puMePa\Piu≥
ra piujnv\;eqa pixel kiuqa rri˙ty\"
nv\;på;t´. pixel AerAt∑k\n´≥ puMy∑c\;mOha qiqat´.
wå;ta;ta;A®mc\m¥oi; ®Ps\esty\" d^enram˙aeta. filtering
r´>AKå k¥erak\lapå“p^" Bilinear n´≥ trilinear filtering
et∑ha d^ texture et∑r´> Arv\Aeq∑;kiu ®mHc\.tc\ep;“p^;
Kp\wå;wå;A®mc\kiu elYa.K¥ep;påty\" Filtering ha linear
qeBaeSac\“p^; texture ts\KuK¥c\;s^r´> e®Pac\.tn\;eqa
Ana;s∑n\;et∑AepÅ lup\eSac\ep;påty\"
Texture kiu 3D objects et∑AepÅ puMrip\K¥t´.AKå ®Ps\
epÅlat´. distortion kiu Tv\.t∑k\t´. anisotropic met-
hod ha pi“u p^;ekac\;t´n. v\;lm\;ts\Ku ®Ps\påty\" d^nv\;lm\;
m˙alv\; 2x, 4x sqv\®Pc\. level ASc\.Sc\.ri˙påty\" nMpåt\
®mc\.laelel Ak¥oi;rld\piuekac\;laelelSiuepmy\.
processing overhead keta. piutiu;lapålim\.my\"
eAak\ma˙ ®pTa;t´. screenshot et∑ma˙ bilinear (By\)'
trilinear (Aly\)n´≥ 4x anisotropic (va) tir≥u >´ rld\Aq^;q^;
kiu ePa\®pTa;påty\"

Arv\Aeq∑;®mc\.
texture ha piu“p^;
Ass\Am˙nA \ la;
qBawk¥s∑a
et∑>®mc\Niuc\ty\"
d^®pk∑k\m˙aSiurc\
q´®pc\ha
tc\;rc\;®pt\qa;“p;^
lOci ;\ t∑ne≥\ l;et∑
Tc\entakiu
etac\  et∑>rmy\"

72 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Bump Mapping
er®pc\n≥´ egåk\q;^ liu AK¥oi>eqa object et∑ma˙ APuATs\'
nk\RciO ;\ K¥oicw.\ m˙ ;\ ts\KKu ¥c\;s^kui pueM Pa\rta AK¥ink
\ nu “\ p^; lk\wc\
ty\" piu“p^;l∑y\k¨t´.nv\;lm\;k bump mapping kiu quM;Piu≥
®Ps\påty\"
Bump mapping ha lighting effect kiuquM;“p^; eq;cy\
eqa 3D K¥oic\.w˙m\;' PuTs\Aq∑c\ Tc\eyac\Tc\m˙a; ®Ps\espå
ty\"
d^nv\;sns\kiu game developer et∑ puMm˙n\Aa;®Pc\. quM;s´∑
el.ri˙“p^; qc\.Aenn´≥ quM;my\ mquM;B¨;Siuta K¥op\Tin\;liu≥rm˙a
mhutp\ å" dåepmy\. k∑a®Ka;K¥k\kui y˙√Â\ kv\r. ta sitw\ c\sa;Pi≥u
ekac\;påty\" eAak\m˙a®pTa;t´. screenshot m˙a Vidia
Tide Pool demo kiu ®pqTa;påty\"
By\Bk\kpuMm˙a bump mapping kiu pit\Ta;“p^; va
Bk\m˙a P∑c\.Ta;påty\" ®mc\rt´.Atiuc\; By\Bk\piuc\;k
A®pa;liuk\ rendering n´≥ y˙√\Âkv\.rc\ vaBk\piuc\;m˙a
Am¥a;”k^; piuqBawk¥t´. er®pc\kiu et∑≥rpålim\.my\"

ty\" Model m˙a d^nv\;sns\kiu AquM;‘pluik\tan´≥ ANusit\

puM- 1
puMsa- 1" "Bump mapping mquM;t´.AKå er®pc\ha
m˙n\®pc\liu Aeta\”k^;®pa;K¥p\enty\" tky\.erkn\Ass\liu
Run\;kn\ lOp\r˙a;ent´.Aq∑c\q¤an\ mepÅpå"
puMsa-2" "Bump mapping P∑c\.Ta;t´.AKå er®pc\ha
Am¥a;”k^; piuÂkv\.ekac\;laty\" tky\.erkn\Ass\liu
lOic\;tP¥p\P¥p\ Aq∑c\puMepÅenty\"
Normal Maps
Bump mapping ha Am¥a;Aa;®Pc\. Âkv\e. kac\;epmy\.
An^;kp\Âkv\t . A .´ Kå Aeta\el;®pa;K¥p\tA
.´ ®mc\m¥oi; ®Ps\esNicu \
ty\" piuekac\;t´.nv\;sns\k piujAeq;sit\eqa objects
m¥a;At∑k\ normal maps kiu AquM;‘pPiu≥ ®Ps\ty\"
d^nv\;sns\ha polygon AerAt∑k\ Anv\;cy\qa
quM;t´. model kiu pium¥a;t´. polygon quM;Ta;t´. model n´≥
Aq∑c\t¨eAac\‘plup\t´. nv\;sns\p´®Ps\påty\"
Normal maps m˙a pixel ts\KuK¥c\;s^ m¥k\N˙am¨rakiu
ePa\®pt´. AT¨;‘p texture kiu quM;påty\" Lighting model
n´≥ t´∑quM;rc\ piu“p^;qBawk¥t´. 3D m¥k\N˙a®pc\kiu Pn\t^;ep;på
mOASc\.kiu ®mHc\.tc\ep;påty\" Texture kp\t´.nv\;lm\;
puM- 2 Aticu ;\ Normal maps Sit u a model kiu Pu;M Aupl
\ mW ;\ ‘Kt
M e.´ nra
m˙a AquM;‘pta ®Ps\påty\" dåepmy\. d^nv\;lm\;m˙a m˙n\kn\t´.
lighting kiu rri˙Piu≥ Arc\Ë;SuM; normal map kp\ty\"
“p^;tan´≥ normal texture kiu Sk\kp\“p^; process kiu
“p^;®pv\.suMespåty\"
d^ nv\;sns\m˙alv\; ®pœnan´≥ kc\;l∑t\taeta. mhut\
påB¨;" Normal maps ha graphic card epÅk memory
et∑kiu Am¥a;”k^;wå;m¥oips\ty\" 256 MB onboard memory
n´≥etac\ game developer et∑ha q¨tiu≥quM;Niuc\my\. normal
maps AerAt∑k\kiu kn\≥qt\KMTa;rty\" dåeÂkac\. gim\;
et∑T´m˙a d^ feature kiu sit\ri˙lk\ri˙quM;Piu≥ Kk\K´esty\"
puMm˙n\Aa;®Pc\. desingner et∑ha mÂkaK%®pqrmy\.
ADik (hero) zat\ekac\et∑m˙ap´ normal maps kiuquM;®Kc\;
Aa;®Pc\. d^®pœnakiu ek¥a\lWa;q∑a;Âkpåty\"
Normal maps kiu By\liuquM;ty\Siuta screenshort
et∑ma˙ ®pqTa;påty\" By\Bk\®Km\;m˙a polygon nv\;nv\;n´≥
model kiu q¨≥ngiuAtiuc\; et∑≥rmy\" vaBk\®Km\;m˙a A´d^
model kiup´ normal map kp\Ta;t´. puMkiu et∑≥rmy\" d^puMm˙a
polygon ha AerAt∑k\ Aeta\”k^; pimu ¥a;hn\ Tc\rpåty\"
vaBk\eAak\e®Kk puMrip\ha model m˙a kp\my\.
normal map p´®Ps\ty\" By\lA ui lc\;erac\ep;rmy\St ui a
k∑n\p¥øtakiue®pat´.Araha d^m¥k\N˙a®pc\qa; texture p´
®Ps\påty\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 73

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

ATI 3Dc Direct X m˙alv\; compression nv\;pvari˙epmy\. qip\

er˙>ktc\®pK´.qliu normal maps kiu quM;taha lower
polygon model kiu higher polygon Aq∑c\®Ps\esepmy\.
q¨tiu≥ha memory et∑ Am¥a;”k^; sa;quM;ps\ty\" dåeÂkac\.
mi≥u q¨tk
≥ui q
ui ;Mu t´A
. Kå AerAt∑kn\ ≥´ Arv\Aeq∑;kiu kn\q
≥ t\
KMTa;rty\" ATI ha d^®pœnakiu eK¥mOn\;Piu≥ 3D compres-
sion (3Dc) nv\;pvakiu ePa\Tut\K´.påty\"
Normal map kiu Piqip\K¥oM>y¨®Kc\;Aa;®Pc\. memory
nv\;nv\;qasa;t´. Arv\Aeq∑;®mc\. maps et∑kui rrip˙ åty\"
mekac\;l˙B´ puMrip\Arv\Aeq∑;kiulv\; p¥k\y∑c\;esNiuc\på
ty\"
ATI nv\;pvaha puMrip\Arv\Aeq∑;kiu Aeta\”k^;
tiu;tk\ekac\;m∑n\esty\" qiu≥tes AKuelaelaSy\m˙a
3Dc kiu X800 liu ATI card Aqs\et∑m˙ap´ rri˙Niuc\påty\"
q¨k ≥ Aui qu;M ‘pNicu P\ ≥ui gim;\ et∑kui &c\;At∑k\ AT¨;‘per;qa;Pil
≥u v\;
liuAp\ty\" Serious Sam 2 k ry¨Ta;t´. screenshot m˙a
d^nv\;pvar´> qk\wc\lOp\r˙a;mOkiu et∑≥®mc\Niuc\påty\"
Standard normal maps quM;Ta;t´. By\Bk\AepÅk
puMha Al∑n\Aeq;sit\k¥puMepÅpåty\" eAak\Bk\kpuMha
high-quality 3Dc normal map kiu quM;Ta;påty\" ®mc\r
t´A . ticu ;\ vaBk\kpurM >´ Aer®pa;ha pij u pc\ Aeq;sitk \ ¥“p^;
piuj Ass\Am˙n\Aa;®Pc\. qBawk¥eqarld\kiu rri˙påty\"

Shader Model
gim\;Aa;luM;ha DirectX T´m˙apåt´. shader model kiu
Standard quM;Âkty\" &c\;ha developers et∑Aenn´≥ routines el;
normal maps et∑ (Upma gim\;T´m˙a lighting effect ePa\Tut\ep;my\.
kiuquM;“p^; routine m¥o;i ) er;K∑ce.\ p;Ta;ty\" Direct X ti;u tk\lamOnA ≥´ v^
polygon shader model r´  ≥ Arv\Aeq∑;lv\; lik u “\ p;^ ti;u tk\laty\"
nv\;nv\;n´≥ AKuTieta. Nvidia ha shader model 3 (SM3) kiu
pij
u AeTak\ApM.ep;Piu≥ patch ts\Ku T∑k\laPiu≥lv\; ri˙påty\"
Aeq;sitk \ ¥eqa Model Aqs\ha realistic puMrip\kiu rri˙esPiu≥ displace-
model kiu ment mapping kiu AquM;‘pK∑c\.ep;ty\" d^nv\;ha 3D
rri˙Niuc\ty\"

ATI r´> 3Dc

compression
ha devel-
oper et∑Aenn´≥
resolution
pi®u mc\e. qa Shader 1.1 m˙a el˙ka;Ts\et∑ha ®pa;K¥p\en“p^;
normal maps kiu AquM;‘pK∑c\.ep;ty\" rld\keta. ek¥ak\Siuc\ek¥ak\qa;r´> ATc\A®mc\m¥oi; rri˙Piu≥ra
piu“p^;eta.etac\ Aeq;sit\k¥t´. model ®Ps\espåty\" Ae®KKM texture qa ri˙ty\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 75

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
Shader Model 3 m˙a developer et∑ Aenn´≥ piuj
qBawk¥eqa®mc\k∑c\;m¥a; Pn\t^;K∑c\.ep;Ta;påty\"
d^®pk∑k\k el˙ka;Ts\et∑haSiurc\ raq^Utu
tiuk\sa;KMrt´. ek¥ak\Siuc\ ek¥ak\qa;Aq∑c\
Am¥a;”k^;puMepÅenpåty\"
model AK¥oi>r´> An^;kp\Âkv\.rc\ ®pa;K¥p\K¥p\Aq∑c\ ®mc\rt´.
®pœnakiu e®Pr˙c\;ep;påty\"
kÁn\eta\tiu≥r´> screenshot m˙a SM 1.1 n´≥ SM 3 AÂka;
NOic\;y˙√\®pTa;påty\" vaBk\kpuMrip\m˙a el˙ka;Ts\An^;
ts\wk ui \ pij
u Aeq;sitk \ ¥“p^; By\Bk\kpurM pi T
\ k\ Am¥a;”k^;
piujqBawk¥takiu et∑≥Niuc\påty\"
Optimising for games
kÁn\eta\tiu≥e®paK´.t´. features m¥a;s∑akiu graphic card
r´> setting et∑m˙a qiu≥mhut\ game option T´m˙a ANusit\
K¥in\V˙iNiuc\påty\" qc\.tc\.mYtt´. frame rate rri˙Piu≥ By\
setting kiu ksa;rmy\St ui aqiP≥ui K´y√\;Nicu p\ åty\" k´  d^enra
m˙a Aekac\;SuM;eqa Aet∑≥A’kMrld\kiu rri˙Piu≥ qc\.r´>gim\;kiu
By\liu configure lup\rmy\Siuta e®paÂkreAac\la;"
Graphic card driver ken sliuk\ÂkreAac\" Desk-
top epÅm˙a right-click N˙ip\“p^; Properties kiu er∑;på"
Primary display kiu double click N˙ip\“p^; monitor tab kiu
click N˙ip\på" qc\.el¥a\t´. refresh rate (60 Hz n´≥ ATk\)
er∑;“p^;qa;®Ps\eÂkac\; eqK¥apåes" Monitor et∑ha ter∑>
er∑> scan lup\t´. devices m¥oi;®Ps\“p^; screen ts\KuluM;kiu 1Hz
m˙a ts\”kim\qaupdate lup\påty\" qc\.r´> driver ha
monitor r´> refresh rate n´≥ A‘pic\ synchronise lup\ Ta;rc\
(Vertical Sync qiu≥mhut\ Vsync liu≥lv\; m˙t\qa;Niuc\t´.
driver setting) game r´> frame per second fps ha
76 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
refresh rate kiu ek¥a\m˙amhut\på" dåha frame rate k
refresh rate n´≥   mkiuk\v^liu≥ ®Ps\tt\t´. sit\ROp\P∑y\ “tear-
ing” effect kiu elYa.K¥ep;Piu≥ ®Ps\påty\" dåeÂkac\.miu≥ qc\.r´>
refresh rate kiu tt\Niuc\qmY A®mc\.SuM;Ta;på" Benchmark
program et∑ run t´.AKåm˙qa Vsync kiu disabled lup\
Ta;qc\.påty\"
gim\;ts\Kur´> frame rate kiu sm\;qp\Âkv\.Piu≥ Fraps
(www.fraps.com) kiu quM;Niuc\påty\" 30fps elak\Siurc\
eK¥aem∑≥s∑alOp\r˙a;“p^; q¨≥ATk\Siurc\ piuekac\;påty\" piuj
piuj®mc\.ma;eqa rate et∑ rri˙Piu≥eta. sit\T´qip\mTa;pån´≥"
60fps Tk\ ek¥a\q∑a;rc\ k∑a®Ka;K¥k\kiu qti‘pmieta.m˙a
mhut\på" piu®mc\.t´. frame rate ha qc\.p^s^Aenn´≥ d^gim\;kiu
run Piu≥  pc\pn\;t”k^; Run\;kn\menrB´ piujROp\eT∑;eqa scene
m¥a;At∑k\ s∑m;\ rv\m¥a;s∑ak¥ne\ q;eÂkac\; rv\VnW ;\ RuM qk\qk\
Atiuc\;Atats\Kuqa ®Ps\påty\"
AKuep;my\. AÂkMˆa%\et∑k eyBuy¥qeBa ‘KMcuMe®pa
®Ps\“p^; performance n´≥ quality AÂka; AelYa.Atc\;lupP\ ≥ui
keta. ts\Ë;ts\eyak\K¥c\;s^r´> ’kik\N˙s\qk\mOepÅ m¨tv\
liu≥ er∑;K¥y\mOet∑ k´∑®pa;q∑a;m˙apå" enak\SuM;epÅ graphic
card et∑påp´" Spec pi®u mc\t . .´ p^se^ t∑ha sk\Aui sk\ehac\;et∑
Tk\ Am¥a;”k^; piuekac\;eAac\ s∑m\;eSac\Niuc\takiulv\;
Tv\.q∑c\;s√\;sa;på" Aekac\;SuM;AÂkMˆa%\Aenn´≥ settings
et∑kui Am¥oi;m¥oi;ksa;Âkv\“. p^; q¨t≥ui By\lA ui lupl\ pu t
\ y\Sui
ta AkÁm\;wc\mO used-to ®Ps\laeAac\ ‘plup\påliu≥p´ SiuK¥c\på
ty\" dåha tky\.kiu sm\;Âkv\. Am˙a;r˙a®pn\®pc\ trial and
error nv\;lm\;påp´" AK¥oi>gim\;et∑m˙a qc\.p^s^r´> specification
Ae®KKM“p^; K¥inV\ ei˙ p;my\. autodetect påtakil u v\; qti‘ppå"
Fraps qv\
gim\;Aa;lu;M
At∑k\
frame
counter kiu
ePa\®pqv\"
gim\;Am¥a;qv\ qc\.Aa;
Aeq;sit\ settings m¥a;
e®pac\;l´K∑c\.ep;qv\"
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
Displicy properties qv\ optimisation At∑k\
Aer;”k^;eqa Apiuc\;ts\piuc\; ®Ps\qv\"
Drivers
Internet epÅm˙a graphics card drivers et∑n≥´ pt\qk\l≥ui
eS∑;eN∑; ®cc\;KuMqMet∑ p∑k\elaRiuk\enelr´>" enak\lamy\.
version et∑ha piu®mn\t´. frame rates et∑ rri˙Piu≥ Arv\
Aeq∑;kiu set;“p^; m∑m\;mMTa;ta hut\mhut\ st´.puMsMm¥oi;epå."
d^A®cc\;AKuMet∑T´m˙a kÁn\eta\tiu≥ mpåeta.på" Rule of
thump Aenn´≥ qc\.r´> driver kiu lAnv\;cy\m˙ats\Kå
update lup\taha Aekac\;SuM; release kiu rri˙m˙amiu≥
lup\Tiuk\t´.Alup\ ®Ps\påty\" Drivers et∑ha games
performance AepÅ ”k^;s∑aeqaRiuk\Kt\mO ri˙enpåty\"
Resolution
Resolution ha By\gim\;m˙amSiu Aer;”k^;t´. factor
ts\Ku®Ps\“p^; resolution kiup´®mHc\.mla;' anti-aliasing k´.qiu≥
A®Ka; quality setting et∑kpui ´ y¨mla;Sit u a K¥ni S
\ enrtt\
påty\" pTmÂka;sKn\;Aenn´≥ By\ feature m˙ mP∑c\.B´
gim\;kiu 1,024 x 768 m˙a run Âkv\.på" Fraps kiu quM;“p^;
frame rate By\elak\ri˙ty\Siuta ss\eS;på" 30 fps
na;m˙a rs\w´enrc\ resolution kiu 800 x 600 qiu≥K¥j A®mn\
NOn\;®mHc\.tc\.på" tky\liu≥ 80 fps na;m˙akp\enrc\ advanced
features AK¥oi>kiu P∑cÂ.\ kv\l
. ≥ui rpåty\" d^Tk\ ek¥a\my\Srui c\
qc\. monitor klv\; resolution ®mc\®. mc\k . ui eTak\pmM. y\Srui c\
resolution kiu Tp\tc\Âkv\.Niuc\påty\"
78 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
Advanced settings
AKuAKå kÁn\eta\th ≥ui a resolution kisk
ß ui e®Pr˙c;\ “p^;li≥u
m˙t\y¨“p^;t´.enak\ gim\;ha 70 n´≥ 80 fps ATi run eneq;
ty\Srui c\ graphic card driver T´ma˙ et∑r≥ my\. pij u ASc\®. mc\.
eqa setting m¥a;kiu kliPiu≥ AK¥in\k¥erak\lapå“p^"
Aer;”k^;SuM; Araet∑keta. filtering setting n´≥ full
scene anti-aliasing (FSAA) tiu≥ ®Ps\påty\"
Trilinear filtering n´≥ 2X FSAA ha Âkv\.ekac\;t´.
gim\;et∑kiu®Ps\espåty\" d^ setting et∑kiuP∑c\.“p^; qc\.r´>gim\;kiu
®pn\ run Âkv\.på" Frame rate 30 fps eAak\k¥q∑a;rc\
resolution kiu ts\Sc\.nim\.“p^; sm\;Âkv\.på" dåetac\m˙p´
tuS≥M cui ;\ Sicu ;\ ®Ps\eneq;rc\eta. anti-aliasing kiu pitT \ a;qc\.
påty\"
d^ setting et∑ P∑c\.Âkv\.taetac\ frame rate kiuqip\“p^;
Tiu;mK¥Niuc\B¨;Siurc\ 2X anisotropic filtering n´≥ 4x anti-
aliasing qiu≥ ®mHc\.tc\liuk\på" d^enram˙a Upedqk gim\;kiu
ksa;liu≥mrNiuc\eta.t´.ATi setting et∑kiu t®Pv\;®Pv\;K¥c\;
tc\q∑a;Piu≥påp´" dåepmy\.lv\; qip\“p^;Âkv\.ekac\;t´. gim\;®Ps\Piu≥
qc\liuqmYha 4X anisotropic n´≥ 4X FSAA ASc\.p´ ®Ps\
påty\"
Quality settings
gim\;et∑T´m˙a texture quality liu quality setting et∑
A®m´et∑≥ri˙Niuc\påty\" qc\.r´>gim\;ha ekac\;ekac\; run en
eq;ty\Srui c\ d^ setting et∑kt ui c\Âkv\“. p;^ By\lRui k
ui K\ t\mO
ri˙ty\Siuta ®pn\Âkv\.på" gim\;et∑AÂka; setting k∑a®Ka;
K¥k\et∑ri˙liu≥ AÂkMep;reta. Kk\påty\"
Old V new games
qc\ksa;t´.gim\;epÅ m¨tv\“p^; qc\.Aenn´≥ setting et∑
e®pac\;Piu≥liutam¥oi; ri˙tt\påty\" er˙;k¥t´. gim\;et∑ha spec
nim\.t´.p^s^et∑At∑k\ er;Ta;tamiu≥ piuj®mc\.eqa Aeq;sit\
setting m˙a run Niuc\s∑m\;ri˙qc\.påty\"
gim\;Aqs\et∑keta. enak\SuM;epÅ hardware r´>Ak¥oi;
ek¥;z¨;kiu ry¨Niuc\eAac\ piujROp\eT∑;eqa artifical intelli-
gence påeAac\ er;qa;Ta;påty\" d^Araet∑ eK¥aem∑>s∑a
Alup\lup\esPiu≥ qc\.Aenn´≥ Aeq;sit\ setting AK¥oi>kiu
elYa.K¥Piu≥ liutam¥oi;lv\; et∑≥rtt\påty\"
PCI Express
PCI Express ha AGP graphics port n´≥ PCI slot et∑
kiu motherboard epÅk emac\;Tut\enpåty\" Graphics
card et∑n´≥pt\qk\liu≥keta. A®Ka;er∑;K¥y\sralm\; mri˙på"
T∑k\ri˙laeta.my\. Intel 915 n´≥ 925 X chipset quM; Intel
motherboard et∑m˙a AGP slot et∑ pålaeta.m˙a mhut\
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
på" q¨nk≥´ k \ m^ y\. PCI Express graphics card mrir˙ c\ Aerac\
ui v
Aeq∑;suMlc\t´. 3D kmıakiu em.qaTa;liuk\påeta."
Network n´≥ sound card ApåAwc\ A®Ka; expansion
card et∑r>´ AenATa;keta. K¥kK\ ¥c;\ lk\cc\; mliA u p\eq;
på" ISA m˙ B qiu≥ Ak¨;Ae®pac\;AenATa;liup´ (Anv\;SuM;
eta. enak\Ns˙ A \ nv\;cy\ATi) motherboard Aqs\et∑ma˙
PCI Express slot Aqs\et∑era qma;Riu;k¥ PCI slot et∑
på N˙s\m¥oi;sluM; påri˙enË;m˙apåp´"
PCI Express r´> Aa;qaK¥k\k parallel ken serial
connection nv\;pvaAk¨;Ae®pac\;epÅ Ae®Ktv\påty\"
d^nv\;pvam˙a piu®mc\.eqa data rates' piur˙c\;“p^; eZ;epåeqa
circuit board layout n´≥ piuj yuMÂkv\Aa;Ta;Niuc\s∑m\;tiu≥kiu
eTak\p.pM åty\"
PCI Express interface r´> performance kiu ASc\A . m¥o;i
m¥oi; Atiu;AelYa.lup\Niuc\s∑m\; ri˙påty\" PCI Express 1x, 2x,
4x, 16x et∑kiu sM‘pqt\m˙t\Ta;påty\" d^ factor et∑ha
Interface r´> scalable bandwidth kiu epåc\;sp\ ®mcH t .\ c\tA.´ Kå
quM;t´. PCI Express link AerAt∑k\kiu rv\VWn\;påty\"
(AepÅpuMt∑c\ Âkv\.på")
PCI Express Am¥oi;Asa;®Ps\eÂkac\;kiu motherboard
connector et∑r>´ k´®∑ pa;eqa ’ki;Ar˙vk \ Âui kv\“. p^; m˙tm\ q i ri ˙i
Niuc\påty\" Ar˙c\;SuM;eqa version, PCI Express 1X on
data rates 0.23 Gbytes/sec kiu rri˙Niuc\påty\" qamn\ PCI
Tk\ N˙s\S®mn\“p^; expansion card Am¥a;suAt∑k\ ®pv\.suM
lueM lak\t.´ A®mn\NnO ;\ på" PCI Express 16x ha 3.7 Gbytes/
sec eqa bandwidth Ti ®Ps\esNiuc\påty\"
Video's the only winner
lamy\. 3D cards et∑ha PCI Express interface
qk\qk\At∑ke\ Âkac\e. ta. pi“u p^;®mn\®mn\Alupl
\ pu m\ a˙ mhut\
påB¨;" AGP 4X k AGP 8X qiu≥ Ae®pac\;m˙a A®mn\NOn\;
tiu;tk\mOkiu Anv\;cy\qa rri˙K´.påty\"
eKt\Am^SuM; graphics card et∑ha 256 MB ATi
lueM lak\eqa local memory et∑ rie˙ npå“p"^ mtn\tSeqa
texture n´≥ geometric data et∑ quM;taetac\m˙p´ graphic
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
bus ken system memory qiu≥ data Ak¨;Ae®pac\;ha
A”kim\AerAt∑k\ nv\;på;påty\" dåha bus bandwidth
k NOic\;y˙√\K¥k\Aa;®Pc\. qip\Aer;mpåeÂkac\; Siuliupåty\"
qc\.Aenn´≥ video editing At∑k\ card qMu;t´.AKåm˙a
PCI Express ha q¨≥r´>As∑m\;kiu ®pqpålim\.my\" d^kisßm˙a
eta. data flows ha system ken graphics card qiu≥
qamk enak\®pn\lv\q∑a;påty\" UpmaAa;®Pc\. TV card
m˙a graphics chip ha pTm TV signal kiu mpeg stream
qiu≥ e®pac\;påty\" enak\ hard disk epÅm˙a qim\;Sv\;Piu≥
®pn\lv\piu≥eSac\ep;rpåty\" AGP graphics card et∑ha
d^enram˙a Aa;nv\;K¥k\rp˙i åty\" AGP bus ha ts\lm\;q∑a;
®Ps\“p^; unidirectional data transfer At∑k\ optimised
lup\Ta;påty\" System ken graphic card qiu≥Aq∑a;m˙a
2Gbytes/sec NOn\;ATi k¨;e®pac\;piu≥ep;Niuc\epmy\. k¥n\A®pn\
direction At∑k\ 266 Mbytes/sec m˙a kn\q ≥ t\KT
M a;rty\"
Data ha ts\”kim\m˙a direction ts\Pk\qaq∑a;Niuc\ty\liu≥
ts\l˙v\.s^ k¨;e®pac\; piu≥eSac\ep;rpåty\"
A®Ka;ts\Pk\m˙a PCI Express 16x haSiurc\ data kiu
direction N˙s\Pk\sluM;qiu≥ ts\‘pic\nk\tv\; 3.7 Gbytes/sec
NOn\;A®pv\.n´≥ qy\eSac\ep;Niuc\påty\" Graphics card ha
video signal kiu Pt\ROenK¥in\n´≥ ts\‘pic\nk\tv\; perform-
ance mk¥esB´ 3D game kiu AquM;‘pNiuc\påty\" High-
resolution video n´≥ pt\qk\larc\ bandwidth ha
AT¨;Aer;påty\" UpmaAa;®Pc\. HDTV ha resolution
1920 x 1080 pixels m˙a video stream ts\Kukiu 250
Mbytes/sec NOn\;n´≥ piu≥lWt\Piu≥liuAp\ty\" AGP upstream
rate At∑k\eta. qip\m¥a;l∑n\;enmy\.NOn\;påp´"
The first cards
Graphic chip Tut\lup\q¨ Nvidia ha PCI Express
qiu≥ Ak¨;Ae®pac\;kiu Riu;sc\;eAac\‘plup\Piu≥ SuM;®Pt\Ta;påty\"
pTmË;s∑a kt\Aqs\et∑ha ri˙rc\;s´∑ chips et∑kiup´
quM;Ta;påty\" dåepmy\. graphic chip r´> AGP interface
n´≥ card r´> PCI Express interface AÂka; Baqa®pn\ep;
my\.  epåc\;k¨; chip Tp\Tv\.ep;Ta;påty\" PCI Express
r´> piuj®mn\eqa bandwidth kiu Am^liuk\Niuc\eAac\ AGP
connection ha frequency N˙s\Sn´≥ run rpåty\" 16x
AGP A®mn\NOn\;n´≥ v^mYpåty\"
Nvidia ha q¨≥r´> kt\Aa;luM;kiu PCI Express ver-
sion Aenn´≥ rri˙Niuc\eAac\ lup\eSac\enpåty\" 3D
architecture n´≥ performance keta. e®pac\;l´m˙a mhut\
på" UpmaAa;®Pc\. Geforce PCX 5950 nv\;t¨ Geforce FX
5950 AGP card kiulv\; PCI Express version Aenn´≥
rri˙Niuc\påty\" (PCI Express Graphics Chips zya;m˙a
Âkv\.på") Geforce PCX 5750 n´≥ 5300 model et∑ha
79
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
frequency Anv\;cy\k∑a®Ka;qv\m˙Ap FX 5700 n´≥ 5200
AGP card et∑n´≥ k´∑®pa;mOqip\mri˙l˙på"
m¥k\l;Mu ts\Pk\k Anagt\kui l˙m;\ Âkv\e. nrc\;n´p≥ ´ high-
speed interconnect (HSI) liu≥ eKÅewÅt´. epåc\;k¨; chips
ha PCI Express ken AGP qiu≥ Baqa®pn\ep;®Kc\;Aa;®Pc\.
A®Ka;nv\;lm\;®Pc\. lup\eSac\eÂkac\; m˙t\qa;Tiuk\påty\"
Nvidia ha d^N˙s\r´> dutiypiuc\;m˙a PCI Express qiu≥
luM;wk¨;e®pac\;q∑a;my\Siurc\etac\ qc\.Aenn´≥ HSI påt´.
AGP card et∑quM;“p^; upgrade lup\ Sk\lk\ quM;s´∑enNiuc\
Ë;m˙apå"
ATI keta. PCI Express interface q^;qn\≥ chips
m¥a;kiup´ Sk\lk\Tut\lup\Piu≥ Aesa”k^;ktv\;k SuM;®Pt\K´.
påty\" Top-of the range Tip\tn\; Radeon X800 r´>
PCI Express version R423 n´≥At¨ chip Aqs\et∑
Aqc\.rri˙Niuc\på“p^"
80 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
Trial and Error
d^A®mn\lm\;VWnm\ a˙ kÁne\ ta\tA
≥ui enn´≥ ADik Ae®KKMAK¥k\
et∑ lWm;\ ‘KMmei Aac\ ’ki;sa;Ta;påty\" dåepmy\. A®Ka;AK¥k\
epåc\;m¥a;s∑alv\; ®Ky\l˙y\enNiuc\påeq;ty\" qc\tky\
lup\Niuc\my\. ts\Kutv\;eqaAraketa. setting et∑kiu
Am¥oi;m¥oi;ksa;Âkv\.“p^; By\AK¥in\m˙a gim\;ksa;liu≥ mrelak\
eAac\ ®Ps\q∑a;ql´Siuta Âkv\.Piu≥p´®Ps\påty\"
tuM≥Siuc\;Siuc\; St\etak\St\etak\ ®Ps\enrc\ qc\.r´>
p^s^kiu qip\A®mc\.”k^;K¥in\Ta;taeÂkac\. ®Ps\Niuc\ty\" dåha
trial and error nv\;s√\påp´" setting kiu Am¥oi;m¥oi;e®pac\;Âkv\.
“p^; Ak¥c\r. laelel configure lupr\ ta pil u y
∑ l
\ aelpå
p´" k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ mail box qiu≥ qc\.r´> m˙t\K¥k\et∑ ep;piu≥
Nicu p\ åty\" lueM lak\t.´ etac\;KMmrO l ˙i arc\ kÁn\eta\tA
≥ui enn´≥
performance At∑k\ graphics kiu optimising ‘plup\®Kc\;
AeÂkac\; piu“p^;Aeq;sit\k¥t´. feature eSac\;på;et∑ Tp\mM
y¨eSac\laep;Nicu \påty\"
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
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Programming AeÂkac\;
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eT∑rael;på;
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k∑n\p¥øtapRiugrm\er;qa;®Kc\;qv\ ts\‘pic\nk\tv\;t∑c\ qip\qv\;mO' feature suMlc\mO' k¨;e®pac\;piu≥eSac\niuc\s∑m\;

qipπMnv\;k¥ Att\pva®Ps\qliu ANupvalv\;®Ps\qv\hu probability Aqc\.quM; API N˙c\. reusable component m¥a;
Sieu l.rq ˙i v\" sns\k¥eqa K¥√;\ kp\er;nv\;lm\;m¥a;®Pc\. tik¥P≥ui rri˙Niuc\mO gu%\Agçå lk%arp\m¥a;AepÅ Baqaska;tiu≥f
liuqliu ts\Pk\klv\; t^T∑c\Pn\t^;Niuc\s∑m\;' eqqp\l˙pj Ael;Ta;pu®M Kc\; mt¨ve^ p" ts\‘pci n\ k\tv\;t∑c\ Aa;lu;M ekac\;
®p^;®pv\s. l Mu mui q O ≥ui Ë;tv\ka k∑n®≥\ mø;Nicu s\ m∑ ;\ tie≥u Âkac\. ®Ps\påqv\" Piu≥ m®Ps\Niuc\" ts\Kukiuezac\;ep;lYc\ A®Ka;ts\Bk\k ls\ha
l¨≥y√\ek¥;mO tiu;tk\la®Kc\;t∑c\ lup\cn\;Siuc\ra liuAp\K¥k\ q∑a;tt\qv\" Tie≥u Âkac\. Baqaska;ts\Kf u Aa;nv\;K¥k\
qk\qk\k ui ek¥a\ln∑ j \ huminities N˙c.\ aesthetics qeBa qv\ A®Ka;Baqaska;ts\Ku Aa;qaK¥k\ A®pn\Al˙n\ ®Ps\
tra;tiu≥kiulv\; Ael;Ta;lamON˙c\. NOic\;y˙√\Âkv\.Niuc\qv\" entt\qv\"
P´∑≥sv\;tv\eSak\puMk¥j eqqp\l˙peqa pRiugrm\ source AÂkm\;Aa;®Pc\. ha.d\w´piuc\;' system piuc\;N˙c\. piujn^;sp\eqa
code m¥a;kiu Pt\ROr®Kc\;qv\ kb¥ats\pud\kiu Pt\rqliu Ae®KKMAeSak\AAuM (low-level) Sn\qv\. Baqaska;m¥a;
Arqari˙l˙qv\" N˙c\. lk\et∑≥elak®pœnaN˙c\. piujn^;sp\qv\. AepÅTp\
Baqaska;ts\Kukiu ekac\;m∑n\s∑a tt\kÁm\;laK¥in\t∑c\ AeSak\AË (high-level) Sn\eqa Baqaska;m¥a;h¨j
ska;tn\Sa®Pc\. P´N≥∑ e≥∑´ ®paSiNu cui q \ v\n. v\;t¨ pRigu rm\er;qa;®Kc\; Aup\suK´∑Niuc\påqv\" System pRiugrm\mam¥a;qv\ ASiupåAe®KKM
Att\kiu erlv\N˙M≥sp\lapåk qamn\Alup\®Ps\RuMTk\piuj AeSak\AË OS modules, device driver N˙c\. utilities
tn\;®mc\p. Rigu rm\m¥a; er;qa;laNicu m\ v\ ®Ps\qv\" &c\;pRigu rm\m¥a; m¥a;kiu ePa\Tt u e\ r;qa;Âkqv\" Application pRigrm\mam¥a;
qv\ qk\Siuc\ralup\cn\;kiu m˙n\kn\s∑a lup\eSac\ep;RuMmk qv\ &c\;Ae®KKMAut\®ms\m¥a;kiu API eKÅ Application Pro-
K¥´>T∑cN\ cui s\ m∑ ;\ ' ®pn\q;Mu Nicu s\ m∑ ;\ ' Pt\RnO a;lv\Ncui s\ m∑ ;\ N˙c.\ s∑m;\ eSac\ gramming Interface Âka;KMASk\Aq∑ym\ t ˙ s\Sc\. ry¨q;Mu s´∑
rv\ ®mn\NnO ;\ ®mc\®. Kc\; gu%r\ v\m¥a; rir˙ mv\ ®Ps\qv\" l˙peqqp\ Âkqv\" qBawk¥sa∑ pc\ system pRigu rm\mam¥a;qv\ k¥sl \ ¥s\
®Kc\;' Pt\ekac\;®Kc\;qv\ Apiq u k\qk\mhutB \ ´ Pt\RnO a;lv\ qip\qv\;mO' s∑m\;eSac\rv\®mc\.mO' hardware N˙c\. An^;kp\
Nicu s\ m∑ ;\ ' ®pn\lv\q;Mu s∑N´ cui s\ m∑ ;\ ' K¥´>T∑cm\ m∑ ;\ mMNcui s\ m∑ ;\ tik
≥u ui AeTak\ lup\eSac\Niuc\mO probability tiu≥kiu liula;mv\®Ps\“p^; appli-
Ak¨‘ppåqv\" cation pRiugrm\m¥a;km¨ r˙c\;lc\;eqqp\mO' Pt\ROna;lv\r
pRigu rm\Baqaska;Am¥oi;m¥oi;rir˙ a ts\KKu ¥c\;s^qv\ kiy u p\ cui \ l∑yk \ m¨ 'O K¥>´ T∑cm\ m∑ ;\ m∑NM cui m\ t
O ≥ui N˙sq\ k\mv\ ®Ps\qv\" Èenrat∑c\
hn\ wn\;k¥c\Aec∑≥Aqk\ (atmosphere)N˙c\. rqarnM≥ (fla- application pRigu rm\mahuSrui aÒ s^;p∑a;®Ps\eSa.Pw\ e´ Pa\Tt u q\ m¨ ¥a;
vour) Aq^;q^;k∑´®pa;Âkqv\" Tiuqiu≥eqa T¨;®Ka;K¥k\ kiuy\ qamk k∑np\ ¥øtalicu ;\ m˙mhute\ qa A®Ka;qipA Mπ k´dms\lcui ;\
piuc\hn\epÅ m¨tv\j Baqaska;ts\KuAepÅ pug©oil\er;Ar pvar˙c\m¥a;kiupå Siuliuqv\" Tiuq¨tiu≥qv\ k∑n\p¥øta ha.d\w´'
N˙s‘\ Kk i “\ ct i y ∑ m\ mO ¥o;i rit
˙ t\påqv\" pRigu rm\Baqaska;ts\m¥o;i kiu system piuc\; Aeq;sit\Alup\lup\puMkiu qina;lv\sra mliu
quM;rta A®Ka;ts\m¥oi;kiu quM;rtaTk\ piujlk\et∑>k¥“p^; B´ mimilk\cc\; ®pœnakiuqa e®Pr˙c\;liuq¨m¥a; ®Ps\qv\"
pij u em∑e≥ l¥a\qv\. miKc\Baqaska; native language qeBa piuj Tc\r˙a;qiqalaeAac\ Tom and Jerry tiu≥f sRiuk\
KMsa;K¥k\m¥oi; ®Ps\epÅtt\påqv\" m¥a;®Pc\. tc\sa;pueM Pa\Âkv\l . k ui p\ å" (d^zat\lk
ui N\ s˙ e\ kac\keui ta.
Baqaska;ts\Kk u ui stc\ePa\Tt u s\ √\ktv\;k rv\ry ∑ \ l¨tiuc\;qimy\ y¨Spåty\" e®parc\;n´≥ q¨tiu≥r´> ry\srarn\p´∑kiu
ralup\cn\;' Ë;tv\priqt\N˙c\. kiuk\v^eAac\ rv\r∑y\K¥k\ri˙ri˙ m¥k\sT i ´ ter;er;epÅlaeq;eta.") Tom qv\ Aqn\A ≥ r˙c;\
pusM KM ¥j Ak∑ke\ s.eAac\ tv\eSak\y¨ kqv\" Baqaska; ’kik\j Kn\≥va;qp\rp\s∑a enTiuc\qv\" Ae®KKMlup\eSac\K¥k\
f AsitA \ picu ;\ ticu ;\ Ò BaeÂkac\È . enrat∑c\ d^psMu ®M Ps\eAac\lpu \ m¥a;kiu sit\mwc\sa;" sa;er;eqak\er; p¨pn\sramliuq®Pc\.
Ta;ql´Sq ui v\. rationale eKÅ AeÂkac\;AK¥k\m¥a; riq ˙ v\" fancy Bwkiu N˙sq \ k\“p;^ ek¥ae. k¥ae. ma.ema. entt\q®¨ Ps\qv\"
Ri;u r˙c;\ l∑yk \ m¨ 'O r˙c;\ lc\;eqqp\m'O s∑m;\ eSac\rv\®mc\m. 'O k¥sl \ ¥s\ ri˙“p^; Asit\Apiuc\;m¥a; epåc\;sp\j t^T∑c\Pn\t^;liuq¨ ®Ps\qv\"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 81

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

q¨qv\ AepÅTp\AeSak\AAuMm˙ ®Ps\qv\" Jerry qv\ qiu≥eqa\ Jerry k TiupuMsMkiu m’kik\på" mliuAp\B´ ePac\;p∑
lk\et∑≥k¥k¥enTiuc\“p^; Ae®KKMk¥k¥ et∑;etas√\;sa;qv\" “p^; zaK¥´>l∑n\;qv\" As^As√\tk¥ puMsMeqK¥Ta;®Kc\;k
stiuc\k¥®Kc\;Tk\ ®pœnae®plv\er;kiu Ë;sa;ep;qv\" lk\cc\;liA u p\K¥kk\ ui eN˙ac\e. N˙;esqv\" BaeÂkac\. Apisu aqa;
kiyu t
\ cui r\ a˙ eP∑sa;eqak\rq¨pp^ ^ AÂkm\;ptm\;KM“p;^ hn\mm¥a;Nicu "\ fancy et∑n≥´ AlupR\ pO K\ eM nmv\nv\;" lk\et∑B≥ wk sitk \ ;¨ y√\
Ae®KKMAut\®ms\N˙c\. tv\eSak\er;psßv\; building block N˙c\. k∑a®Ka;qv\" ROp\ROp\eT∑;eT∑; nasty things m¥a;kiu
m¥a; ePa\Tt u e\ p;liq
u ¨ ®Ps\qv\" q¨qv\ eAak\Tp\AeSak\ lk\et∑≥t∑c\ er˙ac\l´∑j mrNiuc\" ATk\kpRiugrm\kiu Jerry
AAuMm˙ ®Ps\qv\" qiu≥N˙c\. Tom A’kik\ Baqaska;puMsMN˙c\. qaSiulYc\ eAak\påAtiuc\; puMsMePa\mv\ ®Ps\qv\"
Jerry A’kikB \ aqaska;pusM tM ≥ui qiqas∑ak´®∑ pa;q∑a;Âkqv\" //-----------------------------------------
eAak\tc∑ \ Tom A’kikB \ aqaska;pusM k M ui ePa\®pTa;qv\" #include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
program means;
uses wincrt; int main ( )
const limit=20 { const int limit=20;int count;
type TRealArray=array [1..limit] of real; float numbers [limit],sum,num;
var number :TRealArray; count=sum=0;
cout<<"Enter numbers.To finish,enter -ive
sum, num, avg :real;
count, i :integer; number.\n";
begin cout<<"number :"; cin>>num;
count:=0; sum:=0; do{ numbers[count++]=num;
writeln ('Enter numbers. To finish, enter sum+=num;
cout<<"means now :"<<sum/count<<endl;
-ive number.');
write ('number :'); readln (num); cout<<"number :"; cin>>num;
repeat }while( num>0 && count<(limit-1) );
begin clrscr ();
count:=count+1; for (int i-0, i>count;i++) cout<<"number
:"<<numbers [i]<<endl;
numbers [count]:=num;
sum:=sum+num; cout<<"means now :"<<sum/count;
avg:=sum/count; getch ();
writeln ('means now :',avg:12:4); return 0;
write ('number :'); readln (num) }
//-----------------------------------------
end
until (num<0 ) or (count>=limit) );
clrscr; Tom A’kik\puMsMt∑c\ constant, type, variable m¥a;kiu
for i:-l to count do writeln ('number r˙c\;lc\;qiqaeAac\ AVWn\;Tiu;qv\.puMsM quM;qv\" Declara-
:'numbers [i] : 12 : 4) ; tion Block Section qt\mt ˙ j
\ ts\enratv\;t∑c\ susv\;Ta;
writeln (;means now :',avg:12:4)
end qv\" Logical expression m¥a;kiu qBawk¥eAac\ puMePa\
qv\" Tiu≥eÂkac\. pRiugrm\qv\ C++ N˙c\. y˙√\Âkv\.lYc\ piuj
Keyword Am¥a;suqv\ AliuAel¥ak\ qi®mc\l∑y\“p^; r˙v\qv\" Jerry AliuArm¨ q¨fBaqaska;kiu AquM;‘pq¨
pRigu rm\Baqaska;m¥a;kiu ts\KåmY m’kMP;¨ q¨pc\ ripP\ m\;qMPm\; qv\ &c\;Ay¨ASm¥a;kiu ek¥vk\“p^;®Ps\qv\hu y¨Sqv\"
na;lv\l∑y\qv\" qekçtm¥a;kiu på;np\s∑a er∑;K¥y\AquM;K¥ Tie≥u Âkac\. declaration kiu ASc\e®pqliu ’kikq \ v\e. nrat∑c\
Ta;qv\" Upma pRigu rm\Baqaska;Am¥a;suf Aer;ApåSu;M ®pn\≥k¥´s∑aTa;Niu\c\qv\" Keyword A®Ps\ ska;luM;Tk\
®Ps\eqa assignment operator A®Ps\ '=' Asa; ':=' kiu qekçt®Pc\. code P´∑≥ quM;s´∑®Kc\; (Upma begin… end, Asa;
er∑;K¥y\AquM;‘p®Kc\;®Pc\. c=c+1; h¨eqa qK¥çaqma;et∑kiu {…} ) qv\ begineer m¥a;At∑k\ na;lv\rKk\ m¥ks\ Ri pO s\ ra
m¥k\sienak\sra statement m¥a; er˙ac\l´∑Niuc\qv\" Tiu≥®pc\ '=' ®Ps\ekac\;®Ps\Niuc\eqa\lv\; professional m¥a;At∑k\m¨ typ-
kiu yuti†ebdNOic\;y˙√\K¥k\ {v^ mYeqa}h¨qv\. ADipπay\®Pc\. ing qk\qa“p;^ productivity ®mc\m. a;esqv\" Code Sn\ln∑ ;\ j
quM;Niuc\påqv\" C++ t∑c\m¨ '=' kiu assignemtn A®Ps\y¨quM; Rut\trk\na;lv\rKk\qv\Siues By\ code k Bakiu
Ta;q®Pc\. {v^mYeqa}h¨qv\.ADipπay\At∑k\ '= =' ®Pc\. rv\VWn\;qv\Siuta qila“p^;lYc\ {&&,' ',!=,>>=} sqv\.
lup\y¨quM;s∑´rpåqv\" Pt\ROna;lv\r l∑y\k¨®Kc\;' r˙c\;lc\; qekçtm¥a;quM;s´∑r®Kc\;kiu N˙s\qk\lapålim\.mv\" enak\SuM;Ò
eqqp\®Kc\;' enak\KM hardware N˙c\. OS tiu≥m˙ kc\;l∑t\j pRigu rm\Sq ui v\ma˙ code mhutp\ åla;" miml
i k\Tt ´ c∑ \ rW>M qP∑y\
abstract ASc\.®mc\.ma;ka qK¥çaN˙c\. algorithm Bk\ liuqliu kiuc\t∑y\puMq∑c\;Niuc\qv\. syntax N˙c\. Al∑n\k¥s\l¥s\
ezac\;ep;liu®Kc\;tiu≥m˙a q¨≥A’kik\puMsMpc\®Ps\eÂkac\; Tom k qipq \ v\;qv\. statement m¥a; er;qa;Nicu m\ q
O v\ q¨A
≥ ’kk i  \  pusM M
r˙c\;®ppåqv\" pc\ ®Ps\eÂkac\; Jerry k Siupåqv\"
82 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Tom k Anv\;cy\ÂkaeqaAKå VB.NET qma;m¥a;f ek¥a\tk\

if a > b then larger: = a
else larger: = b
hu r˙v\l¥a;s∑a er;enrK¥in\t∑c\
Jerry k
larger= a>b ? a:b;
hu Tierak\s∑a AtiuK¥oM;er;qa;Niuc\påqv\"
mv\qiu≥pc\®Ps\es Tom N˙c\. Jerry tiu≥qv\ kiuy\.ROeTac\.
kiuy\.A®mc\N˙c\. m˙n\Âkqv\ ®Ps\qv\" eragå 96 på;sluM;
ep¥ak\kc\;esNicu q \ v\. ts\Pt Mu v\;eqaeS;h¨j mrip˙ å" AnaN˙c.\
eS; qc\r. aep;j qk\Scui r\ any\py\tc∑ \ enratk¥ qu;M tt\
Piq
≥u a liq u v\" Programming qv\ pc\m Aqk\em∑;wm\;ek¥ac\;
pva mhutB \ ´ mimli pu c\ n\;kiu eTak\peM. p;Ruq M a rv\ry ∑ e\ qa
qip'Mπ Ak´dms\pvar˙cm\ ¥a;APi≥u Tom A’kik\ Baqaska;m¥oi;
qu;M rmv\ ®Ps\qv\" Èk´q . e≥ui qa qu;M s´m∑ pO sMu A
M t∑k\ AeAac\®mc\
SuM; qaDkts\Kum˙a Jacky f medical radiation therapy
plamming sns\kiu pascal ®Pc\. ePa\eSac\®Kc\; ®Ps\qv\"
Programming ®Pc\. Aqk\em∑;wm\;ek¥ac\;‘pmv\. q¨m¥a;At∑k\
Jerry A’kik\ C++, Java k´.qiu≥ Baqaska;m¥oi; quM;s´∑rmv\
®Ps\qv\" AeAac\®mc\SuM; qaDkm˙a open source linux kiu
GNU tools N˙c\. compiler m¥a; quM;s´∑rn\ ePa\eSac\mO ®Ps\
qv\"
Baqaska;ts\m¥o;i Tk\pj ui tt\kÁm;\ ®Kc\;qv\ eKt\qs\
Aqk\em∑;wm\;ek¥ac\; pRigu rm\mam¥a;APi≥u liA u p\K¥k\ ®Ps\påqv\"
A^s∑t\puM®pc\m˙ {®Pø N˙c\. e®meK∑;} (The hedgehog and the
fox) qc\Kn\;saqv\ 21 rasu Aiuc\t^elakN˙c\. Ap\sp\qk\
Sicu m\ O mrie˙ ta.på" err˙vr\ c˙ q \ n\rp\tv\Ncui e\ r;At∑k\ nv\;lm\;
ts\Kmu k tt\kÁm\;rmv\ ®Ps\qv\" AmaKM OOP sns\Baqa
ska; (C++, Java) A®pc\ VB m˙As database Baqaska;'
web Ae®K‘pBaqaska;m¥a;lv\; tt\kÁm\;rmv\ ®Ps\qv\"
Application eSa.P\w´m¥a;nv\;t¨ Baqaska;m¥a;kiu up-
grade lup\ m∑m\;mMtiu;K¥´>el.ri˙ra Am^liuk\Niuc\Piu≥lv\; Aer;”k^;
påqv\" VB 6.0 t∑c\qa min\;emaet∑ewenq¨qv\ enak\N˙s\
enray¨®Kc\; KMrekac\; KMrNiuc\påqv\"
pRigu rm\mam¥a;qv\ Aqc\;AP´≥∑ sitD\ at\®Pc\. p¨;epåc\;eSac\
r∑k\ lup\kiuc\tt\Piu≥lv\; liupåqv\" lk\et∑≥Alup\A®Ps\
AquM;tv\.j k¥y\®pn\≥s∑a AquM;‘pÂkqv\. eSa.P\w´Siuqv\m˙a
”k^;ma;ROp\eT∑;Âkqv\qa" Tiu”k^;ma;ROp\eT∑;mOkiu Aqc\;AP´∑≥
sitD\ at\ team work ®Pc\. Aups\ Pu l ≥∑´ pu e\ Sac\m'O sv\;km\;sns\k¥
eqa K¥√;\ kp\er;nv\;lm\;' m˙tt \ m\;m˙tr\ am¥a;Ta;rim˙ 'O AK¥c;\ K¥c;\
AÂkMAsv\ k¨;l¨;Sk\SMmOtiu≥®Pc\.qa ANiuc\y¨ Niuc\påmv\"
Programming qv\ system analysis, software engi-
neering tik ≥u ui eTak\pe.M Pa\eSac\ep;raqa®Ps\eÂkac\; na;lv\
lk\KT M a;rpåmv\"
mimilup\cn\;K∑c\ny\py\m˙ Ë;eSac\ePak\T∑k\“p^; tiu;tk\
eAac\ lup\eSac\K´.eqa wårc\.pvar˙c\' ˆa%\”k^;r˙c\tiu≥f
Aet∑A ≥ ’kMpvaˆa%\m¥a;kiu Sv\;p¨;el.laj AtuyP¨ l ≥ui v\;
lipu åqv\" Algorithm N˙c.\ Data structure tiN≥u c˙ .\ pt\qk\la
lYc\ Dijkstra N˙c\. Knuth tiu≥f susv\;ePa\Tut\Ta;mOm˙a APiu;
m®Pt\Niuc\" Knuth f “The art of computer program-
ming, vol 1 to 3 qv\ yen≥tiuc\ rv\VWn\;kiu;ka;enrS´
gN Êwc\saAup\®Ps\qv\" Bertrand Meyer f {Object Ori-
ented Software Construction}N˙c\. Bjarne stroustrap f
“The C++ Programming Language} saAupm\ ¥a;qv\lv\;
Aet∑;A®mc\qs\m¥a; nk\nk\ROic\;RiOc\; rri˙espåqv\" OOP N˙c\.
pt\qk\jm¨ Booch f {Object-Oriented Analysis and
Design with Applications} N˙c\. Rambaugh et.al f
{Object-Oriented Modeling and Design} saAup\m¥a;
Pt\ROqc\.påqv\" Booch, Rambaugh N˙c\. Jacobson tiu≥f
{The Inified Modeling Language User Guide}kiulv\;
Pt\ROqc\.påqv\"
ATk\på pårm^rc˙ t \ f ≥ui ÂqzalWm;\ mi;u mO qk\eqAeTak\
ATa;m˙a q¨tiu≥er;qa;qv\.saAup\m¥a;kiu eKt\qs\ IT,
Programming saAupt \ cui ;\ lil
u fui rv\VnW ;\ ki;u ka;saAups\ arc\;
Ò A®m´et∑≥ri˙enr®Kc\;p´ ®Ps\påqv\"

Art of Game
®pn\la“p^-

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\t∑c\ gim\;n´≥Siuc\taet∑ letter@ technomation.org gim\;ksa;nv\;et∑' gim\; cheat code et∑'

gim\; reciver et∑' gim\; hint et∑ Asri˙q®Pc\. gim\;n´≥Siuc\taet∑ Am¥a;”k^; Am¥a;”k^; Arc\k ePa\®pP¨;påty\"
yKul k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ksliu≥ A´d^liu gim\;et∑ gim\;et∑AeÂkac\; ®pn\lapåË;“p^" ®pn\“p^;lapå“p^"

k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\ 83

 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

Listen, you're surrounded!

Multichannel audio r´>qmiuc\;kiu el.la“p^; Aekac\;SuM; Arv\Aeq∑;ri˙eqa sns\ts\Kukiu
tp\Sc\Niuc\rn\ Aekac\;SuM; AÂkM‘pK¥k\m¥a;kiu r˙c\;lc\; tc\®pep;liuk\påty\"

\ c∑ ;\ m˙a mul-
yKuAKå l¨tcui ;\ r´>Aimt
tichannel surround sound kiu tp\Sc\
AquM;‘penÂk“p^hu y¨STa;påty\"
DVD video kiu Âkv\e. nqv\p´ ®Ps\es'
PC game ts\Kukiu ksa;enqv\p´ ®Ps\
es' DVD audio ts\Kuliuham¥oi; Siuliu
qv\ma˙ surround sound format ts\Ku
kiu na;eTac\enqv\ ®Ps\es' Aimt \ c∑ ;\ m˙a
tp\Sc\Ta;“p^l≥ui y¨STa;påty\" dåep
my\ .  A´ds^ ns\kui tp\Sc\ram˙aeta. A®m´
tm\; l∑yk \ e¨ nlimm.\ y\eta. mhutp\ åB¨;"
micu ;\ et∑A®pv\. e®mm˙a®moH p\Ta;t´. k∑kl \ p\
T´kiu ®Pt\ek¥a\rqlium¥oi; ®Ps\entt\
påty\" nv\;pvaSicu r\ aAmv\et∑' ac-
ronyms liu≥eKÅt´. ewåharts\Kukiu
Ar˙v\”k^; meKÅeta.B´' mquM;eta.B´
Atiuekak\ eKÅtam¥oi; (Upma Wi-
Fi Siupåeta.' A´dåha Wireless Fi-
delity kiu Atieu kak\eKÅSiT
u a;tapå)
et∑kiueta. el.laqiri˙Ta;rm˙a ®Ps\på
ty\" A´d^ minefield kiu ek¥a\®Pt\rpå
my\" enak\ts\Kuk surround sound
n´≥ pt\qk\“p^; pvar˙ce\ t∑k ep;lat´.
AÂkMˆa%\et∑k nv\;lm\;et∑k ts\Ku
N˙c.\ ts\Ku mt¨vB ^ ´ Sn\k
≥ ¥c\entam¥oi;Ti
et∑l ≥ aenrtapåp´" A´de^ ta. sitw\ c\sa;
P∑y\ra surround sound r´> qmiuc\;
eÂkac\;el;kiu ®pn\Âkv\r. c\; Ae®KKMks
el.laq∑a;reAac\på" “p^;m˙ AÂkM‘pt´.
Apicu ;\ T´ Sk\qa∑ ;Âktaepå." A´de^ ta.m˙
format Am¥o;i m¥o;i AeÂkac\;et∑' tp\Sc\pMu
et∑kui qilam˙apå" A´dA ^ Kåk¥m˙ kula;
Tiuc\epÅm˙a Ak¥AnTiuc\' er˙>KuMepÅm˙a
e®Ktc\“p^; mimienak\k hy\l^eka.
ptats\sc\; tk\latakiu et∑®≥ mc\rt´.
ATi “cim\KMepeta."
A brief history of sound
reproduction
l∑n\K´.eqa N˙s\m¥a;s∑aktv\;k l¨
et∑ qiK´.Âkpåty\" Lound speaker
k T∑k\epÅlat´.AqMkiu Âka;P¨;Âkpå
ty\" lk\et∑≥ r˙c;\ r˙c;\ lc\;lc\;p´ Âka;
rpåty\" dåepmy\. dåha sp^kak  T∑k\
lat´A . qM' l¨A ≥ qM mhutB \ ;¨ Situ akiu
qiK´.Âkpåty\" e®pat´.l¨ A´d^enram˙a
mriB
˙ ;¨ " kiyu k \ lv\; e®pat´l . n¨ A
≥´ t¨  ri˙
menB¨;" A´dåkiu qienpåty\" e®pat´l . ¨
na;eTac\tl .´ ¨ At¨re˙i nty\l≥ui KMsa;rmO
kiu mep;K´.påB¨;" dåeÂkac\. A´d^AK¥in\k
(sp^ka ts\luM;tv\; quM;t´.AK¥in\) s“p^;
ts\nv\;  l¨et∑r´>AqMkiuPm\; ®pn\“p^; P∑c\.
na;eTac\Ncui t \ .´ AK¥ni k
\ s“p;^ At¨re˙i nhn\
KMsa;Niuc\qv\ATi ®Ps\epÅlaeAac\
ts\sk ui m\ t\mt\ ’ki;sa;laK´Â. kpåty\"

84 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\


Rice N˙c.\ Kellogg Situ A .´ emrikn\
N˙s\eyak\k 1924 KuN˙s\m˙a moving
coil principle kiu Aqu;M ‘pTa;t´s. p^ka
At∑k\ patentright m¨pcui K\ c∑ .\ m˙tp\ t
Mu c\K.´
Âkpåty\" esaesapiuc\; AK¥in\kalk
lv\; Agçlpi l \ m¨ ¥o;i Paul Voigt Siq
m¨piuc\K∑c\. elYak\Ta;eÂkac\; AeTak\
ATa;lv\; et∑≥K´.rpåty\" AM.ÂqP∑y\
ekac\;tak N˙s\epåc\; 80 ek¥a\ Âka
la“p^;taetac\ e®pac\;l´mOmri˙taB´
®Ps\påty\" d^ moving coil kiup´ Sk\
Aqu;M ‘penK´Â. kpåty\" A´de^ nak\ AÂk^;
ma;SuM; e®pac\;l´K¥k\keta. stereo
epÅT∑kl \ atap´ ®Ps\påty\" A´ds^ ns\ma˙
sp^kaN˙s\luM;påri˙“p^; AqMla;raBk\N˙c\.
AqMAtimA \ nk\tk ≥ui ui K∑®´ Ka;KMsa;laNicu m\ O
ri˙latapå" 1957 KuN˙s\m˙a stc\“p^;
Tutl \ pu K\ p.´ åty\" s^;p∑a;er;lupc\ n\;A®Ps\
stc\K´.påty\" pTmË;s∑a two track
magnetic tape A®Ps\ Tut\lup\“p^;
enak\piuc\;m˙a vinyl disc A®Ps\n´≥ Tut\
lup\K´.påty\" AqMq∑c\; kumπ%^Am¥a;su
ha mono recording m¥a;kiu 1960
®pv\N. s˙ e\ lak\ma˙ rp\Scui ;\ q∑a;K´p. åty\"
Stereo m¥a;kiq u a Tutl \ pu p\ åeta.ty\"
tky\eta. stereo ha mono Tk\
qal∑n\eneqa\lv\; Aekac\;SuM;
mhut\eq;påB¨;" Ba®Ps\liu≥l´Siueta.
na;eTac\enq¨ By\enram˙ap´ rie˙ nrie˙ n
AqMr>´ ep;s∑m;\ Nicu m\ mO a˙ tv\“cmi e\ nmO mrie˙ q;
taeÂkac\. ®Ps\påty\" na;eTac\q¨k
q¨≥enran´≥q¨ ri˙enm˙ KMsa;Niuc\mOkiu ep;på
ty\"
Sound in the cinema
AqMPm\;®Kc\; ®pn\lv\ Tutl \ cW ®.\ Kc\;
nv\;pvaha Rupr\ c˙ l \ pu c\ n\;r´> PiAa;et∑
t∑n;\ Aa;et∑eÂkac\q . a ti;u tk\laK´p. å
ty\" yen≥ et∑≥®mc\ KMsa;enrt´. sur-
round sound halv\; Rup\r˙c\lup\cn\;
eÂkac\.qa ®Ps\påty\" l∑n\K´.t´. kal
1939 KuNs˙ e\ lak\k Disney kum% π k ^
Tutl \ pu e\ qa Fantasy Sit u .´ Rupr\ c˙ k
\ a;
m˙a AqMkiu T¨;®Ka;s∑a AquM;‘pK´.påty\"
eKt\r´> Ë;eSac\ ®Ps\K´.påty\" A´d^
k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
u k ¨
Rupr\ c˙ k
\ a;m˙a
sound track kiu
qk\wc\lOp\r˙a;t´. zat\
ekac\A®Ps\n´≥ Tv\.wc\ep;Ta;på
ty\" Am¥a;®pv\q¨et∑Âka; stc\“p^;
KMsa;mOep;K´.ta ®Ps\påty\" Surround
sound ha A´dk ^ sK´t . ali≥u SiNu cui p\ åty\"
A´d^AK¥in\keta. Fantasound liu≥p´
eKÅSiKu Â.´ kpåty\" kMÂkmµak mekac\;K´.
påB¨;" dutiykmıass\”k^; ®Ps\K´.påty\"
d^nv\;pvar´> ti;u tk\mh O alv\; rp\Scui ;\
q∑a;K´r. påty\" Rupr\ c˙ m\ ¥a;At∑k\ Aesa
Su;M AqMsns\ha Synchronised pho-
nograph disk kiu AquM;‘p“p^;enak\m˙
Plc\Ana;t∑c\ optical stripe AquM;‘p
laK´.påty\" A´d^ stripe m¥a;ha
AquM;m¥a;la“p^;m˙qa digital mosaic
pattern qiu≥ tiu;K¥´> AquM;‘pK´.Âkpåty\"
Plc\ts\Kt u v\;epÅm˙a Rupe\ ra' AqMera
epåc\;sp\ep;liuk\påty\" pTmSuM;m˙a
eta. mono p´ ®Ps\K´.påeq;ty\"
A´d^enak\m˙aqa stereo At∑k\
two tracks sns\kiu AquM;‘p“p^; multi-
track sns\ATi ti;u tk\laK´t . a ®Ps\på
ty\" Magnetic stripe m¥a;A®Ps\ Plc\
epÅtc\“p;^ m˙tt \ m\;tc\Ta;påty\" AqM
T∑k\lv\; ekac\;m∑n\påty\" dåepmy\.
kun\k¥srit\   m¥a;l∑n\;enpåty\" Op-
tical stripe et∑elak\eta. ASc\
me®pl˙påB¨;" 1975 KuNs˙ m\ a˙ eta. Dolby
stereo sns\ha Rup\r˙c\lup\cn\;At∑k\
epÅT∑k\ laK´.påty\" Dolby stereo
sns\ha Analogue sns\p´ ®Ps\påty\"
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
P lc\ r´>
Ana;N˙sP\ k\epÅm˙a
four-audio tracks ®Pc\.
matrix-encode lup\Ta;påty\" Ste-
reo Tk\eta.qapåty\" BaeÂkac\l . ´
Siueta. sp^kam¥a;ha By\-va-
Aly\tiu≥A®pc\ pit\ka;r´> enak\m˙a
lv\; tp\Sc\Ta;liu≥påp´" Rup\r˙c\RuMr´>
eB;pt\lv\n´≥ enak\Bk\piuc\;m˙a tp\
Sc\Ta;t´. sp^kam¥a;kiueta. fourth
channel ken AqMm¥a; ep;lWtp\ åty\"
dåha surround sound påp´" A´d^sns\
ha yen≥ 5.1 format r´> er˙>e®p;sns\
ts\Ku ®Ps\påty\"
Surround sound formats
Multichannel audio sns\ma˙ AROp\
eT∑;SuM; Apiuc\;keta. formats et∑
Am¥a;”k^; ri˙entapåp´" nv\;pvapiuc\;
Ar Al∑yS \ ;Mu Ar˙c;\ Su;M Am¥a;Aa;®Pc\.
et∑≥’kMlarmy\. standard format m¥a;
kiu ePa\®pTa;påty\"
Dolby AC-3 (Dolby Digital)
pTmË;s∑a HDTV (high-defini-
tion television) liu≥eKÅt´. piu“p^; A®mc\
Âkv\lc\est´. t^b∑^At∑k\ ’ki;sa;lup\
eSac\K´.ta ®Ps\påty\" Dolby Audio
Code-3 li≥u Amv\ep;Ta;t´s. ns\ ®Ps\på
ty\\" Am¥a;Aa;®Pc\.eta. Dolby Dig-
ital liu≥ l¨qim¥a;t´.sns\påp´" A´d^ sns\
m˙a channel cå;Ku påwc\påty\" 3Hz
85
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

DTS sns\Ar Rup\r˙c\m¥a;t∑c\ AquM;‘p

eqa compression ratio 2.9:1 N˙c\.
4.3:1 tiA O c∑ \ com-
≥u Âka; nime.\ qaPiNpi˙ m\ t
pression algorithm qv\  perceptual
masking epÅt∑c\mtv\ data redun-
dancy epÅt∑cq \ a tv\påty\" Com-
pression kiu sub-band coding ®Pc\.
‘plupp\ åty\" Coding lupr\ at∑cl \ v\;
linear prediction N˙c\. quantisation
ti®≥u Pc\. ‘plupe\ p;påty\" qim≥u q ˙ a liA u p\
eqa data m¥a;kiu K∑´®Ka;Niuc\“p^; mliuAp\
eqa data m¥a;kiu Py\ra˙ ;ps\Ncui p\ åty\"
m˙ 20,000 Hz Ti encode lup\ Dolby Pro Logic II
“p^;m˙ data m¥a;kiu Tierak\s∑a pack
ep;Niuc\t´.sns\ ®Ps\påty\" A´dåkiu sin- Dolby Pro Logic II sns\ha lup\Ta;påty\"
DTS system kiu digital sound
gle bit stream A®Ps\ Atc\;PiN˙ip\ matrix sns\ts\Ku ®Ps\påty\" Am¥a;qu;M
ep;lWt\Niuc\påty\" ent´. stereo (two-channel sns\) m˙a qv\ kzat\RmMu ¥a;' Rupr\ c˙ R\ mMu ¥a;t∑c\ stand-
ard release A®Ps\ ®Ps\qc\.ty\liu≥
A´d^ PiN˙ip\ep;t´. compression al- 5.1 listening experience reAac\
gorithm ha perceptual masking Tutl \ a;®Kc\; ®Ps\påty\" 5.1 source
\ pu T y¨STa;“p;^ lupe\ Sac\enta ®Ps\påty\"
data m¥a;At∑k\ q^;qn\≥ ‘plupT \ a;eqa
liu≥eKÅt´. l¨tiu≥ mÂka;Niuc\t´.Araet∑kiu N˙c\. stereo source kiu e®pac\;l´rat∑c\
Py\Tut\ep;Niuc\mOAepÅm˙a m¨tv\enpå AquM; luM;w e®pac\;l´q∑a;®Kc\; mri˙påB¨;" media m¥a;m˙ ®pn\lv\Tt u l \ cW ®.\ Kc\;qv\
l∑y\k¨qv\hulv\;  y¨STa;påty\"
ty\" qiu≥m˙qa 10:1 AK¥oi;®Pc\. PiN˙ip\
lWte\ p;Nicu m\ a˙ ®Ps\påty\" Rupr\ c˙ l
\ pu c\ n\; Digital Theater Sound (DTS) pij
u l∑yk \ q
¨ v\' piju kunk \ ¥srit \  qk\
et∑m˙a Am¥a;SuM; AquM;‘pÂkt´.At∑k\ Dolby Digital Code liupåp´" Di-
qaqv\' piuj Ael¥a.Atc\; ‘plup\Niuc\
eÂkac\ . d^ Dolby Digital sns\kui DVD gital theater Sound klv\; ROp\eT∑; qv\' pij u Arv\Aeq∑; ekac\;m∑nq \ v\
et∑m˙a et∑≥®mc\enrtap´ ®Ps\påty\" eqa coding sns\n´≥ ‘p®pc\Ta;tapå" hu y¨STa;påty\" Plc\epÅm˙a print
lupT \ a;taTk\ pieu kac\;m∑nl \ apåty\"
Stereophonic: ADipπay\N˙s\m¥oi;ri˙eqa
Rup\r˙c\RuMm¥a;t∑c\ Èqiu≥ ARup\N˙c\.AqMkiu
saluM;
K∑´ps\liuk\påty\" A´dåha DTS kiu
Am¥a;qit´.Atiuc\; puMsM®Pc\.ri˙eneqa\lv\; stereo qv\ stereophonic m˙ A®Ka;eqa AqMsns\m¥a;N˙c.\ K´®∑ Ka;ep;lik u \
Sc\;qk\la“p^; two channels ri˙eqa (By\N˙c\. va) audio system kiu Siuliupå ®Kc\;p´ ®Ps\påty\" AT¨;q®Pc\.keta.
qv\" Èska;luM;kiu m¨lk 3D audio kiu ep;Niuc\eqa Anv\;SuM; four-channel ‘picB \ k\®Ps\t.´ Dolby Digital n´≥ mt¨t.´
quM;Ta;“p^; suepåc\;j bass channel A®Ps\ Tut\ep;Niuc\eqasns\kiu Siuliupåqv\" AK¥k\ ®Ps\påty\" Aim\t∑c\; playback
AesaSuM; stereophonic movie sound system kpc\ yen≥ multi-channel n´≥ pt\qk\liu≥keta. d^sns\N˙s\Kum˙a qi
qiu≥mhut\ surround sound A®Ps\ AquM;‘pNiuc\K´.påqv\" qiqaqa”k^; k´∑®pa;ta mri˙qelak\
AesaSuM; stereophonic film sound system qv\ matrix method kiu påp´" Ba®Ps\ll ≥ui S
´ eui ta. d^sns\Ns˙ K\ su lu;M
quM;j encode lup\' decode lup\j 2 channel m˙ 4 channels qiu≥ e®pac\;quM; ha encode audio track kiu qu;M Ta;li≥u
K´.påqv\" lup\Niuc\K´.påqv\" 3D audio m¥a;kiu Aim\t∑c\;t∑c\ AquM;‘pNiuc\eAac\ påp´" dåeÂkac\. decode ®pn\lup\Piu≥rn\
lup\eSac\ep;Niuc\qv\.AK¥in\t∑c\ matrix sns\kiu mquM;eta.B´ kun\k¥srit\N˙c\. hardware qiu≥mhut\ software ts\KuKu
l∑y\k¨esrn\ AeÂkac\;m¥a;eÂkac\. stereo hu qiTa;qv\. 2 channel sns\kiu ki u  liAu p\påeq;ty\" dåm˙qa six chan-
AquM;‘pK´.påqv\" nels m˙a 5.1 audio At∑k \ lupe\ p;Nicu m\ a˙
1980 ®pv\.N˙s\m¥a;At∑c\;k 4 channel quadraphonic sound epÅT∑k\ ®Ps\påty\" DVD kiu e®pac\;l´ Aqu;M ‘pra
laK´.påqv\" Four channel kiu matrix Aq∑c\e®pac\;j 2 channel A®Ps\ Vinyl m˙aeta. Dolby track m¥a;kiu digital
record epÅ tc\ep;K´.påqv\" qiu≥epmy\. A´d^sns\qv\ m®Ps\qc\.qv\.AK¥in\ master m˙ ry¨påty\" Optical proc-
m®Ps\qc\.qv\. nv\;pvats\rp\qa ®Ps\K´.rpåqv\" ess ken ®Pt\ek¥a\my¨eta.påB¨;"
Plc\kiu AquM;‘ps√\keta. y¨påty\"

88 k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\


DTS system kiu Rup\r˙c\RuMet∑m˙a
AquM;‘pt´.AKåm˙a Riu;Riu; Âkm\;Âkm\; low-
band width timing track kiup´ Plc\
epÅm˙a print lup\ep;Piu≥ liupåty\"
tn\Piu;qip\m”k^;l˙t´. read head k
theatre projector k ep;piu≥t´. timing
signal et∑ Pt\ep;påty\" A´dåkiu
CD-ROM ts\Ku qiu≥mhut\ ts\KuTk\
piut´. driver m¥a;S^m˙ digital audio
m¥a;kiu synchronise lupe\ p;rn\ Aqu;M ‘p
påty\"
DTS system m˙a AqMm¥a;kiu data
file format kiu AquM;‘p“p^; CD-ROM
m¥a;epÅm˙a m˙t\tm\;tc\påty\" CD
audio track kiu mqu;M eta.påB¨;" Ba®Ps\
liu≥l´Siueta. Am˙a;nv\;q∑a;t´.At∑k\
eÂkac\.på" Surround-sound track
m¥a;kiu drive m¥a;kiu pn\;p∑c\.q¤an\
®Pn\j≥ AerAt∑km\ ¥a;s∑a tp\Sc\ Aqu;M ‘p
Niuc\påty\" Rup\r˙c\lup\cn\;m˙a Niuc\cM®Ka;
Baqaska;m¥a;ki u Tp\ ® Pv\ . N i u c \ p å
ty\"
DTS sns\r´> puMsMkiu er˙;Ë;s∑a 1992
KuNs˙ m\ a˙ stc\ lupe\ Sac\Kp.´ åty\" enak\
N˙sm\ a˙ dåRik \ a”k^; Steven Spielberg
u t
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
N˙c.\ st¨dy^ ”ui k^;ts\Ku kum% π ”^ k^;ts\K®u Ps\
t´. Universal Studio ”k^;m˙a m¨l
t´∑Pk\’ki;sa;K´.Âkq¨m¥a; påwc\t´. DTS
Company kiu P´s≥∑ v\; tv\eTac\KÂ.´ kpå
ty\" DTS sound kiu pTmË;s∑a
Jurassic Park Siut´. Rup\r˙c\ka;”k^;m˙a
stc\ AquM;‘pK´.påty\" A´d^AK¥in\k
1993 KuNs˙ \ z∑nl \ 11 rk\en≥ ®Ps\påty\"
A´de^ nak\ma˙ Rupr\ c˙ R\ eMu påc\;' zat\ReMu påc\;'
876 Kuma˙ DTS sns\kui tp\Sc\Aqu;M ‘p
K´.påty\" DTS sns\k A®Ka;eqa
format m¥a;kil u v\; Pn\t;^ ep;K´p. åty\"
DTS-ES lv\; påwc\påty\" enak\
6.1 playback scheme kiulv\; Aim\
t∑c;\ Aqu;M ‘prn\ enak\ek¥aBk\ Aly\
m˙a sp^kats\l;Mu Ta;t´s. ns\lv\; påwc\på
ty\" DTS 96/24, 24 bit for 5.1
sound, codec for 96 KHz tiu≥A®pc\
DTS Neo.6 lv\; påwc\K´.påty\"
DTS Neo.6 sns\haSiurc\ Rup\r˙c\
ka;ehac\;m¥a;m˙ AqMm¥a;kiupc\ V˙iNOic\;
ep;K´p. åty\" Surround Aq∑ce\ ®pac\;ep;
Niuc\K´.påty\" &c\;A®pc\ Neo.6   qv\
non-matrix m˙ g^tqMm¥a;kiulv\;
Aq∑c\e®pac\;Niuc\påty\"
Dolby Digital or DTS?
na;eTac\q¨ ' na;eqatSc\q¨
Am¥a;keta. Dolby Digital n´≥®Ps\es'
DTS sns\n´≥®Ps\es' DVD movie m¥a;
kiu Âkv\.tapåp´" qip\gRusiuk\menpåB¨;"
Ba®Ps\liu≥l´Siueta. q¨tiu≥S^qiu≥ Rup\r˙c\
ka;m¥a; erak\lat´.AK¥in\m˙a AqMPm\;
st¨d^yium¥a;k Dolby Digital n´≥eqa\
lv\;ekac\;' DTS n´e≥ qa\lv\;ekac\;
encode lup\rn\ SuM;®Pt\lup\kiuc\ep;en
Âk“p^®Ps\t´.At∑k\eÂkac\. ®Ps\påty\"
Aim\t∑c\;Rup\r˙c\Âkv\.q¨m¥a;k Dol-
by Digital era' DTS era N˙s\KusluM;
kiu lk\KMAa;ep;Âkpåty\" DVD
ts\K¥p\tv\;m˙apc\ Dolby Digital sns\
n´≥ na;eTac\mla;' DTS sns\n≥´ na;eTac\
mla; er∑;K¥y\pcui K\ c∑ .\ ep;Ta;Âkpåty\"
System N˙s\KusluM;m˙a high- qual-
ity 5.1 digital audio kiu ep;Ta;på
ty\" Amplifiers N˙c\. loudspeaker
m¥a;kiu lk\r˙i miml i k\wy\rt ˙i p.´ sßv;\ et∑
n´≥p´ na;eTac\Niuc\påty\"
DVD ts\K¥p\tv\;epÅm˙a d^sns\
N˙s\m¥oi;luM; rri˙na;eTac\Niuc\ty\Siuram˙a
k∑´®pa;®Ka;na;K¥k\ Anv\;cy\eta. ri˙på
ty\l≥ui A®cc\;p∑a;q¨et∑lv\; rip˙ åty\"
A®Ps\Ncui S
\ ;Mu r˙c;\ ®pNicu t \ aketa. sns\ts\Ku
s^k Arv\Aeq∑;m˙a m¨lrie˙ nt´. ®Ka;na;
K¥k\et∑eÂkac\. mhut\påB¨;" dåepmy\.
Ba®Ps\liu≥l´Siueta. Dolby n´≥ DTS
kiu eraTa;“p;^ eta. encoding lupe\ nra
et∑' AK¥in\et∑ ®Ka;na;entaeÂkac\.
®Ps\påty\"
mv\qiu≥pc\SiuÂkpåes' DTS keta.
AKiuc\Ama Siulapåty\" Blind tests
lie≥u KÅt´. ss\K¥c\tA .´ K¥in'\ ss\K¥c\te.´ nra
m˙a ss\liuk\på" priqt\keta. DTS
kiu piuqeBak¥ N˙s\‘Kik\Âkpåty\t´."
SACD and DVD-Audio
A®Ka;eqa format m¥a;N˙c\.mt¨B´
Sony's Super Audio Compact Disc
(SACD) ha Rupr\ c˙ l
\ pu c\ n\;' Rupr\ c˙ R\ mMu ¥a;
m˙ ®Ps\epÅlata mhut\påB¨;" m¨l
Audio CD format m¥a;ken lata
89

på" s^d^Tut\lup\q¨m¥a;Bk\k lata
®Ps\j SACD k Arv\Aeq∑; ekac\;
O ui ep;påty\" two-channel stereo
m∑nm\ k
sns\kiuera six-channel surround
sns\keui ra ep;påty\" Disk ts\K¥pe\ pÅ
m˙a m˙t\tm\;tc\Niuc\“p^; Arv\Aeq∑;
ekac\;m∑n\s∑a lup\eSac\ep;påty\"
SACD ha s^d^et∑' DVD et∑
Tk\ qal∑nt \ A .´ qMkui ep;s∑m;\ Nicu p\ åty\
liu≥ tc\®pq¨et∑k SiuTa;påty\"
BaeÂkac\.l´Siueta. Direct Stream
Digital (DSD) AqMPm\;y¨t .´ nv\;pva
kiu AquM;‘pTa;liu≥påp´t´."
DSD ha AqMPm\;®Kc\;' ®pn\lv\
Tut\lWc\.®Kc\;tiu≥At∑k\ mechanism
kiu piju l∑yk \ e¨ spåty\l≥ui e®papåty\"
dåeÂkac\.lv\; 100KHz ek¥a\t´. fre-
quency response kil u v\; ®Ps\epÅespå
ty\" 120 dB ek¥a\ dynamic range
kiulv\; ®Ps\epÅespåty\" DSD k
g^tAqMkiu ePa\ram˙a original wave
form N˙c\. n^;kp\s∑a piuj ri˙enpåty\"
Resolution piuekac\;ty\liu≥ e®parm˙a
®Ps\påty\" DSD ha m¨lk ana-
logue recordings m¥a; kiu high-re-
solution digital archive copies ‘plup\
t´.nv\;A®Ps\ t^T∑c\K´.ta ®Ps\påty\"
High frequencies N˙c\. tran-
sients m¥a;kiu Tut\lup\rn\ higher
sample rate kiu Aqu;M ‘pqk´q . ≥ui SACD
klv\; direct steam transfer kiu
AquM;‘ppåty\" qiu≥m˙qa surround
audio kiu compress lup\rpåty\"
DVD video keta. Si;u wå;eqa audio
compression kiu AquM;‘pTa;påty\"
DVD forum N˙c\. A‘pic\ASiuc\p´
DVD video k lossless encoding
method kiu AquM;‘ppåty\" &c\; met-
hod kiu Meridian Lossless packing
liu≥ (MLP) eKÅpåty\" DVD-Audio
k six-channel 24 bit 96 KHz audio
kiu N˙s\nar^Âka AquM;‘pNiuc\“p^; 192 KHz
N˙c\. 24 bit kiup´ enhanced resolution
stereo audio A®Ps\ N˙sn\ ar^Âkap´  Aqu;M
‘pNiuc\påty\" q¨≥r´> dynamic range k
90
k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑
eta.  144 dB ®Ps\påty\" DVD Au-
dio titles et∑halv\; Dolby Dig-
ital 5.1 mix et∑ påwc\Tv\.q∑c\;Ta;på
ty\" Standard DVD players et∑n´≥
Aqu;M ‘pram˙a ASc\e®pesPiA
≥u t∑kp\ ´ ®Ps\på
ty\"
Playing back surround sound
^ qs\ts\l;Mu wy\påk Dolby   N˙c.\
p^sA
DTS surround sound ®Pc\. P∑c\.Niuc\rn\
eAak\påpsßv;\ ts\KKu h
u a påwc\“p;^ ®Ps\Ncui \
påty\" eAak\ePa\®ppå psßv;\ m¥a; liA u p\
påty\"
* DVD drive
* AeT∑eT∑quM; sound card ts\Ku'
surround sound At∑k\ output
pårm˙a ®Ps\påty\"
S/PDIF output. &c\;keta. exter-
nal decoder At∑k\på (qiu≥mhut\)
multi-channel audio card pårm˙a
®Ps\påty\" Anv\;SuM; output 6 Ku
påm˙a ®Ps\påty\"
* 5.1 loudspeaker ts\sMu Aa;ekac\;
rpåmy\" qiu≥mhut\ six-channel
audio amplifier N˙c.\ loudspeaker
ts\suM liuAp\påty\"
* DVD playback software liuAp\
påty\" &c\;m˙a Dolby Digital N˙c\.
DTS decoder pårm˙a ®Ps\påty\"
qiu≥mhut\ external hardware de-
coder ri˙rm˙a ®Ps\påty\"
* Loudspeaker m¥a;At∑k\ cable
’ki;ts\suM ®Ps\påty\" External
decoder/ amplifier m¥a;kiu AquM;
‘prc\lv\; cable ’k;i ts\sMu liA u p\ma˙
®Ps\påty\"
Audio card tp\Sc\Ta;påk S/
P DIF Link kiu external decoder  N˙c.\
Sk\q∑y\j multiplexed surround
audio rriN˙ cui p\ åty\" Tiq u e≥ui qa decoder
m¥a;kiu ts\Kåts\rM loudspeaker T´tc∑ \
Tv\q . c∑ ;\ Tutl \ pu T
\ a;tt\Âkpåty\"
qiu≥mhut\ A/V amplifier m¥a;T´t∑c\
lv\; Tv\.q∑c\;Ta;tt\Âkpåty\"
Fig-2 t∑c\ ®pqTa;qv\.Atiuc\;
k∑n\p¥øtag¥any\ d^zc\Bal' 2004 KuN˙s\
surround sound At∑k\ loud-
speaker m¥a;f m˙n\kn\eqaenrat∑c\
tp\Sc\Ta;rn\ liA u p\påty\" Aimt \ c∑ ;\
t∑c\ tp\Sc\rn\At∑ke\ ta. ®Ps\Ncui e\ kac\;
m˙ ®Ps\Ncui m\ y\Tc\påty\" Dolby qim≥u hut\
DTS ts\KuKukiu AquM;‘pTa;eqa 5.1
audio m¥a;At∑k\ loudspeaker m¥a;
tp\Sc\rmy\e. nram¥a;k At¨tp¨ c\ ®Ps\på
ty\" qiu≥rat∑c\ DVD-Audio N˙c\.
SACD tit ≥u c∑ e\ ta. Anv\;cy\ ®Ka;na;
mOk ri˙enpåty\" sp^kam¥a;kiu l¨tiu≥f
{na;}N˙c\. ts\tn\;tv\;t∑c\ ri˙enrn\
liA u p\påty\" mv\qp≥ui c\®Ps\es' sp^kam¥a;
kiu pij u ASc\e®pt´e. nraet∑ma˙ Ta;®Kc\;
ha Upma nMrmM ¥a;epÅ   AKn\;eTac\m. ¥a;t∑c\
Ta;ri˙®Kc\;ha AqM na;eTac\mekac\;
mOkui ®Ps\espåty\" AqMr>´ pma%kil u v\;
V˙Ni ciO ;\ mep;Nicu p\ åB¨;" nMreM pÅm˙a speaker
Ta;®Kc\;ha low frequency kiu ®Ps\epÅ
espåty\"
Sub-woofer m¥a;kiu enraK¥Ta;'
tp\Sc\mh O alv\; Aer;”k^;l˙påty\"
AKn\;eTac\t . c∑  \ Ta;ri®˙ Kc\;ha bass AqM
kiu el¥a.nv\;espåty\" Anv\;cy\ v^
vas∑aTa;ri®˙ Kc\;' AKn\;t∑c;\ m˙a Rik u q\ mM ¥a;
N˙cA .\ t¨ na;eTac\ekac\;laespåty\"
Loudspeaker m¥a;kiu enraTa;m˙n\
Pi≥u liA u p\ta' Aer;”k^;ta m˙ne\ qa\lv\;
l¨Am¥a;k A´dl ^ lui pu t\ aha qipA \ Sc\
me®ppåB¨ ; hu Tc\ t t\ Â kpåty\ "
dåeÂkac\.lv\; Aim\t∑c\;m˙aeta. sur-
round sound ha sitp\ ¥ks\ ra ’krM ta
p´ ®Ps\påty\"
Windows and Surround sound
p^se^ t∑ma˙ surround sound At∑k\
mimi tp\Sc\my\Siupåk qti‘prmy\.
AK¥k\el;et∑ ri˙enpåty\" p^s^m˙a
yKc\ktv\;k two-channel stereo
kiu tp\Sc\Ta;“p^; ®Ps\påk control
panel/ sounds and Audio devices
m¥a;Ti enak\Tp\piulamy\. channel
m¥a;At∑k\ V˙iNOic\;ep;Piu≥ liuAp\påty\"
Volume tab kiu Aqu;M ‘p“p;^ Advan-
ced button kiuer∑;K¥y\på" speaker
 k∑np\ ¥øtaAeT∑eT∑

The function of the LFE channel in 5.1 nel et∑' speaker et∑m¥a;qv\Tk\
g^tm¥a;kiu AqMPm\;y¨rat∑c\ low-frequency effects (LFE) channel kiu m¥a;s∑a påwc\lam˙apå" piu“p^; l¥c\®mn\' piu“p^;
Aqu;M ‘p“p^; low frequency ®Pc\p. c\ ®pn\lv\na;eTac\Âkqv\hu y¨STa;Âkpåqv\" ROp\eT∑;t´. psycho-acoustic pro-
cessing, micro-piston et∑' wall-
tky\eta. Channel kiu low frequency effects At∑k\ Rup\r˙c\m¥a;t∑c\ t^T∑c\
sized, phase-controlled loudspea-
Aqu;M ‘pÂkpåqv\" Upma  e®mcl¥c\lpO ®\ Kc\; epåk\k®∑´ Kc\;tiA
≥u t∑k\ ®Ps\qv\" kzat\RMu
ker tp\Sc\mO K¥Ta;mOet∑ focused
m¥a;At∑k\m¨ LFE channel ts\Kum˙a sub-woofer ts\Ku Anv\;SuM; t´∑Pk\AquM;‘p
ultrasonics et∑A®pc\  direct neural
påqv\" qiu≥m˙qa liuK¥c\eqa effects m¥a;kiu rri˙m˙a ®Ps\qv\" A®Ka; 5-channels
interfacing et∑ påwc\laeta.ma˙ la;"
At∑k\ loudspeakers m¥a;kiu AquM;‘pqv\" &c\;tiu≥qv\lv\; enak\KM et;g^t
ATk\påpsßv\;et∑ Aa;luM;lv\;
N˙c\. ska;e®paKn\;m¥a;At∑k\ liuAp\eqa bass kiu rri˙eAac\ lup\ep;Niuc\s∑m\;påqv\"
påwc\laNiuc\påty\" qiu≥rat∑c\ acou-
enraN˙c\. kun\k¥srit\ kn\≥qt\K¥k\ ri˙eneqaeÂkac\. Aim\t∑c\;Rup\r˙c\t∑c\m¨
stie space ts\enrael;m˙ap´ Upma
mid-to-high frequency loudspeaker kiu 5-channel ®Pc\. AquM;‘p“p^; bass
enak\ts\enra e®parrc\ Ev\.Kn\;ts\Ku
woofer KMTa;påqv\" g^tAt∑k\  AqMPm\;rat∑c\ LFE track kiu luM;w AquM;m‘p
At∑c;\ m˙a sm\;qp\påk lk\rn˙i v\;pva
påep" qamn\ woofer kiuqa 5-channel m˙ bass AqMN˙c\. AT¨; effects m¥a;
m¥a;®Pc\. lu;M w eAac\®mc\ma˙ mhutp\ åB¨;"
At∑k\ AquM;‘pÂkqv\" Tiu AT¨;‘pmOm¥a;ha LFE channel m˙laqv\" Movie
AqMsns\ma˙ next generation k¥m ˙  ®Ps\
sound track A®Ps\qa AquM;‘pqv\. channel m¥a; ®Ps\qv\"
ekac\;®Ps\Niuc\m˙apå" Next generation
Surround sound system t∑c\ low frequencies m¥a;kiu kiuc\t∑y\  AquM;‘ppuM
k sound system m¥a;kiu play-back
kiu bass management hu rv\VWn\;eKÅSiuÂkpåqv\"
acoustic m¥a;kiu K∑®´ Km\;siss\ep;Nicu e\ kac\;
setting kil
u v\; er∑;K¥yr\ påmy\" A´dk
^ d^eta. default setting A®Ps\n´≥p´ \ mi m.\ y\ ®Ps\påty\" m¨l acoustic
ep;Nicu l
m˙ loud speaker setup lup\på" Menu Ta;liuk\rn\ AÂkM‘ppåty\" N˙c\. t¨v^q∑a;eAac\ tky\.AqMm¥a;
kiu S´K∑ ¥“p;^ lupN\ cui p\ åty\" d^VnW Â\ ka;K¥k\ Win DVD k´.qiu≥eqa applica- A®Ps\ KMsa;Niuc\eAac\ resonances m¥a;'
et∑ Windows XP m˙a  påpåty\" Ala; tion m¥a;k surround test mode reverberation m¥a;kiu Tp\®Pv\.ep;s∑m\;
t¨ options et∑klv\; A®Ka; Win- pått\påty\" Menu m˙ setup kiu Niuc\lim\.my\ ®Ps\påty\" Èqiu≥eqa
dows version m¥a;m˙alv\; ri˙påty\" select lup\“p^;m˙ Audio tab kiu quM;på" system k na;eTac\q¨f enram¥a;kiu
Two-channel set up m˙a By\n´≥ Test button kiu click lup\“p^;påk ss\eS; Tin;\ K¥op\ep;“p;^ AqMkui Aekac\;
vakiu m˙a;y∑c\;j meta\tS e®pac\;l´ ts\sk˚n\≥Âka AqMel;epÅlapåty\" SuM;®Ps\eAac\ lup\ep;q∑a;Niuc\pålim\.my\"
rat∑c\ l∑y\k¨enpåty\" e®pac\;®pn\ A´dA
^ qMha pTm By\Bk\ sp^ka yen≥AKåm˙aeta. Rupr\ c˙ R\ mMu ¥a;At∑k\
®Ps\eqa\lv\; audio image kiueta. m˙ epÅla“p;^ By\ms˙ “p;^ ts\pt\lv\qa∑ ; AqMliuAp\K¥k\k new audio tech-
Anv\;Su;M et∑®≥ mc\lk ui r\ my\ ®Ps\påty\" påty\" sp^ka 5 lu;M kiu ®Pt\qa∑ ;påty\" nology liA u p\eneÂkac\; t∑n;\ Aa;ep;en
5.1 set up t∑c\ six channel Siupåk Surround test button ha surround tap´ ®Ps\påty\" l∑n\K´.eqa Sy\suN˙s\
pij
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audio card m¥a;keta. jack socket
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piuj ROp\eT∑;estak q^;qn\≥ au- AqM®pn\lv\ P∑c\.l˙s\®Kc\; sound -Digital Theater sound (DTS)
dio card driver k audio mapping reproduction r´> Anagt\ha d^eta. www.dtsonline.com
kiu card T´m˙a lup\påty\" Software By\liu®Ps\laml´' extended 27GB - Dolby audio technology
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design k d^ mapping kiu kn\≥qt\ A´d^s∑m\;rv\m¥a;kiu By\liuAquM;‘pml´" - Focused ultrasonics
Ta;påty\" Channels T´m˙a remap- s∑m\;rv\Siuta blue laser technology www.atcsd.com
ping kiu pairs ®Pc\.qa lup\Niuc\påty\" N˙c.\ HD-DVD tik ≥u S
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Monitor
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F Y I
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OR OUR NFORMATION
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enf;ynm zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmonfESifhtrQ els ESifh refresh rate B5 Hz tjrifhtxd tvG,fwul 0,f,l&&SdEdkifMuNyD

ukefvGefchJaomESpfrsm;wGif wpfESpfxufwpfESpf jzpfonf/ monitors rsm; size wGifvnf; 22 vufrtxd wGifus,fpGm
qkdovkd computer components rsm;\ t&G,f xkwfvkyfa&mif;csvsuf&Sdaeygonf/
tpm;ESifh tav;csdefrsm; twwfEdkifqHk; ao;i,f CRT monitor rsm;wGif Shadow Mask ESifh Sony's Aperture Grille
ayghyg;ap&ef 'DZkdif;jyKvkyfum xkwfvkyf a&mif;cs enf;ynmESprf sdK;jzifh t"du toH;k jyKxm;Muonf/ tqdyk genf;ynm ESprf sdK;
vmchJMuonf/ ESpftawmfMumyif pm;yGJay:wGif vHk;wGifvnf; tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufrsm; toD;oD;&SdaeMuygao;
ae&m,lchJojzifh uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolwkdif;onf onf/ CRT monitor rsm;onf LCD-monitors rsm;ESifh EdIif;pmvQif tm;
monitors rsm;tm; xm;ok& d eftwGuf ta&;w,l enf;csuf tenf;i,fawmh &Sdae\/ CRT monitors rsm;onf xkxnf
pOf;pm;,lchJMu&onf/ odkYaomf ,cktcg tjcm; BuD;rm;jcif;? av;vHjcif;ESihf vQypf pfyg0g toH;k BuD;jcif;wkdY &Sdaeonf/ ¤if;\
computer components rsm;enf;wl pm;yGJay: high-voltage electric field 'Pfrsm;? high and low frequency mag-
wGif ae&m,lrt I cuftcJukd ausmfvmT ;Ekid af prnfh netic field 'Pfrsm;ESifh radiation 'Pfrsm;onf toHk;jyKoltm; xdckdufap
yHpk 'H ZD idk ;f rsm; pwifay:xGuí f vmaeMuNyDjzpf\/ Ekdifonf/ scanning technology \ rSdwfwkwfrSdwfwkwf rodrom jzpfrI
rnfokdYyifjzpfap uGefysLwmypönf;rsm; rsm;onf rsufpdtm½HkaMumudk 'ku©ay;Ekdifonf/ LCD monitors rsm;rSmrl
teuf monitor onf a&&SnftoHk;jyKEdkifaom CRT ESifh vHk;0rwlnDaom enf;ynmjzifh wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ¤if;wkdY
ypönf;jzpfonfhtjyif rMumcP up-
dated vkyf,l&efrvdkaom ypönf;
jzpfum ESpfMumMum trouble-free
toHk;jyKEkdifonfh ypönf;jzpfchJ&yg
onf/ odkY&mwGif uGefysLwm 0,f,l
toHk;jyKawmhrnfqkdygu monitor
onf txl;tav;xm; pOf;pm;NyD;rS
om 0,f,&l onfyh pön;f jzpfygonf/
uGefysLwmwyfqif ypönf;rsm;teuf
monitor ESifh graphic card wdkYonf
wefzkd;BuD;aom ypönf;rsm;jzpfMu\/
tu,fí taumif;qHk; monitor ESifh
taumif ; qH k ; graphic card ud k
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resolution tm;jzifh 1600×1200 pix-

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 93

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

onf xkxnfBuD;rm;rIr&SdbJ csyfcsyf&yf&yfjzifh com-

pact jzpf½Hkomru yg0goHk;pGJrIrSmvnf; enf;yg;\/
odkYaomf CRT xuf rvTJom ra&Smifom wefzdk;BuD;
aeygvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm ¤if;udk xkwfvkyf,lMu
&mwGif enf;ynm ½IyfaxG;cufcJrIESifh rejection EIef;
xm; jrifhrm;rIwkdYaMumifhjzpfonf/ LCD monitors
rsm;onf CRT rsm;xuf ykdrdkawmufyaom jrifuGif;
udk ay;ygonf/ LCD displays rsm;ESifh ywfoufí
jyóemwpfckrSm toHk;jyKolonf a&SUwnfhwnfhrS
MunhfrSom ydkrkdtqifajyrI&dS\/ odkY&mwGif aemufqHk;
xkwf LCD rsm;onf xkdudpt ö wGuf ausmfvTm;Ekdifaom enf;vrf;tcsdKUudk [k azmfjyay;avh&jdS cif;aMumifh wef;wpfwef;wGif
toHk;jyKvmvsuf &SdaeNyD jzpf\/ ¤if;wkdYudk eH&HuyfyHkpHrsm;txd xkwfvkyf 1024 pixels jzifh wef;aygif; 768 ay;um scan
a&mif;csaeNyD jzpfygonf/ CRT ESifh LCD rsm;tjyif tjcm; display vkyf,lonf[k rSwf,lEdkifygonf/ twef;rsm;
technology oHk; gas plasma displays trsm;tjym;udkvnf; jrifawGUvm wGif&Sdonfh dot wpfckcsif;twGuf electron gun
&onf/ rS refresh vkyfay;ygonf/ tvsm;vdkuf azmf
aqmifrIudk Horizontal Refresh Rate [k ac:í
CRT Monitor tnT e f ; Kilo hertz (KHz) jzifh wkid ;f xGm,lMuonf/ CRT
Dot Pitch \ xdyfydkif;rS atmufajctxdudk axmifvdkuf
Monitor wpfvHk;\ yxrqHk; tav;xm;&rnfhtcsufrSm Dot Pitch scan vkyfay;onfudk Vertical Refresh rate
jzpf\/ rnfonft h &m0w¬KESihf rnfonfh character udrk qkd monitor ay:wGif [kac:í hertz jzifh wkdif;xGm,lonf/ Scan rate
dots rsm;jzifh yHkazmf,lonf/ tqkdyg dots wpfckESifhwpfck tuGmta0;udk rsm;av monitor \ flickes jzpfay:rI avsmhenf;
Dot Pitch [k ac:onf/ Dot Pitch ao;i,fav dots wpfckESifhwpfck avjzpf\/
yl;uyfavjzpfum yH&k yd uf v
dk nf; yDjyifjywfom;pGm yHak zmf,El idk o
f nf/ orm;½d;k
ustm;jzifh dot pitch wpfckonf.28 xuf avsmhenf;ygu aumif;onf[k Refresh Rate
rSwf,lavh&SdMuonf/ Monitor taejzifh jrifuGif;udk refresh vkyf
&eftwGuf tcsdef,lrIudk wdkif;xGm&mü refresh
Screen Size rate udk toHk;jyKí ajymqdkMuonf/ tu,fí
Monitor size qkdonfrSm trSefwu,f CRT wpf0uf axmifhwpfzuf monitor specification wpfckwGif 1024×768
rS uefYvefYjzwf axmifhwpfzufodkY wkdif;xGmí azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ yHk&dyf @ 75 Hz [k azmfjychJonf&Sdaomf 75 Hz onf
jrifuiG ;f \ t&G,t
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f yk o
f rl sm;onf &Hzef&cH g refresh rate yifjzpf\/ tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh 72
udk,fxnfuefYvefYjzwf twkdif;twmudk vSnfhzsm;azmfjywwfMuonf/ 14 Hz ESifh ¤if;txuf&Sdaom refresh rate jzpfygu
vufrt&G,ftpm;[k azmfjyygu trSefwu,f jrifawGY&aom viewable flicker-free display tjzpf owfrSwfEkdifygvdrfh
size rSm 12.5 vufrom&Sd\/ 15 vufr[k azmfjyxm;ygu 13.8 vufr rnf/
om&Sdaom viewable size ukd &&SdEkdifonf/ 17 vufr monitor jzpfu
viewable size rSm 15.6 vufrjzpfNyD; 21 vufr[k azmfjyygu view- Resolution Supported
able size rSm 19.8 vufr&SdaMumif; odxm;oifhygonf/ (640×480) (1024×768) (1280×1024) ESifh
(1600×1200) [l o nf h resolution twG u f
Scan Rate t&nftaoG;udk azmfjyonfh trSwt f om;rsm;udk
Scan rate qkdonfrSm electron gun rS display qDodkY refresh monitor specification wGif jrifawGUMu&awmh
jzpfap&ef Mumjrifhaom tcsdefav;jzpfonf/ monitor twGif;&Sd electron rnfjzpf\/ video card onfvnf; monitor
gun onf orm;½kd;ustm;jzifh display area wGif 1024×768 resolution twGuf higher resolution udk yhHydk;rIjyKay;

94 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
vertical size control rsdK; pincushion connection uhJodkYaom acwfrD
features rsm;pGm yg0ifvmygonf/

Features
Monitors trsdK;tpm;tcsdKUwGif teDa&mif signals? tpdrf;a&mif sig-
nals ESifh tjyma&mif signals rsm;twGuf BNC connectors rsm; yg0if
wyfqifxm;onf/ orm;½kd;us yg&Sdonfh standard 15-pin HDD VGA
connector tjyif yg&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ BNC connectors rsm;onf yHk&dyfrsm;
udk ydkí jywfom;apygonf/ BNC connector udk wyfqif&mwGif spe-
cial cable jzifh standard VGA connector rS wpfqifh qufoG,fwyfqif
Ekdifonf/ odkY&mwGif video card onf resolu- xm;ygonf/ þodkY BNC connectors rsm;yg&SdvQif special video card
tion aumif ; aumif ; xk w f a y;jcif ; om jzpf í xnfhoHk;&ef rvdktyfay/
monitor \ resolution aumif;rSom yhHydk;rIudk
Anti-Glare Coating
tjynfht0 vufcH,lEkdifygvdrfhrnf/
Monitor screens ay:wGkif anti-glare coating xnfhay;jcif;tm;jzifh
Controls
yHk&dyfrsm;udk ydkrkd Munfvifxif&Sm;apygonf/
Monitor ay:wGif controls rsm; yg&Sdae
Safety and Energy Patings
rnfjzpf\/ monitor wkdif;wGif ta&mifrsm;?
Monitor awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf power saving ESifh Low emis-
tvif;tarSmifrsm;ESihf yH&k yd af zmfjyrI obm0wkYd ukd
sion wdkYtwGuf pHcsdefpHnTef;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh xkwfvkyfMuonf/ Electromag-
csdefn§d,lEkdif&ef controls av;rsm; ygvmwwf
netic energy emissions onf toHk;jyKí usef;rma&;twGuf txl;xnfh
ygonf/ controls yHkpHtaejzifh analog yHkpH digi-
oGif; pOf;pm;,loifhygonf/ tqkdygudpt ö wGuf MPR II guidelines odkY
tal yHkpHESifh on-screen digital yHkpH[lí oHk;rsdK;
r[kwf TCO quids lines wdkYwGif avhvm&efvdktyfygonf/
jrifawGUEkdifonf/ trsm;oHk; monitors rsm;wGif
ud,k xf nfay:ü tzkav;rsm;yHpk jH zifw h pfrsKd ;? vSnfh
LCD Monitors tnT e f ;
,l&aom t0dkif;yHkpHrsdK;jzifhwpfzHk analog con- Resolution
trols rsm;udk wyfqifxm;avh&Sdonf/ Digital
rdrd toHk;jyKaeaom uGefysLwm\ native resolution ESifh udkufnD&ef
controls rsm;udk microprocesser-based ESifh
txl;vkdtyfonf/ ¤if;tjyif one-touch auto adjustment feature yg0if
ydí
k wdusaocsmaompepfo;kH monitors rsm;wGif
toHk;jyKavh&Sdonf/ On-Screen digital con-
forts qkdonfrSm screen ay:wGif menu op-
tions rsm;udk toHk;csEkdifonfhtjyif tjcm; con-
trols wkdY wGJzufyg0ifaompepf jzpfonf/
Monitors ta[mif;rsm;wGif brightness
controls ESifh contrast controls wdkYom yg&Sd\/
Monitors topfrsm;wGif brightness controls
ESifh contrast controls wkdYom yg&Sd\/ moni-
tors topfrsm;wGif tqkdyg controls ESpfrsdK;
tjyif size control ESifh display position con-
trol rsm;yg xnfhay;xm;onf/ aemufqHk;ay:
monitors rsm;wG i f r l colour convergence
controls rsdK; vertical centering control rsdK;

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 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
aom models rsm;udk toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ native resolutions rSmvnf;
rsm;aomtm;jzifh 1280×1024 &Sdaewwfygonf/
Dead Pixels
LCD screens rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh jyóemwpfckrSm dead pixels
yifjzpfonf/ tjrJwrf;yGiahf ejcif;? tjrJwrf;ydwx
f m;jcif; jzpfaeonfh pixels
rsm;udk qkdvkdygonf/ white screen twGuf stray black dots rsm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; black screen rsm;twGuf white dots ESifh colours dots
rsm;jzifhvnf;aumif; run aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ dead pixels tawmftoifh
yg&Sdjcif;jzifh display udk ododomomBuD; xda&mufrIawmh &Sdrnfr[kwfay/
okdYaomf dead pixels rsm;vGef;aeygu constant irritation wpfckudk jzpfay:
aponf/
TOP 10 FLAT-PANEL/MONITORS
98 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Digital or Analog Inputs
Flat-panel displays tm;vHk;avmuf eD;eD;
onf analog input rsm;jzifh &SdaeMuygonf/
yDpDjzpfap? macintosh system jzpfap ¤if;wkdY
tm;vHk;rS analog output rsm;udk xkwfay;Ekdif
onf/ tu,fí ydkíMunfvifjywfom;rIudk
vdkvm;ygu digital input toHk;cs LCD moni-
tor wpfckudk toHk;jyK&ayrnf/ ¤if;wkdYudk DUI
(Digital Video interface) [kvnf; ac:qko
d nf/
DUI input yg&SdNyDqkdyguvnf; rdrd uGefysLwm
wGif special graphic card xnfhoGif;xm;&SdrSom
ydkí t"dyÜm,f &SdEkdifygonf/
 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
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0,f,&l &SEd idk af om Monitors rsm;
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Lucky Bird ta&mif;qkdif 17. 17" Samsung LCD Monitor 300000 usyf
1. 15" CMV LCD Monitor (CT-522) 290000 usyf 18. 17" Viewsonic LCD Monitor 300000 usyf
2. 17" CMV LCD Monitor (CT-726D) 378000 usyf 19. 17" LG LCD Monitor 300000 usyf
20. 17" Dell LCD Monitor 300000 usyf
Technoland Computer ta&mif;qkdif
1. 15" Samsung 591s CRT Monitor 94600 usyf KMD ta&mif;qkdif
2. 17" Samsung 793 DF CRT Monitor 133400 usyf 1. 15" Compaq CRT Monitor 77000 usyf
3. 17" Samsung 763 MB CRT Monitor 152600 usyf 2. 15" Likom CRT Monitor 84000 usyf
4. 17" Samsung 765 MB CRT Monitor 167000 usyf 3. 15" Philips/Samsumg CRT Monitor 96000 usyf
5. 15" Samsung LCD Monitor (510 N) 345600 usyf 4. 17" Element CRT Monitor 96000 usyf
6. 15" Samsung LCD Monitor (710N) 437000 usyf 5. 17" Philips flat CRT Monitor 140000 usyf
6. 19" philips CRT Monitor 250000 usyf
Fidonet ta&mif;qkdif 7. 15" Philips LCD Monitor 314000 usyf
1. 15" View Sonic CRT Monitor (E50) 91500 usyf 8. 15" Samsung LCD Monitor 279000 usyf
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3. 17" View Sonic CRT Monitor (E70) 123000 usyf 10. 17" Samsung LCD Monitor 396000 usyf
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5. 17" View Sonic CRT Monitor (E72F+SB) 139000 usyf Client Focus ta&mif;qkdif
6. 19" View Sonic CRT Monitor (E90F+SB) 384000 usyf 1. 15" Viewsonic CRT Monitor 98 a':vm
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8. 22" View Sonic CRT Monitor (P225F+22) 800000 usyf
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10. 15" View Sonic LCD Monitor (VG5105) 305000 usyf 1. 15" Samsung CRT Monitor 94000 usyf
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14. 19" View Sonic LCD Monitor (VP1915) 765000 usyf 5. 17" Viewsonic flat CRT Monitor 140000 usyf
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Access Spectrum ta&mif;qdkif 7. 15" Samsung LCD Monitor 326000 usyf
1. 15" Philips CRT Monitor 90000 usyf
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3. 15" Viewsonic CRT Monitor 90000 usyf 1. 15" Samsung CRT Monitor 93000 usyf
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9. 17" LG CRT Monitor 130000 usyf 7. 17" Acer flat CRT Monitor 125000 usyf
10. 17" Dell CRT Monitor 130000 usyf 8. 15" Philips/Samsung LCD Monitor 310000 usyf
11. 15" Philips LCD Monitor 280000 usyf 9. 17" Philips LCD Monitor 370000 usyf
12. 15" Samsung LCD Monitor 280000 usyf 10. 17" Sam Sung LCD Monitor 390000 usyf
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14. 15" LG LCD Monitor 280000 usyf T-Land ta&mif;qkdif
15. 15" Dell LCD Monitor 280000 usyf 1. 15" T-Land CRT Monitor 92000 usyf
16. 17" Philips LCD Monitor 300000 usyf 2. 17" T-Land CRT Monitor 134000 usyf

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 99

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

tkypf v
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okdrSD;ay;xm;Ekdif\/ wyfqifay;xm;aom buf onf/ Confusing user interface jzpfonf/
x&DrmS wpfqufwnf; 24 em&DMumtxd toH;k jyK
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\/ ¤if;wGif 'D*spfw,fuifr&mav;wpfck built jzpfonf/ rdepfaygif; 265 txd toHrsm;udk
in yg&Sdvmaomfvnf; odyfawmh t&nftaoG; zrf;,lokdrSD;xm;Edkifonf/ xnfhxm;aom buf
raumif;vSay/ Cryptic user interface jzpf x&DrmS 10em&DMumtxd wpfqufwnf; toH;k jyK
onf/ Edkifrnfjzpf\/ t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh 91_53_
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102 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG
auto focus yHkpHtoHk;jyKonfhtcg wpfcgwpf&H
0g;wm;wm;yHkpH xGufwwfonf/ okdY&mwGif fo-
cus udk owdxm;oHk;vQif tvGefaumif;rGefaom
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PENTAX OPTIO S 40
Pentax rS aemufqHk;xkwf S4 ESifh t&G,f
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av; t&G,ftpm;BuD;\/ 4 megapixel ESifh 3X
Zoom yg&Su d m yH&k yd Mf unh½f &I ef 1.6 vufrt&G,f
LCD screem wyfxm;onf/ 11 MB internal
memory yg&Sdonfh tjyif flash memory
xm;aom bufx&DrSmvnf; wpfqufwnf; 12 wyfoHk;Ekdifao;onf/ yHkxGuf tifrwef aumif;
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21.4_115_16.9 rDvrD w D mjzpfí tav;csderf mS 425 a':vmjzpfonf/
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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 103

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

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104 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmtaxGaxG

SONY MDR G74 SL

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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 105


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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 121

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 tvsif(velocity) ESifh t&Sdef (acceleration) tjyif cam
curve path rsm;vnf; wGufcsufNyD; yHkazmfjyoay;Ekdifonf/
tarmif;cH tpdwftydkif;ESifh caM udk wGJqufí curve on
the path rSwpfqifh CNC data udkyg zefwD;,lEkdifygonf/

Moment of Inertia and Deflection Calculations

tcsdefukef oufomNyD; oifh'DZkdif;[m rSefuefaMumif;
aocsmapzdkY AutoCAD mechanical rSm &&SdEkdifwhJ wpfck
odkYr[kwf wpfckxufydkwhJ moment of inertia eJY beam cal-
culations rsm;udk oHk;yg/ oHk;pGJEkdifonfh trdefYay;apckdif;rI
commands rsm;wGif jzwfyi kd ;f yHk (cross section) wpfct
k wGuf
moment of inertia (BudKwifowfrSwfxm;aom jzwfydkif;yHk
tygt0if)? ay;xm;onfh tm;ESihf taxmuftuef auG;nTwf
standard library xJrS tvkd&Sd&m belt ESifh chain awGudk
rI aumufaMumif; (deflection of a profile) &SmwmawG
a&G;,l½HkygyJ/
yg0ifygonf/
Cam Generator
AutoCAD Mechanical Cam Generator u Linear,
circular ESifh cylindrical cam 'DZdkif;rsm; vsifjrefvG,fulpGm
vkyaf qmifay;ygonf/ 'DZikd ;f jyK&mwGif tcsed ,
f l oufomwmeJY
trQ ydkNyD; ta&;BuD;whJ tydkif;jzpfaom cam \ function-
ality udk wGufcsufavhvmzkdY&m tcsdefydk&vmygonf/ Cam
Generator u xnfhoGif;ay;vkdufonfh input border tajc
taeay:rlwnfNyD; cam udk zefwD;ay;onf/ cam follow-
ers rsm;vnf; azmfxkwfay;NyD; 'DZdkif;xJrSm ,loHk;Ekdifygonf/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 127

 update jyKvkyfygonf/ BOM tcsuftvufrsm;udk manu-
facturing resource planning (MRP) odkYr[kwf enter-
prise resource plannig (ERP) pepfrsm;odYk yif export jyKvkyf
Ekdifonf/ BOM udk udk,fwkdifukd,fus yifyef;BuD;pGm wnf
aqmuf&rIrS vGwfuif;oGm;onfhtjyif ta&;ygonfh 'DZkdif;
time em&Daygif;rsm;pGmvnf; avQmhcsEkdifygonf/

2D FEA Analysis
'DZkdif;xJwGif usdK;jywfjyKwfxGufEkdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sd
aom ae&mrsm;udk &SmazGowfrSwfzdkY 0eftm;trsdK;rsdK;wGif in-
tegrity udk qef;ppfpdwfjzmzkdY? 2D finite Element Analysis
Feature udkoHk;yg/ þenf;jzifh aemufykdif;wGif ukefusp&dwf
rsm;r,fh field maintenance udk a&SmifvTJEkdifrnf/ oHk;zdkYvG,f
vGe;f wmeJY t½l;tvkyrf cHygESi/hf 2DFEA feature onf wnf
Nidr0f eftm;atmufwiG f 0w¬Kwpfc\ k awmifch EH idk rf nfph rG ;f &nfukd
qHk;jzwf&mü pGrf;tm;aumif;aom tool wpfckjzpfonf/ qef;
ppfpdwfjzmrnfh tpdwftydkif;wGif a&GUvsm;Edkifaom taxmuf
tuefESifh taocGJ taxmuftuefrsm; aygif;xnfhNyD; stress
points, lines ESifh areas rsm;udk Munfh½IavhvmEdkifygonf/
AutoCAD 2005 Enhancements
AutoCAD Mechanical onf urÇmtESHY 2D draft-
ing ESihf detailing wGif OD;aqmifaeonfh AutoCAD aqmhz0f J
udk operating system oabm tajcjyKygonf/ qkv d o
dk nfrmS
rsm;pGmaom AutoCAD feature topfawGonf oifhqD
wkduf½kdufa&muf&SdvmrSmjzpfonf/
Dimensioning
oif\ twkdif;twm trSwftom; dimension onf
tjrJrSefuefvsuf&SdaMumif; ,HkMunfpdwfcspGmjzifh part and
assembly drawing rsm;udk vG,u f vl sifjrefpmG tajymif;tvJ
vkyfEkdifonf/ ordinate odkYr[kwf baseline dimensions
twGuf Automatic Dimensioning udkoHk;yg/ oifa&G;cs,f
onfh *JMoarBwDtay: rlwnfí linear, readial ESifh dia-
metrical dimension trsdK;tpm;rsm; zefwD;&ef Power Di-
mension udkoHk;yg/ Dimension udk format jyKvkyfí fits
odkYr[kwf talerances rsm;udk csufcsif; odkYr[kwf aemufydkif;
wGif aygif;xnfhyg/ Smart Dimension jzifhqdkvQif tydkqk
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apNyD; wpfckrSwpfckokdY vnf;aumif;? tpdwftydkif;wpfckrS
vnf;aumif; qDavsmfonfh offset distance wGif &Sdae&ef
dimensions udk qDavsmfonfh ajymif;vJrI tvdktavsmuf
jzpfaponf/

Balloons and Bills of Materials

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azmfxkwfxm;onfh part list function wGif ballooms ESifh
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onf/ Assembly wpfckwGif balloom rsm; BudKufoavmuf
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hf pfck
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AutoCAD Mechanical u oif\Bom udk xufatmuf
qifhuJzGJYpnf;yHk (hierarchical structure) jzifh xnfhoGif;Ekdif
pGrf;ay;xm;onf/ parts lists onf AutoCAD Mechnical
rS xnfhoGif;ay;xm;onfh standard parts rsm;udk tvkd
tavsmuf rSwfrdod&SdNyD; 'DZkdif; process wpfckvHk;okdY ½kyfjcnf;

128 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

Annotations
oauFwrsm;udk tpuaepqGJzkdY odkYr[kwf oauFw
static block libraries a[mif;rsm;rS &nfnTef;ac:,lzkdY rxm;
vdkufyg/ AutoCAD Mechanical wGif surface feature,
geometric dimensioning ESifh tolerancing, target ESifh
weld wdkYtwGuf pHjyKowfrSwfxm;onfh oauFwrsm; zefwD;
onfh commands rsm; yg0ifonf/ þ setting udk oHk;jcif;
tm;jzifh oauFwrsm;udk oif\'DZidk ;f okYd tvdt
k avsmuf pau;
udkufjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufay;onf/
2D Standard parts, Features and Holes
tpdwftydkif; &maxmifcsDí yg0ifaom puf,EÅ&m;rsm;
ESifh qufpyfywfoufonfhtcg tpuaeom pqGJ&rnfqkd
vQif &ufaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef,l&Ekdifonf/ AutoCAD Me-
chanical u 'DtjzpfrsdK;udk oifh'DZkdif;wGif a&G;cs,foHk;pJG
Ekdifrnfh BudKwifa&;qGJNyD;om; standard-based parts rsm;
700,000 axmufyaHh y;xm;jcif;jzifh ajymif;vJay;vku
d yf gonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
¤if;pm&if;wGif screus, nuts, washers, pins, r0ivets, bush-
ing ESifh tjcm;toHk;rsm;onfh tpdwftydkif;rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/
undercuts, keyways ESifh thread ends uhJodkY BudKwifa&;
qGJxm;onfh standard feature rsm; 100,000 rQ &Sdonf/
¤if;wkdYudk 'DZkdif;wGkif aygif;pyf xnfhoGif;onfhtcg feature
xnhfoGif;onfhae&mrS t&mrsm;udk tvkdtavsmuf &Sif;vif;
ay;ojzifh ukd,fwkdifudk,fus edit jyKvkyf&ef rvdkawmhay/
AutoCAD Mechanical wGif blind ESifh oblong holes
rsm; tygt0if BudKwifa&;qGJxm;onfh holes aygif; 8,000
ausmfvnf; yg0ifonf/ ¤if; holes rsm;onfvnf; stan-
dard feature uhJodkY csxm;onfhae&mudk &Sif;vif;ypfygonf/
Screw Connection
AutoCAD Mechanical wGif tjcm;t"du tcsdefukef
ouf o maprnf h pG r f ; &nf r S m fasterer assemblies ud k
wpfcsDwnf; tNyD; 'DZdkif;qifEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/ oifxnfhoGif;
vkdonfh screw trsdK;tpm;udk a&G;cs,faumuf,lvdkufvQif
aqmhzf0Ju rSefuefonfh nuts, washers ESifh holes udk azmfjy
ay;onf/ fasterer udk b,fem;xm;csifvJ/ nTefjyay;vkduf
vQif fasterer assembly wpfckvHk; oufqkdif&m holes wGif
a&muf&SdoGm;ygNyD/ commection wpfckcsif;pDodkY 0eftm; in-
put ay;vdkufvQif tvdktavsmuf odjrifem;vnfvG,fonfh
user interface u oifh'DZkdif; jzpfEkdifacs&Sdr&Sd qHk;jzwfzkdY tul
tnD ay;ygvdrfhrnf/
129
 ART OF GAME :
WARS BATTLEFRONT
Genre : Action
Platform : XBox, Playstation 2, PC
ESRB : Teen-Violence
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"Historical Campaigns" vnf; yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wGif Rebel
Alliance, Galactic Empire, Republic (lone Army) ESifh
separalist Battle Droids BudKuf&mbufrS 0ifa&mufupm;Eki
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oufvkdY tqHk;rowfEkdifaom upm;p&mawG? t0wftxnf
awG? pmtkyfawGtjyif aMomf [kwfwmaygh/ *drf;awGudkvnf;
rjywf awGU&SdvkdYae&ygw,f/
Star Wars pMu0VmxJrSm ,mOfarmif;NydKifyGJeJY RTS
awGutp Zmwfvrf;o½kyfazmf adventure *drf;aygif;rsm;pGm
vnf; pHkvifvSygNyD/ pandemic Studio uawmh 2002 rSm
Lucasarts twGuf Star Wars: The Clone Wars udk azmf
xkwaf y;NyD;whaJ emuf Star Wars *dr;f xkwv f yk o
f rl sm; pm&if;xJ
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uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
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demic [m aemufxyf Star Wars *drf; vkyfydkifcGifhudk jrefjref
qefqefyJ xyfrH&&SdchJygw,f/
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tcg upm;orm;awGtwGuf ½kyf&SifZmwfuGufawGxJrS pdwf
d f
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r,fqkdwm Pandemic Studio trIaqmif xkwfvkyfol Greg
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udk prvkycf if Battlefield 1942 eJY tjcm;tzGUJ vdu
k uf pm;&whJ
first person shooter awGudk tawmfav; upm;chJMuw,fvdkY
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awGrsm; xkwfEkwf,lEkdifchJygovJ/
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bettlezone pD;&D;awGrSm uRefawmfwkdY a&muf&SdzkdY BudK;pm;chJwhJ
132
 ART OF GAME
aemuftqifhwpfqifhudk tJ'gu csrSwfay;chJw,f/ tzGJUvdkuf
tGevf ikd ;f upm;&mrSm tpkvu dk t f NyHKvkud f wpfa,mufwpfayguf
ypfcwfwkdufaewmrsdK; r[kwfbJ enf;AsL[mav;pGufNyD;
wkud yf uJG kd b,fvadk zmfaqmif&rvJqw dk Jh t,ltqjzpfygw,f/
tJ't D csdeu f uRefawmfwYdk [m Clone Wars *dr;f awGrmS multi-
player yHkpH azmfxkwfEkdifr,fh tvm;tvmudk uRefawmfwkdY
jrifchJw,f/ Battlefield upm;whJtcsdefeJY Battlezone &JU
udk,fydkiftawGUtBuHKawGu uRefawmfwdkY trsm;qHk;xkwfEkwf
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ity udk Star Wars Battlefront rSm zrf;qkyfEkdifzkdY uRefawmfwdkY
vdkvm;chJygw,f/
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w,f/ Single-player campaign rSm mission b,favmuf
rsm;rsm; yg ygovJ/
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b,fwkef;urS rupm;zl;whJolawGvJ trsm;BuD;&SdEkdifw,fvdkY
uRefawmfwu G x
f m;ygw,f/ olwYkd twGuf qGaJ qmifrt I m;jyif;
whJ single-player awGUBuHKcHpm;rIay;EkdifzdkYyg/ single-player
twGuf campaign mission (16) ckyg0ifygw,f/ Star Wars
½kyf&Sif Episode I uae VI txdxu J r[mwku d yf BJG uD;awGqD
cifAsm;udk ac:aqmifomG ;rSmyg/ *vufZBD uD;wpfcv k ;kH xde;f csKyf
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odrf;ydkufzkdY Galactic Conquest qdkwhJ tuefYtowf r&Sd
vkeD;yg; single-player gameplay udk cGifhjyKwhJ upm;enf;
mode wpfckvnf; ygygao;w,f/ Galatic Conquest rSm
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ol&Jaumif;awGawmif &Ekdifao;w,f/ b,fN*dKvfudk wkduf
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qHk;jzwfEkdifw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ NydKifbuf AI uvJ
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tGev f ikd ;f ay: b,fawmhrS wufrupm;bl;qk&d ifawmif auseyf
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pDrHvkyfaqmifcJhygovJ/
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133
 ART OF GAME
strategic *drf;rsdK;udk BudKufolawGtwGuf b,fvdk a&G;cs,fykdif
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138 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

Review >> games
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Mumjrifph mG apmifph m;cJ&h aom Half-Life 2 udk ,aeU &Edik yf gNy/D xdxrd rd d upm;Edik &f ef
oif\ PC udk tqifh jri§ zhf aYkd wmh vdyk gvrd rhf nf/oifu
1. Graphics card
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upm;&mwGif pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk xd
a&muf a p&ef graphics card onf
ta&;BuD;aom ypön;f tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfck
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wdkYwGif FSAA (full-screen anti-
aliasing) ESifh AF (anisotropic filter-
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GeForce 6 tajccH graphics card rsm;
udkom pGJrufolrsm;twGuf ¤if;vdktyf
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&nf ydkí jrefaom ATI chips udk toHk;
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h eG yf sLwmudk b,fvkd pGr;f &nf wd;k jri§ &hf r,fqw
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odkYaomfvnf; Valve Software \
yifwdkif ynm&Sif wpfOD;jzpfol Gary
McTaggart u *de;f r*¾Zif; PC Gamer
ESifh tifwmjAL;wpfckwGif awGUqHk&mwGif
Half-Life 2 udk upm;zdYk &m X800 trsKd ;
tpm; card u GeForce 6800 xuf
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tra u'frsm;udk puFmylEdkifiH? Sim Lim
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aps;vnf; oufomaom ATI 's X800
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2. Processor
aemufwpfcsuf vdktyfonfu
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puFmyla':vm 1929 xufawmh avsmh
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Half-Life 2 upm;zdYk&m 512MB
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4. Hard disk
tvkyf vkyfaeaom hard disk
drive wpfvHk;onf wpf*spf*spfjrnfí
tcsuftvufwdkYudk &SmazGvkyfaqmif
wwfonf/ ¤if;wdYk wiG f Western Digi-
tal Raptor 10K udk ñTef;vdkygonf/
vnfywfru I vnf; 10,000 rpm (revo-
lutions per minute) &dSonf/ xdk hard
disk ESpfvHk;udk Raid (redundatn ar-
ray of independent disks) wG i f
wyfqifí tvkyf vkyMf unfah pvdo k nf/
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ygrnf/
The Straits Times
November 16, 2004. Digital Life.
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Half-Life 2 onf aemufq;kH rSmawmh touf0ifcNhJ yjD zpfonf/
Half-Life 2 onf aMunmxm;onfxuf 14 vrQ aemufuscJh&onf/
taMumif;rsm;u Zmwfvrf;wGJwpfckvdk &Snfvsm;vSonf/ Software oauFw
aygufMum;rIrsm;? vdkufvHwkyrIrsm;? wDxGifolESifh xkwfvkyfolwdkYtMum;
jzpfyGm;&onfh trItcif;rsm; ponf taESmihft,Sufrsm;pGm &dScJhonf/
Edk0ifbm 1998 1998? Half-Life udk aps;
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f ufco
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Counter Strike vnf; xGufvmonf/
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wkdif;wdkufcwfonfhtvm; vIyf&Sm;cJh&
onf/
Edk0ifbm 2000 2000? Counter Strike tae
jzifh Half-Life 2 udk wDxGifol Valve
Software \ w&m;0if cGifhjyKcsufudk&
&dScJhNyD;jzpfí qufvuf a&mif;cscJhonf/
ZGefv 2003
2003? Half-Life \ aemuf
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cJhonf/ uGefysLwm *def;orm;wdkY tm;cJ
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2003? xkwfvkyfol Vivendi
Universal Games (VUG) u Half-
Life 2 \ aESmifhaES;MuefYMumrIrsm;udk
aMunmcJhonf/
atmufwdkbm 2003 2003? Valve rS aMunm
csufrsm;t& [ufumwpfOD;u ukrÜPD
wnfaxmifol Gabe Newell \ uGeyf sL
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rsm;udk Internet wGif azmfjyxm;NyD;
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xm;onfudk awGUMu&onf/
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Half-Life 2 udk tNyD;owf software
xkwfvkyfrItjzpf a&yef;pm;aeaom
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onf/ Valve software toH;k jyKolrsm;
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vdt
k yfcsurf sm;ESiv
hf nf; toHk;jyKEdkifzdkY&ef vrf;nTefygrnf/ jzpfonf/ ¤if;twGuf Windows sys-
tem u rnfodkUydwf&rnfudk tqifhqifh
udu
k n
f D apygrnf/ pwif zGifYjcif;ESifY ydwfjcif; azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ uGefysLwmudk
oifonf oif\ uGeyf sLwmudk zGihf yHkrSeftwdkif; (Turn Off Computer)
vdu
k ?f ydwvf u
kd jf zifh tBudraf ygif; ajrmuf ydwv f ukd o
f nft h cg Windows system
jrm;pGm jyKvkyfcJhNyD;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ wpf onf tvkyfvkyfvufp program rsm;
enf;tm;jzifh oif owfrSwfxm;onfh udk &yfqdkif;apjcif;? save rvkyf&ao;
trdefY? tcsuftvufrsm;udk bufx&D aom files rsm;udk pepfwus save jyK
uav;u pkaqmif;odkavSmifxm;NyD; vkyfjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Gufay;ygonf/

148 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f


Disk Cleanup utility ud k
toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh oif\ hard
disk udk ae&m ydkrdkvGwfapygonf/
xdkodkY tm;vHk;udk pepfwus aqmif½Guf
NyD;ygrS oifhtm; It is now safe to turn
off your computer [lí owday;yg
vdrfYrnf/ ¤if;wdkUonf pepfusaom
vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/ oift h aejzifh
uGeyf sLwmudk tvsiftjref ydwv f u
kd Ef ikd f
aomfvnf; pepftm;jzifh yHkrSef r[kwf
yg/
zdkifrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;
oif\ zdkifrsm;udk hard disk ay:
wGif wpfpw k pfa0;wnf; odr;f qnf;xm;
jcif;tm;jzifh jyefvnf&SmazG& vG,ful
ouJo h Ykd hard disk ay:wGiv f nf; ae&m
vGwf ydrk &kd &daS pygrnf/ tcgtm;avsmpf mG
Add Or Remove (program) udk zGiYf í
ppfaq;Munfh½Ium toHk;rjyKawmhaom
program tydr k sm;udk pepfwus z,f&mS ;
oifhygonf/
WindowsXP \ Disk Cleanup
application onfoif\ hard disk
drive wGif ae&mvGwf ydkrdk&&dSap&ef zef
wD;ay;ygonf/ Application wpfcck u k kd
uGefysLwmodkU installation vkyfpOfu
usefcJhaom log files rsm;? temporary
internet files rsm;ponf toHk;rjyK
awmhaom files rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;yg
vdrrhf nf/ trdu I yf ;kH recycle bin twGi;f
rS oifz,f&Sm;xm;aom files rsm;udkyg
½Sif;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;odkY Start rS
wpfqifY All Programs ~ Accessories
~ System Tools ~ Disk Cleanup jzifh
0ifa&mufEdkifygonf/
uGefysLwmtawGUtMuHK½dSol tcsdKU
uvnf; oif\ hard disk udk tcg
tm;avsmpf mG defragmenting jyKvky&f ef
tMuHay;Muygonf/ ¤if; defrag util-
ity onf hard disk ay:wGif ae&mtESHY
jyefYusJaeaom files rsm;udk oufqikd &f m
tkyfpkrsm;tvdkuf jyefvnf pkpnf;ay;
ygonf/ odkYjzifh files rsm;udk &SmazG&
ydkrdkjrefqefvmygvdrfhrnf/
qdk;0g;aom t&mrSeforQ
z,fxkwf&ef
uG e f y sLwmtwG i f ; rS viruses,
spyware rsm;ESifh tpDtpOfrus ysuf
pD;aeaom software rsm;udk z,fxkwf
&rnfh tvkyfonf txl;ta&;ygaom
vkyfief;jzpfonf/ trmcHvufeufrsm;
tjzpf Internet firewall, antivirus
software ESifh anti-spyware (utility)
wdkYudk tNrJ aqmifxm;&efjzpfonf/
Firewall software od k Y r [k w f
hardware onf oif\ uGefysLwmudk
tjcm;aom rdrd vkyfief;ESifh roufqdkif
onfh uGefysLwmrsm;rS (Internet udk
toHk;jyKí) 0ifa&mufqufoG,fjcif;udk
tumtuG,fjyKay;Edkifonf/ tu,fí
oif\ uGefysLwmwGif cable modem
(odYk r[kw)f DSL (Digital Subscriber
Line) wyfqifxm;vQif firewall udk
rjzpfrae toHk;jyK&ayvdrfhrnf/ oif
onf online taetxm;wGif ½dSaepOf
wpfpw kH pfO;D u oif\ vHjk cHKrq
I ikd &f mpepf
rsm;udk ausmfjzwfí oif\uGefysLwm
wGif;odkY 0ifa&muf&ef BudK;pm;jcif;udk
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
firewall u tumtuG,f ay;ygvdrfh
rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh oifhuGefysLwm
wGif;rS files rsm; 0ifa&mufcdk;Munfhjcif;
rS umuG,fxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
WinsXP wGif ¤if; firewall udk
¤if;\ pepftwGif;ü xnfYoGif;xm;yg
onf/ ¤if;udk aqmif&GufvdkvQif Start
rSwpfqifh Control Panel ¤if;aemuf
Network and Internet Connections
udk double-click jyKvkyfí zGifhyg/ ¤if;
aemuf Internet Options okdUr[kwf
Network Connections wGif oif jyK
vkyv f akd om connection wpfcck t k wGuf
¤if;ukd ud, k pf m;jyKxm;aom icon tay:
(highlight) jyKvkyí f (b,fbuftydik ;f
wGif) ½dSaom Change Settings Of
This Connection udk a½G;cs,fyg/ ¤if;
connection \ Properties window
ay:vmaomtcg Advanced tab odkY
oGm;í Protect My Computer And
Network By Limiting Or Prevent-
ing Access To This Computer From
The Internet (checkbox) udk xyfrH
a&G;cs,fyg/ Windows98 wGif ¤if;
firewall r&daS omfvnf; xyfrx H nfoh iG ;f
Edkifygonf/ Internet rSwpfqifh Zone-
Alarm udk download jyKvkyf&,lí
installation jyKvkyy f g/ ¤if;onf tajc
cH firewall wpfckjzpfí Windows 98/
Me/XP wdYkwi G f aumif;pGm tvkyv f yk Ef ikd f
ygonf/ vdypf mrSm (free: http://www.
zonelabs.com/) jzpfí 4if; free ver-
sion onf modem ESifh broadband
connection wdkUwGif tvkyfvkyfEdkifí
0ifa&mufvmaom e-mail rsm;udk scan-
ning vkyjf cif;? file vHNk cHKrIqikd &f m aqmif
½Gucf sufrsm; ponf ydrk jkd ynfph akH om Pro
version twGufrl a':vm 49.95 ay;
aqmif&ygrnf/
aemuf vkyfaqmif&rnfh tvkyf
wpfckonf spyware ESifh adware rsm;
149
 Basic
T R O U B L E S
udk z,f&Sm;ypf&efjzpfonf/ Spyware
onf software wpfckjzpfí owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;udk Internet rS wpf
qifh oifhxHodkY wdwfwcdk; ay;ydkYwwf
onf/ ¤if;jzpf&yfrsdK;rSm oifonf Web
site wpfcktwGif;odkU 0ifa&mufvkyfudkif
aepOf odkYr[kwf credit card numbers
ponf ud, k yf ikd f vHNk cHKrIqikd &f mpepfrsm;udk
toHk;jyKaepOf? oif\ keystroke ½kdkuf
csufrsm;udk zrf;,lwwfonf/ wpfenf;
tm;jzifh tcGifhta&;udk t&,lwwf
onf/ Adware rsm;vnf; aMumfjim
rsuEf mS jyifay:odYk rzdwaf c:bJ 0ifa&muf
vmwwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H ¤if;wdkUudk
z,fxkwfí r& jzpfwwfonf/ oif\
uGefysLwmrS ¤if;wdkYudk z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef
twGuf Ad-aware (www.lavasoft-
usa.com/software/adware) ESihf Spy-
bot Search & Destroy (www.safer-
networking.org/en/spybotsd) wdkU
udk free download &,lí toH;k jyKEdik yf g
onf/ ¤if;wdkYudk wpfvvQif wpfBudrf
odkYr[kwf vdktyfonfhtcgwdkif; toHk;
jyKay;&ef jzpfonf/
oif \ uG e f y sLwmtwG i f ; wG i f
Antivirus software rsm; tjrJrjywf
xnfhoGif; tvkyfvkyfaeapjcif;onf
vnf; ta&;BuD;aom tpdwftydkif;
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ Windows pepfoHk;
uGefysLwmwdkif; vdktyfonf/ oifonf
0ifa&mufvmonfh e-mail rsm;udk zGifh
rMunfw h wfyg[kqo kd nfYwikd ?f wpfenf;
tm;jzifh uGeyf sLwmudk tjcm;aom tum
tuG,fpepfrsm; tjynfht0xm;í pepf
wus owdxm;í oHk;wwfygonf[k
qdkonfhwkdif antivirus software udk
awmh vdktyfygonf/ oifonf oif\
uGeyf sLwmudk tumtuG,jf yK½Hk twGuf
twm;tqD; BuD;BuD;rm;rm; vkyf&onf
udk rvdkvm;yg[kqdkvQif AntiVir Per-
sonal Edition (http://www.free-
150
H O O T I N G
av.com/) ESifh AVG Anti-Virus Free
Edition (free.grisoft.com) wdkYudk oHk;
MunfhEdkifygonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf udk,fydkif
toHk;jyKEdkif&ef tcrJhay;xm;aom soft-
ware rsm; jzpfonf/
McAfee(http://www. mca
fee.com/), Symantec (http://www.
symantec.com/) ESifh Trend Micro
(http://www.trendmicro.com/) wdkY
u vkyfief;oHk;rsm;twGufjzpfonf/ odkY
r[kwf tcrJh toHk;jyKcGifhjyKxm;aom
free software rsm;udk tm;r&yg[k qdk
vmvQif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
tcsdKUaom antivirus software
(programs) rsm;onf wpfBudrf oGif;
xm;½HkjzifY tNrJ oHk;aeEdkifonf/ ¤if;wdkY
onf oif\ uGefysLwmpepftwGif;
'kua© y;rnfh t&mrsm;udk tvdt k avsmuf
&SmazGay;aernf jzpfonf/ tcsdKU pro-
Disk Defragmenter onf oif\
hard disk udk vkyfief;aqmif½Guf
rIrsm; ydkrdk jrefqefapygrnf/
gram rsm;udv
k nf; tcsdeyf ikd ;f tavsmuf
½SmazGppfaq;&ef vdtk yfygonf/ rnfoYkd
yifjzpfap ¤if; antivirus software rsm;
udk wpfywfvQif wpfBudrf odYk r[kwf ydí
k tax records rsm;? udk,fa&; data files
toHk;jyK&ef tavYtusifhawmh vkyf&ef
vdktyfygrnf/
oifonf oD;jcm; firewall, spy-
ware-blocker ESifY antivirus utilities
rsm; okdUr[kwf Norton Internet Se-
curity ($69.95: http://www.
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
symantec.com/)uJhodkYaom software
vufeuf wpfckcsif;udkvnf; toHk;jyK
Edkifygao;onf/
odrf;qnf;jcif;
oif\ uGefysLwmwpfckvHk;wGif
hard drive udk tonf;ESpfvHk;tjzpf
wifpm;xm;ygonf/ odkUaomfvnf;
¤if;onf rarQmfvifYaom jyóemrsm;
jzpfay: wwfonfh tm;enf;csut f &dqS ;kH
ypön;f wpfcv k nf;jzpfaeonf/ odUk jzpfí
hard disk ESifh ywfoufí ta&;tBuD;
qH;k vkyaf qmifcsuw f pfcrk mS yHrk eS f back-
ups jyKvkyf&ef jzpfonf/ Hard disk
wGif computer virus wdkYudk vufcHrdí
pdwyf sufz, G f tjzpftysufwYkd ay:ayguf
&jcif;? hard disk ysufpD;jcif;? uGefysL
wm aysmufq;kH jcif;? rD;avmifysupf ;D jcif;
ponfwYkd u oif\tcsuftvuf data
tm;vHk;udk ysufpD;? aysmufqHk;aprnf
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí ¤if; tcsuftvuf
data rsm;udk tjcm;wpfae&mwGif odrf;
qnf;xm;Edkif&ef backups jyKvkyfxm;
jcif;onfom taumif;qH;k aom pdwcf s
&onfY enf;vrf;om jzpfygonf/
Backups aqmif½Gufcsuf enf;
vrf;rsm; trsm;tjym; &dSonf/ uGefysL
wmrS files, data rsm;udk save vkyw f wf
onfh tavhtusifhonfvnf; cufcJvS
onfr[kwyf g/ uGeyf sLwmoH;k ol trsm;
pku file wpfcck si;f udk backup jyKvyk &f ef
0efav;Muygonf/ tcsdefray;Edkifí
vnf; jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; oif
ud,k wf ikd f wnfaqmufa&;om;xm;aom
rsm;? vufc&H ½dx S m;aom email rsm; ESiYf
digital pictures ponf wdUk udk backup
jyKvkyfxm;&ef vdktyfygrnf/
,cktcg uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKol
rsm;twGuf backup jyKvkyf& tvG,f
qH;k enf;vrf;onf ¤if; files rsm;udk CD
odkYr[kwf DVD wGif ul;wifxm;jcif;
yif jzpfonf/ odkUaomf ¤if;twGuf CD
odkYr[kwf DVD burner wyfqifxm;
&ef vdt k yfygrnf/ oif\ta&;BuD;aom
files rsm;udk CD wGix f nfYoiG ;f í tjcm;
wpfae&m&mwGif odrf;qnf;xm;Edkifyg
onf/ CD udk toHk;jyK&mwGif emrnf
½dSNyD;aom branded CD wdkYudkom oHk;
oifhygonf/ aps;aygí t&nftcsif;
nHhzsif;aom tcsdKU CD wdkYonf a&&Snf
wGif ckdifNrJrIr&dSbJ pD'DxJrStcsuftvuf
rsm;udk vsifjrefpmG ysufp;D apEdik yf gonf/
¤if; CD rsm;udk vHkjcHKrI½dSaom oD;
oefYae&mwGif odrf;qnf;xm;oifhyg
onf/ tcsuftvuf tenf;tyg;
twGurf l floppy disk odUk r[kwf USB
(Universal Serial Bus) drive jzifY
odrf;qnf;xm;Edkifygonf/ tjcm;enf;
vrf;wpfckrSm online backup service
udk toH;k jyKjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ ¤if;wGif
Ibackup (http://www.ibackup.com/)
ESifY CLiveVault (http://www. live-
vault.com/) wdkU jzpfMuonf/
¤if;vkyfief;rS oif\ files rsm;udk
vQdKU0SufpmtoGif ajymif;vJay;NyD; In-
ternet servers rsm;odkU wifxm;ay;yg
vdrfhrnf/ xkdodkY odrf;qnf;ay;xm;jcif;
twGuf oifonf ylyifp&mrvdkaom
backup enf;vrf;wpfck jzpfonf/
uGefysLwmudk oefY&Sif;aeapjcif;
oif\ uGeyf sLwmudk yHrk eS of efU&Si;f
aeapjcif;onf ¤if;uGefysLwm cRwf
,Gif;aernfh tcsdefESifh jyifqifp&dwfwdkY
udk rsm;pGm avQmYcsay;rnfjzpfNyD; usef;
rma&; vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhvnf; udkufnD
apygrnf/ uGefysLwmwpfvHk;ukd oefU
&Si;f a&;jyKvkyjf cif;vkyif ef;onf vG,u f l
½d;k pif;aom tvkyw f pfcok m jzpfygonf/
Computer case, mouse, printer
ponf tjyifudk,fxnfwdkYudk qyfjym
&nf aysmhaysmhxnfhxm;aom a&cyfaEG;
aEG;wGif t0wfpwpfpjzifh pdrf,lí
tnpftaMu;rsm;udk yGww f ukd f &Si;f vif;
Edkifygonf/ uGefysLwm0ef;usif&dS zkef?
trdIufrsm;udkvnf; z,f&Sm;&ef vdktyf
ygonf/ odkYrSom casing twGif;rS
yefumu jyifyzkefrsm;udk pkyf,ljcif;rS
uif;a0;apygrnf/
tu,fí oifonf uGefysLwm
casing yHk;udk zGifh&onfrSm tqifajyyg
u ESpfpOf casing udkzGifYívnf;aumif;
odkUr[kwf casing twGif; ypönf;wpfck
ck vJvS,fwyfqifcsdefrsm;wGif oefY&Sif;
a&; jyKvky&f ef vdt k yfygrnf/ oifx h w H iG f
zkepf yk o
f nfph ufuav; (small vacuum
cleaner) &dSygu CPU tay:rS yefum
i,f? RAM, VGA, sound card ponfh
u'frsm;ESifY motherboard ay:rS zkef
rsm;udkpkyf,lEdkifygonf/ ¤if;twGuf
brush ti,fpm;av;udkvnf; toHk;jyK
Edkifygonf/ avrIwfpuf? avpkyfpuf
tBuD;pm;rsm;udk roHk;oifhyg/ ¤if;wdkY
onftvGefEkaom ypönf;av;rsm;udk
ysufpD;apEdkifygonf/ avrIwfpufu
trdIufrsm;udk ydkrdk ysHUvGifhapEdkifygonf/
Monitor udk tpif;rxifap&ef *½k
pdkuf&ygrnf/ ¤if;twGuf Windex
odkYr[kwf vinegar tjzLa&mifESifh a&
a&mpyfxm;onft h &nfukd oefY&iS ;f aom
t0wfp (rsufrSefokwfonfh t0wfrsdK;)
jzifh jznf;nif;pGm okw&f ygrnf/ Moni-
tor udk jzpfap? tjcm; uGefysLwmypönf;
rsm;udkjzpfap t&nfwpfckckjzifY yuf
avmif;jcif;? wdu k ½f u
kd f avmif;csjcif;rsdK;
rjyKvkyf&yg/ xkdYaemuf t0wfpwpfck
jzifh ajcmufaoGUatmifow k af y;&ygrnf/
Keyboard rsm;twGuf yGwfwdkuf
vkyu f ikd &f rnfh ae&mtaetxm; cufcyJ g
rnf/ yxrOD;pGm keyboard udk vuf
jzifhudkifí arSmufcgcs&ef jzpfygonf/
Keyboard wGif tjzpfrsm;onfrSm ydk;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
rTm;taumifwdkU\ acs;rsm;? tpm;tpm
wpfckck\ t<uif;tusefrsm;? vuf&m
rsm; pkjyHK usefaejcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;
twGuf avrIwfpufudk toHk;jyKEdkifyg
onf/ xdkUaemuf ydk;owfaq;&nf odkY
r[kwf tpGef;cRwfonfh t&nfwpfrsdK;
rsdK;jzifh yGwfwdkuf&ygrnf/ ¤if;enf;jzifY
mouse, case paom jyifyudk,fxnf
rsm;udkvnf; yGwfwdkufEdkifygonf/ odkY
jzifh bacteria ESifY viruses ydk;rsm; wG,f
uyfraeap&ef jzpfonf/
uGefysLwmudk a½TUajymif;jcif;
uG e f y sLwmud k toH k ; jyKaepOf
twGif; processor, video card ponf
wdYk onf tvGeyf al eMuygonf/ ¤if;tyl
csdef vGefuJjcif;rsm;twGuf a&TUvsm;
aeaom avat;uom xdef;xm;ae&
onf/ odkYtwGuf uGefysLwmtwGif;
av0ifavxGuf aumif;rGef&ygrnf/
uGefysLwmtwGif;rS yefumi,fuav;
u ¤if;avaMumif;udk zefwD; xdef;odrf;
xm;&onf/ odkUwdkif avylrsm;udk jyify
odkY xGufEdkif&ef vdktyfygonf/ yefum
wpfvHk;rSm power supply twGif;wGif
½dSí wpfvHk;rSm processor tay:wGif
wyfqifxm;wwfonf/ tcsdKU casing
rsm;wGif udk,fxnftwGif;ydkif;ü wyf
qifxm;Muygonf/ ¤if;yefumi,f
uav;rsm; acs;? zkefrIefYrsm;jzifh rydwf
qdkY&efESifh casing yHk;udkvnf; av0if
avxGuf ydwfaeaom ae&mrsdK;wGif
rxm;oifyh g/ txl;ojzifh casing yH;k udk
tvHkydwfxm;aom ae&mrsdK;wGif rxm;
&yg/ ¤if;avylrsm;onf uGefysLwm
twGif;odkY jyefí vnfywf 0ifaewwf
ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh uGeyf sLwmudk
ae&m tus,ft0ef; tenf;i,fay;í
xm;&ygrnf/
uG e f y sLwmud k toH k ; jyKaepOf
taMumif;wpfckckaMumifh ae&mtxm;
151
 Basic
T R O U B L E S
todk a&TUajymif;&ef jzpfay:wwfyg
onf/ rD;BudK;? cable BudK;rsm;rrDíjzpf
ap? ae&mvGwf vdktyfíjzpfap vufr
tenf;i,frQomajymif;a&TUvdo k nfvnf;
jzpfygrnf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifY
jzpfap uGefysLwmudk vHk;0ydwfNyD;rS
ajymif;a&TUoifYygonf/ txl;ojzifY
vnfywfaeaom hard disk \ read/
write acgif;rsm;onf platter tjym;
rsm;ESifY razmfjyEdkifavmufatmif eD;uyf
vSygonf/ a&TUajymif;pOf ¤if; read/
write acgif;rsm;u xdcdkufrdum oif\
data tcsuftvufrsm;udk ysufpD;apyg
vdrfhrnf/ tcefYroifhvQif hard disk
wpfckvHk;udk ysufpD;apEdkifygonf/ uGef
ysLwmudk vHk;0ydwfvdkufonfESifh ¤if;
read/write head acgif;rsm;onf pdwf
cs&onfhae&modkU jyefa½GUoGm;ygonf/
vkyfief;cGifwGif tqifajypGm
aewwfjcif;
oif\ uGefysLwmudk Mum&SnfpGm
toH;k jyKEdik af &;twGuf BudKwifumuG,f
jcif;? oefY&Sif;jcif;udp&ö yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;
&ouJhokdY uGefysLwm vkyfief;cGifwGif
a&&Snftm;jzifh oifhusef;rma&;udk rxd
cdkufap&ef? tqifajypGm xdkifwwf&ef
vnf; vdktyfygonf/ uGefysLwmcHk
wGif xdkifí tvkyfvkyfudkifaepOf ouf
awmifhoufompGm aeEdkif&eftwGuf
vHak vmufaom ae&m tus,t f 0ef; &d&S
ygrnf/ odYkr[kwyf gu rdepf tenf;i,f
twGi;f rSmyif Zufausmwufjcif;? aemuf
ausmbufru S u
kd cf v
J mjcif;? vufacsmif;
rsm;ESihf vufaumuf0wfrsm; udu k cf v
J m
jcif;rsm; jzpfvmwwfonf/
odkYtwGuf xdkifcHkwGif xdkifaom
tcg oif\ ajcz0g;ESpfzufonf Murf;
ESifh wajy;wnf; &dSoifhygonf/ okdYr
[kwf ajcz0g;atmufwiG f tjrifh wpfcck k
cHxm;&ygrnf/ Monitor udk Munfhae
152
H O O T I N G
onfh taetxm;onf vnfyif;udk ikHY
xm;&jcif; odkYr[kwf armhxm;&jcif;rsdK;
r[kwb f J oufompGm Munfah eonfh yHpk H
rsdK; jzpf&ygrnf/ Monitor \ tjrifh
bufydkif;ESifh oif\ rsufvHk;wdkYonf
wpfwef;wnf; &dSoifhygonf/ Mouse
udk udik &f mwGiv
f nf; oif\vufukd a&SU
odkY rsm;pGm qefYwef;xm;&onfh tae
txm;rsdK; r[kwfbJ vufarmif;onf
oifhudk,fcE¨mbufwGif &dSae&ygrnf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh 90 'D*&DrQ auG;ae
oifhygonf/ Keyboard udk oifhudk,f
ESifh tvGef eD;uyfaomae&mwGif rxm;
oifhyg/ cg;atmufxuf edrfhaom ae&m
wGifvnf; rxm;oifhyg/
Power Player
oif\ uGefysLwmonf vQyfppf
pGrf;tif r&dSvQif rnfodkYrQ toHk;0ifrnf
r[kwfyg/ ¤if;vQyfppfpGrf;tifqdkonf
uvnf; yHkaopdwfcs&onfh t&mrsdK;
r[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfí uGefysLwmrsm;
twGuf vQyfppfpGrf;tm; jyóemqdk
onfu tcsdefra&G; jzpfay:Edkifonf/
oif\ tdrfoHk;vQyfppfonf rsm;aom
tm;jzifh 230 AdkY jzpfí ¤if;xufrsm;pGm
edrfhusonfjzpfap? 230 AdkYxuf ydkvm
onfjzpfap vQyfppfpGrf;tifoHk; ypönf;
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
rsm;wGif jyóemwpfpHkwpfck 0ifvm
wwfygonf/ uGefysLwmrsm;wGifvnf;
¤if; jyóemrsdK; jzpfapwwfí uGefysL
wmrsm;udk eH&HrD;yvyf? cvkyfrsm;jzifY
wdkuf½dkuf rqufoG,foifhyg/ tedrfhqHk;
surge protector udk Mum;cHxm;oifh
ygonf/ uGeyf sLwmudo k mru printer,
modem, hubs, ponfh jyifyypönf;
tm;vHk;udkyg protector wpfckck Mum;cH
xm;&ygrnf/ ¤if;ypönf;rsm;onfvnf;
aps;aygí pdwfrcs&aom ypönf;rsdK;
rjzpfoifhyg/
txufazmfjyyg BudKwifumuG,rf I
qdkif&m vkyfief;&yfrsm;onf oifhtm;
tydk 'ku©ay;jcif;rsm;[k xifaumif;
xifMuygrnf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkYonf
rvkyfEdkifaom vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfyg/
um;wpfpD;uJhodkYyif uGefysLwm wpfvHk;
onfvnf; rsm;pGm½IyfaxG;aom ypönf;
rsm;jzihf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tvkyfvkyfae
aom pufypön;f wpfcyk ifjzpfonf/ wpf
ywfvQif rdepftenf;i,frQ files rsm;udk
jyifqifxdef;odrf;jcif;? pkpnf;jcif;ESifY
oefY&Sif;apjcif;? ¤if;aemuf yHkrSef back-
up jyKvkyfjcif;wdkYonf oif\ uGefysL
wmudk ysufpD;jcif;rS a&&SnfwGif xdef;
xm;ayvdrfYrnf/
Ref: Smart Computing

y&ifwmwpfv;kH udk wyfqif&mü
driver ac: uGeyf sLwmpepfrS
vufcEH ikd &f ef csw
d q
f ufay;rnfh
y½d*k &rf aqmzf0h J vdt
k yfygonf/
uGefysLwmwGif printers rsm; wyfqifjcif;
uGefysLwmwpfvHk;wGif printers,
keyboards, monitors, mice wdkYudk
wyfqifjcif;onf xl;qef;onfh tvkyf
r[kwfyg/ uGefysLwm toHk;jyKolwdkif;
jyKvkyaf eus tvky[ f yk if qdEk ikd yf gonf/
odYk&mwGif printer wpfv;kH udk wyfqif&m
ü keyboard, monitor, mouse wdkU
uJhodkY r[kwfbJ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;u
tvdktavsmuf csdwfqufay;Edkifrnf
r[kwfyg/ ¤if;twGuf driver ac: uGef
ysLwmpepfrS vufcEH ikd &f ef csw d q f ufay;
rnfh program (software) vdktyfyg
onf/
Printer topfwpfcktaejzifh ¤if;
wGif (1) printer ESifhoufqdkifaom
aqmif½Guf&rnfh vrf;ñTefcsuf? tMuH
ay;csufrsm; yg0if a&;om;xm;onfh
pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;? (2) driver ac: ¤if;
printer udk uGefysLwmpepfrS vufcH
toHk;jyKEdkif&ef csdwfqufay;rnfh pro-
gram (software) wdkY yg0ifonf/
Printer driver (software) rsm;onf
CD-ROM (disc) rsm; jzpfMuonf/
oifhtaejzifh ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk ao
csmpGm zwf½í I aqmif½u G jf cif;jzifh trSm;
t,Gif;uif;onfh printer wpfvHk; wyf
qifjcif; tvkyfudk aumif;pGm vkyf
aqmifNyD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
,ck tcsdefrsm;ü printer rsm; 0,f
,l&mwGif azmfjyyg vrf;nTecf sufrsm; yg
0ifa&;om;xm;onfY manual book-
let ESihf driver disc (CD-ROM) wdUk udk
yl;wGJí xnfhoGif;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ odkY
wkdif oifhtaejzifh ¤if;vrf;nTefcsuf
manual udk todrf;vGefjcif;? &SmrawGU
jcif; (odUk r[kw)f vrf;ñTecf suf manual
udrk zwfbJ ud, k wf ikd f vkyaf qmifvykd gu
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk odxm;
vQif oifhtaejzifh printer wpfvHk;udk
95 &mcdik Ef eI ;f atmifjrifpmG jzifh wyfEikd yf g
vdrfhrnf/
1. Give it a test.
Printer udk oif\ uGefysLwmwGif
wyfqifjcif; (installation) rjyKvkyfrD
ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyfyg/ txl;ojzifh
¤if; printer onf tjcm;aom uGefysL
wmwpfvHk;wGif toHk;jyKaeonfh tae
txm;wGif ¤if;\ test page udk MunfY
Edkifygonf/ Oyrm color printer jzpf
ygu rifom;? ta&mif tajctaeudk
Munfhyg/ ¤if;twGuf web page wpf
rsufESmudk ½dkufxkwfjcif;u ppfaq;&ef
ydkrdk tqifajyygonf/ rif ink (or)
toner enf;aejcif; (odkYr[kwf) ukefae
NyDjzpfjcif;wdkYudk ppfMunfYEdkifygonf/
¤if;tajctaeudk error messages jy
ygvdrfYrnf/
¤if; error wdkUonf oif\ uGefysL
wmwGif printer wyfqifaomtcg rvdk
vm;tyfaom jyóemrsm; ay:vmEdkif
ygonf/
tu,fí printer onf ta[mif;
wpfv;kH jzpfaeNyD; tjcm;aom uGeyf sLwm
wGifvnf; wyfqifxm;jcif; r&dSygu
ppfaq;&ef tqifrajyEdkifaom tajc
taersd K ;wG i f ¤if ; printers wd k U \
model tay: rlwnfí prf;oyfrIrsm;
jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ tcsdKUaom printer
wdYk onf uGeyf sLwmESihf qufo, G rf I rjyK
xm;aomfvnf; ¤if; printer udk rD;BudK;
wyfí puúLxnfhum zGifhEdkifygonf/
prf;oyfrI tajctae (text) pmom;rsm;
udk ¤if; printer wGif ½dSaom LCD (or)
153
LED rsufESmjyifwGif jrifae&ygrnf/
¤if;wdkYonf laser printer rsm;wGif yg
&dSwwfNyD; inkjet printer rsm;wGif r½dS
yg/ odkUaomf printer ay:rS tcsufjy
rD;uav;rsm;\ wnfNidrfrIudk Munfhí
vnf; printer tajctaeudk odomEdkif
ygonf/ jyóem&daS evQif ¤if;tcsufjy
rD;av;wdkYonf rdSwfwkwfrdSwfwkwf jzpf
aeum rwnfNidraf om taetxm;wGif
jyaeygrnf/ Oyrm puúLxnfrh xm;vQif
puúLudknTefaom tcsufjyrD;u rdSwf
wkwf (vif;vdu k ?f aysmufvu kd )f jzpfaeyg
rnf/ xdt k cg puúL? pm½Gux f nfY&ef jzpf
onf/ vdktyfygu uGefysLwmudk jyefí
zGifYvdkuf&ygrnf/
Laser printer trsm;pkESifY inkjet
printer tcsdKUwdYk wi G f cvkww f Ykd ut
kd qif
ajyajy udkifwG,f toHk;jyKEdkif&ef test
page rsm;wGif &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;
wwfonf/ Laser printer wGif ¤if;
control panel ay:&dS Online okYd r[kwf
Menu cvkwfudk EdSyfjyD; Printer Test
Menu udk zwfEdkifonf/ vdktyfonfwdkY
udk jznfhpGuf ajymif;vJEdkifonf/ ¤if;wdkY
wGif toner rif vufusef tajctaeESiYf
printer \ memory ponfwdkYudk jy
xm;wwfonf/ ¤if;tcsuw f Ykdonf oifh
twGuf vdktyfcsufrsm;yif jzpfonf/
Lexmark ESifY EPSON inkjet
printer wdkYwGif uGefysLwmrygbJ udk,f
wdkif ppfaq;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
,cif HP ESifh Canon wdkYwGifvnf;
xdkUtwl aqmif½GufEdkifonf/ ¤if;udk jyK
vkyf&efrSm printer udk ydwfvdkufNyD; Pa-
per or Form Feed cvkwfudk vufjzifh
zdEdSyfxm;NyD; printer udk jyefzGifhyg/ oHk;
puúefYcefY tMumwGif ¤if;cvkwf (EdSyf
xm;jcif;)udk vTwfvdkufyg/ Printer rS
toHrsm;xGufvmum test page udk
xkwfay;vdrfYrnfjzpfonf/ rnfodkYyif
jzpfap ¤if; printer yHkrSef tvkyfvkyfEdkif
154
aMumif;ESihf rif vufusef tajctaewdUk
udk odEdkifygrnf/ tjcm;aom jyóem
rsm;twGufvnf; oufqdkif&m cvkwf
wpfcck u
k kd EdyS x
f m;um txufygtwdik ;f
jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ Oyrm Form Feed
Button tvkyf rvkyfjcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/
2. Check the ink.
tu,fí laser printer wpfck\
test page wGif bmrQrawGY&bJ tvGwf
csnf;om jzpfaeygu toner cartridge
wGif rifukefaeonfvnf; jzpfEdkifyg
onf/ odYk twGuf rifawmift h opf xnfh
&ygrnf? odkYr[kwf rifjznfh&ygrnf/
Inkjet printer wdkYtwGufrl oufqdkif
aom tcsufjy LED rD;uav;u rdSwf
wkwrf w Sd wf w
k jf zpfap? ta&mifwpfrsKd ;rsKd ;
ajymif;íjzpfap jyaeygvdrfYrnf/
¤if;wGif rifwpfbl; odkUr[kwf rif
bl;tm;vH;k rifuek cf ef;aejcif; odYk r[kwf
rifxGufonfY nozzle acgif; ydwfqdkYae
jcif;rsm; jzpfEdkifygonf/ Nozzle acgif;
ydwq f YkdrtI wGuf oefY&iS ;f a&;vkyaf y;rnfh
functions rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Inkjet printers wdkYwGif trnf;a&mif
oufoufEiS hf umvmta&mif rifb;l wdUk
oD;jcm; cGJxm;wwfí tcsdKU printers
rsm;wGif rnfonfYrifb;l wGif rifuek af e
NyDqokd nfukd oD;jcm;jyonf/ odYk twGuf
ukefcef;aeaom rifbl;udk vJvS,fjcif;
(odkUr[kwf) rif jznfYjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkif
ygonf/
¤if;rifbl; vJvS,f&ef nTefMum;
csufrsm;ESifY rifbl;trsdK;tpm; parts
eHygwf ponfwYkduv kd nf; trsm;tm;jzifY
printer \ tzHk;twGif;bufwGif yHkEdSyf
a&;om;xm;Muygonf/
3. Make a connection.
aemufwpfcsuf Munf&h rnfrmS uGef
ysLwmodkY vQyfppfpGrf;tifydkYrnfh rD;BudK;
ESihf uGeyf sLwmtcsut f vufwYkdukd o,f
aqmifay;rnfBh udK;wdYkjzpfonf/ ¤if; uGef
ysLwmodUk qufo, G o f nfh connection
BudK;wGif ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; ½dSonf/ USB
(Universal Serial Bus) ESifh parallel
trsdK;tpm;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ ,ckaemuf
ydkif; xkwfvkyfonfh printers rsm;wGif
USB udk toHk;rsm;vmMuonf/ ¤if;wdkY

Ink cartridge (rifbl;? rifawmifh)
xnfhyHk? xnfhenf;wdkYudk
¤if; printer \ tzHk;atmufwGif
a&;xm;avh&dSonf/
onf tcsuftvufay;ydUk rIwiG f ydrk kd jref
qefí wyfqif&mwGifvnf; (screws
rvdkbJ) vG,fulpGm wyfqifEdkifonf/
tu,fí oif\ uGefysLwmwGif
USB port ryg&dSygu odkYr[kwf xyfrH
vdktyfygu USB hub wpfck jznfhpGuf
wyfqifEdkifygonf/
,cif printers ta[mif;rsm;onf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh parallel connection
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf aemufydkif;
xkwfvkyfaom uGefysLwmrsm;wGif ¤if;
¤if; parallel port ygrvmonfrsm; jzpf
wwfygonf/ ¤if;twGuf BIOS wGif
zGií
hf parallel port modes twGuf ay;
xm;? rxm;udk ppfaq;Munfhyg/ tcsdKU
BIOS rsm;wGif disabled jzpfaewwf
onf/ tu,fí BIOS wGif parallel
port modes udk &,lEdkifaMumif; azmfjy
xm;vQif ECP (Extended capa-
bilities Port) setting rS PS/2 odUk r[kwf
bidirectional udk a&G;cs,f&ygrnf/
,cif BIOS rsm;wGif Integrated Peri-
pherals - Onboard Parallel Port /
Mode [lí jyxm;ygonf/
,cif Macs uGefysLwm ta[mif;
rsm;wGif serial port udk toHk;jyKwwf
Muygonf/ ,cktcg high-volume
printers rsm;twGuf FireWire port
udk oHk;xm;í network printers rsm;
twGufrl Ethernet udk oHk;Muygonf/
Ports rsdK;pHk wyfqifxm;aom printer
rsm;twGuf ¤if; printer wpfvHk;wnf;
udk uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh csdwfqufxm;Edkif
í wpfNydKifeuf oH;k Edik Mf uygonf/ Oyrm
USB port, parallel port, serial port
ygaom printer rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/
4. Driver check.
WindowsXP version wGif ,cif
Windows version rsm;xuf driver
(softwares) rsm; ydkrdk xnfhoGif;xm;yg
onf/ odkYjzpfí printers trsdK;tpm;
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk tvdktavsmuf wif
ay;Edkifygonf/ ¤if;twGuf Control
Panel rSwpfqifh Printers and Other
Hardware ~Add a printer odkUr[kwf
Printers and Faxes~Add a printer
udk < click > jyKvkyfyg/ Add Printer
Wizard ay:vmí qufvuf nTeMf um;
csufrsm;twdik ;f aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh wyf
qifrnfh printer \ trsdK;tpm;udk &Sm
azGEdkifygonf/ &Snfvsm;pGm xnfhoGif;
xm;aom printer pm&if;rsm;wGif scroll
down vkyí f pdw&f n S pf mG &SmazGjyD; rawGU
vQifprinter ESit hf wlygvmonfh driver
(CD-ROM) udk xnfhí installation
vky&f efomjzpfygonf/ odYkr[kwf Inter-
Inkjet printers rsm;ESifh display
rygaom printers rsm;wGif LED
(light-emitting diode) ac:
rD;vHk;uav;rsm; yg&dSygonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
net rSwpfqifh oufqdkif&m printer
xkwfvkyfol Web site udk zGifhí driver
package udk (download) &,lEdkifyg
onf/ xdkodkY&,l&mwGif rdrduGefysLwm
wGif folder wpfckwnfaqmufí save
vkyf? odrf;qnf;xm;oifhygonf/ ¤if;
files rsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh csHKU
xm;wwfMuí WinZip uJhodkYaom
software wpfckck vdktyfygvdrfYrnf/
azmfjyyg printer driver pm&if;wGif
wyfqifrnfh printer trsdK;tpm;udk
awGUygu wdkuf½dkuf step 5. Is it de-
tected wGif qufvufzwfEdkifygonf/
5. Is it detected ?
Printer ESifh uGefysLwmudk quf
oG,fNyD;onfESifh ¤if;wdkUudk zGifYvkdufyg/
Windows system onf ¤if;\ yHkrSef
vkyfpOftwdkif; booting vkyfief;wdkYudk
rdepftenf;i,fMum jyKvkyfNyD;onfESifh
wyfqifxm;aom printer udk system
wGif;½dS built-in driver udk toHk;jyKNyD;
wdkuf½dkufinstallation jyKvkyfygvdrfh
rnf/ USB port udk toHk;jyKvQif uGef
ysLwmudkyif ydwfvdkuf&ef rvdkbJ prin-
ter udk wyfqifEdkifygonf/ Windows
XP wGif Taskbar ay:ü ¤if; aqmif&u G f
aeaom tajctaeudk jyay;ygonf/
tu,fí wyfqifrnfh printer twGuf
system wGifbuilt-in driver r½dSygu
driver ½dES ikd rf nfh ae&mudk &SmEdik &f ef ñTe;f
ygvdrYf rnf/ Oyrm-floppy disk drive,
hard disk, CD-ROM wdkYwGif driver
½dSrnfhae&modkU browse button udk
toHk;jyKí installation vkyf&ygrnf/
6. Add manually
tu,fí Windows system jzifY
printer udk tvdktavsmuf installa-
tion jyKvkyf&mwGif rnfonfh wkHUjyef
csufrsdK;rS r&cJhvQif odkYr[kwf wpfpHk
155
wpfck rSm;,Gif;aeonf[kxifvQif yHkrSef
twdkif; wpfqifhcsif; aqmif½Guf&yg
rnf/ Control Panel rSwqifh Print-
ers and Faxes (icon) udk <double
click> jyKvkyyf g/ ¤if;aemuf b,fbuf
wGif &dSaom Printer tasks (pane) wGif
Add a printer udk <click> jyKvkyfí
zGifhyg/ Add Printer Wizard <next>
wGif Automatically detect and in-
stall my Plug and Play printer
udk[recheck] jyKvkyfyg/ Windows
system onf rdepf tenf;i,fMumrQ
printer udk &Smygvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;wGif
printer qufoG,fxm;onfudk vufcH
vQif step.4 wGif a&;xm;onfhtwdkif;
installation jyKvy k &f ef qufvufaqmif
&GufEdkifygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh Add
Printer Wizard wGif [uncheck] wGif
xm;í <next> wGifconnection type
udk a&G;cs,fyg/ xkdUaemuf parallel
odUk r[kwf USB udk ½du k x
f nfYyg/ Par-
allel udk LPT1 tjzpf owfrw S af c:xm;
Muonf/ Next jzifh qufvufoGm;
jcif;tm;jzifh built-in driver pm&if;wGif
0ifa&muf&mS Munfyh g/ ¤if; driver rawGU
vQif rdrdtaejzifh odxm;aom driver
&dSonfh ae&m (hard disk, CD-ROM)
ponf ae&mrsm;odkY browse jzifh &Smí
installation jyKvkyy f g/ rnfoYkdyifjzpfap
oifonf aemufq;kH wGif "Your Printer
is successfully installed." [laom
message udk jrif&ygvdrfYrnf/
7. Configure your printer.
PrinterwpfvHk;udk atmifjrifpGm
wyfqifNyD;pD;aomfvnf; ¤if;wGif rdrd
tvdk&dSaom settings rsm;udk BudKwif
owfrSwf&ygOD;rnf/ ¤if;twGuf wpf
Budrfom aqmif&Guf&efjzpfNyD; tajymif;
tvJr½dSvQif tNrJwrf; yHkaooHk;Edkifae
rnf jzpfonf/
156
Control Panel rSwpfqifh Print-
ers and Faxes (icon) udk <double
click> jyKvkyfí zGifhvdkufonfESifh rdrd
wyfqifxm;aom printer udk o½kyaf z:
icon yHjk zifh jrifae&ygrnf/ ¤if;tay:odYk
nmbuf right-click udk EdyS í f (atmuf
qH;k vdik ;f rS) Properties udk zGivhf u
kd v
f Qif
¤if;printer ESio hf ufqikd af om taMumif;
t&mrsm;ESifh aqmif½GufEdkifpGrf;aom
tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifonfh dialog
box wpfcak y:vmygrnf/ Printer trsKd ;
tpm;ay: rlwnfí jcm;em;csufrsm; &dS
aomfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh wlnDMuyg
onf/ ¤if; box twGif;rS button odkY
r[kwf tab rsm;udk toHk;jyKí tjrJwrf;
toH;k jyKvdak om settings rsm;udk ajymif;
vJowfrSwfEdkifygonf/ Oyrm puúL
trsdK;tpm; - A4, print quality, reso-
lution wdkY jzpfygonf/
8. Good to go
oif ESpfouf&m program wpfckck
rS print ½du
k x
f w
k &f ef file udk a½G;cs,yf g/
,cktcg oifonf printout wpfapmif
udk ½dkufxkwfEdkifygNyD/
Bridge the connection gap
Printer ESifY computer wd k U
qufoG,frI tajctaersm;
oifonf jrefEeI ;f jrifY high-speed
laser printer wpf v H k ; ud k parallel
qufoG,frIjzifh wyfqif&rnfh tae
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
xd k printer wGif USB port ES i f h
parallel ESpfrsdK;pvHk; wyfqifxm;
onf/
txm;wGif &dSaeonf/ odkYaomf oif\
uGeyf sLwmwGif parallel port ryg&daS wmh
yg/ ¤if;twGuf uGefysLwmudk zGifhí
parallel port interface card wpfck
wyf qif&ygrnf/ ¤if;twGuf rnfonfh
PCI (Peripheral Component Inter-
connect) slot wGif rqdk xnfhpdkufEdkifí
¤if;u'frsm;onf 35 a':vmcefY usoifh
ayvdrfYrnf/ tu,fí parallel port
rygawmYaom notebook wpfvHk;udk
udik af qmifxm;rdvQif ¤if;twGuf USB-
to-parallel adapter cable udk aqmif
xm;&ayvdrfYrnf/ ¤if;twGuf driver
software vdktyfí adapter ESifhvnf;
wGJí rygwwfyg/ tcsdKU adapter rsm;
u printer wdkif;udkvufrcHyg/ aps;EIef;
tm;jzifh 35 a':vmatmufwGif ½dSaomf
vnf; tqifrajyrIu rsm;aeayvdrfh
rnf/ odkYtwGuf printer r0,frD odkY
r[kwf rwyfqifrD rdrduGefysLwmESifh
wGJcsdwfEdkifaom taetxm;wGif &dS? r&dS
udk aocsmpGm ppfaq;oifhygonf/
tu,fí printer connection
onf USB (port) wpfrsKd ;om&dí S oif\
uGeyf sLwmwGif ¤if; USB wyfqifrxm;
vQif USB 2.0 PCI adapter udk xyfrH
jznfhpGuf&ygvdrfYrnf/ ¤if;onf aqmif
½GufEdkifrI ydkrdkjrefqefí WinXP wGif
built-in driver ygNyD; jzpfonf/ USB
1.1 card vnf;&dSí owdjyKa½G;cs,fyg/
Notebook rsm; twGufrl PCMCIA
USB card udk toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ¤if;
cards wdkYonf a':vm 10 rS 80
twGif; usoifYEdkifygonf/
Ref: Smart Computing
October 2004
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

tykdif; (2) graphic rsm;ay:xGufvm\/ toHk;jyKolonf linked text

tcef; (9) odkYr[kwf graphic ay:odkY click vkyfvkdufaomtcg? rdrd
Adding Links anchor tag twGif; nTef;qkdazmfjyxm;&Sdonfh page onf
Web page wpfcw k iG f rdru
d ,
dk yf ikd f site twGi;f csw
d qf uf browser window xJwi G f load vky,f yl gvdrrhf nf/ txufu
rIrsm; tMum; site rsm;okdYcsdwfqufrIrsm; jyKvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf code listed t&ay:xGuv f mrnfyh u
kH kd figure 9-1 wGif jrifawGU
HTML jzifhrnfodkY vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&rnfudkqufvuf Ekdifonf/
avhvmMu&rnfjzpf\/ links rsm;yg&Sdaeonfh single im-
ages rsm;ESihf image maps rsm;taMumif;vnf;yg0ifaeygvdrhf
rnf/ "click here" [k nTefjyay;rnfh hightlighted text ESifh
graphics rsm;udkvnf; &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifoGm;Ekdifapygvdrfhrnf/
ancher tag (<A>) onf linking udpr ö sm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef
twGuf tag wpfcktjzpf toHk;csEkdifygonf/ Anchor tag
onf text \ spam wpfckudk &pfywfxm;aprnfh start tags
ESifh end taps rsm;&Sdaeaom container tag wpfcyk ifjzpfonf/
rdrdcsdwfquf,lvdkaom text udk atmufygtwkdif; toHk;
cs,lEkdif\/
<A HREF="http://www.oreilly.com">Go to
O'reilly.Com</A>
The Anchor Tag Dissected
graphic twGufudkvnf; atmufygtwkdif; toHk;cs,lEkdifyg
Anchor tag onf attlribute wpfckESifh yg0ifaeaom
onf/
<A HREF="http://www.oreilly.com"><IMG
omref container tag wpfckomjzpfonf/
<A>...</A>
SRC="ora.gif"></A>
Anchor tag
Anchor Tag Syntax Anchor tag onf rdrdcsdwfqufrIjyKxm;onfh graphic
The simplified structure (or syntax) for the anchor odkYr[kwf text wdkY 0ef;usifwGifxm;&Sdaom container tag
tag is: <A HREF=url> linked text or image </A> omjzpfonf/ Anchor tag twGi;f &So d nfh rnfonft
h &mjzpfap
browser twGif;rS Link wpfcktaejzifh display vkyfay;yg
wpfcktwGif;okdY ½IMunhfaomtcg? marked
Browser vdrfhrnf/ Default aMumifhom tjyma&mif underlined text
text onf tjyma&mif & S d í default jzif h underlined odkYr[kwf blue outlined graphics rsm;taejzifh links rsm;
vkyfjyxm;onf/ tjyma&mif outline wpfckjzifhvnf; linked ay:xGufvmygonf/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 157

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
HREF=url
The location of the linked file
rnfonfh document udk csdwfqufaqmif&Guf&rnfudk
browser tm; ajymjyay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ HREF onf
Browser qDodkY page \ URL udk yhHydk;rIjyKap&ef pGrf;aqmif
aponf/ HREF onf wu,fwrf;wduspGm rnfodkYnTef;qkd
onfudk roJruGJ jzpfp&myifwnf;/ Hypertext reference
[k qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/ tjcm; web pages odkY axmufjy
ay;Ekdifapygvdrfhrnf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap images ESifh audio
okdYr[kwf video files wkdYuhJokdYaom web resourcs udkvnf;
protocol) ESifhtwl tpcsDíjzpfonf/ ¤if;rS browser tm;
axmufjy nTef;ay;Ekdifapygonf/
web ay:odkY xGufí azmfjyyg document udk &,lvkdufyg[k
URL onf path-name yg&SdNyD; protocol rsm;ESifhtwl
ajymay;onf/ URL wpfck\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;ay:wGif in-
NyD;jynfhpHkaom absolute odkYr[kwf window wGif vuf&Sd
formation ykdí wduspGm&,lEkdif&eftwGuf tcef; (2)wGif
yHkazmfay;xm;onfh document ESifh qufET,faeonfh rela-
azmfjyay;chJonfh URL dissection erlemudk jyefMunfh&yg
tive wdYk wpfcck jk zpfEidk o
f nf/ Absolute URLs rsm;onf Web
rnf/
ay:wGif document xGufay:vmap&ef axmufnTefjyonfh
Figure 9-2 wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; home page
tcgwGif toHk;jyKxm;chJMuonf/ rdrdudk,fydkif site ay:&Sd
wGif popular cooking sites odkY external links tcsdKU
tjcm; document udk axmufnTef;vkdvQif toHk;jyKolonf
xnfhoGif;,lygonf/
relative URL udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
wpfcgwpf&H &Snfvsm;aom URL pathname wpfckudk
Text tcsKd U0ef;usiw f iG f anchor tag wpfcu
k kd ½ku
d u
f yf&ef
page rS csw
d q
f uf,al omtcg figure 9-3 yHpk t
H wkid ;f confus-
odyfvkyfray;rDuwnf;u csdwfqufrIjyKjcif;twGuf real art
ing taetxm;rsm;jzifh jzpfoGm;wwfygonf/ rdrd\ pdwful;
onf URL trSefudk &&SdoGm;apygonf/
xJwGif wnfaqmufrIudpo ö nf attribute wpfckjzifh yg&Sdaom
container tag ½dk;½kd;av;wpfck tjzpfom &Sdaeap&ygrnf/
Linking to pages on the Web
Web ay:wG i f rd r d j rif a wG U &aom page wpf c k o d k Y Pathname rsm;jzifh BuD;BuD;us,fus,f rxm;&Sdapvkday/
csdwfqufay;rnfh link wpfckudk tBudrfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;
Linking Within Your Own Site
zefwD;&ef vkdtyfaeygvdrfhrnf/ ¤if;udk "extenal" link wpfck
rdru
d ,
kd yf idk f site twGi;f rS page rsm; tMum;wGif rdrt
d ae
tjzpf od&Sdxm;onf/ taMumif;rSm rdrdwkdYudk,fykdif server
jzifh linking \ BuD;rm;aom tydkif;BuD;udk jyKvkyfay;&ayvdrfh
odkYr[kwf site \ tjyifzufrS page wpfckqDodkY &nf&G,f
rnf/ Home page rS section pages rsm;qDoYkd vnf;aumif;?
xm;jcif;aMumifhjzpf\/
section pages rsm;rS content pages rsm;odkY vnf;aumif;
external link wpfcu k kd jyKvyk &f eftvdYkimS ? absolute URL
ponfjzifh csdwfqufrIrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ tqkdyg udp&ö yfrsm;
udk jynhfpHkpGm jznfhqnf;ay;&ef vkdtyfonf/ http://part (the
wGif relation URL wpfckudk rdrdtaejzifh jznhfqnf;ay;Ekdif
onf/ rdrdudk,fydkif server ay:rS page wpfcktwGuf ac:ay;
&efjzpf\/ Relative URL rSmrl browser wGif avmavmq,f
display vkyfygonf/
Relative links rsm;twGuf rdrdtaejzifh http:// udk csef
vSyfxm;Edkifonf/ ¤if;rygjcif;aMumifh browser onf linked
document twGuf vuf&Sd server ay:wGif pwif&SmazG,l
ygonf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdtaejzifh pathname ay;xm;aom
document onf rnfonfh directory xJwGif &Sdaeonfudkrl
browser [m nTefMum;ajymqkday;&rnf jzpf\/

158 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Pathname wpfckudk oD;jcm; file odkYr[kwf directory
wpfckodkY odap&eftwGuf nTefjy&mwGif toHk;jyKxm;&onf/
Forward slashes/ yg&Sdonf files names rsm;ESifh oD;jcm;
directory wkdY\ Unix comention twkdif; xnhfoGm;½Hkom
jzpfonf/
vuf&Sd document ESifhtwl pwif&mwGif nTef;qdkonfh
document tm; path taejzifh azmfjyay;&ef vkdtyfonf/
rnf h o nf h a e&mrS URLs &rnf q k d o nf r S m tenf ; i,f
a,mif0g;0g;awmh jzpfaeygonf/ qufvufí Oyrm tcsdKUudk
vkyfudkifoGm;vQif oabmaygufoGm;Edkifygonf/
Linking Within a Directory
wlnDaom directory twGif; tjcm; file wpfckodkY csdwf
qufrItwGuf t½dk;&Sif;qHk; relative link udk oHk;onf/
(macintosh users rsm;twGuf "folders" rsm;&SdaeaMumif;
tvkdvdkawG;xm;NyD;jzpfaeygonf/ odkYaomf web aMumifh di-
rectory model udk tenf;i,f a&TUajymif;ay;&ef vkdtyfaeyg
vdrfhrnf/)
wlnaD om directory twGi;f rS file wpfcu k kd csdwq
f ufrI
jyK&mwGif toH;k jyKrnfh filename wpfcck u
k kd ay;xm;&ef vdt k yf
onf/ Path information r&Sdaom rnfonfh file udkrqkd
browser taejzifh vuf&Sd cocument udkom ajymMum;ae
onf[k rSwf,lygvdrfhrnf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
Oyrmtaejzifh rdr\d home page (index html) rS gen-
eral information page (information.html) wpfckodkY
csw
d q f ufrI jyKvyk Mf urnf/ avmavmq,f files ESpcf pk vH;k onf
directory wpfckxJwGif&Sdaeonf/ ¤if;udk junskitchen [k
trnfay;xm;onf/ okdYtwGuf figure 9-4 wGif azmfjyxm;
onft h wkid ;f URL twGi;f ¤if;\ filename udk ay;vku d jf cif;
jzifh information page udk csw d q
f ufrI jyKvkyí
f &oGm;Ekid af wmh
onf/
Linking to a lower Directory
tu,fírsm; directory wpfckwnf;wGif &Sdaeonf
r[kwfygu rnfokdY aqmif&Guf,l&rnfenf;/ URL twGif;
pathname udkyg xnfhoGif;ay;jcif;jzifh browser udk nTefjy
ay;Ekdifonf/
NyD;chJaom erlemudk qufvufí vkyfudkifMunhfEkdifonf/
rdrd\ recipes files rsm;tm; recipes [k trnfay;um
subdirectory wpfckwGif odrf;xm;vkdufonf/ rdrdtaejzifh
salmon.html trnf&dS directory wGi&f adS eaom file wpfcu
k kd
index.html rS csdwfqufay;vkdonfhtwGuf yxrOD;pGm
browser udk recipes trnf&Sd subdirectory wGif &SmazG
159
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

,lapNyD; salmon.html [laom file twGuf qufvuf&SmazG

ap&ef figure 9-5 twkdif; aqmif&Guf,laponf/
<A HREF="recipes"/Salmon.html">garlic salmon</A>
,ckwpfBudrfwGkif directory level wpfckxufydkaom
csdwq
f ufru I kd jyKvkyMf unhyf grnf/ french subdirectory wGif
ae&mcsxm;ay;aom tapenade.html [lonfh file odYk quf,l
Munhfonf/ rdrd\ file udk figure 9-6 wGif azmfjyxm;onfh
twkdif; recipes ESifh french [laom subdirectories ESpfckudk
jzwfoef;,l&ef nTeMf um;csurf sm; jyKvkyaf y;&efvtdk yfygonf/
<A HREF = "recipes/french/tapenade.html"> tapenade
(olive spread)<A>
tajzxkwfay;onfh anchor tag onf browser tm;
vuf&Sd directory onf recipes [laom directory jzpfí
french [laom tjcm; direcotry wpfckudk xyfrH&SmazG
NyD;tapenade.html odkY csdwfquf,lvkdygonf[k ajymay;yg
vdrfhrnf/

,cktBudrfwGif higher level wpfckay:wGif &Sdaeonfh home

Linking to a Higher Directory
vuf&Sd toHk;jyKaeaom file xufru tqifhqifhxm;&Sd
onf directory wpfckwGif&Sd file wpfckudk pathname wpfck
rnfodkY a&;om;&rnfudk qufvufavhvm&rnf jzpf\/
page qDodkY recipe page rS jyefí nTef;qkdyHkudk vkyfudkifMu&
awmhrnf/
"dot-dot-slash"(../) udk Unix wGif tqkdygudpt ö wGuf
pathname convention wpfcktjzpf vkyfxm;onf path-
name udk ../ wpfcjk zifh pí azmfjy,laomtcg "Level wpfco k Ydk
wuf,lyg" [k browser tm; ajymonfhenf;wl aqmif&Guf
,ljcif; jzpfonf/ odYk ro S m ¤if;onf specified file udk tydik ;f
vkduf qufoGm;Edkifygonf/
salmon.html rS home page (index.html) qDodkY
jyefvnfcsdwfquf ,lap&onf/ xkdodkY aqmuf&Gufap&ef
tvkdYiSm vuf&Sd document xufru level jrifhaom direc-
tory wpfckjzpfaom file wpfckudk csdwf,l&ef vkdtyfonf/
pathname wGif index.html trnf&dS file wpfct k wGuf Munfh
Edkif&ef browser tm; "90 up are level" [k ajymqkday;&rnfh
oabmjzpfonf/ tqkdyg vkyfaqmifcsufudk figure 9-7 wGif
jrifawGUEkdifonf/
<A HREF="../index.html">[back to home page]</A>
odkYaomf tapenade.html rS home page odkY rnfokdY
jyefvnfcsdwfquf ,lMurnfenf;/ Directory level ESpfckudk
tjyeftvSefoGm;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;udk rSef;qEdkifrnfvm; fig-
ure 9-8 twdi k ;f dot-dot-slash udk ESpcf gtoH;k csrnfh erlemudk
avhvm,lEkdifonf/

160 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
"go-up-a-Level, go-up-a-level" udpöudk ,cktxd Putting It Together-Making Links
wpfcgwpf&H chanting vkyfrI rjyKao;aMumif; owdjyK&yg index.html trnf&Sd file wpfckjzifh pwifzefwD;,lygu
rnf/ server wpfckay:wGif three directory wGif ae&mcsxm;yHkrSm
/one/two/three/four/five
a.html trnf&Sd file wpfckudk link wpfckudk zefwD;jyo
vdkygonf/ xkdfile odkY nTef;qkdonf pathname onf tqkyd g
file taejzifh rnfonfh directory wGi& f adS ejcif;tay: rlwnfí
ay;&ygonf/ Server ay:wGif directories trsdK;rsdK;wGif
ae&mcsxm;aomtcg a.html okYd pathnames rsm;udk a&;om;
&efyifjzpfawmhonf/ rdrdonf directory oHk;ckjzifh pchJojzifh
a.html onf
xkd directory wGif&SdchJvQif pathname \ trnfrSm
a. three HREF="a.html"
b. two HREF=../a.html
c. one HREF=../../a.html
d. four HREF=four/a.html
e. five HREF=four/five/a.html

Linking Within a Page

Don't Worry!
rdrdtwGuf relative URLs udk jzpfay:apjcif;tm;
avhvmay;Ekid af om tool tjzpf WYSIWYG authoring tool
wpfcjk zifh rdrd site udk zefw;D Ekid af Mumif; od&&dS onf/ Graphics
rsm; csxm;&efESifh rdrd site twGif; pages rsm; wpfckESifhwpfck
csdwfqufrI jyKvkyfxm;&efwdkYtwGuf automated link tools
wpfcktjzpf aocsmpGm xm;&Sd&rnf/ ,cktxd xdk tool udk
toHk;jyKEkdifygvdrfhrnf/ Macromedia Dreamweaver ESifh
Adobe Goline wdkYuhJodkYaom y½kd*&rftcsdKUwGif directory
structure udk todtrSwfjyKchJvQif rdrd\ relative URLs
tm; adjust vkyfay;rnfh built-in site management func-
tion rsm;yg&Sdonf/
HTML tm; vufa&;rl awmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifcv Jh Qifrl
rdrdtaejzifh relative pathnames ESifh tjcm; Unix con-
ventions rsm;ESifh ywfouforQudk odxm;&efvkdtyfyg
vdrfhrnf/
Web page wpfckwGif specific point wpfckudk Link
vkyf,lEkdifygonf/ &Snfvsm;aom scrolling page wpfck\
atmufajcwGif information ay;&ef shortcuts rsm; xnfah y;
&eftwGuf odkYr[kwf click wpfcsufwnf;ESdyf½HkrQjzifh page
wpfck\ xdyfqHk;odkY jyefa&mufoGm;ap&eftwGufwdkYudk pDrH
jcif;onf toHk;0ifvSaom trick yifjzpf\/
Page wpfcktwGif; tpdwftydkif;wpfckodkY linking vkyf
jcif;udk vkyfief;pOf ESpf&yfjzifh vkyfaqmifEkdifonf/ yxrOD;pGm
fragment udk trnfwpfcak y;&rnf/ xkYd aemufrS link wpfcu k kd
wnfaqmuf,&l rnf/ tu©&mpOftvdu k f index wpfcuk kd fig-
ure 9-9 twkdif; zefwD;,lEkdifonf/
Step 1: Naming a Fragment
<A Name="text">
named anchor
NAME attribute ESifhtwl anchor tag (<A>) onf
rnfonfhae&m wpfckckodkY nTef;qkdonfjzpfap trnfwpfckudk
page \ section wpfcktjzpf ay;um toHk;jyKxm;onf/
xko
d Ydk jyKvkyjf cif;onf flag wpfct
k jzpf vnf;aumif; marker
wpfcktjzpfvnf;aumif; xnfhay;xm;onfESifh oP²mefwl
ojzifh aemufokdY jyefoGm;rIudk tvG,fwul jyKvkyfEkdifonf/
1? CGI wGif trnf&adS om anchor wpfcx
k nfx
h m;í "start
C" [k trnfay;xm;onf/

uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f 161

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
TOOL TIPS
Adding Links
Page wpfckudk links rsm; rnfokdY xnfhoGif;&onfudk emrnfausmfMum;aom authoring programs oHk;ckjzifh
jrifawGUEdkifonf/

Step 2: Linking to a Fragment yg0ifí fragment wpfckudk linking vkyfaMumif;nTefjyay;

<A HREF="#text">
Link to a fragment (a "named ancher")
xdkYaemuf page \ tay:qHk;wGif named anchor udk
csdwf,l&ef link wpfck zefwD;,lMurnf/ xkd link onf ½kd;½kd;
link wpfckomjzpf\/ trnf\a&SUwGif hash(#) wpfckom
onf/
2/ "start C" jzifh label csdwfxm;aom fragment udk tu©&m
pOf index rS "C" pmvHk;rSwpfqifh csdwfquf,lonf/ xkdokdY
vkyfaqmifxm;NyD;jzpfí"C"ay:wGif click vkyf½Hkomvkdonf/

162 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Linking to a fragment in Another Document
URL \ tqHk;wGif fragment name udk jznhfoGif;jcif;
jzifh tjcm; document wpfcktwGif;&Sdaeaom fragment
wpfckodkYvnf; link vkyf,lEkdifygonf/
<A HREF="http://www.oreilly.com/niederst.html
#fragment">
<A HREF="Content/glossary.html#fragment">
Several Links in One Graphic (Image maps)
Web twGif; oGm;vmae&if;jzifh hot spots odkYr[kwf
links rsm; trsdK;rsdK; yg0ifaeaom single graphic wpfckudk
awGUzl;Muygvdrfhrnf/ xkdokdYaom graphics rsm;udk image
maps rsm;[kac:qkdonf/
graphic wpfckwGif links rsm;xnfh,ljcif;onf tqkdyg
graphic twGufrl rnfodkYrQ xl;jcm;rI&Sdrnf r[kwfay/ ½kd;½kd;
graphic wpf c k r Qom jzpf a eaponf / URL wpf c k o d k Y
oifhawmfonfh mouse-click wpfckudk aqmif&Gufay;apEkdif
aom ,EÅ&m;twGuf frontend taejzifhawmh vkyfaqmifay;
ygonf/
wu,fwrf; vkyfaqmifp&mvkyfief;rSm pixel coordi-
nates rsm; tpHkvkdufESifh oufqkdif&m link information rsm;
yg0ifxm;aom map wpfcktjzpf aqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzpf\/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
image wpfae&m&mwGif toHk;jyKolu click vkyfvdkufaom
tcg browser onf pointer \ pixel coordinates rsm;
vTJay;í oifhavsmfaom link udk vHIYaqmfay;vkdufonf/
Client-side image maps ay:wGif focusing vkyaf qmif
apaom erlemrsm;udk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ ¤if;onf HTML
file wGif map tm; wkduf½kdufwifay;chJonf/ Client-side
buf&Sd toHk;jyKol\ pufay:rS browser jzifh mouse-clicks
rsm;ESifh URLs rsm;udk twGJvdkufjzpfaechJygonf/
Client-side imagemaps rsm;wGif tydkif;oHk;ydkif;&Sdonf/
Ä omref½;dk ½k;d graphic file wpfck (·gi,·jpg odYkr[kwf ·jpeg
odkYr[kwf ·png)
Ä graphic \ <1MG> tag twGi;f USEMAP attribute
onf rnfonfh map tm; toH;k jyKrnfudk cGjJ cm;ay;onf/
Ä HTML document wpfcktwGif; map file (<MAP>
tag jzifh ac:jcif;) wpfckudk ae&mcsxm;ay;onf/
The Other Imagemap
Client-side imagemaps rsm;xuf server-side wGif im-
agemaps tukefvHk;udk t&ifjrifawGUEkdifygonf/ ¤if;wkdYwGif
uGmjcm;csuftcsdKU &Sdaeygonf/
Server-side imagemaps rsm;twGuf? server ay:wGif map
rsm;onf oD;jcm;pD (.map suffix jzifh trnfay;í) &Sdaeyg
onf/ ¤if;onf map file tjzpfodkY jyefqdkay;&ef special
program (CGI sript) wpfckay:wGif tm;xm;vsuf&Sdonf/
browser qDoYkd rSeuf efaom URL udk ydYk ay;onf/ [efcsun f D
pGmjzifh processing tm;vH;k udk server ay:wGif n§Ed iId ;f ae&m,l
xm;aponf/ Graphic wpfckvHk;udk yHkrSefxm;&Sdaom anchor
tag wpfckrSwqifh map file tm; csdwfqufay;xm;chJonf/
<AHREF="/egi-bin/veggie.map"><1MG
SRC="vaggie.gif"ISMAP></A>
tjcm;rSwfom;&eftcsufrSm <1MG> tag onf ISMAP at-
tribute udk toH;k jyKum imagemap wpfct
k jzpf nTejf yay;&ef
pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
server-side imagemaps \ tm;omcsufrSm (Netscape
Narigator 1.0 ESifh Internet Explorer 2.0 wkdYwGif client-
side imagemaps udk support vkyfray;yg) tvHk;pHk sup-
port ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif toHk;jyK&mwGif ½IyfaxG;ae
\/ taMumif;rSm server \ configuration tay: rSw D xJG m;&
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdtcsufudk jynfhpHkapvkdygu rdrd
server administrator ESifhtwl n§day;&ef vkdtyfNyD; tvkyfydk
tjzpf server ay:wGif xnfhvkyfay;ygvdrfhrnf/
163
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
TOOL TIPS
Adding Named Anchors
Page wpfckokdY named anchors rsm; rnfodkY xnfhoGif;,lonfudk vlodrsm; ausmfMum;onfh authoring names jzifh
erlemMunhf½IEdkifonf/

164 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f

 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Creating the Map
Tools rsm;onf maps udk generals vkyfay;ojzifh
vuf j zif h map ud k a &;,l & ef rvk d t yf a y/ Shareware
imagemap programs udk download vkyf,lEkdifonf/ Web
authoring tools tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD;wGifvnf; imagemap
generators rsm; built-in yg0ifvmwwfygonf/ Map udk
zefw;D jcif;twGuf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f tqifh
vkduf aqmif&Guf,l&onf/
1? Page ay:wGif graphic udk csxm;&onf/ (odkYr[kwf
¤if;udk imagemap program wpfckrS zGifh,l&onf/)
2? pwk*yH pkH ?H puf0ikd ;f yHpk ?H A[k*yH pHk rH sm;twGuf oifah vsmaf om
shape tool rsm;udkoHk;í click vkyfí &&SdEkdifaprnf/
{&d,mudk define vkyf&onf/
3? Shapes wGif highlighted jzpfaepOfrSmyif text rsm;
ae&mwGif URL wpfckudk xnfhoGif;&onf/
4? Shapes rsm; xnfhoGif;jcif;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifNyD;
image wGif clicable area wpfcc k si;f twGuf oufqidk &f m
¤if;\ URLs rsm;udk Munhfay;&onf/
5? rdrdzefwD;vkdaom imagemap \ yHkpHudk a&G;,l&onf/
tu,fí server-side udk a&G;cs,fchJvQif rdrdtaejzifh
default URL wpf c k u d k define vk y f a y;&ef v nf ;
vdktyfygonf/ ¤if;onf defined areas rsm;rS wpfck\
jyifyae&mwGif click vkyfay;vQif display vkyfay;rnfh
page jzpfonf/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f
6? Map tm; trnfay;í HTML file wGif jznfhoGif;&
onf/ web authoring tools jzpfygu map udk tvdk
tavsmuf oGif;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/
7? HTML document udk save vkyf,lum rdrd browser
wGif zGifhvdkuf&efom jzpfonf/
xkdvkyfief;pOf tqifhqifhudk Macromedia Dream
weave-3 jzifh toH;k jyKxm;yHt
k m; figure 9-10 wGif jrifawGUEkid f
onf/
Image Tools
Windows jzpfap Macs jzpfap ESpc f pk vH;k twGuf shareware
ESifh freeware rsm; tvG,fwul &Ekdifojzifh imagemap-
creation tools tajrmuftjrm;&Sy
d gonf/ CNET \ down-
load.com(www.download.com) rS "imagemap"
twGuf&SmazGum vlBudKufrsm;aom program wpfckudk qGJ,l
oHk;&efom&Sdonf/
Windows
www.boutell.com/mapedit/ rS Tom Boutell \ Map
Edit udk &Ekdif\/
Mac
www.kicknit.com/mapmaker/ rS frederic Eriksson
\ mapmaker 1.1.2 udk &Ekdifonf/
qufvufí Figure 9-11 wGkif azmfjyxm;ouhJodkY
Dream weaver jzifh vkyfxm;onfh map file udk avhvm
Mu&rnfjzpfonf/
1? <1MG> tag onf USEMAP udk attribute vkyfí
browser udk rnfonfh map udk toHk;jyK&ef[k ajymay;
onf/ Single HTML document wpfcktwGif; im-
agemapped graphics awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdYESifh
oufqkdifaom map files rsm;udk yg0ifEdkifaponf/
165
 uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

2? Map \ pwifrIudpt ö wGuf ¤if;rSwfay;onfh dialog

box wGif 1 udk jzpfoi G ;f onft h avsmuf map 1 [ktrnf
ay;onf/ Image wGif hotspot wpfckpDtwGuf <AR-
EA> tags rsm;udk <MAP> tags ESifhtwl &Sdaponf/
3? <AREA> tag wdik ;f onf shape indentifier (SHAPE)
rsm; pixel coordinates (CORDS) rsm;ESihf Link (HREF)
twGuf URL wkdY yg0ifxm;Muonf/ xkd map twGif;
av;axmifyh pkH ?H puf0idk ;f yHpk ?H A[k*yH pkH H ,lí yHpk H oH;k rsdK;jzifh
qGJxm;onfudk awGU&rnf/

HTML Review-Link Tags

atmufygrSwfpkonf tcef; (9) oifcef;pmwpfckvHk;rS tags
rsm;\ rSwfpktusOf;jzpfygonf/

Tag and attribute Function

<A> Anchor tag

Browser twGi;f wGif spot wdkif;onf figure 9-12 wGif
GREF="url" location of the target file
jrifawGU&rnf/ tajctaetwdkif; file rsm; csdwfay;xm;
NAME="text' Name for the location in
vdrfhrnf/ Cursor jzwfoGm;aom spot onf hot spot tjzpf
nTefjyay;rnfjzpfonfhtjyif URL onfvnf; status bar the page
ESifhtwl ay:vmygvdrfhrnf/
<MAP> Map information for an
Mail Links imagemap
vG,fultoHk;wnfhaprnfh "mailto" Link wpfck&Sdaeyg NAME="text" Name for the map
onf/ Link wpfckwGif mailto protocol udk toHk;csjcif;jzifh
email address wpfckudk tvG,fwul csdwf,lEkdifonf/ rdrd <AREA> Link information for an
taejzifh "mailto" Link wpfckudk click vkyfvkdufaomtcg imagemap
designated mail program wpfcktwGif; mail message SHAPE=nect [circle] poly Shape of the linked area
topfwpfckudk browser rS zGifhay;onf/ CORDS="numbers" Pixel coordinates for the
NyD;vQif mail program udk cif;usi;f vmap&ef configue linked area
jyKvky,
f al ponf/ "mailto" Link wpfc\ k wnfaqmufyEkH iS hf HREF="url" Target file for the link
browser wGi;f ¤if;udk click vkyy
f gu rnfoYdk jzpfay:vmyHu
k kd
figure 9-13 wGif avhvm,lEkdifonf/ «tcef; (10) udk qufvufazmfjyay;ygOD;rnf»
au;udk «wkd*dk;&Sd*ifZm»

166 uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2004 ckEpS f